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Indices, Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands

Indices, Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands

of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 1): Ecology and Interactions in Grassland Habitats 345

Species Index for Arthropods CLASS ACARI Philodromidae (running crab spiders) Thanatus striatus, 243

ORDER SARCOPTIFORMES (MITES) Theridiidae (cobweb weavers) Enoplognatha marmorata, Marbled cobweb spider, Alicorhagiidae 242, 243 Alicorhagia fragilis, 143 Euryopis funebris, 243

Eriophyidae Thomisidae (crab spiders) Aceria neoessigi, 293, 296 Ozyptila conspurcata, 243 Aceria parapopuli, poplar bud-gall mite, 293 Xysticus ampullatus, 242, 243 Xysticus emertoni, 243 Liebstadiidae Xysticus ferox, 243 Liebstadia humerata, 145

Oppiidae CLASS INSECTA Oppiella nova, 144

Penthaleidae ORDER COLEOPTERA () Penthaleus major, 141 (metallic wood-boring beetles) Tetranychidae Acmaeodera pulchella, 207 Petrobia latens, Brown wheat mite, 143 Agrilus aurichalceus, Rose stem girdler, 18 Mastogenius crenulatus, 214 Pachyschelus laevigatus, 207 CLASS ARACHNIDA Pachyschelus purpureus, 207

Cantharidae (soldier beetles) ORDER ARANEAE (SPIDERS) Chauliognathus marginatus, 214 Dictynidae (meshweavers) Carabidae (ground beetles) Cicurina arcuata, 243 Acupalpus canadensis, 230 Acupalpus carus, 207, 230 Gnaphosidae (stealthy ground spiders) Acupalpus nanellus, 230 Gnaphosa parvula, 243 Agonum affine, 231 Zelotes fratris, 242, 243 Agonum corvus, 231 Agonum cupreum, 231 Linyphiidae (dwarf and sheetweb weavers) Centromerus sylvaticus, 243 Agonum cupripenne, 207, 231 Ceraticelus laetus, 243 Agonum gratiosum, 230 Collinsia plumose, 243 Agonum lutulentum, 230 Goneatara nasutus, 243 Agonum melanarium, 231 Agonum placidum, 231 Liocranidae Agonum propinquum, 231 Agroeca ornata, 243 Agonum sordens, 231 Agroeca pratensis, Spider, 242, 243 Agonum thoreyi, 231 Amara angustata, 230 Lycosidae (wolf spiders) Amara apricaria, 230, 232 Alopecosa aculeate, 242, 243 Amara carinata, 230 Arctosa rubicunda, 243, 248 Amara cupreolata, 230 Hogna frondicola, 242, 243, 248 Amara latior, 230 Pardosa distincta, 237, 242, 243, 247, 248 Amara lunicollis, 230 Pardosa modica, 243 Amara musculis, 230 Pardosa moesta, 237, 242, 243, 247 Amara obesa, 230 Pirata minutus, 243 Anisodactylus harrisii, 230 Schizocosa crassipalpata, 243 Anisodactylus rusticus, 230 Trochosa terricola, 243 Anisodactylus sanctaecrucis, 230 346 J. D. Shorthouse and K. D. Floate

