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Measuring Impacts to Rare Peripheral Arctic-Alpine Plants at the Edges Of

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Measuring Impacts to Rare Peripheral Arctic-Alpine Plants at the Edges Of Measuring Impacts to Rare Peripheral Arctic-Alpine Plants at the Edges of Permanent Snowfields/Glaciers that are Receding due to Climate Change in Glacier National Park P12AC10557, MT-02 Martha E. Apple, Ph.D. September 14, 2012 Introduction: Glacier National Park is situated in the Northern Rocky Mountains of Montana, a location that coincides with the southern boundaries of the arctic-alpine flora (Lesica 2002). Glaciers and snowfields are intrinsic parts of the alpine landscape at Glacier National Park, and are documented to be retreating and shrinking at a rapid rate (Watson et al. 2008, Fagre 2010). Plants are inextricably linked to their habitats. Because of this linkage, plants at the edges of snowfields and glaciers may be vulnerable to changes in these habitats. Plants growing near and/or along the edges of these important reservoirs of frozen water are positioned to be influenced by the predicted decline and likely disappearance of glaciers and formerly permanent snowfields. For example, growth near the edge of snowfields may currently be advantageous for plants as water is readily available in the form of melting snow during the summer, while if the current edge of a particular snowfield melts inward, or if a snowfield melts earlier in the summer or disappears altogether, plants at the former edges of the snowfield may experience water stress during the summer growing season, when water is needed for important processes such as emergence from the soil, leaf expansion, root growth, seed germination, seedling establishment, photosynthesis, and transpiration. This water stress may reduce the chances of survival for snowfield plants, lead to a reduction in abundance of species that are less tolerant of water stress, and contribute to an influx of water tolerant species. Even though seeds of Ranunculus adoneus are relatively abundant in the soil of snowbeds at 0.033 seeds/cm3, R. adoneus seedlings still experience a higher risk of dessication in snowbeds than in meadows (Scherff et al. 1994). Phenological changes (Wipf and Rixen 2010) and the accompanying changes in pollinators and dispersal agents (Schoville and Roderick 2009, Todisco et al. 2010, Inouye 2012) in alpine environments may amplify the effects of changes in the snowfields, and along with geomorphology, (Malanson et al. 2012), interact to influence the physiology and other aspects of the snowfield plants. Range expansions and contractions are occurring in the high Alps (Pauli et al. 2006). The peripheral arctic-alpine element of the flora at Glacier National Park may prove to be especially sensitive to these changes if they are directly or indirectly reliant on extensive snowfield edges, cold temperatures, and the availability of melting snow at precise times during the abbreviated summer growing season. Peripheral populations have a high likelihood of genetic and morphological divergence from central populations (Lesica and Allendorf 1995), and are thus valuable to conserve based on their potential contributions to evolutionary diversity. Importantly, rare plants are common where you find them (Lesica et al. 2006), so sites at Glacier National Park where rare plants are found may be especially important in terms of conservation and monitoring (Lesica and Steele 1996). Snowfield plants endure their own special set of environmental pressures, and form an important subset of plants to be conserved. For example, reproductive strategies of arctic-alpine species are strongly linked to phenology and the duration of snow cover, and early flowering species are more likely to be outcrossers, as compared to species inhabiting fellfields and late thawing snowbeds, which are more likely to be self-pollinated or propagated asexually (Molau 1994). This points to a likelihood of genetic and morphological divergence, as stressed by Lesica and Allendorf (1995). We initiated a study of plants and their responses to changing snowfield habitats at Glacier National Park during the summer of 2012 and established quadrats and transects at snowfields on Siyeh Pass, Piegan Pass, at Preston Park, and at Mt. Clements near Logan Pass with the goals of setting up a baseline study of the current snowfield plants, and of revisiting the quadrats and transects at intervals in order to determine change in plant species presence over time with respect to changes in snowfields at Glacier National Park. Materials and Methods: In the initial phases of a study of rare arctic-alpine plants that grow along the edges of receding glaciers and semi-permanent snowfields at Glacier National Park, we established quadrats and transects along the environmental gradient of distance from the snow’s edge at Logan Pass, Preston Park, Siyeh Pass, and Piegan Pass. The snowfields and the quadrats and