DOCSLIB.ORG

Popliteal Fossa, Back of Leg & Sole of Foot

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Popliteal Fossa, Back of Leg & Sole of Foot Popliteal fossa, back of leg & Sole of foot Musculoskeletal block- Anatomy-lecture 16 Editing file Color guide : Only in boys slides in Blue Objectives Only in girls slides in Purple important in Red Doctor note in Green By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Extra information in Grey ✓ The location , boundaries & contents of the popliteal fossa. ✓ The contents of posterior fascial compartment of the leg. ✓ The structures hold by retinacula at the ankle joint. ✓ Layers forming in the sole of foot & bone forming the arches of the foot. Popliteal Fossa Is a diamond-shaped intermuscular space at the back of the knee Boundaries Contents Tibial nerve Common peroneal nerve Semitendinosus Laterally Medially Roof Floor From medial to lateral (above) (above) 1.Skin 1.popliteal surface 1. Popliteal vessels (artery/vein) biceps femoris. semimembranosus 2.superficial of femur 2. Small saphenous vein & semitendinosus fascia & deep 2.posterior ligament 3. Tibial nerve fascia of the of knee joint 4. Common peroneal nerve. (Below) (Below) thigh. 3.popliteus muscle. 5. Posterior cut. nerve of thigh Lateral head of Medial head of 6. Connective tissue & popliteal lymph gastrocnemius gastrocnemius nodes. & plantaris The deepest structure is popliteal artery.* (VERY IMPORTANT) CONTENTS OF THE POSTERIOR FASCIAL COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG The transverse intermuscular septum of the leg is a septum divides the muscles of the posterior Transverse section compartment into superficial and deep groups. Contents 1. Superficial group of muscles 2. Deep group of muscles 3. Posterior tibial artery transverse intermuscular 4. Tibial nerve septum Superficial group Deep group 1. Gastrocnemius 1. Popliteus 2. Plantaris 2. Flexor digitorum longus Deep group of muscles 3. Soleus 3. Tibialis posterior Superficial group of muscles 4. Flexor hallucis longus Superficial Group Muscles Gastrocnemius Plantaris Soleus Muscle -Lateral head from lateral condyle of femur Lateral supracondylar Origin Shafts of tibia and fibula -Medial head from above ridge of femur medial condyle Posterior surface of Posterior surface of Posterior surface of calcaneum Insertion calcaneum via tendo calcaneum via tendo calcaneus calcaneus Together with gastrocnemius and plantaris is powerful plantar flexor ● Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint NOTE: Action of ankle joint; provides main ● flexes knee joint We can’t see the “Soleus propulsive force in walking and muscle” until we remove the running “Gastrocnemius muscle” which lays above it. Nerve Tibial nerve Deep Group Muscles Popliteus Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tibialis posterior Muscle Posterior surface of Groove on Lateral surface Posterior surface of shaft Posterior surface of shaft shafts of tibia and fibula of lateral condyle of femur of tibia of fibula and interosseous Origin (Intracapsular) membrane Tuberosity of navicular Post surface of shaft of Bases of distal phalanges Base of distal phalanx of bone and other tibia above soleal line of lateral 4 toes big toe Insertion neighboring tarsal bones. (except talus) Flexes knee joint: Unlocks Flexes distal phalanges of Plantar flexes foot at knee joint by lateral Flexes distal phalanx of lateral four toes; plantar ankle joint; inverts foot at rotation of femur on big toe; plantar flexes foot Flexes foot at ankle joint; subtalar and transverse Action tibia(or slight medial at ankle joint; supports Supports medial and tarsal joints; supports rotation of leg which medial longitudinal arch lateral longitudinal arches medial longitudinal arch accompanies the flexion) Nerve Tibial nerve Flexor Retinaculum: Extends from back of medial malleolus of tibia to medial side of calcaneum Structures passing posterior to medial malleolus, deep to flexor retinaculum: Medial to lateral: “Tom, Does A very nice head ” -IMPORTANT- I. Tibialis