Badister neopulchellus, 230 Lebia vittata, 231 Badister obtusus, 230 Notiophilus aquaticus, 230 Badister parviceps, 230 Notiophilus semistriatus, 230 Badister transversus, 230 Panagaeus fasciatus, 207 Bembidion canadianum, 230 Patrobus lecontei, 230 Bembidion concretum, 230 Patrobus septentrionis, 230 Bembidion fortestriatum, 230 Patrobus stygicus, 230 Bembidion graphicum, 230 Platynus decentis, 231 Bembidion mimus, 230 Poecilus lucublandus lucublandus, 229, 230, 231, 232 Bembidion mutatum, 230 Pterostichus caudicalis 230 Bembidion nitidum, 230 Pterostichus commutabilis, 230 Bembidion nudipenne, 230 Pterostichus corvinus, 230 Bembidion patruele, 230 Pterostichus femoralis, 230 Bembidion quadrimaculatum oppositum, 230 Pterostichus melanarius, 230, 231 Bembidion rapidum, 230 Pterostichus pensylvanicus, 230 Bembidion timidum, 230 Selenophorus opalinus, 230 Bembidion transparens, 230 Selenophorus planipennis, 230 Bembidion versicolor, 230 Stenolophus comma, 230 Blethisa multipunctata aurata, 230 Stenolophus conjunctus, 207, 230 Bradycellus congener, 230, 231, 232 Stenolophus fuliginosus, 230 Bradycellus lecontei, 230 Stenolophus ochropezus, 207 Bradycellus lugubris, 230 Syntomus americanus, 231 Bradycellus neglectus, 230 Synuchus impunctatus, 230 Bradycellus nigriceps, 230 Trichocellus cognatus, 230 Bradycellus semipubescens, 230 Calosoma calidum, 230, 231 Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) Calleida punctata, 207 cristata, 207 Carabus granulatus granulatus, 230 Carabus maeander, 230 Corylophidae (minute hooded beetles) Chlaenius sericeus sericeus, 230 Clypestraea lunata, 214 Chlaenius purpuricollis purpuricollis, 230 Chlaenius pennsylvanica pennsylvanicus, 230 Cleridae (checkered beetles) Cicindela formosa, Big sand tiger , 19 Enoclerus rosmarus, 207 Cicindela longilabris longilabris, Tiger beetle, 230 Placopterus thoracicus, 207 Cymindis borealis, 231 Cymindis cribricollis, 231 Curculionidae (snout beetles, weevils) Cymindis neglectus, 231 Connatichela artemisiae, 96 Diplocheila striatopunctata, 230 Cryptorhynchus lapathi, poplar-and- borer, 18 Dyschirius globulosus, 230 Cryptorrhynchus tristis, 214 Dyschirius integer, 230 Elaphropus granarius, 207 Elateridae (click beetles, wireworms) Elaphropus incurvus, 230 Ctenicera aeripennis, Prairie grain wireworm, 16 Elaphrus clairvillei, 230 Harpalus amputatus, 230 Erotylidae (pleasing fungus beetles) Harpalus erraticus, 207 Tritoma angulata, 214 Harpalus fraternus, 230 Harpalus herbivagus, 230 Lampyridae (fireflies, glow worms, lightning bugs) Harpalus indigens, 230 Photinus pyralis, 214 Harpalus ochropus, 230 Harpalus opacipennis, 230 Meloidae (blister beetles) Harpalus pensylvanicus, 230 Epicauta atrata, 214 Harpalus plenalis, 230 Lytta nuttali, Nuttall’s blister beetle, 14, 20 Harpalus somnulentus, 230 Harpalus ventralis, 230 Melyridae (soft-winged flower beetles) Lebia atriventris, 231 Temnopsophus bimaculata, 215 Lebia divisa, 231, 232 Lebia fuscata, 231 Pselaphidae (short-winged mold beetles) Lebia moesta, 231 Tmesiophorus carinatus, 215 Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 1): Ecology and Interactions in Grassland Habitats 347

