Report No: 2006R020 Royal Anne Galley, Lizard Point, Cornwall Marine Environmental Assessment Phase 1 Desk-based Assessment Historic Environment Service (Projects) Cornwall County Council Royal Anne Galley Marine Environmental Assessment Royal Anne Galley Marine Environmental Assessment A Report for English Heritage Royal Anne Galley, Lizard Point, Cornwall Marine Environmental Assessment Phase 1 Desk-based Assessment Kevin Camidge, Charlie Johns and Phillip Rees with contributions and help from David Gregory, Mike Hall, Mark Jones, Jon Rees, Robert Sherratt, Bryn Perry Tapper, Janet Witheridge & Robin Witheridge May 2006 Report No: 2006R020 Historic Environment Service, Environment and Heritage, Cornwall County Council Kennall Building, Old County Hall, Station Road, Truro, Cornwall, TR1 3AY tel (01872) 323603 fax (01872) 323811 E-mail [email protected] www.cornwall.gov.uk 3 Royal Anne Galley Marine Environmental Assessment Acknowledgements This study was commissioned by English Heritage and carried out by the projects team of the Historic Environment Service (formerly Cornwall Archaeological Unit), Environment and Heritage, Cornwall County Council with the help of external marine specialists. The English Heritage Project Officer was Mark Dunkley Help with the historical research was provided by: the Cornwall Record Office, Truro; the Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro; the Bartlett Library at the National Maritime Museum., Falmouth; the Picture Library and Historic Photographs and Ship Plans Section at the National Maritime Museum, London; the Public Records Office, Kew; the Archives and Wrecks Sections at the UK Hydrographic Office, Taunton; the Scottish National Portrait Gallery; East Lothian Library Headquarters, Hilary Broadbent of the Education, Arts and Libraries, CCC; Helston and Falmouth public libraries, Plymouth Central Library. Within the Historic Environment Service Charlie Johns, who collated the final report, was the Project Manager, Bryn Perry Tapper was responsible for GIS mapping of acquired data and generating illustrative material for the report. Marine consultants were Kevin Camidge, maritime archaeologist; Philip Rees, marine geologist; Robert Sherratt, licensee for the Royal Anne; John Rees, physical oceanographer CEFAS ; Mark Jones, Research Director, Mary Rose Archaeological Services Ltd; David Gregory, iron corrosion specialist, In Situ Group, Conservation Department, Archaeological Section, National Museum of Denmark. Background information was provided by Mike Hall and Rob Sherratt. Robin and Janet Witheridge assisted with the PRO research. The views and recommendations expressed in this report are those of the Historic Environment Service projects team and are presented in good faith on the basis of professional judgement and on information currently available. Cover illustration Clockwise from left: the Charles Galley by Jeremy Roche c1688; Peregrine Osborne, marquis of Carmarthen; fork handle from the Royal Anne Galley site bearing the Belhaven crest (K Camidge); the Quadrant anchor (© Wessex Archaeology); diver (© D Gregory); Quadrant and Man of War Rocks viewed from Old Lizard Head (© CCC) Back cover illustration Inscribed gold disc, possibly a watch part, find no 152 (photo: Kevin Camidge) © Cornwall County Council 2006 No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the publisher. 4 May 2006 Royal Anne Galley Marine Environmental Assessment Contents 1 Executive summary 13 2 Introduction 15 2.1 Project background 15 2.1.1 Reasons for and circumstances of the project 15 2.1.2 The original specification 15 2.1.3 The restructured specification 16 2.2 Site location 17 2.3 Ownership 17 2.4 Condition of site 17 2.5 Legal status 18 2.6 Licensing history 18 3 Aims and objectives 19 3.1 The overarching aim 19 3.2 Objectives 19 4 Methodology 20 4.1 The study area 20 4.2 Archaeological assessment 20 4.3 Environmental assessment 20 4.3.1 General 20 4.3.2 Assessment of methods for data collection 21 4.4 GIS mapping 21 5 Timeline 22 6 Results of the archaeological assessment 27 6.1 Introduction 27 6.1.1 Galley frigates 27 6.1.2 Gwyn’s Book of Ships 30 6.1.3 Late 17th century and early 18th century merchant and pirate galleys 32 6.2 Royal Anne Galley – the ship 33 6.2.1 The Marquis of Carmarthen 33 6.2.2 Building and launch 35 6.2.3 Sea trials 35 6.2.4 Service 35 6.3 The last voyage 37 6.3.1 Her mission 37 6.3.2 Armament 38 6.3.3 Crew 38 6.3.4 Passengers 38 6.3.5 Circumstances of loss 39 6.3.6 Survivors 40 6.3.7 Contemporary accounts of loss 40 6.4 The aftermath 41 6.4.1 Burial 41 6.4.2 Salvage 41 5 May 2006 Royal Anne Galley Marine Environmental Assessment 6.4.3 Local lore 42 6.5 Discussion of documentary and pictorial sources 43 6.5.1 Documentary