posterior tendon (“And”) II. Flexor digitorum longus tendon III. Posterior tibial artery with venae comitantes IV. Tibial nerve V. Flexor hallucis longus tendon (All the tendons are surrounded by a synovial sheath) Posterior tibial Tibial nerve artery Sole of the foot: It is one of the It is the larger ● The skin of the sole of the foot is thick and hairless . terminal terminal branch ● It shows a few flexure creases at the sites of skin branches of the of the sciatic popliteal artery. nerve in the movement. lower ⅓ of the ● Sweat glands are present in large numbers. back of the thigh Deep fascia: ● The plantar aponeurosis is a triangular thickening of the deep fascia that protects the underlying nerves, blood vessels, and muscles. ● Its apex is attached to the medial and lateral tubercles of the calcaneum. ● The base of the aponeurosis divides into five slips that pass into the toes. Function of small muscles of sole of Foot ● Unlike the small muscles of the hand, the sole muscles have few delicate functions and are chiefly concerned with supporting the arches of the foot. ● They control movements of individual toes, this function is rarely used in most people. (usually we don’t hold anything by our foot so no need for this function) Muscles of the sole of the foot The muscles of the sole are conveniently described in four layers from superficial to deep. First layer Second layer Third layer Fourth layer 1. Abductor hallucis. 1. Quadratus plantae. 1. Flexor hallucis brevis. 1. Interossei; 2. Flexor digitorum 2. Lumbricals. 2. Adductor hallucis. ( 3 plantar + 4 dorsal). brevis. 3. Flexor digitorum longus 3. Flexor digiti minimi 2. Peroneus longus tendon. 3. Abductor digiti tendon. brevis 3. Tibialis posterior 4. Flexor hallucis longus tendon. minimi tendon. Peroneus longus tendon Tibialis posterior tendon Function of small muscles of sole of foot *Muscles in bold are chiefly responsible for the movement, others assist them. Metatarsophalangeal joints Interphalangeal joints Movement Muscles* Movement Muscles* ● Flexor digitorum brevis. ● Lumbricals. ● Flexor hallucis longus. ● Interossei. Flexion Flexion ● Flexor digitorum longus. ● Flexor hallucis brevis. (A) (A) ● Flexor digitorum brevis. ● Flexor hallucis longus. ● Quadratus plantae. ● Flexor digiti minimi brevis. ● Flexor digitorum longus. ● Extensor hallucis longus. Extension ● Extensor digitorum longus. (B) ● Extensor digitorum brevis. ● Extensor hallucis longus. ● Abductor hallucis. Extension Abduction ● Extensor digitorum longus. ● Abductor digiti minimi. (B) (C) ● Dorsal interossei. ● Extensor digitorum brevis. Adduction ● Adductor hallucis. (D) ● Plantar interossei. Arches of foot Medial longitudinal Lateral longitudinal Transverse arches arch arch Is formed of calcaneum, Lies at the level of tarso- talus, navicular, 3 Is formed of calcaneum, metatarsal joints, formed of cuneiform bones, and 3 cuboid & lateral 4th & 5th bases of metatarsal bones, medial metatarsal bones. metatarsal bones. cuboid & 3 cuneiform bones. Function of the arches: In young child, the foot appears to be flat because of presence of a large amount of subcutaneous fat on the sole of foot.(flat 1. Weight bearing. foot of adults is abnormal) 2. Support walking & running. 3. Provide potential space for neurovascular bundle of the sole. 4. Act as shock absorber. Fibrous flexor Synovial flexor sheaths sheaths Surround the tendons of the Strong fibrous sheath that flexor hallucis longus and the provide the inferior surface of flexor digitorum longus. each toes (sole), from the head of the metatarsal bone to the base of the distal phalanx. It is attached to the sides of the phalanges. The fibrous sheath together with the inferior surface of phalanges and the interphalangeal joints, forms a blind tunnel in which lies the flexor tendons of the toes. (these tendons pass under the sheath) MCQs Question 5: flexor digiti minimi brevis is found in which layer of muscles of the sole of the foot? Question 1: what is the lateral border of popliteal fossa is? A. Third layer A. Superficial fascia and deep fascia of the thigh. B. First layer B. Biceps femoris and plantaris. C. Fourth layer C. Semimembranosus and semitendinosus D. Second layer D. Popliteal surface of femur. Question 6: The chief function of the small muscles of the foot is to: Question 2: which of the following is the origin of the Plantaris muscle? A. Help thicken the skin of the sole. A. Posterior surface of shaft of tibia. B. Support the arches of the foot. B. Shafts of tibia and fibula C.fix the toes in place. C. Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur. D. Support sweat glands. D. Groove on Lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur. Question 7: Transverse arch is lies at the level of: Question 3: Tibialis posterior is inserted in all tarsal bones except talus: A.Tarso-metatarsal joints A. True B. Metatarsophalangeal joints B. False C. Interphalangeal joints D.intermetatarsal joints Question 4: which one of the following muscles originate from posterior surface Question 8: plantar interossei muscle responsible for: of shaft of fibula? A.flexion A. Popliteus B. Adduction B. Flexor hallucis longus C. Extension C. Flexor digitorum longus D.abduction D.Tibialis posterior Answers: Q1.B- Q2.C -Q3.A -Q4.B- Q5.A- Q6.B-Q7.A- Q8.B Team members Girls team : Boys team: ● Ajeed Al Rashoud ● Khalid AL-Dossari ● Taif Alotaibi ● Naif Al-Dossari ● Noura Al Turki ● Faisal Alqifari ● Amirah Al-Zahrani ● Salman Alagla ● Alhanouf Al-haluli Special thank for ● Ziyad Al-jofan ● Sara Al-Abdulkarem ● Suhail Basuhail ● Rawan Al Zayed Anatomy team 436 ● Ali Aldawood ● Reema Al Masoud ● Khalid Nagshabandi ● Renad Al Haqbani ● Mohammed Al-huqbani ● Nouf Al Humaidhi ● Jehad Alorainy ● Fay Al Buqami ● Khalid AlKhani ● Jude Al Khalifah ● Omar Alammari ● Nouf Al Hussaini ● Alwateen Al Balawi ● Rahaf Al Shabri ● Danah Al Halees ● Haifa Al Waily Team leaders ● Rema Al Mutawa ● Amirah Al Dakhilallah Good luck ● Abdulrahman Shadid ● Maha Al Nahdi ● ● Ateen Almutairi Renad Al Mutawa Give us your feedback: ● Ghaida Al Braithen ● Reham Yousef =This lecture done by.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bilateral Anomalous Muscle in the Popliteal Fossa & Its Clinical
    International Journal of Anatomy and Research, Int J Anat Res 2014, Vol 2(4):614-16. ISSN 2321- 4287 Case Report DOI: 10.16965/ijar.2014.501 BILATERAL ANOMALOUS MUSCLE IN THE POPLITEAL FOSSA & ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Sowmya S *, Meenakshi Parthasarathi, Sharmada KL, Sujana M. Department of anatomy, Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore, India. ABSTRACT Muscle variation may occur due to genetic or developmental causes. Some variations may compromise the vascular, muscular or nervous system in the region. Bilateral muscle variation in popliteal fossa is very rare. In present study an instance of bilateral muscle variation in popliteal fossa, arising from different muscles like gastrocnemius and from biceps femoris is recorded. There is no report of such variations. These observations are rare of its kind because of bilateral asymmetrical presence and difference in the origins in different legs. This is the first report as for the literatures available. Clinical and functional importance of such variation is discussed with the morphological aspects of this anomalous muscle. KEY WORDS: Popliteal fossa, Gastrocnemius, Biceps femoris, Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome. Address for Correspondence: Dr.Sowmya S, Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore-560002, India. Mobile: +919482476545. E-Mail: [email protected] Access this Article online Quick Response code Web site: International Journal of Anatomy and Research ISSN 2321-4287 www.ijmhr.org/ijar.htm Received: 08 Sep 2014 Peer Review: 08 Sep 2014 Published (O):31 Oct 2014 DOI: 10.16965/ijar.2014.501 Accepted: 22 Sep 2014 Published (P):31 Dec 2014 INTRODUCTION Insertion of muscle slips from biceps femoris into gastrocnemius and into tendocalcaneus have The popliteal fossa is a rhomboidal region been reported [3].
