DOCSLIB.ORG

Women, Slavery, and British Imperial Interventions in Mauritius, 1810–1845

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Women, Slavery, and British Imperial Interventions in Mauritius, 1810–1845 Women, Slavery, and British Imperial Interventions in Mauritius, 1810–1845 Tyler Yank Department of History and Classical Studies Faculty of Arts McGill University, Montréal October 2019 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Tyler Yank 2019 ` Table of Contents ! Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Résumé ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Figures ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 10 History & Historiography ............................................................................................................. 15 Definitions ..................................................................................................................................... 21 Scope of Study .............................................................................................................................. 24 Chapter One: Quiet Strength, Loud Defiance: Assessing Bondwomen’s Labour, Maternity, and Resistance in early British Mauritius ................................................................................ 30 Defining Enslaved Women’s Labour ............................................................................................ 33 Pregnancy and Childbirth across Colonies ................................................................................... 36 Considering Resistance and Maternity ......................................................................................... 46 The Arrest, Interrogation, and Sentencing of Sophie ................................................................... 50 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 66 Chapter 2: “I have never belonged to anyone!”: The Commission of Eastern Enquiry and Contested Freedom, 1820–1828 ................................................................................................. 67 Part One: Conditions of Freedom and Law ................................................................................. 69 Anti-Slavery Activism and Imperial Investigation ....................................................................... 73 The Commission of Eastern Enquiry in Mauritius ....................................................................... 75 Case Studies of Contested Freedom ............................................................................................. 82 Case of Nina ........................................................................................................................... 83 Case of Estelle ........................................................................................................................ 84 Case of Elizabeth .................................................................................................................... 85 Case of Victorine .................................................................................................................... 86 Case of Catherine ................................................................................................................... 86 Case of Marie Saladin & Family ............................................................................................ 88 Perceptions of (Un)freedom .......................................................................................................... 94 Part Two: The Contested Freedom of Recaptive Africans .......................................................... 96 Recaptive Africans and the British Royal Navy ........................................................................... 97 Occupations and Indenture ......................................................................................................... 100 Recaptive Women and Children ................................................................................................. 106 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 113 2 Chapter 3: Dubious Protection: Mauritian Slavery Amelioration Measures and Resistance ..................................................................................................................................................... 114 Amelioration, Empire, & Legal Pluralism .................................................................................. 118 Punishment and Protection ......................................................................................................... 122 Women, Motherhood, and Violence ........................................................................................... 127 Resistance and Protection ........................................................................................................... 135 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 144 Chapter Four: British Missionary and Imperial Slave Education in Mauritius ................ 147 Part One: LMS Rev. Jean Le Brun and Early Mission Schools ................................................ 152 British Colonialism and Anti-Slavery in the Indian Ocean World ............................................. 158 French Colonialism and British Protestantism ........................................................................... 163 Charles Telfair & the Anti-Slavery Movement .......................................................................... 167 Considering Violence and Slave Instruction ............................................................................... 175 Part Two: Imperial Education Schemes for Apprentices and Ex-Slaves .................................. 178 Imperial Education Grants & Lady Mico’s Charity ................................................................... 181 Instruction for Women and Girls ................................................................................................ 