Rhipiphoridae (wedge-shaped beetles) Tephritidae (fruit flies) Rhipiphorus luteipennis, 215 Eurosta comma, 208, 217 Neaspilota albidipennis, 208, 216 Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles) Neaspilota reticulate, 208, 216 Platydema elliptica, 215 Neaspilota vernoniae, 208, 216 Terellia palposa, 208 Tomoplagia oblique, 208, 216 ORDER DICTYOPTERA Xanthaciura tetraspina, 208, 216 Xanthomyia platyptera, 208, 216 Mantidae (mantids) Litaneutria minor, Ground mantis, 92 ORDER (HEMIPTERANS, TRUE BUGS) ORDER DIPTERA (FLIES) () Asilidae (robber flies) Mordwilkoja vagabunda, Poplar Vagabond , Asilus sericeus, 211 286, 287, 296 Cerotainia albipilosa, 211 Pachypappa pseudobyrsa, Poplar leaf-purse aphid, Cerotainia macrocera, 211 286, 287, 296 Holcocephala calva, 211 betae, Sugarbeet root aphid, 286, 287, Ommatius tibialis, 215 288, 294, 296 Proctacanthella cacopiloga, 210 Pemphigus bursarius, Lettuce root aphid, 288, 296 Promachus vertebratus, 211 Pemphigus junctisensoriatus, Poplar petiole-leaf gall Taractius octopunctatus, 215 aphid, 288, 296 Pemphigus monophagus, Poplar gall aphid, 289, 296 Bombyliidae (bee flies) Pemphigus nortonii, Poplar gall aphid, 289, 296 Anthrax pluto, 215 Pemphigus populicaulis, Poplar leaf-petiole gall Poecilanthrax bicellata, 215 aphid, 287, 289, 296 Toxophora aphitea, 215 Pemphigus populiglobuli, Poplar bullet gall aphid, 290, 291, 296 Chloropidae (chloropid flies) Pemphigus populiramulorum, Poplar twig gall aphid, Opetiophora straminea, 208, 216 290, 291, 296 Pemphigus populitransversus, Poplar petiolegall Clusiidae (clusiid flies) aphid, 291, 294, 296 Heteromeringia nitida, 211 Pemphigus populivenae, Poplar vein gall aphid, 292, 296 Otitidae (picture-winged flies) Pemphigus spyrothecae, Poplar aphid gall, 292, 296 Tritoxa flexa, 210 Thecabius gravicornis, Folded leaf balsam aphid, Tritoxa incurve, 208, 216 292, 296 Thecabius populiconduplifolius, Folded-leaf poplar Platystomatidae (picture-winged flies) aphid, 292, 296 Amphicnephes pullus, 211 Thecabius populimonilis, Bead-like cottonwood Rivellia conjuncta, 208, 216 gall aphid, 293, 296 Rivellia socialis, 208, 216 Psilidae (rust flies) bilineata, Prairie spittle bug, 171 Loxocera cylindrica, 210 Philaenarcys killa, spittle bug, 172 Loxocera ojibwayensis, 210 (broad-headed bugs) Sphaeroceridae Protenor belfragei, 206 Bromeloecia seltzeri, 216 Spelobia pickeringi, 216 (flat bugs) Neuroctenus simplex, 212 Tabanidae (deer flies, horse flies) Chrysops brunneus, 211 (electric light bugs, Tabanus trimaculatus, 211 giant water bugs) Belostoma flumineum, 306, 313, 314, 318, 320 Tethinidae (tethinid flies) Lethocerus americanus, 313, 314, 318, 320 Pelomyiella mallochi, 217 Lethocerus griseus, 306, 316, 320 348 J. D. Shorthouse and K. D. Floate

