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The Armed Services of New Zealand

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The Armed Services of New Zealand The armed services of New Zealand Norman L. Dodd colonel UK Army, retired New Zealand is not an easy country to defend. accorded them the rights and privileges of British Situated in the temperate zone of the South Pacific, subjects. Rights which they still hold today and in the same general latitude as Spain in the North- under which they are completely integrated into ern hemisphere, New Zealand is 1200 miles east the life of the country. of Australia. The two main islands have an area of 103,000 square miles, slightly larger than that of Military assistance to Britain Great Britain and Northern Ireland; two thirds of the total population of around 2.85 million live in Britain's wars have always been New Zealand's the smaller North Island. The New Zealand Gov- wars; her contribution in two world wars, in the ernment administers the Tokelau and Niue Islands Malayan emergency and in Borneo was far greater and has responsibility for the external affairs and than would normally be expected from so small a defence of the self-governing Cook Islands. population. New Zealanders have regularly joined Her own coastline is more than 4300 miles but the British armed forces and many have reached there are only about half a million men in the age the highest ranks. Until 1941 the New Zealand group between 17 and 50 years eligible for military Navy was a division of the Royal Navy, and ships service and so available for its defence. There is and indeed air force squadrons and army units, little heavy industry and therefore very few arm- have always followed British traditions and orga- aments can be manufactured in New Zealand. nizations. This has allowed them to fit easily into Her economy is based upon agricultural products British formations. There had never been any sold overseas, these she produces extremely effi- requirement for formal agreements and under- ciently but her high standard of living depends takings; until a few years ago it was quite unthink- upon their continuing success in the world, parti- able that these would be required between the two cularly British, markets. The average income per countries. This is probably still true but unfortuna- head in New Zealand is fourth after the United tely Britain's power and strategie position in the States, Canada and Switzerland and there is a world have been severely reduced so making it far marked degree of equality in incomes throughout more difficult for her to assist New Zealand in the the community. For example there is a motor distant South Pacific. vehicle for every 3.4 persons in New Zealand. The standard of education is high and there is in- ... not vice versa telligent co-operation between the managers and labour, New Zealand so far has not suffered from As early as 1950 New Zealand realized that this 'wild cat' strikes. The Labour Government has might occur and because of her experiences in never been 'ultra left' and always accepted the World War II it became important that the United need for capitalistic industry. States should become involved in her defence ar- New Zealanders are hardy, tough and independent- rangements. On l August 1951 she signed an ly minded people, proud of their country and of agreement with the United States and Australia; their British connection. It is this British con- this became known as the ANZUS Treaty. The nection which has kept New Zealand secure since signatories agreed to consult together if any of 1840 when the British Government decided to ex- them feit threatened in the Pacific region and each tend its sovereignty over the country. In that year recognized 'that an armed attack in the Pacific Captain William Hobson negotiated a treaty with Area on any of the Parties would be dangerous to the Maori chiefs under which Britain guaranteed its own peace and safety' and declared 'that each the Maori people possession of their lands and would act to meet the common danger in accord- 130 States had suffered defeat in Vietnam, to be follow- ed by the withdrawal of her forces from Thailand and a severe fit of isolationism at home. The events in Angola were to show the confusion of interest between the Administration and Congress and to act as a warning to friendly factions and states on the periphery of the area of the vital interests of the United States. Royal New Zealand Navy, HMNZS Otago Self-reliance and co-operation ance with its constitutional processes'. The ab- New Zealand, and Australia, had to look more sence of Great Britain from this Agreement caused carefully at their regional defence interests; ob- much comment at the time but in September 1954 viously in a major world war they would be align- she joined with the other three countries and with ed with the Western Powers and therefore must France, Pakistan, the Philippines and Thailand to place their trust in the provisions of the ANZUS sign the Manilla Treaty under which the South Pact. But in minor and local affrays they would East Asia Organization (SEATO) was created. In have to rely upon their own resources; the best way 1955 New Zealand agreed to redirect her wartime of avoiding such affairs is to help to maintain sta- commitment of one division from the Middle East bility in the region. The defence forces of New to Singapore and Malaya and to station a small Zealand have been organized and trained in ac- force there in peacetime. This force, a battalion cordance with this reasoning. and a small RNZAF squadron, is still in Singapore Firstly there has to be close co-operation with but is now there under the provisions of the 1971 Australia and the United States to ensure that in Five Power Defence Arrangements. At that time case of a major war their forces can operate and New Zealand, Australia and the United Kingdom fight together, secondly assistance in training and signed separate agreements with Malaysia and technical projects and in the provision of minor Singapore, these are designed to give form to the equipment must be provided to other countries in concern of all the partners for the stability of the the region and, thirdly, a small 'intervention force' area. In the event of an externally organized threat from the three Services must be readily available to against either of the latter countries the five powers defend New Zealand's local interests and to assist will 'consult together for the purpose of deciding friendly neighbours if required. what measures should be taken jointly or separate- With her limited manpower it is not possible for Iy'... New Zealand to fulfil all these requirements by France soon left the SEATO arrangements and means of a permanent force; she has therefore was followed by Pakistan, the whole political si- opted, particularly in the army, for a small per- tuation in the area concerned altered and by 1974 manent force with an integrated and rapidly mo- the Organization had virtually become moribund. bilized reserve. Under def ence economies the United Kingdom de- cided to withdraw her forces from Singapore leav- Organization ing only a small contribution to the air defence arrangements. By l April 76 the only U.K. forces At the highest level the armed forces are under left in the Far East were a Gurkha brigade in Hong the control of the unified Ministry of Defence. The Kong and Gurkha battalion in Borneo. The United Defence Act of 1971 was the culmination of the HMNZS Tui 131 ., major defence reorganization which began in 1964. of their respective Services and are responsible to This Act not only established centralized disciplin- the Chief of Defence Staff for the operational ary Acts and confirmed the operation of the Min- comrnand of their Service. istry of Defence but also it formalizes the centrali- zation of full functional control whilst leaving the The Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) has a Chiefs of Staff of the individual Services with the strength of about 2800 regular officers and ratings main responsibility for ensuring operational effect- with about the same number of regular reservists iveness of their fighting units. and some 280 Territorials (part-time officers and ratings). Included in these numbers are a small The Commander-in-Chief is His Excellency the number of women members of the Women's Royal Governor-General acting on behalf of Her Majesty New Zealand Naval Service. The backbone of the the Queen but responsibility for the command of Navy are the four frigates, HMNZS Canterbury, the Forces, through officers appointed for the pur- Waikato, Taranaki and Otago, armed with Seacat pose, rests with the Defence Council, the member- surface-to-air missiles. Two of the frigates carry ship of which is: the Minister of Defence (Chair- Wasp anti-submarine helicopters. There are two man), the Chief of Defence Staff and the Secretary minesweepers of which one is used as a training of Defence as Deputy Chairman, the Chiefs of ship and about fourteen patrol craft. HMNZS Tui Naval, General (Army) and Air Staffs with the is a research ship and HMNZS Lachlan has done Secretary of Foreign Affairs and the Secretary of excellent work in surveying the coast line and so Treasury as voting members. helped to produce up-to-date charts of the area. The Chief of Defence Staff commands the three HMNZS Monowai, a former merchant ship, is Services through their respective Chiefs of Staff, undergoing conversion to a hydrographic survey the Secretary of Defence is the Permanent Head ship in a Scottish shipyard.
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