sources 43 6.5.2 Pictorial sources 44 6.6 Discovery and previous work 44 6.6.1 The Royal Anne site 44 6.6.2 Identification 45 6.6.3 Designation 45 6.6.4 Summary of ADU reports 46 6.6.5 Summary of licensees’ reports 46 6.6.6 Location of existing archive 50 6.6.7 Dissemination of previous work 50 6.7 Discussion of the archaeological evidence for the Quadrant Rock site 51 6.7.1 Introduction 51 6.7.2 The Quadrant Rock site 51 6.7.3 The Bristol University survey 51 6.7.4 The Wessex Archaeology site assessment 52 6.7.5 The Quadrant guns 53 6.7.6 The Quadrant anchor 55 6.7.7 Dating of the Quadrant material 57 6.7.8 Recommendations for future work 57 6.8 Assessment of significance against non-statutory criteria 58 6.8.1 Assessment scale 58 6.8.2 Period 58 6.8.3 Rarity 58 6.8.4 Documentation 58 6.8.5 Group Value 59 6.8.6 Survival / Condition 59 6.8.7 Fragility / Vulnerability 59 6.8.8 Diversity 59 6.8.9 Potential 59 7 Results of the environmental assessment 61 7.1 Assessment of the sources of environmental data 61 7.1.1 Introduction 61 7.1.2 The Shoreline Management Plan 62 7.1.3 English Nature/JNCC 65 7.1.4 The UK Hydrographic Office 65 7.1.5 British Geological Survey 70 7.1.6 British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC) 73 7.1.7 Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (POL) 74 7.1.8 Environment Agency 75 7.1.9 Meteorological Office 75 7.1.10 Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) 76 7.2 Summary of environmental data for the Royal Anne Galley site 76 7.2.1 Wind Climate 76 7.2.2 Wave Conditions 76 7.2.3 Water Levels 76 7.2.4 Water Temperatures 77 7.2.5 Salinity 77 7.2.6 Tidal Stream Currents 77 7.3 Summary comments on available data and recommendations 78 8 Coastal processes 79 8.1 Summary 79 6 May 2006 Royal Anne Galley Marine Environmental Assessment 8.2 Oceanographic theory 79 8.2.1 Currents 79 8.2.2 Waves 80 8.2.3 Sediment transport 81 8.3 Lizard area data 81 8.3.1 Currents 81 8.3.2 Seven Stones data 82 8.4 Numerical modelling 83 8.4.1 Bed shear stress modelling 83 8.4.2 Particle tracking 85 8.5 Conclusions 86 8.6 Recommendations 87 9 Assessment of methods of data collection and application 89 9.1 Physical oceanography 89 9.1.1 Waves 89 9.1.2 Tidal stream 89 9.1.3 Artefact distribution 90 9.1.4 Temperature 90 9.1.5 Salinity 90 9.2 Chemical oceanography 91 9.2.1 Redox 91 9.2.2 Monitoring corrosion of iron 91 9.2.3 Water quality 91 9.2.4 Sediment chemistry 92 9.3 Seabed characteristics 92 9.3.1 Bathymetry 92 9.3.2 Sediment 94 9.4 Biological 95 9.4.1 Flora and fauna 95 9.4.2 Monitoring biological degradation of timber 96 10 Strategy for the Phase 2 assessment 97 10.1 Site characteristics 97 10.2 Wave and tide data 97 10.3 Dispersal trials 98 10.4 Water quality 98 10.5 Corrosion monitoring of iron 98 10.6 Sediment chemistry 98 10.7 Sediment depth and physical composition 99 10.8 Bathymetry 99 10.9 Flora and fauna 100 10.10 Monitoring biological degradation of timber 100 10.11 Finds 100 10.12 Documentary research 100 10.13 Pistol Meadow 101 7 May 2006 Royal Anne Galley Marine Environmental Assessment 11 References 102 11.1 Primary sources 102 11.2 Publications 103 11.3 Websites 106 12 Project archive 107 13 Appendices 108 13.1 Strategy for corrosion monitoring of iron cannon on the wreck of the Royal Anne Galley 108 13.1.1 Introduction 108 13.1.2 Corrosion of iron in the marine environment 108 13.1.3 Active corrosion, passivation and immunity 110 13.1.4 Cathodic Protection 111 13.1.5 Equipment for Corrosion Monitoring 111 13.1.6 Measuring in situ 113 13.1.7 Processing of results 114 13.1.8 Stabilisation with sacrificial anodes 115 13.2 Extreme event analysis, an example from the east coast of England 117 13.3 Recommended equipment for data collection 120 13.4 19th and 20th century literary sources relating to Pistol Meadow 128 13.5 List of documents held at the Public Record Office, Kew 132 13.5.1 ADM 1/577-580 Letters from unemployed Admirals 1693-1804 132 13.5.2 ADM 2/40 Orders and instructions 133 13.5.3 ADM 2/41 Orders and instructions 9 November 1709 – 20 June 1710 133 13.5.4 ADM 2/42 Orders and instructions 135 13.5.5 ADM 2/43 Orders and instructions 19 January 1710 – 18 July 1711 136 13.5.6 ADM 2/44 Orders and instructions 137 13.5.7 ADM 2/45 Orders and Instructions 10 March 1711 – 8 November 1712 138 13.5.8 ADM 2/46 Orders and Instructions 138 13.5.9 ADM 2/48 Orders and instructions 139 13.5.10 ADM2/49 Orders and instructions 140 13.5.11 ADM 2/50 Lords letters: Orders & instructions 1719 -1723 141 13.5.12 SP 54 Secretaries of state: State papers Scotland series II 142 13.5.13 ADM 3/24,33 Admiralty Board Minutes, Secretariat 143 13.5.14 ADM 7/377 143 13.5.15 ADM 33/271 Pay Lists 143 13.5.16 ADM 39/2273 Muster Lists 143 13.5.17 ADM 7 Miscellaneous