188 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 193 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 196 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 204 3 Abstract This dissertation examines the history of enslaved women and girls in British Mauritius from 1810 to 1845. Through an exploration of British colonial interventions in slaveholding, this study focuses on the narratives of enslaved women and girls to reveal intersections between colonialism, motherhood, violence, and resistance to bondage. The British colonial government introduced a series of measures to reform slavery conditions in Mauritius prior to the Emancipation Act (1833), as they did in several Atlantic colonies. This included the establishment of a Commission of Eastern Enquiry to investigate slaveholding and manumission practices, and make recommendations related to the amelioration of slavery in Mauritius. The Commission found that freedom was markedly difficult to achieve for bonded women in the island. Slave complaints registered with the Protector of Slaves office in 1829–30 indicate that unfree women and girls in Mauritius experienced unique forms of violence, and that they sometimes used the Protector of Slave’s services for different ends than their male counterparts. In comparison with men and boys, enslaved and newly emancipated women and girls also took part in disparate forms of religious and elementary instruction with the London Missionary Society and Lady Mico’s Charity. In sum, this dissertation significantly enriches the current scholarship about slavery in the Indian Ocean world through exploring, for the first time, the distinct experiences of bonded women in Mauritius. 4 Résumé Cette thèse vise à examiner l’histoire des femmes et filles esclaves à Maurice sous l’empire britannique entre 1810 et 1845. Au moyen d’une considération détaillée des diverses interventions dans le système d’esclavage par le gouvernement colonial britannique à cette époque, cette étude se penche sur les récits des femmes et jeunes filles esclaves afin d’exposer l’interrelation entre le colonialisme, la maternité, la violence, et la résistance à la servitude. Le gouvernement colonial britannique introduisit une série de mesures visant à reformer les conditions de vie des esclaves à Maurice avant de promulguer l’acte d’émancipation en 1833, tout comme les gouvernements britanniques faisaient dans d’autres colonies atlantiques. Ce programme de réforme comprenait l’établissement d’une Commission
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Group a Early Imprints and Private Publications
    GROUP A EARLY IMPRINTS AND PRIVATE PUBLICATIONS 1 768 - 1954 INTRODUCTION This group comprises (1) early imprints issued in Mauritius, both private and official, and inclusive of leaflets and broadsides (but exclusive of almanacs, periodicals and newspapers which are listed in group B), from the introduction of printing in 1768 to the end of French rule in 1810 ; (2) private non-serial public- ations issued from 1811 to the end of 1954 (serial publications for the same period being listed in group B). The main source utilized for early imprints was the unpublished catalogue of early Mauritian imprints which forms the supplement to Dr. Toussaint's main work on that subject published in Paris in 1951 under the title : Early printing in the Mascarene Islands. Several additional specimens were traced in the Archives Nationales, in Paris, especially in series AF III : Collection Moreau de St. Méry and Colonies : Fonds Rodde, Ile de France, in the private library of M. Auguste Brunet, at Toulon, and in the John Carter Brown Library, in the United States. The total number of entries recorded amounts to 426. There are also 27 entries in group B for th almanacs, periodicals and newspapers for the period 1769-1810. The entries are recorded in full and listed in chronological order of issue. In the case of broadsides the dimensions are given in cms. The location is also given in brackets at the end of each entry. With a few exceptions, entries were made from the imprints themselves. The material is available in the following repositories : Archives Nationales (Paris) Auguste Brunet Library (Toulon) Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris) British Museum (London) Curepipe Carnegie Library (Mauritius) Doyen Collection (Mauritius) John Carter Brown Library (U.
    [Show full text]
  • Deification in the Early Century
    chapter 1 Deification in the early century ‘Interesting, dignified, and impressive’1 Public monuments were scarce in Ireland at the begin- in 7 at the expense of Dublin Corporation, was ning of the nineteenth century and were largely con- carefully positioned on a high pedestal facing the seat fined to Dublin, which boasted several monumental of power in Dublin Castle, and in close proximity, but statues of English rulers, modelled in a weighty and with its back to the seat of learning in Trinity College. pompous late Baroque style. Cork had an equestrian A second equestrian statue, a portrait of George I by statue of George II, by John van Nost, the younger (fig. John van Nost, the elder (d.), was originally placed ), positioned originally on Tuckey’s Bridge and subse- on Essex Bridge (now Capel Street Bridge) in . It quently moved to the South Mall in .2 Somewhat was removed in , and was re-erected at the end of more unusually, Birr, in County Offaly, featured a sig- the century, in ,8 in the gardens of the Mansion nificant commemoration of Prince William Augustus, House, facing out over railings towards Dawson Street. Duke of Cumberland (–) (fig. ). Otherwise The pedestal carried the inscription: ‘Be it remembered known as the Butcher of Culloden,3 he was com- that, at the time when rebellion and disloyalty were the memorated by a portrait statue surmounting a Doric characteristics of the day, the loyal Corporation of the column, erected in Emmet Square (formerly Cumber- City of Dublin re-elevated this statue of the illustrious land Square) in .4 The statue was the work of House of Hanover’.9 A third equestrian statue, com- English sculptors Henry Cheere (–) and his memorating George II, executed by the younger John brother John (d.).
