DOCSLIB.ORG

Australian Convict Sites Stand out As Damp and Lack of Food, Clothing and Blankets

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Australian Convict Sites Stand out As Damp and Lack of Food, Clothing and Blankets 187 PART 9 SIGNATURE ON BEHALF OF THE STATE PARTY The Hon Peter Garrett AM MP Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts January 2008 188 189 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following contributors to the preparation of this document are warmly thanked. The information in the nomination does not necessarily reflect the views of the experts consulted. Australian Government Department of the Convict Nomination Reference Group Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts Clare Anderson (University of Warwick), John Hirst (La Terry Bailey. Trobe University), Hamish Maxwell-Stewart (University of Tasmania), Joy Damousi (University of Melbourne), James Convict Nomination Steering Committee Kerr, Michal Bosworth, Michael Pearson, Michael Bogle, Sheridan Burke (Godden McKay Logan) and Anita Smith Norfolk Island (Australia ICOMOS). The Hon David Buffett AM and the Hon Vicky Jack MLA. Other Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts contributors New South Wales Heritage Office Carolyn Armstrong, Dragi Markovic, Steve Wray, Mark Bruce Baskerville and Susan Macdonald. Mohell and Sam McKinnon. Sydney Harbour Federation Trust Bob Clark and Geoff Bailey. Editorial Tasmanian Department of Tourism Arts and Environment Elizabeth Hutchings (Elizabeth Hutchings Editing). Scott Gadd and Melinda Percival. Graphic design Fremantle Prison Brett Hatherly (Fivefold Creative). Graeme Gammie and Bevan Beaver. Site managers Authors and contributors Anita French, Chris Levins, Tina Jackson, Brad Manera, Lorraine Haslem, Jenelle McMahon, Laura Breen, Janine Helen Temple, Sue Hunt, Richard and Louise Archer, Cullen, Ilse Wurst, Claire Pettman, Francis Xavier Neelam, Damian Saunders, Jane Harrington, Jo Lyngcoln, Geoff Peter Redfield (University of North Carolina), Andrew Bailey, Olwyn Beazley, Allison Ryland, Anthony Horwood, Gentes (University of Queensland), Anoma Pieris Sarah Breheny, Jody Steele, Shirley McCarron, Bevan Beaver (University of Melbourne), Edward Harris (Bermuda and Graeme Gammie. Maritime Museum), Yvan Marcou (Image Plus), Max Shekleton, Stephen Toth (Arizona State University), Duncan Marshall, John Braithwaite (Australian National University), Heather Shore (Leeds Metropolitan University), Sue Rosen (Heritage Assessment and History), John Jeremy, Rosemary Annable, Peter Phillips (Australia ICOMOS), Peter Romey (Australia ICOMOS) and Cassandra Pybus (University of Sydney). 190 ENDNOTES 1 The first Governor of NSW was Governor Phillip. increasing hysteria and desperation about crime in Britain and an 2 Whilst First Government House was the command centre of entrenched public perception of pandemic criminal behaviour. the colony, Government House also played an important role Bogle (1999): 23-25. The mayhem of London streets flourished as many governors conducted their business while staying at with street brawls, corrupt youth, dissolution and drunkenness, Parramatta. First Government House was located in Sydney and some criminals became celebrated public figures. The dense Cove while Old Government House was 11 miles west at population of London became ‘the wonder of the world’ decried Parramatta. Both places operated simultaneously for almost the as ‘the city of Babylon’ or the ‘Great Wen’. Rapidly expanding first 70 years of the penal colony. It was up to the incumbent internal migration led to a rapid expansion of the population in governor to decide whether to reside in either First Government London, mainly comprising the unskilled, rootless and volatile. House or Old Government House, or both residences. Governor Bogle (1999): 23. To curb crime, the British government greatly Brisbane resided permanently at Old Government House. First increased the number of capital offences during the 18th century Government House is a publicly accessible archaeological site which appear to be trivial by contemporary standards and not with no extant buildings or legible domain. to warrant the capital sanction. In 1826, 1,203 death sentences were passed in Britain and Wales. Capital offences rose from 3 The house retains its Georgian style externally as well as its around 50 at the end of the 16th century to more than 200 by interior detailing. The original furniture includes a cabinet, the end of the 18th century. Examples of offences included sideboard and candelabra. bigamy, setting fire to coal mines, cutting hop bines, consorting 4 See State Records of NSW collections inscribed on the with gypsies, sending threatening letters, stealing a shroud UNESCO Memory of the World Register (2007). from a grave and many other minor offences. The severity of 5 See State Records of NSW collections inscribed on the punishment of criminals was seen to be justified because of the UNESCO Memory of the World Register (2007). problems of law and order in Britain. Transportation to America 6 Some hedges have been replanted. aimed at both deterrence and supplying indentured labour and entrepreneurship to the colonies. 7 Convict graves were sometimes marked with timber and only very rarely with stone. 