    [Show full text]
  • Sole Training® with Stacey Lei Krauss
    Sole Training® with Stacey Lei Krauss Sole Training is a foot fitness program based on two sequences. The self –massage sequence is restorative and therapeutic; compare it to a yoga class (for your feet). The standing sequence promotes strength, endurance, flexibility and coordination; compare it to a boot-camp workout (for your feet). These exercises work; we’ve been doing them for over a decade. *The Sole Training® video download is available at willPowerMethod.com What is foot fitness? Building muscular strength, endurance, flexibility and neuro-muscular awareness in the feet and ankles. What are the benefits of foot fitness? According to Vibram FiveFingers®, exercising while barefoot, or wearing minimal shoes provide the following benefits: 1. Strengthens Muscles in the Feet and Lower Legs Wearing minimal shoes, or training barefoot will stimulate and strengthen muscles in the feet and lower legs, improving general foot health and reducing the risk of injury. 2. Improves Range of Motion in Ankles, Feet and Toes No longer 'cast' in a traditional, structured shoe, the foot and toes move more naturally. 3. Stimulates Neural Function Important to Balance and Agility When barefoot or wearing minimal shoes, thousands of neurological receptors in the feet send valuable information to the brain, improving balance and agility. 4. Eliminate Heel Lift to Align the Spine and Improve Posture By lowering the heel, your bodyweight becomes evenly distributed across the footbed, promoting proper posture and spinal alignment. 5. Allow the Foot and Body to Move Naturally Which just FEELS GOOD. [email protected] Sole Training® 1 Sole Training® with Stacey Lei Krauss Sole Training® Massage Sequence preparation: mats, blankets, blocks, towels, foot lotion time: 3-10 minutes when: prior to any workout, after any workout, before bed or upon waking EXERCISE EXECUTION FUNCTION Use your fingers to lengthen your toes: LOCALLY: Circulation, Toe flexibility and mobility leading TOE • Long stretch (3 joints except Big Toe) to enhanced balance.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anatomy of the Posterolateral Aspect of the Rabbit Knee
    Journal of Orthopaedic Research ELSEVIER Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2 I (2003) 723-729 www.elsevier.com/locate/orthres The anatomy of the posterolateral aspect of the rabbit knee Joshua A. Crum, Robert F. LaPrade *, Fred A. Wentorf Dc~~ur/niiviiof Orthopuer/ic Surgery. Unicrrsity o/ Minnesotu. MMC 492, 420 Dcluwur-c Si. S. E., Minnwpoli,s, MN 55455, tiSA Accepted 14 November 2002 Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomy of the posterolateral aspect of the rabbit knee to serve as a basis for future in vitro and in vivo posterolateral knee biomechanical and injury studies. Twelve nonpaired fresh-frozen New Zealand white rabbit knees were dissected to determine the anatomy of the posterolateral corner. The following main structures were consistently identified in the rabbit posterolateral knee: the gastrocnemius muscles, biceps femoris muscle, popliteus muscle and tendon, fibular collateral ligament, posterior capsule, ligament of Wrisberg, and posterior meniscotibial ligament. The fibular collateral ligament was within the joint capsule and attached to the femur at the lateral epi- condyle and to the fibula at the midportion of the fibular head. The popliteus muscle attached to the medial edge of the posterior tibia and ascended proximally to give rise to the popliteus tendon, which inserted on the proximal aspect of the popliteal sulcus just anterior to the fibular collateral ligament. The biceps femoris had no attachment to the fibula and attached to the anterior com- partment fascia of the leg. This study increased our understanding of these structures and their relationships to comparative anatomy in the human knee.
