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Sisyphos 1 Sisyphos Sisyphos 1 Sisyphos Sisyphos (griechisch Σίσυφος, latinisiert Sisyphus) ist ein Held der griechischen Mythologie. Er ist der Sohn von Aeolos und Enarete. Er war der Gatte von Merope und zeugte mit ihr den Glaukos, Ornytion, Thersandros und Almos. Er gilt als der Stifter der Isthmischen Spiele und Gründer und König von Ephyra (Korinth). Nach anderer Überlieferung war er nicht der Gründer von Ephyra, sondern erhielt die Herrschaft von Medea übertragen. Vor allem ist er im Volksmund bekannt durch seine Bestrafung, die sogenannte Sisyphusarbeit. Mythos Stiftung der Isthmischen Spiele durch Sisyphos Persephone beaufsichtigt Sisyphos in der Unterwelt, schwarzfigurige attische Amphora, um 530 v. Chr., Staatliche Antikensammlungen (Inv. 1494) Ino hatte im Wahn Melikertes, ihren eigenen Sohn, getötet und sich mit dem Leichnam ins Meer gestürzt, als sie wieder zu Sinnen kam. Ein Delphin brachte den Knaben an Land. Sisyphos fand ihn und begrub ihn auf dem Isthmus und stiftete ihm zu Ehren die Isthmischen Spiele. (Am angegebenen Ort wird Theseus beziehungsweise Poseidon als Stifter genannt.) Sisyphos' Versuch, seinen Bruder Salmoneus zu töten Sisyphos befragte das Orakel von Delphi, wie er seinen Bruder Salmoneus töten könne. Darauf erhielt er die Antwort, dass er Kinder mit Tyro, der Tochter des Salmoneus, zeugen solle. Diese würden dann Salmoneus töten. Er ließ sich mit Tyro ein, und diese schenkte zwei Söhnen das Leben. Als sie jedoch von dem Orakel hörte, tötete sie ihre eigenen Kinder. Zeugung des Odysseus Autolykos stahl heimlich Rinder, Schafe und Ziegen des Sisyphos. Sisyphos bemerkte, dass seine Herden kleiner wurden, während die des Autolykos weiter zunahmen. Er markierte seine Tiere an den Hufen und konnte so den Diebstahl nachweisen. Er begab sich zu Autolykos, um ihn zur Rede zu stellen. Da er diesen aber nicht antraf, verführte er dessen Tochter Antikleia, die kurze Zeit später Laertes heiratete, und zeugte Odysseus. Vergehen gegenüber der Götterwelt Sisyphos wird als der verschlagenste aller Menschen bezeichnet; er verriet die Pläne des Gottes Zeus, indem er dem Flussgott Asopos mitteilte, dass es Zeus sei, der seine Tochter Aigina entführt habe. Zeus beschloss daraufhin, Sisyphos zu bestrafen und schickte Thanatos, den Tod, zu ihm. Aber Sisyphos überwältigte diesen, indem er Thanatos betrunken machte und so starke Fesseln anlegte, dass des Todes Macht gebrochen war und niemand mehr starb. Erst als der Kriegsgott Ares den Tod aus der Gewalt von Sisyphos befreite (da es ihm keinen Spaß machte, dass seine Gegner auf dem Schlachtfeld nicht mehr starben), konnte Thanatos wieder seines Amtes walten. Sisyphos 2 Sisyphos aber wurde vom Kriegsgott ins Schattenreich entführt. Doch bevor Ares das tat, verbot Sisyphos seiner Frau, ihm ein Totenopfer darzubringen. Als keine Opfer für ihn dargebracht wurden, überredete er den Gott der Unterwelt, Hades, dass er schnell in die Menschenwelt zurückkehren wolle, um seiner Frau zu befehlen, für ihn ein Totenopfer zu halten. Wieder zu Hause, genoss der Listige das Leben an der Seite seiner Frau und spottete über den Gott der Unterwelt. Doch plötzlich tauchte Thanatos