21 The preamble to Britain’s Transportation Act 1718 specified both penal and economic objectives. The penal objectives 8 The nursery was located in Yard One between were to rid Britain of criminals, deter others from crime and 1828-38. Following a high number of deaths and controversy to reform convicts. The economic fuctions were refered to about the plight of convict babies and infants, the nursery was in the Transportation Act of 1718 in many of His Majesty’s moved to other locations for certain periods between 1838 and colonies and plantations in America, there was a great want of 1855 at Cascades. The other locations were: a small house in servants, who by their labour and industry might be the means of Liverpool Street in Hobart (1838), a factory in Dynnyrne House improving and making the said colonies and plantantions more (1842), New Town (1852) and Brickfields (1854). useful to this nation. Nicholas (1988): 14 9 This is the same political prisoner who stayed at Darlington 22 Between 1718 and 1775, over 50,000 convicts were transported and is mentioned above. to the British colonies in America. Transportation was abolished 10 It was also a place for paupers and lunatics. to America following the American War of Independence. 11 The Port Arthur Collections consist primarily of the Curatorial The number of serious criminal offences had increased rapidly Collection, encompassing a large variety of items of movable over recent decades due to changes in legislation. The number cultural heritage related to the Port Arthur Historic site; the f capital offences rose from around 50 at the end of the 16th Archaeological Collection which comprises thousands of century to more than 200 by the end of the 18th century in artefacts; and the Port Arthur Resource Centre Collection which Britain. Bogle (1999): 23 comprises material relating to the Port Arthur Historic Sites and 23 There was no effective prison system in Britain and the local the Tasman Peninsula and includes photographs, slides, plans prisons were often ‘incubators of crime’. and archaeological data and systems of access, as well as copies of 24 Brooke and Brandon (2005): 17. primary resource material held by other repositories. 25 The first penal settlement was established at Sydney Cove which 12 Prisoners Barracks comprised a stone ensemble which included a was also known as ‘Botany Bay’ in Australia and around the Cookhouse, Bake house, Washroom, Guard House and Store. world. 13 Park (2005): 35-36. 26 Quartly in Davison, Hirst and Macintyre (1998): 157. ‘New 14 Satchell (2003): 45. Holland’ was the name of the continent when Britain first settled 15 Herman (1966): 470-473. the country in 1788. It was known as ‘New Holland’ until the 1810s. 16 Maxwell-Stewart & Hood (2001):10 27 Brooke and Brandon (2005): 13. 17 Walsh (1967): 373-374.18 Birman (1972): 425-426; Erickson (1993): 224-227 28 Brooke and Brandon (2005): 13. 19 Fremantle Prison (2007). 29 Brooke and Brandon (2005): 13. 20 Australia was then known as ‘New Holland’. Britain experienced 30 Brooke and Brandon (2005): 15. a rapid expansion in crime during the 18th century. The 31 Brooke and Brandon (2005): 223. increased incidence of crime, particularly riots and other 32 Individual Australian convict experiences depended on numerous political activities by ‘the lower classes’, was seen as a major variables: the time they entered, the system, their behaviour, the threat to the society and the government. There was an ever- behaviour of those in charge of them and luck. 191 33 Whilst taking various forms over different times and places, there mortality rate of the time. This has been attributed to harsh are key features that together characterise the Australian convict conditions such as severe overcrowding, exposure to cold and system. Many of the 11 Australian convict sites stand out as damp and lack of food, clothing and blankets. Kippin (2006):2-6 a representation of a particular feature of convictism, but also 57 Several riots took place at the female factories at Parramatta demonstrate other elements. (1824,1833,1836), Cascades (1829,1842), Launceston (1841) 34 The following section is drawn mainly from Pybus (2006). and Ross (1848) 35 For example, in 1824, Robert Locke was assigned to his 58 The concept of ’just punishment through certainty’ was Aboriginal wife, Maria. advocated by penal reformers drawing on Enlightenment 36 Shaw (1966):102-3; Kerr (1984a):57. principles. It generally referred to penal systems (such as classification
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Women, Slavery, and British Imperial Interventions in Mauritius, 1810–1845
    Women, Slavery, and British Imperial Interventions in Mauritius, 1810–1845 Tyler Yank Department of History and Classical Studies Faculty of Arts McGill University, Montréal October 2019 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Tyler Yank 2019 ` Table of Contents ! Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Résumé ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Figures ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 10 History & Historiography ............................................................................................................. 15 Definitions ..................................................................................................................................... 21 Scope of Study .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Golden Yearbook