Blissidae Diplocolenus evansi, 172 Ischnodemus falicus, 206 Dorydiella kansana, 181, 204 Driotura robusta, 179, 180, (spittle bugs) Empoasca albolinea, 181 gibbosa, 171, 172 Empoasca angustifoliae, 181 Prosapia ignipectus, 172, 193 Empoasca digita, 181 Empoasca exiguae, 181 Cicadellidae () Empoasca medora, 180 Acinopterus viridis, 180 Empoasca nigroscuta, 180 Aflexia rubranura, Red-tailed , Errhomus calvus, 182 101, 174, 177, 183, 188, 190 Erythroneura carbonata, 181, 204, 213 Amblysellus acuerus, 176 Flexamia abbreviata, 177, 179 Amblysellus punctatus, 176 Flexamia areolata, 177, 178 Amblysellus wyomus, 176 Flexamia atlantica, 177 Amplicephalus littoralis, 177 Flexamina dakota, 177 Amplicephalus simparius, 177 Flexamina decora, 177 Aplanus albidus, 180 Flexamia delongi, 101, 177 Athysanella attenuata, 176 Flexamia flexulosa, 177 Athysanella bifida, 177 Flexamia grammica, 177, 184 Athysanella incongrua, 177 Flexamia inflata, 177, 179 Athysanella kadokana, 177 Flexamia pectinata, 193 Athysanella magdalena, 187 Flexamia prairiana, 177, 204 Athysanella obesa, 176 Flexamia reflexa, 177 Athysanella occidentalis, 177 Flexamia serrata, 177 Athysanella robusta, 176 Flexamia stylata, 177 Athysanella secunda, 177 Frigartus frigidus, 180 Athysanella sinuata, 177 Gillettiella fasciata, 179 Athysanella. terebrans, 177 Graminella oquaka, 177, 204 Athysanella texana, 177 Graminella pallidula, 177, 204, 205 Attenuipyga balli, 178 Gypona melanota, 205 Attenuipyga minor, 176, 178 Hardya dentata, 181 Attenuipyga platyrhynchus, 176, 178 Hebecephalus occidentalis, 176 Auridius auratus, 176 Hebecephalus rostratus, 176 Auridius helvus, 176 Hebecephalus truncates, 176 Auridius ordinatus, 176 Hecalus flavidus, 176 Auridius sandaraca, 176 Hecalus major, 205 Balclutha abdominalis, 205 Idiocerus canae, 180 Balclutha neglecta, 172 Idiocerus freytagi, 181 Ballana chelata, 180 Idiocerus interruptus, 181 Ballana ortha, 180 Idiocerus moniliferae, 181 Ballana remissa, 180 Idiocerus ramentosus, 181 Carsonus aridus, 180 Idiocerus raphus, 181 Ceratagallia cinerea, 178, 180 Laevicephalus exiguus, 177, 179 Chlorita nearctica, 187 Laevicephalus melsheimerii, 173 Chlorotettix fallax, 177, 185, 205 Laevicephalus minimus, 177, 193, 204 Chlorotettix spatulatus, 177, 185, 204 Laevicephalus poudris, 177 Cicadula longiseta, 181 Laevicephalus saskatchewanensis, 176, 185 Commellus colon, 176 Laevicephalus unicoloratus, 176, 205 Commellus comma, 176, 193 Latalus latidens, 176 Commellus sexvittatus, 176, 184 Latalus personatus, 173 Cuerna fenestella, 204, 213 Latalus remotus, 176 Cuerna septentrionalis, 182 Laevicephalus unicoloratus, 176, 205 Deltocephalus lineatifrons, 181 Limotettix bisoni, 181 Deltocephalus serpentinus, 176, 190 Limotettix elegans, 181, 204, 205 Destria crocea, 177 Limotettix uneolus, 181 Destria fumida, 204, 213 Limotettix urnura, 181, 204, 205 Dicyphonia ornata, 177 Limotettix utahnus, 181 Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 1): Ecology and Interactions in Grassland Habitats 349