    [Show full text]
  • Slope Disasters in Mauritius 4-5 115
    Appendix 3.2.4 Effects of the constructed countermeasure works (evaluations) JICA Technical cooperation project: Landslide adviser for Mauritius (Final Report) Appendix 3.2.4 Effects of the constructed countermeasure works (evaluations) Existing slope countermeasures were found only in two sites of the total 18, and it was judged that those countermeasures were insufficient by MPI and JET. <Management No.2016-010, Maconde> This slope is located at the cape of Maconde on the south coast of the island. Most of the rock falls were from the basalt part of the cliff. In July and August 2014, RDA carried out removal works of rocks which were unstable and close to the road, and a new road (shift of alignment) was built to reduce the damage from rock falls. In addition, a retaining wall with a rockfall protection fence has been installed in one part of the site. However, it was judged that those countermeasures were insufficient. Rock falls and small rock failures are also a frequent occurrence along the new road because the rocks are weathered, and there is a high possibility of rock fall in future. Photo 1 Maconde (Management No.2016-010), 5 August 2016 (Source: JET) 1 JICA Technical cooperation project: Landslide adviser for Mauritius (Final Report) Appendix 3.2.4 <Management No. 2016-018, Hermitage> This site is situated in the vicinity of Grand River North West. As an existing countermeasure, a boundary wall was constructed by the land developer, but it had been already collapsed in 2012. In the future, a retaining wall should be installed there as a permanent countermeasure for the slope.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft the District Council of Grand Port
    ANNUAL REPORT JULY 2016- JUNE 2017 (Under Section 142 of the Local Government Act 2011, as subsequently amended 1 | P a g e CONTENTS 1.0 Mission, Vision and Value Statement Page 5 2.0 Information on The District Council of Grand Port Page 6 3.0 Roles and function of Committees Page 12 4.0 Trends and Challenges Page 32 5.0 Major Achievements for period July 2016 – June 2017 Page 35 6.0 Financial Statements for year 2016/2017 Page 38 7.0 Comparison of budget with actual for year 2016/2017 Page 46 8.0 Strategic Direction Page 53 2 | P a g e Chief Executive’s Statement Pursuant to Section 142 of the Local Government Act 2011 as subsequently amended, I have much pleasure to submit the Annual Report for the period January– June 2016 for the District Council of Grand Port. I am thankful to the staff for having put their level best to ensure the materialisation of our goals, aims and objectives during the year. My team has seen to it that Council’s decisions be forthwith implemented to the satisfaction of all our stakeholders whilst being in compliance with our statutory duties and legal requirements. This report highlights our main achievements for .July 2016 – June 2017 and indicates our objectives for July 2017 – June 2018 S. TEELUCK CHIEF EXECUTIVE 3 | P a g e Chairperson’s Statement Since my election as Chairperson on 21st December 2016, I have pursued the goals and objectives of the Council and seen to it that same be implemented to the satisfaction of all stakeholders at all times.