    [Show full text]
  • The Square Flap Technique for Burn Contractures: Clinical Experience and Analysis of Length Gain
    Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters - vol. XXXI - n. 4 - December 2018 THE SQUARE FLAP TECHNIQUE FOR BURN CONTRACTURES: CLINICAL EXPERIENCE AND ANALYSIS OF LENGTH GAIN DOUBLE LAMBEAU RHOMBOÏDE POUR BRIDE SÉQUELLAIRE DE BRÛ- LURE: EXPÉRIENCE PRATIQUE ET ANALYSE DE LA LONGUEUR GAGNÉE Hifny M.A. Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Qena University Hospital, South Valley University, Egypt SUMMARY. Post-burn contractures, affecting the joints especially, are demanding problems. Many surgical techniques have been designated for burn contracture release. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of the square flap technique to release a post-burn scar contracture, and assess the post-operative length gain that can be achieved by simple mathematical calculation. In this study, sixteen patients with linear contracture bands were treated with the square flap tech- nique. The anatomical distribution of the contractures was: axilla, cubital fossa, flank, perineum and popliteal fossa. Scar maturity ranged from 4 months - 9 years. Square flap width and contracture band length before and immediately after surgery were recorded by simple mathematical calculation. Flap complication was assessed. Patient satisfaction was also assessed during the follow-up period. All square flaps were effective in lengthening the contracture bands. The length of the contracture that was released ranged from 2 to 6 cm. The gain in length provided with this technique ranged from 212 to 350%, average 247%, and adequate contracture release was achieved in all cases postoperatively. All square flaps healed uneventfully except for one (6%), which demonstrated limited epidermolysis that healed by secondary intention. The fol- low-up interval ranged from 6 months to 1.5 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking the Evolution of the Human Foot: Insights from Experimental Research Nicholas B
    © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2018) 221, jeb174425. doi:10.1242/jeb.174425 REVIEW Rethinking the evolution of the human foot: insights from experimental research Nicholas B. Holowka* and Daniel E. Lieberman* ABSTRACT presumably owing to their lack of arches and mobile midfoot joints Adaptive explanations for modern human foot anatomy have long for enhanced prehensility in arboreal locomotion (see Glossary; fascinated evolutionary biologists because of the dramatic differences Fig. 1B) (DeSilva, 2010; Elftman and Manter, 1935a). Other studies between our feet and those of our closest living relatives, the great have documented how great apes use their long toes, opposable apes. Morphological features, including hallucal opposability, toe halluces and mobile ankles for grasping arboreal supports (DeSilva, length and the longitudinal arch, have traditionally been used to 2009; Holowka et al., 2017a; Morton, 1924). These observations dichotomize human and great ape feet as being adapted for bipedal underlie what has become a consensus model of human foot walking and arboreal locomotion, respectively. However, recent evolution: that selection for bipedal walking came at the expense of biomechanical models of human foot function and experimental arboreal locomotor capabilities, resulting in a dichotomy between investigations of great ape locomotion have undermined this simple human and great ape foot anatomy and function. According to this dichotomy. Here, we review this research, focusing on the way of thinking, anatomical features of the foot characteristic of biomechanics of foot strike, push-off and elastic energy storage in great apes are assumed to represent adaptations for arboreal the foot, and show that humans and great apes share some behavior, and those unique to humans are assumed to be related underappreciated, surprising similarities in foot function, such as to bipedal walking.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
    Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails ­proficiency­in­communicating­with­healthcare­professionals­such­as­physicians,­nurses,­ or dentists.