    Golden Yearbook Golden Yearbook Stories from graduates of the 1930s to the 1960s Foreword from the Vice-Chancellor and Principal ���������������������������������������������������������5 Message from the Chancellor ��������������������������������7 — Timeline of significant events at the University of Sydney �������������������������������������8 — The 1930s The Great Depression ������������������������������������������ 13 Graduates of the 1930s ���������������������������������������� 14 — The 1940s Australia at war ��������������������������������������������������� 21 Graduates of the 1940s ����������������������������������������22 — The 1950s Populate or perish ���������������������������������������������� 47 Graduates of the 1950s ����������������������������������������48 — The 1960s Activism and protest ������������������������������������������155 Graduates of the 1960s ���������������������������������������156 — What will tomorrow bring? ��������������������������������� 247 The University of Sydney today ���������������������������248 — Index ����������������������������������������������������������������250 Glossary ����������������������������������������������������������� 252 Produced by Marketing and Communications, the University of Sydney, December 2016. Disclaimer: The content of this publication includes edited versions of original contributions by University of Sydney alumni and relevant associated content produced by the University. The views and opinions expressed are those of the alumni contributors and do
    [Show full text]
  • An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales [Volume 1]
    An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales [Volume 1] With Remarks on the Dispositions, Customs, Manners &c. of the Native Inhabitants of that Country. To Which are Added, Some Particulars of New Zealand: Complied by Permission, From the Mss. of Lieutenant-Governor King Collins, David (1756-1810) A digital text sponsored by University of Sydney Library Sydney 2003 colacc1 http://purl.library.usyd.edu.au/setis/id/colacc1 © University of Sydney Library. The texts and images are not to be used for commercial purposes without permission Prepared from the print edition published by T. Cadell Jun. and W. Davies 1798 All quotation marks are retained as data. First Published: 1798 F263 Australian Etext Collections at Early Settlement prose nonfiction pre-1810 An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales [Volume 1] With Remarks on the Dispositions, Customs, Manners &c. of the Native Inhabitants of that Country. To Which are Added, Some Particulars of New Zealand: Complied by Permission, From the Mss. of Lieutenant-Governor King Contents. Introduction. SECT. PAGE I. TRANSPORTS hired to carry Convicts to Botany Bay. — The Sirius and the Supply i commissioned. — Preparations for sailing. — Tonnage of the Transports. — Numbers embarked. — Fleet sails. — Regulations on board the Transports. — Persons left behind. — Two Convicts punished on board the Sirius. — The Hyæna leaves the Fleet. — Arrival of the Fleet at Teneriffe. — Proceedings at that Island. — Some Particulars respecting the Town of Santa Cruz. — An Excursion made to Laguna. — A Convict escapes from one of the Transports, but is retaken. — Proceedings. — The Fleet leaves Teneriffe, and puts to Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • 1: Manumission and Freedom in Early British Mauritius, 1811–1839
    4 ‘Fit for Freedom’1: Manumission and Freedom in Early British Mauritius, 1811–1839 Satyendra Peerthum …it was often possible for the slave [and apprentice], by great perseverance and labour to purchase his own freedom and, this being accomplished the freedom of those dear to him.2 The slaves, however, were not prepared to wait for freedom to come to them as a dispensation from above….They were fully impressed with the belief that they were entitled to their freedom and that the cause they had embraced was just and in vindication of their own rights.3 Introduction The objective of this chapter is to explore the experience of slaves during the Slave Amelioration Period and of apprentices during the Apprenticeship era in Mauritius. It focuses on slaves’ and apprentices’ attempts to free themselves through manumission, their motives and the methods used to achieve this between 1829 and 1839. The aim is to show that slaves did not wait for the official abolition of slavery by the British government to attempt to change their servile status and instead used innovative attempts to improve their lives. As stated by Saunders for South Africa: Historians of slavery…may lay too great a stress on the great day of freedom…or the more important day four years later. Freedom had come to many individuals long before either of those dates … Individually and collectively they moved from effective slavery to ‘freedom’ before emancipation day dawned for the slaves.4 The slaves’ and apprentices’ attempts at manumission were interpreted in a number of ways by colonial officials and local colonists, and thus this chapter will 70 Transition from Slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius also seek to extract all available information from sources to try to understand the world view of the slaves as this is rarely seen or stated explicitly in the sources.