Lonatura magalopa, 177 (water boatmen) Lonatura melina, 177 Arctocorisa chanceae, 306 Lonatura salsura, 177 Arctocorisa sutilis, 320 Lonatura teretis, 177 Callicorixa alaskensis, 313, 318, 320 Macropsis feminis, 181 Callicorixa audeni, 314, 316, 318, 320 Macropsis rufescens, 181 Callicorixa producta noorvikensis, 306 Macropsis rufocephala, 181 Cenocorixa bifida bifida, 313, 314, 316, 318, 320 Macrosteles major, 181 Cenocorixa dakotensis, 314, 316, 318, 320 Macrosteles quadrilineatus, Aster leafhopper, 179 Cenocorixa expleta, 314, 317, 318, 320, 321 Memnonia anthalopus, 177 Cenocorixa utahensis, 314, 316, 318, 320 Memnonia brunnra, 177 Corisella tarsalis, 314, 316, 317, 318, 320 Memnonia flavida, 205 Cymatia americana, 314, 316, 318, 320 Memnonia maia, 176 Dasycorixa hybrida, 320 Memnonia panzeri, 177, 178, 188, 194 Dasycorixa rawsoni, 314, 317, 318, 320, 321 Mesamia nigridorsum, 180, 205 Hesperocorixa atopodonta, 314, 318, 320 Mesamia ludovicia, 180 Hesperocorixa laevigata, 313, 314, 316, 318, 320 Mesamia straminea, 180 Hesperocorixa michiganensis, 313, 314, 318, 320 Mocuellus americanus, 176 Hesperocorixa minorella, 320 Mocuellus caprillus, 176 Hesperocorixa scabricula, 320 Neocoelidia tumidifrons, 173, 180, 193 Hesperocorixa vulgaris, 314, 318, 320 Palmacorixa buenoi, 320 Neohecalus lineatus, 177 Palmacorixa gillettei, 316, 320 Neohecalus magnificus, 177, 204 Palmacorixa janeae, 320 Neokolla lugubris, 211, 213 alternata, 314, 316, 319, 320 Norvellina clarivida, 180 Sigara bicoloripennis, 314, 316, 319, 320 Norvellina columbiana, 180 Sigara conocephala, 314, 319, 320 Norvellina rubida, 180 Sigara decorata, 314, 316, 319, 320 Oncopsis incidens, 180 Sigara decoratella, 314, 319, 320 Oncopsis juno, 180 Sigara fallenoidea, 320 Orocastus (Cabrulus) labeculus, 176 Sigara grossolineata, 313, 314, 317, 319, 320 Orocastus (Cabrulus) perpusillus, 176 , 313, 314, 317, 319, 320 Orocastus (Cabrulus) tener, 176 Sigara mathesoni, 314, 319, 320 Oryzopis asperifolia, 176 Sigara mullettensis, 313, 314, 319, 320 Paluda gladiola, 176, 179 Sigara penniensis, 313, 314, 319, 320 Paraphlepsius continuus, 181 Sigara solensis, 314, 316, 319, 320 Paraphlepsius lobatus, 177 , 313, 314, 319, 320 Paraphlepsius solidaginis, 177 Sigara washingtonensis, 313, 316, 317, 319, 320 Paraphlepsius turpiculus, 181 Trichocorixa borealis, 314, 316, 319, 320 Pendarus magnus, 177 Trichocorixa sexcincta, 314, 316, 319, 320 Polyamia caperata, 177, 204 Trichocorixa verticalis interiores, 313, 314, 316, Prairiana cinerea, 178, 180 317, 319, 320 Psammotettix knullae, 176 Psammotettix latipex, 187 (Burrower bugs) Rosenus acutus, 176 Aethus nigritus, 212 Rosenus cruciatus, 176 Pangaeus bilineatus, 213 Stenometopiellus cookei, 181 Stirellus bicolor, 170, 176 (delphaeid ) Stragania rufoscutellata, 180 Delphacodes parvula, 183, 205 Stragania atra, 180 Delphacodes waldeni, 213 Stroggylocephalus mixtus, 205 Elachodelphax hochae, 183 Texananus extremus, 180 Megamelus metzaria, 206, 207, 213 Texananus marmor, 181 Parkana alata, 183 Unoka dramatica, 177 Unoka gillettei, 177 (derbid planthoppers) Xerophloea major, 205 Anotia westwoodi, 213

Coreidae (leaf-footed bugs) (dictypharid planthoppers) Chariesterus antennator, 206, 212 Phylloscelis pallescens, 206 350 J. D. Shorthouse and K. D. Floate

Flatidae (flatid planthoppers) ORDER HYMENOPTERA Anormenis septentrionalis, 213 (, BEES, WASPS) , 213 Andrenidae (andrenid bees) (issid planthoppers) Perdita bequaerti bequaerti, 217 Aphelonema simplex, 206 Perdita halictoides, 208