vor ihm auf und brachte ihn mit Gewalt ins Totenreich. Bestrafung durch Sisyphusarbeit Sisyphos' Strafe in der Unterwelt bestand darin, einen Felsblock einen steilen Hang hinaufzurollen. Kurz bevor er das Ende des Hangs erreichte, entglitt ihm der Stein, und er musste wieder von vorne anfangen. Heute nennt man deshalb Aufgaben, die trotz großer Mühen so gut wie nie erledigt sein werden, Sisyphusarbeit. „Und weiter sah ich den Sisyphos in gewaltigen Schmerzen: wie er mit beiden Armen einen Felsblock, einen ungeheuren, fortschaffen wollte. Ja, und mit Händen und Füßen stemmend, stieß er den Block hinauf auf einen Hügel. Doch wenn er ihn über die Kuppe werfen wollte, so drehte ihn das Übergewicht zurück: von neuem rollte dann der Block, der schamlose, ins Feld hinunter. Er aber stieß ihn immer wieder zurück, sich anspannend, und es rann der Schweiß ihm von den Gliedern, und der Staub erhob sich über sein Haupt hinaus.“ Sisyphos von Franz von Stuck, 1920 – Homer: Odyssee 11. Gesang, 593–600. Übersetzung Wolfgang Schadewaldt Sonstiges In Der Mythos des Sisyphos entwickelt der französische Autor Albert Camus (1913-1960) eine Philosophie des Absurden, die eng mit dem Existentialismus verwandt ist. Der Essay ist im Zusammenhang mit dem Bühnenstück Caligula (Uraufführung 1945) und dem Roman Der Fremde (L’Étranger, 1942) zu sehen, da Camus in diesen drei Werken das gleiche Thema behandelt. Auch in Die Pest finden sich ähnliche Motive wieder. Für Camus befindet sich der Mensch in einer absurden Situation. Das Absurde besteht in dem Spannungsverhältnis zwischen der Sinnwidrigkeit der Welt einerseits und der Sehnsucht des Menschen nach einem Sinn bzw. sinnvollem Handeln. Camus zeigt die Widersprüchlichkeit des durch die Absurdität begründeten Selbstmordes auf. Danach setzt er sich mit Autoren auseinander, welche die Absurdität der menschlichen Situation erkannt haben, insbesondere mit Kierkegaard, Schestow, Dostojewskij, Heidegger, Kafka und Nietzsche. Allerdings hätten diese Autoren, bei den Dichtern ihre Protagonisten, nach der Analyse der Situation, eventuell mit der Ausnahme Nietzsches, die falschen Konsequenzen gezogen, indem sie der Absurdität – unter Aufopferung des klaren Verstandes – durch einen irrationalen „Sprung“ (saut) entfliehen wollten. Dieser Sprung besteht je nach Vordenker in der Zuflucht zu metaphysischen, ästhetischen, religiösen oder rationalistischen Rettungsangeboten. Bei Camus steht jedoch in Anlehnung zum Sisyphos-Mythos das ewige Abarbeiten und Überwinden der selbst gewählten Lebensaufgabe zur eigentlichen Erlangung eines freieren Bewusstseins im Vordergrund. In der Volkswirtschaft wird mit Sisyphismus das System derjenigen Nationalökonomen bezeichnet, welche die Arbeit um ihrer selbst Willen – ungeachtet des ökonomischen Erfolgs – als schätzenswert bezeichnen. Der britisch-australische Film "Triangle" (Genre: Horror-Drama) von Christopher Smith nimmt grob Bezug auf diese Sage. Sisyphos 3 Quellen • Bibliotheke des Apollodor, 1, 50; 1, 85; 2, 30; 3, 29; 3, 110; 3, 157. • Diodor, Bibliotheke, 6, 63. • Diodor, Fragmente, 90; 120; 121; 123; 124. • Hesiod, Eoien, 10, 26; 43a. • Homer, Ilias, 6, 14. • Homer, Odyssee, 11, 593. • Hyginus Mythographus, Astronomica, 2, 