transects were photographed for reference and for information on the surrounding plants and landforms. Snow to Trees Transect: A transect extending from the scree fields below the cliffs of Mt. Clements near Logan Pass runs from the center of a predominant rock that was positioned at the center of a snowfield on July 31st, 2012 southward but at the same elevation and over to the tree line towards the Hidden Lake Lookout. This linear transect covers terrain ranging from snowfield, to bare scree, to scree intermittently populated by to soil, to alpine meadow, and onward to the edge of a group of subalpine fir trees. At this transect, we measured the decrease of the snowfield’s lateral extent into the transect as the snowfield melted during the warm, sunny, summer days in late July and early August, 2012. Paired Transects: Paired transects were established on Mt. Clements at Logan Pass, at Preston Park, at Siyeh Pass, and at Piegan Pass. These paired transects were established by placing one transect perpendicularly outward for 50 m from approximately halfway down the lateral edge of the snowfields while the other transect in the pair extended outward for 50 m from the approximate middle of the toe of the snowfields. Transects were marked by building small cairns out of native rock placed on top of larger rocks at the snowfield’s edge, or start of transect, and at the end of the transect. For likely detection with a metal detector, the cairns at the long transect on Mt. Clements, at the paired transects on Mt. Clements, and at Piegan Pass each contain metal carriage bolts (3 inch long X 3/8 inch wide), while the cairns at Siyeh Pass each contain two quarters. The cairns at Preston Park, (a timbered site with a lake and an alpine meadow) do not contain metal because of the strong winds, (which could have negated sounds intended to alert grizzly bears of our presence in their likely habitat) that were prevalent the day we revisited the Preston Park site to place metal in the cairns. The transects at Preston Park are marked with cairns, photographs, and GPS references. The beginning and endpoints of the transects were geospatially referenced with a Garmin etrex handheld GPS device and/or with the Trimble Outdoors Navigator Pro iphone application, which had the advantage of linking photographs with GPS data and Google Earth images. The beginning and endpoints of the transects were photographed, as were the views from these points in order to provide a visual context for relocating the cairns for future studies. The 50 m paired transects were sampled every 5 m from the 0 m mark, or beginning, of the transects by placing a 1 m2 quadrat first on the uphill side of the measuring tape, photographing the area within the quadrat along with the frame, and then flipping the frame to the downhill side of the tape and again photographing the area. This procedure resulted in documentation of a 2m2 area at each 5 m interval along the transects. Smaller areas within the 1m2 quadrat were photographed in order to document specific plants. The long, 118 m, transect was first sampled every 4 m when it was established on July 31st, August 1st, and August 3rd, but was resampled at 5 m intervals on August 22nd for consistency with the other sampling intervals. During establishment of the long transect, we used a 1m2 quadrat constructed of measuring tape with strings intersecting to form squares with areas of 10cm2. This quadrat design is very portable but proved to be tricky to hold taut without the work of two people, so we constructed a 1 m2 quadrat that consisted of wooden dowel rods marked at 10 cm intervals and connected at the ends by plastic tubing to make flexible corners. This quadrat could be folded compactly for ease of carrying and it was used for all 50 m transects and for the August 22nd resurvey of the long transect at Mt. Clements. In addition, the point-step method was used at all transects. Starting at the 0 point, and at each meter, we recorded which plants and substrata were found at one meter intervals, beginning with the zero, or starting point, we determined what plants and/or substrata were found at that point in an approximately 0.25 m radius. Care was taken to avoid trampling plants, although in areas with dense cover, some trampling was unavoidable. When this happened, we attempted to right the plants that had been stepped on. The area around each snowfield was observed to denote information on the extent of the snowfields, landforms, animals which may play a role in grazing, digging, pollination and/or seed dispersal, and the travel and activities of humans. The overall percentage area covered by plants was estimated in each quadrat along with the percentage areas occupied by rocks, soil, cryptogamic crust, snow, water, feces, burrows, and sticks. The percentage of rocks covered by lichens was estimated, but tallied separately from the overall percentage areas of plants and categories denoting ground surfaces.
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