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Contributions of Plant Taxonomy, Herbarium and Field Germplasm Bank to Conservation of Threatened Plants: Case Studies From See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323110412 Contributions of plant taxonomy, herbarium and field germplasm bank to conservation of threatened plants: Case studies from.... Article in Current science · February 2018 DOI: 10.18520/cs/v114/i03/512-518 CITATIONS READS 0 40 9 authors, including: Pratap Chandra Panda Saroj Barik Regional Plant Resource Centre North Eastern Hill University 117 PUBLICATIONS 326 CITATIONS 72 PUBLICATIONS 717 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Sashin Kumar Borthakur Gauhati University 136 PUBLICATIONS 498 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Study of the diversity, distribution and phenology of forest trees of Odisha and development of a pictorial guide for easy identification View project Quantitative assessment of plant resources of Eastern Ghats, India View project All content following this page was uploaded by Pratap Chandra Panda on 11 February 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Special Section: Contributions of plant taxonomy, herbarium and field germplasm bank to conservation of threatened plants: case studies from the Himalayas and Eastern and Western Ghats K. Haridasan1,*, A. A. Mao2, M. K. Janarthanam3, A. K. Pandey4, S. K. Barik5,11, S. K. Srivastava6, P. C. Panda7, Geetha Suresh1, S. K. Borthakur8, B. K. Datta9 and B. Ravi Prasad Rao10 1TDU, Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions, Bengaluru 560 106, India 2Botanical Survey of India, Shillong 793 003, India 3Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa 403 206, India 4Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India 5CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Lucknow 226 001, India 6Botanical Survey of India, Dehradun 786 006, India 7Regional Plant Resource Centre (RPRC), Bhubaneswar 751 105, India 8Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781 014, India 9Department of Botany, Tripura University, Agartala 799 022, India 10Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur 515 003, India 11Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793 022, India under 47 families are endemic to India. Irwin and Nara- Conservation of biodiversity, a growing concern 4 today, faces multiple challenges. Although ecosystem simhan have recorded 49 genera endemic to India that approach has been recommended as a solution, con- belong to 22 families. Out of 141 endemic genera in In- servation of threatened species is difficult as they are dia, about 114 are monotypic. About 28% of the total In- spread across the ecosystems and are often restricted dian flora and about 33% of angiosperms occurring in to microhabitats. In this article, the importance of India are endemic5. It is estimated that about 10% of flo- taxonomy, herbarium and field germplasm bank in wering plant species in India are threatened and 34 plant conservation of threatened species is discussed. It is species have been reported to be extinct6. concluded that individually each of these measures Although conservation of threatened species using eco- has important role to play in conservation. They also system approach has been advocated1, it would be practi- complement each other in reversing the threat per- cally difficult as these species are spread across the spective of the species. ecosystems and are often restricted to microhabitats. Hence, addressing conservation of these species is diffi- Keywords: Biodiversity, conservation, germplasm bank, cult and prioritization becomes an inevitable require- herbarium, taxonomy. ment7. Unfortunately, our understanding on these species in general, and their population, biology and taxonomy in Introduction particular, is extremely limited7. Herbaria play a para- mount role in resolving the taxonomic conflicts among BIODIVERSITY conservation, a global necessity, faces the threatened species. In addition, it provides detailed 1 multi-pronged challenges that needs to be resolved . The information on the distribution range of the species and magnitude of the problem is increasing as evident from often areas of occupancy. These information are critical the growing list of threatened species. The challenges for prioritizing the threatened species for conservation. posed by environmental change and threats from acceler- Though the best possible option is in situ conservation, it ated rates of extinction call for increased attention to con- is often not enough while dealing with highly threatened or 2 servation of biodiversity . Global estimates indicate that critically endangered species with miniscule population. we have discovered and named only 80%–90% of the Therefore, ex situ conservation is warranted in most cas- 3 flowering plants . The angiosperms are represented by es. Germplasm banks play an important role in the con- 18,159 species, of which 6,200 belonging to 141 genera servation of some of the most threatened species. In India, there has been an increase in germplasm holdings native to introduced species at different centres of National *For correspondence. (e-mail: [email protected]) Buraeu of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), other natio- 512 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 114, NO. 3, 10 FEBRUARY 2018 Conservation of Threatened Plants of India nal institutions and university botanic gardens. With this vious floras12,13. In many of the databases created at dif- background, the role of taxonomy, herbarium and germ- ferent centres, details are stored under names recognized plasm in the conservation of phytodiversity have been earlier, even though, based on current taxonomic under- discussed in this article. standing, they are known by new names. This makes it inevitable that application of comprehensive taxonomic knowledge is an essential first step towards conservation Taxonomy efforts. This could happen even in family circumscription as seen in the case of Embelia ribes, placed in Primu- India is geographically located at the junction of three laceae in recent times, whereas all Indian floras treated it major biogeographic realms, viz. Indo-Malayan, Eurasian under the family Myrsinaceae14. Taxonomic complexity and Afro-tropical. With a land frontier of about prevailing in terms of species, their synonyms and their 15,200 km, and a coastline of 7,516 km it is the seventh phytogeographical distribution is immense. This will be largest country in the world and the second largest in clear if we look at the species of Embelia or Stereo- Asia. India is considered as one of the 12 centres of ori- spermum14, where there exist several resembling species gin for several plant species in the world8. It is also an and ambiguity in identification. Similarly, majority of the important centre of agro-diversity having contributed 167 names appearing in Flora of Assam have now been species to the world agriculture and is homeland for 320 changed13,15,16. This creates a situation where the infor- species of wild relatives of crops. India accounts for 8% mation tagged to a botanical name lies scattered and of the global biodiversity existing in only 2.4% land area spread across several locations, against several names, of the world9. In the present state of our knowledge, India even though the species in question remains the same. has 47,791 species of plants already identified and classi- This also makes it difficult to collate information, unless fied, yet there are many to be identified and described. the taxonomy is resolved. A classic example in this respect There is an increasing trend of interest in taxonomic re- is of Aquilaria malaccensis, earlier treated as A. agallo- search in recent years, especially in the field of the lower cha in Flora of Assam. So is the case with Taxus wal- plant groups where maximum new discoveries are being lichiana which is also known as Taxus baccata or Taxus made. Certain phytogeographic regions such as Eastern baccata var. wallichiana. In some instances, the species Ghats and coastal regions, which were thought to be well Kydia glbrescence is often treated as K. calycina, thereby explored, are now providing interesting new discoveries of missing the due attention that it warrants, especially in flowering plants10. This emphasizes the growing need of forestry programmes. A few other examples are Schima taxonomic exploration in the country. khasiana treated as S. wallichii and Panax pseudoginseng and P. sikkimensis treated under P. wangianus17. Exten- Floristic diversity sive work on Panax brought out the issues concerning the taxonomy of this genus18–20 and highlighted the diversity The flora of India is both rich and diverse due to a wide and distribution. An interesting case is that of Entada range of variation in climate, altitude and ecological habi- purseatha, which is also referred under the names E. pha- tats. The distribution of number of Indian plants under dif- sioloides and E. scandens. Similarly, a great deal of con- ferent groups are, angiosperms (18,159), gymnosperms fusion exists in the case of Gnetum scandens or Gnetum (77), pteridophytes (1,274), bryophytes (2,531), lichens ula. In these cases, the required action becomes evasive (2,434), fungi (14,936), algae (7,309) and virus/bacteria and diluted due to nomenclatural confusions. A clear and (1,071), all of which account for about 11.4% of the total crisp understanding of taxonomy can only resolve such plant species of the world. About 28% of the Indian issues. This will also help in pooling information,
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