Lygaeidae (chinch bugs, seed bugs) Apidae (bumble bees, euglossine, euglossines, Lygaeus turcicus, 211 honey bees, stingless bees) Apis mellifera, European honey bee, 330 Membracidae () Bombus fervidus, 208 Acutalis tartarea, 207 Campylenchia latipes, Membracid, 207 Bombus fraternus, 210 Ceresa diceros, 207 Melissodes agilis, 208 Entylia carinata, 207 Melissodes rustica, 208 Micrutalis calva, 207 Publilia concave, 207 Cephidae (stem sawflies) Publilia reticulata 207, 214 Cephus cinctus, Wheat stem sawfly, 16 Stictocephala bubalus, 207 Chrysididae (cuckoo wasps) (damsel bugs) Chrysis fuscipennis, 217 Hoplistoscelis sordidus, 213 Colletidae (colletid bees, plasterer bees, (water scorpions) yellow-faced bees) Nepa apiculata, 306 Colletes compactus, 208 Ranatra fusca, 306, 313, 314, 319, 320 Crabronidae (cicadakillers, crabronid wasps, (backswimmers) mud daubers, sand wasps) Buenoa confuse, 320 Cerceris crucis, 217, 221 Buenoa macrotibialis, 314, 319, 320 Cerceris echo, 221, 216 Buenoa margaritacea, 306, 313, 314, 316, 319, 320 Neoplea striola, Pigmy 306, 313, 314, 319, 320 Cerceris finitima, 217, 221 borealis, 314, 316, 319, 320 Cerceris insolita, 217, 221, 216 Notonecta irrorata, 306, 320 Cerceris kennicottii, 217, 221 Notonecta insulata, 320 Crabro snowii, 217, 221 Notonecta kirbyi, 314, 316, 319, 320 Entomognathus lenapeorum, 218, 221 Notonecta spinosa, 317, 320 Entomognathus memorialis, 218, 221 Notonecta undulata, 313, 314, 316, 319, 320 Mimumesa longicornis, 218, 221 Nysson simplicicornis, 218, 221 (ensign coccids) Oxybelus cressonii, 218, 221 solidaginis, 214 Oxybelus decorosus, 218, 221 Tachysphex apicalis, 211, 218 Tachytes crassus, 218, 221 Oedancala dorsalis, 206 Tachytes intermedius, 218

Pentatomidae (pentatomid bugs, stink bugs) Cynipidae (cynipid gall wasps, gall wasps) Acantholomidea denticulata, 206 Diplolepis bassetti, 256, 265, 266, 267, 272, 274 Chlorochroa uhleri, Green stink bug, 16, 179 Diplolepis bicolor, 256, 258, 260, 261, 262, 263, Dendrocoris humeralis, 213 264, 272, 274 Trichopepla semivittata, 206 Diplolepis fusiformans, 256, 266, 268 (assassin bugs) Diplolepis gracilis, 256, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265, Arilus cristatus, 211 274, 275 Barce fraterna, 206 Diplolepis ignota, 256, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265, 275, 274 Diplolepis inconspicuous, 269 Cryphula trimaculata, 206 Diplolepis nebulosa, 256, 260, 262, 263, 264, 274 Slaterobius insignis, 206 Diplolepis nodulosa, 256, 266, 268 Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 1): Ecology and Interactions in Grassland Habitats 351

Diplolepis polita, 256, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, Sierolomorphidae (sierolomorphid wasps) 273, 274 Sierolomorpha canadensis, 211 Diplolepis radicum, 256, 266, 270 Diplolepis rosaefolii, 256, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, Tiphiidae (tiphiid wasps) 273, 274 Methocha impolita, 220 Diplolepis spinosa, 256, 258, 266, 269, 273, 274 Paratiphia texana, 211 Diplolepis triforma, 256, 259, 266, 269 Diplolepis variabilis, 256, 266, 267, 274, 275 Torymidae (torymid wasps) Glypophermus stigma, 259 Eupelmidae Eupelmus vesicularis, 259 Vespidae (hornets, paper wasps, potter wasps, yellowjackets) Formicidae (ants) Leptochilus republicanus, 220 Acanthomyops claviger, 209 Parancistrocerus perennis, 220 Parazumia symmorpha, 220 Formica obscuripes, thatching , 13 Stenodynerus ammonia paraensis, 220 Monorium minimum, 209 Stenodynerus blepharus, 220 Pogonomyrmex occidentalis, western harvester ant, 13

