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Archaeobotany in Turkey O.W. !vluscarella. Anarolian Iron Ages 3 (A. Cilinglroglu 0.25 or 0.3 mm mesh), and lithics. bones and small et D. Frenched.) 1994: 142. pl. 12.1.2. artefacts such as coins and seals in the heavy fraction Cf. P.E. Pecorella. M. Salvini. Persica X. 1982 : 24. (Imm mesh). A typical flotation machine is described h Bihlioiheca Orientalis XLIVII-2. 1987 : 255. by M. Nesbitt (1995). pp. 115-130 in Essays on ancient Anatolia (T. Mikasa. ed.). Archaeobotany in Turkey : a review of current The result of all this work is that regional and research chronological patterns of agricultural change in The inspiration for this review came as we tried to Turkey are becoming increasingly clear: useful calculate how many archaeobotanists were working in reviews of current ideas (and earlier work not covered Turkey. Our guess suggested it was probably thc most by this guide) are given by N. Miller (199 1). pp. 133- active country for the study of plant remains from 160 in Progress in old world palaeoethnobotanv ~~rchaeologic;~lsites in the Near East. We then decided (W. van Zeist et al, eds.) and M. Nesbitt, Biblical to ask our colleagues working in Turkey to write a Archaeologist (1995)' 58(2) : 68-81. General short paragraph about their work. We hope this will archaeological work in Turkey is described each year be a valuable aid to help archaeobotanists and M.-H. excavators to keep in contact, and will also give an by Gates in the April issue of AJA. interest~ng"snapshot" of current work. The scope of this review covers plant remains - In total. we found about 30 archaeobotanists studying charred seeds. tubers and wood, phytoliths or residues botanical rcmains from 39 excavations. Of these, 20 - actually recovered from excavations. Sites are are currently in progress, while the rest ended in the arranged in rough chronological order within each 1980s or earlier. The chronological and geographical region. The account for each site was written by its spread ol the projects is impressive. While archaeobotanist, though we have had to shorten all for archaeobotany has long been an integral part of reasons of space. Some abbreviations have been used. prehistoric excavations in central and southeast including : U. : University ; Neo. : Neolithic ; Turkey, little work has been done at later sites. Chalco. : Chalcolithic ; UM/L.BA : Early/Middle/Late pnrticularly in western Turkey. This is changing Bronze Age ; IA : Iron Age ; Helln. : Hellenistic ; rapidly. as the potential of bioarchaeology at classical Byz. : Byzantine ; Med. : Medieval ; AJA : American or Medieval sites is recognised. The sampling Journal of Archaeology ; AS : Anatolian Studies. techniques used by nrchaeobotanists also deserve Publications are cited briefly ; in Turkey the library of comment. Of the 20 current excavations, a flotation the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara has the machine is in use at 15 (75 %), with typical soil most comprehensive holdings in this field. We thank sample sizes ranging from 40-100 litres. This is all the archaeobotanists who responded so quickly to hecausc of widespread recognition that pump-driven our call for information. flotation machines are a highly effective tool for recovering both charred plant remains (typically on a Mark Nesbitt & Delwen Samuel .W ."W .oadlon .(Cmn .-awnBOB )Rnrb.C Km ~.~evuk'.C."- Fig. 1 :'Carte des sites anatoliens cites dans le texte. (average 35 l). Archaeobotany has concentrated on BA Denrlrocltronulo,ev : contexts, but more is planned on Roman deposits. Besides Aegean Dendrochronology Project (Cornell U.) : 23 years the economic information, a broad spectrum of water and oi' contmuous dendrochronolopical investigations in the wetland plants mirror the palaeoecological environment. Aegean .lnJ nr~ghbour~nglands have resulted in tree-ring Dissertation currently in progress. Pilblicarion: Jablonka et chronologes covering h50 of the last 9200 years in an area al. Studia Troica ( 1994) 4: 5 1-73. Sitnone Ridtl. Insrindrfiir 1400 km E-\+'by 1100 km N-S.There are significant Cr- icnd Friih~eschich~e.&rere Abreilunp. Arc.h~iohornnik, chronologies for oak. junlper. pine. and cedar, and shorter Cniversirar Tiibin~en,SchloJ. 