    [Show full text]
  • 2549-1296 Volume 3, Number 1, January 2019 Unilateral Claim Ov
    Padjadjaran Journal of International Law ISSN: 2549-2152, EISSN: 2549-1296 Volume 3, Number 1, January 2019 Unilateral Claim over Chagos Archipelago as British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) by United Kingdom Based on International Law Jerina Novita Elpasari Abstract In 1965, United Kingdom (UK) made a unilateral claim over the Chagos Archipelago as British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) based on the BIOT Order of 1965 and Statutory Instrument of 1965 No. 1020. Due to this unilateral act, the Chagos Archipelago no longer parts of Mauritius. Problem arising from Britain's unilateral claim to the territory was further aggravated by the United Kingdom’s act in enforcing population transfer towards all Chagos islanders (Chagossians) out of the territory without adequate compensations and resettlement. This research aims to analyze the legality of unilateral claims over the Chagos archipelago as a BIOT and the enforced transfer of Chagossians from their original residential place by the United Kingdom. It argues that under international law, Chagos Archipelago is recognized as an area that should remain integrated within the territory of Mauritius. It further argues that the UK has violated international law by committing enforced population transfer. Keywords: BIOT, Enforced Population Transfer, Territory, The Chagos Archipelago, Unilateral Act. Klaim Sepihak Inggris terhadap Kepulauan Chagos sebagai British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) Berdasarkan Hukum Internasional Abstrak Pada tahun 1965, Inggris melakukan klaim sepihak atas wilayah Kepulauan Chagos sebagai British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) berdasarkan British Indian Ocean Territory Order of 1965 dan Statutory Instrument of 1965 No. 1020. Kepulauan Chagos merupakan bagian dari Mauritius pada saat Mauritius berada dibawah penjajahan Inggris.
    [Show full text]
  • Brief After JO Comments 12 September 2011
    THE GLOBAL FORUM ON TRANSPARENCY AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION FOR TAX PURPOSES THE GLOBAL FORUM ON TRANSPARENCY AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION FOR TAX PURPOSES INFORMATION BRIEF 12 September 2011 For more information please contact: Jeffrey Owens, OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration Director (jeffrey.HU [email protected])UH or Pascal Saint-Amans, Global Forum Secretariat (pascal.saintHU [email protected])UH 12 September 2011 THE GLOBAL FORUM ON TRANSPARENCY AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION FOR TAX PURPOSES BREAKING NEWS! JURISDICTIONS MOVE TOWARDS FULL TAX TRANSPARENCY 1. Furthering efforts to fight against international tax evasion and bank secrecy, members of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes have issued 12 new peer review reports. 2. Reports on Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Austria, Bahrain, the Virgin Islands (British), Curaçao, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Saint Kitts and Nevis and the Turks and Caicos Islands focus on their legal frameworks which allow for transparency and exchange of tax information. The review report on the United Kingdom considers in addition the exchange of information in practice. 3. In addition, two supplementary reports for Belgium and the Cayman Islands show that they are swiftly amending their domestic legislation to address recommendations made by the Global Forum in previous reviews. 4. The reports describe each jurisdiction’s rules for ensuring that information is available to the tax authorities, how it can be accessed by authorities and the mechanisms in place to exchange information with foreign tax authorities. They also identify deficiencies and make recommendations on how to improve co-operation in international tax matters.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue 54