    [Show full text]
  • Popliteal Fossa
    POPLITEAL FOSSA Dr Kaweri Dande Resident Department Of Anatomy King George’s Medical University, UP, Lucknow DISCLAIMER: • The presentation includes images which are either hand drawn or have been taken from google images or books. • They are being used in the presentation only for educational purpose. • The author of the presentation claims no personal ownership over images taken • from books or google images. • However, the hand drawn images are the creation of the author of the presentation Learning objectives • By the end of this teaching session all the students must be able to correctly:- • Describe and demonstrate the location of the popliteal fossa • Enumerate the boundaries, roof and floor of the popliteal fossa • Enumerate the contents of the popliteal fossa • Describe the relations of the popliteal fossa • Draw a labelled diagram of the popliteal fossa • Describe the applied anatomy of the popliteal fossa Preface • Important transition area • Between thigh and leg • Passes structure between two Location • Diamond shaped space • Behind knee joint • Formed between muscles • Posterior compartment of thigh and leg Outline of right popliteal fossa Boundaries • Superolaterally: biceps femoris • Superomedially: semitendinosus, semimembranosus supplemented: gracilis, sartorius, adductor magnus • Inferolaterally: lateral head of gastrocnemius, Plantaris • Inferomedially: medial head of gastrocnemius Floor Above downwards • Popliteal surface of femur • Capsule of knee joint • Oblique popliteal ligament • Popliteal fascia • Popliteal muscle
    [Show full text]
  • DEPARTMENT of ANATOMY IGMC SHIMLA Competency Based Under
    DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY IGMC SHIMLA Competency Based Under Graduate Curriculum - 2019 Number COMPETENCY Objective The student should be able to At the end of the session student should know AN1.1 Demonstrate normal anatomical position, various a) Define and demonstrate various positions and planes planes, relation, comparison, laterality & b) Anatomical terms used for lower trunk, limbs, joint movement in our body movements, bony features, blood vessels, nerves, fascia, muscles and clinical anatomy AN1.2 Describe composition of bone and bone marrow a) Various classifications of bones b) Structure of bone AN2.1 Describe parts, blood and nerve supply of a long bone a) Parts of young bone b) Types of epiphysis c) Blood supply of bone d) Nerve supply of bone AN2.2 Enumerate laws of ossification a) Development and ossification of bones with laws of ossification b) Medico legal and anthropological aspects of bones AN2.3 Enumerate special features of a sesamoid bone a) Enumerate various sesamoid bones with their features and functions AN2.4 Describe various types of cartilage with its structure & a) Differences between bones and cartilage distribution in body b) Characteristics features of cartilage c) Types of cartilage and their distribution in body AN2.5 Describe various joints with subtypes and examples a) Various classification of joints b) Features and different types of fibrous joints with examples c) Features of primary and secondary cartilaginous joints d) Different types of synovial joints e) Structure and function of typical synovial
    [Show full text]
  • Popliteal Masses Masquerading As Popliteal Cysts
    Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.43.1.60 on 1 February 1984. Downloaded from Annals ofthe Rheumatic Diseases, 1984, 43, 60-62 Popliteal masses masquerading as popliteal cysts H. T. GRIFFITHS, C. W. ELSTON, C. L. COLTON, AND A. J. SWANNELL From the Departments ofRheumatology, Orthopaedics and Pathology, City Hospital, Nottingham SUMMARY Two popliteal swellings, thought initially to be synovial cysts associated with arthritic knees, were found to be unrelated tumours of serious significance. In the presence of neurological signs or a large cyst in association with a noninflammed knee joint a disease other than a simple synovial cyst should be considered. A mass in the popliteal fossa may arise from a variety the left leg followed by cytotoxic chemotherapy. For of different causes including synovial. cysts, throm- the last 18 months she has had no antimitotic treat- bophlebitis, popliteal artery or vein aneurysms, gas- ment, and apart from her persisting rheumatoid arth- trocnemius haematomas, and neoplastic tumours. Of ritis she remains well. She walks with the aid of. a these the lesion most commonly associated with arth- foot-drop splint. ntis in the knee is a popliteal synovial cyst, or Baker's cyst. In certain circumstances a high index of suspi- CASE 2 cion should be maintained that despite the presence- A 69-year-old woman presented with a history of 12 of arthritis a popliteal mass may not be a synovial months of progressive, painless swelling of the right copyright. cyst. calf and politeal fossa. Over the preceding 4 years she Two cases are reported in which the initial diag- had noted mild pain in both knees but had suffered no nosis was of a synovial cyst, but at subsequent surgery other joint symptoms.