72070 Tiibinqen. German!: ones tor fir. spruce, boxwood. and yew. Our goal is a email: Simone.Riehl-0001 @I-online.de continuous clrndrochronologicai time-line from the piesent Kumtepe (Canakkale): Neo./Chalco. to EBA. Excavated ro ;\I Is~st7500 bc and possibly earlier. Thanks to from 1993 by M. Korfmann. Lying in the same t'oundarion support we are able to perform our dating palaeoecological environment as Troy (c. 5 km apart). servlczs free of charge. For comment on collection Kumtepe was a small coastal settlement (less than 1.4 ha) procedures see AJA ( 1995) 99: 99- 102. Publications: ( 1996) during its whole sequence. reflected by large amounts of pp. 40 1 -409 in Arcliaeomern 1994: Tlte Proceedings of rhe water and wetland plant remains. Archaeobotany started 29rlr lttrc~rt~ariwrulS\.nymsiiun on A rchueometfy (S. Demirci 1993 with the same sampling methods as in Troy. Simone et al. eds.): Narurc (27 June 1996) 381: 780-783. Peter /an Riehl (see Troy). Kttnilroltti, Dt,porrtnetlr of the History of Art and Shipwrecks (Milas): Serqe Liman~.Med. glass-laden wreck Archc~c~olop~.C-3.5 Goldwin Smith Hall. Cornell (C. 102516 AD) excavated 1972-78 by G.F. Bass (Institute L'tri~~c~t~srr~~.Irhnccc. NY 148.53-3201. USA: Tel +l-607-255- Tor Nautical Archaeology). Identifiable seeds were hand- MS0 ltrh.: 255-97-72 office: 257-7845 home: Fax: 255- picked, including peach. apricot. almond. grape. olive and 1454: Gitcul: pc~rrr@'tlc~t~cfro.~nctil.cornell.edu sumac. Combination of Islamic and Chrisuan elements points to co-operative trade along a route from the Black The wsr Sea to Caeserea in Israel. Uluburwt, LBA wreck excavated Illplnar (Bursa): Pottery Neo. to early Byz. Excavated since by G.F. Bass and C. Pulak 1984-1994. All contexts 1987 by Dr Jacob Roodenberg (Netherlands Arch. Inst., systematically sampled by bucket flotation and hand- Istanbul~.Plant remans recovered by manual flotation from picking. Kilos of terebinth resin, IOOOs of pomegranate, Pottery Yeo, levels (5250-4750 uncal bc) include einkom. olive, fig, coriander, almond, grape and weed seeds; also emmer and I'rce-threshing wheat. naked and hulled 6-row leaves and twigs used as packing. and wood shavings and barley. lentd. bitter verch and flax. A major fruit - probably charcoal. At least 7 cultures represented on this wreck that wild - was fig. Prhlicartott: (1995) pp. 159-66 in The carried luxury materials of the time. Publicarion: World Ilipitrcir o.tccwciriottsI (J. Roodenberg. ed.). Wiiiem van Zeist Archaeology (1993) 24: 348-60. Clteryl Haldane. INA- mid c.ollnhorcrrors. Depctrrmenr of Archaeology. University Egypt, P.O. Box 432. El Ibrahimia. Alexandria. Egypt. qf Grotlrrt een. Posrrnar 6. 9712 ER Groningen. The Fdel: +203-546-6872; Email: [email protected] JVerl~er/anc/s. Resin from Uluburun was identitied as from Pisracia by J.S. Kuruqav I Burdur): Late Chalco. (4th mill. bc) settlement Mills and R. White of the National Gallery, London. excavated 1978- l988 by Prof Refik Duru (Istanbul U.). 25 Publicarion: Archaeometry ( 1989) 3 1 : 37-44. >ample3 trom burnt houses. mainly pots of emmer wheat Sardis (Manisa): major city occupied from the late IA to sp~keletsor barley grain. Other crops include einkom, lentil, Byz. periods: excavations since 1958, now directed by C.H. pea. ch~ckpeaand large quantities of grass pea. Of especial Greenewalt, Jr (U. California, Berkelev). Since 1983 large interest IS the admixture with tlax of classic tlax weeds such quantities of charred plant remains have been recovered in as Cntnelitiu sariva. Loliutn remotum and Silene. pots and heaps within Lydian rooms. probably burnt in the Publicc~rion:(in press) in Kurqay I1 (R. Duru, ed.). Mark Persian conquest of 546 bc. Mainly 6-row hulled barley and 4 Ncsbirr. lnsrirute of Archaaolo~y,University College chickpeas. Other crops include bread wheat. lentil, grape. London. 31-34 Cordon Square, London WCIH OPY. UK. broomcorn millet and garlic. Analysis is complete; Tel: +J4-171-387-7050 ex. 4763; Fa: 383-2572; Email: interpretation is being integrated with studies of cooking rcfa270@ 1rc1.a~.uk and grinding installations in the same area by N. Cahill (U. Troy (Canakkale): at least EBA (Troy 1/11) to Roman (Troy Wisconsin). Mark Nesbitt (see Kunqay). [X). Excavations from 1988 by M. Korfmann (U..T,bingen) Miletus (Aydln): the Greek city before the Persian sack of 4 and C.B. Rose (U. Cincinnati). Archaeobotany since 1991. 494 bc. A long-tern project of different German Institutes. Machine flotation since 1993, up to 100-litre samples In 1993. Prof Dr Volkrnar von Graeve (Bochum) directed excavations In which 50 Archaic samples were taken trom q.hillmun@ ucl.ac.uk an area of uorkshops near the ancient city wall at the P~narhaft(Karaman): Early Neolithtc rockshelters at the Kalabaktepe and from a nearbv temple of Aphrodite. Nearly foot of Karadag : excavated since 1994 by Or T. Watklns one ton ol' soil was lloated. Plant remains were mostly (U. Edinburgh). Machine tlotation has recovered large ih:~rrcdwith 3 iew drs~ccaredremains. Fig, olive and grape quantities of charcoal. but few seeds so far. Potent~ally were most abundant: cereals (barley. loxtail millet. einkorn. important results for early Holocene environmental history spelt whe:~t. t'ree-threshing wheat) and other crops of central Anatolia. Mark Nesbirr (sec Kurrrqay). cpomegran;ltt. dmond. beet) were scarce. In autumn 1996 Catal Hiiyuk (Konya): pr~marllyPottery Neo. Current :m excavation of the ancient harbour area was directed by excavations began 1995. directed by Dr lan Hodder (U. Prol W.-D. N~eme~er~Heidelberg).
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