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4. Drainage and Integrated Water Resources Management: Two Basins Agriculture and Rural Development Working Paper 14 Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Water Resources Management During Public Disclosure Authorized Transition and Reform in Indonesia Toward an Integrated Perspective on Agricultural Drainage Public Disclosure Authorized Jos Houterman Mestika Djoeachir Robiyanto Hendro Susanto Frank van Steenbergen Public Disclosure Authorized First printing or Web posting: February 2004 ©The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Agriculture & Rural Development Department 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20433 Agriculture & Rural Development Working Papers is an informal series produced by the Agriculture & Rural Development Department of the World Bank. These papers raise concepts and issues for discussion in the broader development community and describe ongoing research and/or implementation experiences from the Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions are the author’s own and should not be attributed to the World Bank, its management, its Board of Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Some of the numbers quoted are estimates or approximations and may be revised at a later stage. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map I this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Contents Preface.............................................................................................................................................v Acronyms and Abbreviations .....................................................................................................vii Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................ix Diversity........................................................................................................................................... ix Institutions and Institutional Change ................................................................................................... xi Policy Recommendations: Drainage and Integrated Water Resources Management..............................xiii 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................1 2. Agricultural Drainage in Indonesia—Typology and History ................................................3 Agricultural Development Policies ......................................................................................................4 Drainage for Flood Protection on the Inner Islands................................................................................5 Lowland Development in the Outer Islands ..........................................................................................7 Framework Needed for Future Lowland Management......................................................................... 14 3. Institutional Development in Drainage and Water Resources Management.....................20 The Development Decades: 1960s–1980s ........................................................................................... 21 Shift to Systems Management: 1980s and 1990s ................................................................................. 22 Water Sector Reforms—Beyond 1998 ............................................................................................... 25 Evolution of River Basin Management............................................................................................... 28 4. Drainage and Integrated Water Resources Management: Two Basins..............................31 Musi Basin, South Sumatra ............................................................................................................... 32 Jratunseluna River Basin, Central Java ............................................................................................... 37 Will the Reforms Suffice?................................................................................................................. 40 5. Conclusions: Drainage in Times of Transition and Reform................................................42 Appendix A Field Visit Program................................................................................................53 Appendix B Lowland Development Techniques.......................................................................57 Appendix C Environmental Impact of Lowland Development ...............................................61 References.....................................................................................................................................68 Additional Sources ........................................................................................................................... 69 List of Tables iv Table 1 Inner and outer islands: different contexts for agricultural drainage ............................................6 Table 2 Distribution of lowland and government-sponsored development...............................................9 Table 3 Measures to mitigate environmental impact of lowland reclamation ......................................... 16 Table 4 Rice yields in monitoring units in Telang and Saleh (t DUR/ha) .............................................. 18 Table 5 Transmigration settlement on the reclaimed area in South Sumatra .......................................... 34 List of Figures Figure 1 Map of Indonesia ...................................................................................................................3 Figure 2 Lowlands in Indonesia ...........................................................................................................8 Figure 3 A typical spontaneous lowland system.................................................................................. 10 Figure 4 Staged swamp development ................................................................................................. 15 Figure 5 Rice areas on the outer islands .............................................................................................. 20 Figure 6 Micro-variation in Telang unit—complicating local management ........................................... 24 Figure 7 Institutional setting in water resources management in Indonesia ............................................ 26 Figure 8 Musi River Basin ................................................................................................................ 32 Figure 9 Ladder system in Telang ...................................................................................................... 33 Figure 10 Jratunseluna Basin and flood prone areas ............................................................................ 37 List of Boxes Box 1 Leveling off of rice production growth .......................................................................................5 Box 2 Detailed typology of lowland swamp development.................................................................... 12 Box 3 The One Million Hectare Peat Swamp Development project...................................................... 13 Box 4 Managing local lowland systems.............................................................................................. 21 Box 5 Handing over—deadly ambiguity............................................................................................. 22 Box 6 Telang 1 water user association................................................................................................ 25 Box 7 Water Resources and Irrigation Sector Reforms ........................................................................ 28 Box 8 Lowlands under threat............................................................................................................. 31 Box 9 Micro-climates and lowland forests.......................................................................................... 33 Box 10 Drinking water in swamp areas.............................................................................................. 35 Box 11 Decentralization and financing ............................................................................................... 41 Preface This country study was prepared as a contribution to the project—Agricultural Drainage: Toward an Interdisciplinary and Integrated Approach, sponsored by the World Bank–Netherlands Partnership Program (BNPP)—Environmental Window for Water Resources Management and the Agricultural and Rural Development Department (ARD) of the World Bank. The activity was task managed by Safwat Abdel-Dayem, drainage advisor (ARD), and coordinated by Peter Mollinga, associate professor, Wageningen University. This country study is one of six parallel studies. The other studies are on Bangladesh, Egypt, Mexico, the Netherlands, and Pakistan. Together they provide the basis for formulating the proposed approach. The task manager and the coordinator provided general direction for the study and contributed comments on preliminary texts. The country study benefited from the critical comments provided during the workshop held in Wageningen, the Netherlands, October 23–25, 2002, and attended by Bank staff, country officials, and representatives of International organizations,
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