    [Show full text]
  • RS24 S1- S43 Introduction
    The General Assembly of New Brunswick: Its History and Records The Beginnings The History The Records in Context The History of the Sessional Records (RS24) The Organization of the Sessional Records (RS24) A Note on Spellings Notes on Place Names List of Lieutenant-Governors and Administrators Guide to Sessional Records (RS24) on Microfilm 1 The Beginnings: On August 18, 1784, two months after the new province of New Brunswick was established, Governor Thomas Carleton was instructed by Royal Commission from King George III to summon and call a General Assembly. The steps taken by Governor Carleton in calling this assembly are detailed in his letter of October 25, 1785, to Lord Stanley in the Colonial Office at London: "My Lord, I have the honor to inform your Lordship that having completed such arrangements as appeared to be previously requested, I directed writs to issue on the 15th instant for convening a General Assembly to meet on the first Tuesday in January next. In this first election it has been thought advisable to admit all males of full age who have been inhabitants of the province for no less than three months to the privilege of voting, as otherwise many industrious and meritorious settlers, who are improving the lands allotted to them but have not yet received the King's Grant, must have been excluded. … The House of Representatives will consist of 26 members, who are chosen by their respective counties, no Boroughs or cities being allowed a distinct Representation. The county of St. John is to send six members, Westmorland, Charlotte, and York four members each, Kings, Queens, Sunbury and Northumberland, each two members.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft the District Council of Grand Port
    ANNUAL REPORT JULY 2017- JUNE 2018 (Under Section 142 of the Local Government Act 2011, as subsequently amended 1 | P a g e CONTENTS 1.0 Mission, Vision and Value Statement Page 5 2.0 Information on The District Council of Grand Port Page 6 3.0 Roles and function of Committees Page 12 4.0 Trends and Challenges Page 32 5.0 Major Achievements for period July 2017 – June 2018 Page 35 6.0 Financial Statements for year 2017/2018 Page 38 7.0 Comparison of budget with actual for year 2017/2018 Page 46 8.0 Strategic Direction Page 53 2 | P a g e Chief Executive’s Statement Pursuant to Section 142 of the Local Government Act 2011 as subsequently amended, I have much pleasure to submit the Annual Report for the period January– June 2016 for the District Council of Grand Port. I am thankful to the staff for having put their level best to ensure the materialisation of our goals, aims and objectives during the year. My team has seen to it that Council’s decisions be forthwith implemented to the satisfaction of all our stakeholders whilst being in compliance with our statutory duties and legal requirements. This report highlights our main achievements for .July 2017 – June 2018. S. TEELUCK CHIEF EXECUTIVE 3 | P a g e Chairperson’s Statement Since my election as Chairperson on 21st December 2016, I have pursued the goals and objectives of the Council and seen to it that same be implemented to the satisfaction of all stakeholders at all times.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sailor's Life Under Four Sovereigns
    IE m iliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu nil in h I A SAILOR'S LIFE : ' ' - M ' i — .j*-LN5 . A SAILORS LIFE UNDER FOUR SOVEREIGNS BY- ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET THE HON. SIR HENRY KEPPEL G.C.B., D.C.L. VOL. I. ILontion MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited NEW YORK : THE MACMII.I.AN COMPANY 1899 .-ill right i yaerind / ' o V UaAasX. J 0is2_^ ^/ia^uy rupfuJLr CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGE i 809-1822 I CHAPTER II The 7 weed, 1824. ..... 26 CHAPTER III The Tweed ..... +6 CHAPTER IV The Tweed ..... 55 CHAPTER V The Tweed . 66 CHAPTER VI England .92 A Sailor's Life CHAPTER VII PAGE The Galatea 101 CHAPTER VIII IJ The Magicienne 9 CHAPTER IX The Magicienne . .127 CHAPTER X • • 1 The Magicienne . • ^7 CHAPTER XI The Magicienne 153 CHAPTER XII England 160 CHAPTER XIII The Childers Brig 165 CHAPTER XIV The Childers Brig 1 74 CHAPTER XV The Carlist Question 184 Contents xi CHAPTER XVI PAGE The Carlist War 192 CHAPTER XVII The Childers Brig 198 CHAPTER XVIII The Childers—West Coast of Africa .... 202 CHAPTER XIX Cape Coast Castle 217 CHAPTER XX The Childers Brig 226 CHAPTER XXI A Rendezvous of Cruisers . .231 CHAPTER XXII England 246 CHAPTER XXIII Shore Time 251 CHAPTER XXIV Dido Corvette 255. xii A Sailor's Life CHAPTER XXV — PACE Dido China ........ 269 CHAPTER XXVI — Diao China ........ 277 CHAPTER XXVII — Dido Straits of" Malacca ...... 282 CHAPTER XXVIII — . Dido . Borneo . .292 CHAPTER XXIX Dido— . Borneo . .311 CHAPTER XXX — Dido China ........ 322 CHAPTER XXXI — . Dido Calcutta . -331 ILLUSTRATIONS SUBJECT ARTIST "There was life in the 'small y.