    CATALOGUE 54 Andrew Isles Natural History Books CATALOGUE 54 Andrew Isles Natural History Books Established 1981 ANDREW ISLES NATURAL HISTORY BOOKS Rear 115 Greville Street Prahran 3181, Australia Phone: [61] (0)3 9510 5750 Fax: [61] (0)3 9529 1256 Email: [email protected] Postal address: PO Box 2305 Prahran 3181, Australia www.AndrewIsles.com This catalogue is intended to show a selection of our antiquarian titles. We hold substantial numbers of new, secondhand and antiquarian natural history books in most fields. For more images and information for these and other titles please visit our website. Prices are subject to change without notice. WE BUY BOOKS. We are always interested in purchasing single books through to large collections. PAYMENT. We accept Mastercard, Visa, American Express, direct deposit and cheques in Australian dollars, US dollars and Pounds Sterling. FREIGHT. Postage is extra at cost. Further information is on our website. Front cover [37520] Elliot, Daniel Giraud. A Monograph of the Phasianidae, or family of the pheasants. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1870-1872. Inside cover [6078] Fayrer, J. The Thanatophidia of India; being a description of the venomous snakes of the Indian Peninsula with an account of the influence of their poison on life and a series of experiments. London: J. and A. Churchill, 1872. Back cover [14658] Sweet, Robert. Flora Australasica; or a selection of handsome or curious plants, natives of New Holland, and the South Sea Islands. London: James Ridgway, 1827-1838. 2 ANDREW ISLES THE FIRST SNAKE BOOK [36425] Abbatius, Baldus Angelius. De admirabili Viperae natura et de mirificis ejusdem facultatibus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of HMS Pandora
    The Pandora Story Although reasonably successful in her challenging mission— capturing 14 of the 25 Bounty mutineers in Tahiti—HMS Pandora came to grief on the Great Barrier Reef. She was hulled on what’s now known as Pandora Reef, and sank in 30 metres of water, 120 km east of Cape York. Many died—crew and prisoners alike. But there were many more amazing feats of survival and seamanship. In this section, we explore the events surrounding the Pandora’s final voyage … Oswald Brett's impression of the Pandora's last moments afloat. Captain Bligh's remarkable story of survival The Bounty mutineers set Captain William Bligh adrift with 18 men in an eight-metre, two-masted launch. He had been allowed to take some navigational equipment and papers, and enough food to last for five days. The 19 castaways tried to supplement their rations with food from Tofua. All but one escaped with their lives following an attack by hostile Tofuans. Fearing to make another landfall, Bligh decided to head straight for Timor-about 3600 (nautical) miles (about 6480 km) away. "We had no relief with the day save its light. The sea was constantly breaking over us and kept two persons bailing, and we had no choice how to steer for we were obliged to keep before the waves to avoid filling the boat." Dodd Bounty (Bligh's journal entry for 14 May 1789) The cold and wet conditions in the launch were agonising. The exhausted men bailed constantly. What little food they had quickly became wet and almost inedible.
    [Show full text]
  • St John History Volume 20 Iii Order Librarian
    St John History THE JOURNAL OF THE ST JOHN AMBULANCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA VOLUME 20, 2020 ISSN 1445-7490 ‘Preserving and promoting the St John heritage’ St John History is the annual journal of the Historical Society, and is provided free to all financial members of the Society. Correspondence about articles in the journal should be directed to the Journal Editor, Matthew Glozier, [email protected]. Volumes 1–20 of St John History are available online at the St John Ambulance Australia national website: stjohn.org.au/about (click on ‘History’). Information about the Historical Society may be obtained from the Executive Officers: President David Fahey — [email protected] Secretary James Cheshire —[email protected] Deputy Secretary Edith Khangure — [email protected] Treasurer Paul Copeland — [email protected] Deputy Treasurer Bob Devere — [email protected] Journal Editor Matthew Glozier — [email protected] Membership Queries about membership to the Historical Society should be sent to respective State/Territory History Membership Officers: Overseas and Australian Capital Territory South Australia Ian Howie-Willis Dr Brian Fotheringham [email protected] Chair, St John Historical Society of SA [email protected] New South Wales Matthew Glozier Tasmania [email protected] Ms Roxy Cowie [email protected] Northern Territory Dawn Bat Victoria Historical Society Membership Secretary Allan Mawdsley [email protected] Hon. Secretary, St John Museum [email protected] Queensland Bob Devere Western Australia Chair, History and Heritage Committee Edith Khangure [email protected] Librarian and Archivist [email protected] St John Ambulance Australia Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • J}Etu~Letter