21. • Hyginus Mythographus, Fabulae, 60; 201; 239; 250. • Lykophron, Alexandra, 3, 1027. • Pausanias, Reisen in Griechenland, 2, 1, 3; 2, 2, 2; 2, 3, 11; 2, 4, 3; 2, 5, 1; 6, 20, 19; 9, 17, 6; 9, 24, 3; 9, 34, 7; 10, 4, 10; 10, 30, 5, 10, 31, 10. • Albert Camus, Der Mythos des Sisyphos. Ein Versuch über das Absurde (Le mythe de Sisyphe, 1942). Rauch, Bad Salzig/Düsseldorf 1950 Literatur • Erich Wilisch: Sisyphos. In: Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher (Hrsg.): Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie. Band 4, Leipzig 1915, Sp. 958–972 (Digitalisat [1]). • Bernd Seidensticker & Antje Wessels: Sisyphos. Texte von Homer bis Günter Kunert. Reclam Bibliothek Nr. 1718, Leipzig 2001 ISBN 3-379-01738-8 kpl. Inhaltsverzeichnis [2] Anthologie, ca. 100 Texte Weblinks • Sisyphos im Greek Myth Index [3] (englisch) • Sisyphos im Greek Mythology Link [4] (englisch) Referenzen [1] http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/ ausfhrlichesle04roscuoft#page/ n484/ mode/ 1up [2] http:/ / lbib. de/ Mythos-Sisyphos-Texte-von-Homer-bis-Guenter-Kunert-Bernd-Seidensticker-22860 [3] http:/ / www. mythindex. com/ greek-mythology/ S/ Sisyphus. html [4] http:/ / www. maicar. com/ GML/ Sisyphus. html Quelle(n) und Bearbeiter des/der Artikel(s) 4 Quelle(n) und Bearbeiter des/der Artikel(s) Sisyphos Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=87176056 Bearbeiter: Abu el mot, Adornix, Aineias, Aka, Akidosan, Andre Engels, AndreasE, AndreasPraefcke, Armin P., Blah, Boga, Christian140, Church of emacs, ColdCase, D, Dealerofsalvation, Der.Traeumer, DerHexer, Deytschey, Dj701, Dominik, Don Magnifico, Eisbaer44, ErnstA, Esszimmer, Felix König, Franc, Gerbil, H005, Hadhuey, Hardenacke, Hoss, Hubertl, Hukukçu, Immanuel Giel, Itti, Jan eissfeldt, Juesch, Krawi, Krd, Kuhlo, Kuli, Laufe42, Longbow4u, Louis Bafrance, Louis Wu, Marilyn.hanson, Markus Mueller, Martin-vogel, Martin1978, MauriceKA, Mikano, Mr.Snips, NiTenIchiRyu, POY, Paramecium, Patrice77, Peter200, Philipendula, PhilippWeissenbacher, Pitichinaccio, Pittimann, Ranuncula, Redigator, Regi51, Reinhard Kraasch, Renato Caniatti, Robin Hood, S.lukas, Salomis, Sava, Schandi, Schlesinger, Schubbay, Schuppi, Semper, Sinn, Sniff, Sommerkom, Spuk968, Stechlin, Stefan8000, Succu, The nipper, TheWolf, ThoR, Thorsten Hammacher, Tobias K., Tzzzpfff, Tönjes, Urbanus, Victor Eremita, WAH, Wahresmüsli, Wildtierreservat, Wolfgang1018, WolfgangRieger, YourEyesOnly, Zeitlupe, Ziegenmilch, 125 anonyme Bearbeitungen Quelle(n), Lizenz(en) und Autor(en) des Bildes Datei:Nekyia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1494 n2.jpg Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:Nekyia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1494_n2.jpg Lizenz: Public Domain Bearbeiter: User:Bibi Saint-Pol Datei:Sisyphus by von Stuck.jpg Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:Sisyphus_by_von_Stuck.jpg Lizenz: Public Domain Bearbeiter: Bibi Saint-Pol, Flominator, G.dallorto, Grenavitar, Infrogmation, Origamiemensch, Patrick, Pierpao, Ranveig, Wst Lizenz Wichtiger Hinweis zu den Lizenzen Die nachfolgenden Lizenzen bezieht sich auf den Artikeltext. 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