    [Show full text]
  • 1: Manumission and Freedom in Early British Mauritius, 1811–1839
    4 ‘Fit for Freedom’1: Manumission and Freedom in Early British Mauritius, 1811–1839 Satyendra Peerthum …it was often possible for the slave [and apprentice], by great perseverance and labour to purchase his own freedom and, this being accomplished the freedom of those dear to him.2 The slaves, however, were not prepared to wait for freedom to come to them as a dispensation from above….They were fully impressed with the belief that they were entitled to their freedom and that the cause they had embraced was just and in vindication of their own rights.3 Introduction The objective of this chapter is to explore the experience of slaves during the Slave Amelioration Period and of apprentices during the Apprenticeship era in Mauritius. It focuses on slaves’ and apprentices’ attempts to free themselves through manumission, their motives and the methods used to achieve this between 1829 and 1839. The aim is to show that slaves did not wait for the official abolition of slavery by the British government to attempt to change their servile status and instead used innovative attempts to improve their lives. As stated by Saunders for South Africa: Historians of slavery…may lay too great a stress on the great day of freedom…or the more important day four years later. Freedom had come to many individuals long before either of those dates … Individually and collectively they moved from effective slavery to ‘freedom’ before emancipation day dawned for the slaves.4 The slaves’ and apprentices’ attempts at manumission were interpreted in a number of ways by colonial officials and local colonists, and thus this chapter will 70 Transition from Slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius also seek to extract all available information from sources to try to understand the world view of the slaves as this is rarely seen or stated explicitly in the sources.
    [Show full text]
  • 2549-1296 Volume 3, Number 1, January 2019 Unilateral Claim Ov
    Padjadjaran Journal of International Law ISSN: 2549-2152, EISSN: 2549-1296 Volume 3, Number 1, January 2019 Unilateral Claim over Chagos Archipelago as British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) by United Kingdom Based on International Law Jerina Novita Elpasari Abstract In 1965, United Kingdom (UK) made a unilateral claim over the Chagos Archipelago as British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) based on the BIOT Order of 1965 and Statutory Instrument of 1965 No. 1020. Due to this unilateral act, the Chagos Archipelago no longer parts of Mauritius. Problem arising from Britain's unilateral claim to the territory was further aggravated by the United Kingdom’s act in enforcing population transfer towards all Chagos islanders (Chagossians) out of the territory without adequate compensations and resettlement. This research aims to analyze the legality of unilateral claims over the Chagos archipelago as a BIOT and the enforced transfer of Chagossians from their original residential place by the United Kingdom. It argues that under international law, Chagos Archipelago is recognized as an area that should remain integrated within the territory of Mauritius. It further argues that the UK has violated international law by committing enforced population transfer. Keywords: BIOT, Enforced Population Transfer, Territory, The Chagos Archipelago, Unilateral Act. Klaim Sepihak Inggris terhadap Kepulauan Chagos sebagai British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) Berdasarkan Hukum Internasional Abstrak Pada tahun 1965, Inggris melakukan klaim sepihak atas wilayah Kepulauan Chagos sebagai British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) berdasarkan British Indian Ocean Territory Order of 1965 dan Statutory Instrument of 1965 No. 1020. Kepulauan Chagos merupakan bagian dari Mauritius pada saat Mauritius berada dibawah penjajahan Inggris.
    [Show full text]
  • Brief After JO Comments 12 September 2011
    THE GLOBAL FORUM ON TRANSPARENCY AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION FOR TAX PURPOSES THE GLOBAL FORUM ON TRANSPARENCY AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION FOR TAX PURPOSES INFORMATION BRIEF 12 September 2011 For more information please contact: Jeffrey Owens, OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration Director (jeffrey.HU [email protected])UH or Pascal Saint-Amans, Global Forum Secretariat (pascal.saintHU [email protected])UH 12 September 2011 THE GLOBAL FORUM ON TRANSPARENCY AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION FOR TAX PURPOSES BREAKING NEWS! JURISDICTIONS MOVE TOWARDS FULL TAX TRANSPARENCY 1. Furthering efforts to fight against international tax evasion and bank secrecy, members of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes have issued 12 new peer review reports. 2. Reports on Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Austria, Bahrain, the Virgin Islands (British), Curaçao, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Saint Kitts and Nevis and the Turks and Caicos Islands focus on their legal frameworks which allow for transparency and exchange of tax information. The review report on the United Kingdom considers in addition the exchange of information in practice. 3. In addition, two supplementary reports for Belgium and the Cayman Islands show that they are swiftly amending their domestic legislation to address recommendations made by the Global Forum in previous reviews. 4. The reports describe each jurisdiction’s rules for ensuring that information is available to the tax authorities, how it can be accessed by authorities and the mechanisms in place to exchange information with foreign tax authorities. They also identify deficiencies and make recommendations on how to improve co-operation in international tax matters.