    'To liw on in the hearts and minds of jfellotu~btp Descendants is never to die!" of 1788A.D. jftr~t jfleeter~ j}etu~letter )" I ( v======--====~-=~ JOURNAL OF THE FELLOWSHIP OF FIRST FLEETERS INC. NSW 1988 PRICE SOc Registered by Australia Post Publication No. NBH 1271 ~,1:~~ His Excellency Rear Admiral Peter Sinclair, AO, Governor of New South Wales ~ OFFICE ADDRESS: First Fleet House 105 Cathedral Street, Woolloomooloo, N.S.W. 2011 r . TELEPHONE: (02)360-3788,360-3988 '--- .. January / February 1992 Volume 23 N0.1 PRESIDENT'S REPORT AUSTRALIA I hope everyone had a very The Fellowship's annual dinner enjoyable Australia Day this year. was held at Sydney University DAY, 1992 From my observations this was the again and was successful. Our The Australia Day Eve Dinner on most active one that I have seen special guest was Dr Carol Liston, 25th January marked the beginning since 1988. I think we Australians President of the Royal Australian of the Fellowship's Australia Day are truly showing signs of national Historical Society. Dr Liston is celebrations. A most enjoyable pride and sensitivity about our Senior Lecturer in Australian evening it was, from predinner modern national heritage. History at the University of drinks on the terrace of the Western Sydney. She addressed the I have noticed that the Australian Wentworth Building to the excellent dinner on the theme of new fare, meeting old friends and Aborigines have declared Australia thoughts on the background to the Day '1nvasion Day." Despite we making new friendships, and First Fleet and the need for culminating in the Address by Dr later Australians' sentiment, that historical researchers to challenge term from their viewpoint would Carol Liston, President of the Royal r some of the myths and established Australian Historical Society.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Southern Land: the Maritime Exploration of Terra Australis
    GREAT SOUTHERN The Maritime Exploration of Terra Australis LAND Michael Pearson the australian government department of the environment and heritage, 2005 On the cover photo: Port Campbell, Vic. map: detail, Chart of Tasman’s photograph by John Baker discoveries in Tasmania. Department of the Environment From ‘Original Chart of the and Heritage Discovery of Tasmania’ by Isaac Gilsemans, Plate 97, volume 4, The anchors are from the from ‘Monumenta cartographica: Reproductions of unique and wreck of the ‘Marie Gabrielle’, rare maps, plans and views in a French built three-masted the actual size of the originals: barque of 250 tons built in accompanied by cartographical Nantes in 1864. She was monographs edited by Frederick driven ashore during a Casper Wieder, published y gale, on Wreck Beach near Martinus Nijhoff, the Hague, Moonlight Head on the 1925-1933. Victorian Coast at 1.00 am on National Library of Australia the morning of 25 November 1869, while carrying a cargo of tea from Foochow in China to Melbourne. © Commonwealth of Australia 2005 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth, available from the Department of the Environment and Heritage. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to: Assistant Secretary Heritage Assessment Branch Department of the Environment and Heritage GPO Box 787 Canberra ACT 2601 The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Government or the Minister for the Environment and Heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Imagining the Convicts
    Re-imagining the Convicts: History, Myth and Nation in Contemporary Australian Fictions of Early Convictism MARTIN JOHN STANIFORTH Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of English July 2015 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. © 2015 The University of Leeds and Martin John Staniforth The right of Martin John Staniforth to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost my thanks go to my supervisor, Professor Stuart Murray, without whose encouragement, enthusiasm and challenge this thesis would be much the poorer. He provided me with valuable help and advice over the years when I was working on this subject and was generous with both his time and his knowledge. Second I am grateful to the University of Leeds for funding to support my attendance at conferences in Australia and New Zealand which enabled me both to present aspects of my work to a wider audience and to benefit from listening to, and discussing with, a range of scholars of Australian literature. Third I have benefitted from help from a number of libraries which have provided me with material. My thanks go to all the staff involved but particularly those at the Brotherton Library, University of Leeds, the British Library, and the State Library of New South Wales, Sydney.
    [Show full text]