    [Show full text]
  • Sole Solution™ Foot Treatment
    NU SKIN® PRODUCT INFORMATION PAGE Sole Solution™ Foot Treatment RESTORES HEALTHY LOOKING HEELS, TOES, AND SOLES Positioning Statement people in the rainforests of Central America to relieve persistent Epoch® Sole Solution™ Foot Treatment is a therapeutic foot dry, cracked, red skin on heels, toes, and sides of feet. cream for those suffering from rough, dry, or cracked feet. • Urea—exfoliates calluses and dead cell buildup while provid- ing deep moisturization. Tagline • Papain—a proteolytic enzyme from papaya breaks down and Restores Healthy Looking Heels, Toes, and Soles loosens thick, rough patches of dry, dead skin. Concept Usage/Application 1 If you have chronically dry, cracked feet and have tried all kinds Apply liberally to affected areas on cleansed feet morning and of moisturizers, you know instead of getting better, the problem night, or as needed. Focus on rough or dry areas. Do not rinse persists or even gets worse. A persistent problem like this requires off. Allow product to remain on skin as long as possible. Best more than moisturizing. You need a product that works on the results are seen after six to eight weeks of usage as directed. underlying cause. Epoch® Sole Solution™ Foot Treatment brings the hidden solution of the rainforest to you. Epoch® Sole Solution™ Clinical Study Foot Treatment features crushed allspice berry (Pimenta dioica)— Procedure: traditionally used by the indigenous people of Central America to More than 100 study participants with dry, cracked, or problem relieve persistent dry, cracked, red skin on heels, toes, and sides feet applied Epoch® Sole Solution™ twice daily for 12 weeks.
    [Show full text]
  • Malignant Melanoma Management and Long-Term Follow-Up in Five Feet
    CHAPTER 20 Malignant Melanoma Management and Long-Term Follow-Up in Five Feet Pamela Hong, DPM George Rivello, DPM Donald Green, DPM INTRODUCTION Plantar melanoma excision sites are not usually closed primarily. The wounds are allowed to granulate and once Melanoma is the most common malignancy of the foot and primary healing has taken place, the use of skin grafts and ankle (1). Melanoma of the foot and ankle is more likely to flaps are usually done to restore weight-bearing function. be misdiagnosed or diagnosed later than melanoma of other Thus, collaborative of care of various medical professionals anatomic sites, and accounts for 3-15% of all cutaneous including plastic or general surgery and oncology are melanomas (1-2). A malignant lesion is often misdiagnosed necessary to improve the outcome of patients. for a nonhealing ulcer, subungal hematoma, verruca, or Currently, sentinel lymph node biopsy is considered the fungal nail changes (3-4). Patients do not readily notice a standard for evaluating lymph node involvement. Lymphatic lesion of the foot or ankle if it is not painful and especially mapping via lymphosyntigraphy and intraoperative injection if the location is on the sole of the foot. By the time the of blue dye or radioisotope is used to identify the first melanoma is correctly diagnosed, the tumors are usually (sentinel) lymph node immediately downstream from the thicker and at a more advanced stage resulting in poorer primary tumor (12). For lesions that are more than 1 mm prognosis. It is thus paramount to be suspicious of lesions thick, a sentinel lymph node biopsy is recommended (13).
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
    Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Иркутский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy Clinical anatomy of the lower extremity Teaching aid Иркутск ИГМУ 2016 УДК [617.58 + 611.728](075.8) ББК 54.578.4я73. К 49 Recommended by faculty methodological council of medical department of SBEI HE ISMU The Ministry of Health of The Russian Federation as a training manual for independent work of foreign students from medical faculty, faculty of pediatrics, faculty of dentistry, protocol № 01.02.2016. Authors: G.I. Songolov - associate professor, Head of Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, PhD, MD SBEI HE ISMU The Ministry of Health of The Russian Federation. O. P.Galeeva - associate professor of Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, MD, PhD SBEI HE ISMU The Ministry of Health of The Russian Federation. A.A. Yudin - assistant of department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy SBEI HE ISMU The Ministry of Health of The Russian Federation. S. N. Redkov – assistant of department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy SBEI HE ISMU THE Ministry of Health of The Russian Federation. Reviewers: E.V. Gvildis - head of department of foreign languages with the course of the Latin and Russian as foreign languages of SBEI HE ISMU The Ministry of Health of The Russian Federation, PhD, L.V. Sorokina - associate Professor of Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation at ISMU, PhD, MD Songolov G.I K49 Clinical anatomy of lower extremity: teaching aid / Songolov G.I, Galeeva O.P, Redkov S.N, Yudin, A.A.; State budget educational institution of higher education of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation; "Irkutsk State Medical University" of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation Irkutsk ISMU, 2016, 45 p.
    [Show full text]