    [Show full text]
  • The West Indian Mission to West Africa: the Rio Pongas Mission, 1850-1963
    The West Indian Mission to West Africa: The Rio Pongas Mission, 1850-1963 by Bakary Gibba A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of History University of Toronto © Copyright by Bakary Gibba (2011) The West Indian Mission to West Africa: The Rio Pongas Mission, 1850-1963 Doctor of Philosophy, 2011 Bakary Gibba Department of History, University of Toronto Abstract This thesis investigates the efforts of the West Indian Church to establish and run a fascinating Mission in an area of West Africa already influenced by Islam or traditional religion. It focuses mainly on the Pongas Mission’s efforts to spread the Gospel but also discusses its missionary hierarchy during the formative years in the Pongas Country between 1855 and 1863, and the period between 1863 and 1873, when efforts were made to consolidate the Mission under black control and supervision. Between 1873 and 1900 when additional Sierra Leonean assistants were hired, relations between them and African-descended West Indian missionaries, as well as between these missionaries and their Eurafrican host chiefs, deteriorated. More efforts were made to consolidate the Pongas Mission amidst greater financial difficulties and increased French influence and restrictive measures against it between 1860 and 1935. These followed an earlier prejudiced policy in the Mission that was strongly influenced by the hierarchical nature of nineteenth-century Barbadian society, which was abandoned only after successive deaths
    [Show full text]
  • GIPE-002303-Contents.Pdf (2.817Mb)
    HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRIOA.:" SINCE-~~;T;~~~;~r .-- G d IL - DhananJayarao a gl 1111111111111111111111111111111111 GIPE-PUNE-002: BY GEORGE MCCALL THEAL, LITT.D., "rLir' ... ,08&IQ. ..aIlB&R o. I'R. ROYAL .ACADBKY or am ••o • ., ~ ___B1i8!'01rDIN<! IIBIIBD o. '1'&. BOY.., .......M •• tMM:mnT, LONDON, BTC. t BT<J., ETC., PO •••RLV ~".P.B O' UB AILOBIV" O' TnB CA.PB COLORY, AND .£.'1: PRB81!1NT COLONIAL BI&'J'OBIOOaAPSBB WITH SIXTEEN MAPS AND CHARTS I~ FIVE VOLUMES VOL. II. THE CAPE COLONY FROM 1828 TO 1846, NATAL FROM 1824 TO 1845, AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE EMIGRANT FARMERS It'ROM 1836 TO 1847 LONDON SWA N SONNENSCHEIN & CO., LIM. 25 HIGH STREET, BLOOMSBlTRY 1908 _ All riyht. .........a HISTORY- - OF 'SOUTH AFRICA. The latest 'and most complet~ edition of this work consists of :---- History' and' Ethnography of A/rica south 0/ the Zambesi from the .settlement 0/ the Portuguese at So/ala in September I505 to' the conquest 0/ the Cape Colony by the BriHsh in September I795. In three volumes. Volume I contains a description of the Bushmen, H~tten­ tots, and Bantu, aI). account,o{the first voyages round the Cape ..¢:-GoocrHope of the Portuguese, the French, the English, and .- the Dutch, and a history of the Portuguese in South Africa in early times. Volumes II and III contain a history of the administration of the Dutch-East India Company'in South Africa, &c., &c. History 0/ South A/rica since' September I795. In five volumes. Volume I contains a history of the Cape Colony from 1795 to 1828 and an account of the Zulu wars of devastation and the formation of new Bantu communities.
    [Show full text]