Halictidae (halictid bees, sweat bees) (, MOTHS) Dufourea marginata, 201, 210 Hesperiidae (skippers) Megachilidae (leafcutting bees) Achalarus lyciades, 209 Anthidium oblongatum, 218 Erynnis baptisiae, 209 Megachile rotundata, alfalfa leafcutter bee, 330 Euphyes dukesi, Dukes , 211 Megachile sculpturalis, giant resin bee, 219 Oarisma Poweshiek, Poweshiek skipper, 335 Stelis louisae, 219 Massasoit, Mulberry wing skipper, 211

Mutillidae (velvet ants) (hairstreaks) Pseudomethoca sanbornii, 219 acadica, Acadian hairstreak, 209 Satyrium edwardsii, 209 Ormyridae (chalcids) (cutworms, underwing moths) Ormyrus rosae, 259 Agrotis orthogonia, Pale western cutworm, 16 Catocala connubialis, 211 Pompilidae (spider wasps) Faronta rubripennis, 209 Ageniella cupida, 219 baptisiae, 209 Ageniella fulgifrons, 219 Papaipema cerussata, 209 Allaporus pulchellus, 219 Papaipema pterissii, 209 Anoplius hispidulus, 219 Papaipema sciatai, 209 Anoplius percitus, 219 Dipogon calipterus, 219 Nymphalidae (admirals, anglewings, Entypus unifasciatus, 219 brush-footed butterflies, checker-spots, Minagenia osoria, 219 crescent-spots, fritillaries, mourningclocks, purples) Priocnemis kevini, 219 Asterocampa celtis, Hackberry Emperor butterfly, 211 Priocnemis minuscule, 219 Danaus plexippus, Monarch butterfly, 19 Vanessa cardui, Painted lady, 11, 18 Tachypompilus ferrugineus nigrescens, 220 Papilionidae ( swallowtail butterflies) Rhopalosomatidae (rhopalosomatid wasps) Papilio cresphontes, Giant swallowtail butterfly, 211 Olixon banksi, 211 Papilio zelicaon, 11, 17

Sphecidae (digger wasps, mud daubers, Pieridae (orange-tips, sulphurs, whites) sand wasps, sphecid wasps) Pieris rapae, Cabbage butterfly, 19 Ectemnius dilectus, 218, 221 Ectemnius scaber, 218, 221 Prodoxidae Pseneo kohlii, 218, 221 Tegeticula yuccasella, Yucca moth, 330 352 J. D. Shorthouse and K. D. Floate

ORDER MECOPTERA (HANGINGFLIES, (katydids, long-horned SCORPIONFLIES, SNOWFLIES) ) Anabrus simplex, Mormon , 15, 16 Meropeidae (earwig-flies) Microcentrum rhombifolium, 210 Merope tuber, 211 Trigonidiidae Anaxipha exigua, 205 ORDER (ANTLIONS, LACEWINGS, MANTIDFLIES, OWLFLIES, SPONGILLAFLIES)

Hemerobiidae (brown lacewings) , 211

Mantispidae (mantidflies) Climaciella brunnea, 211 Leptomantispa pulchella, 211, 214

ORDER ODONATA (DAMSELFLIES, DRAGONFLIES)

Lestidae (spread-winged damselflies) Archilestes grandis, 212

ORDER (CRICKETS, GRASSHOPPERS, KATYDIDS, LOCUSTS)

Acrididae (grasshoppers, short-horned grasshoppers) Bruneria yukonensis, Yukon , 96 Camnula pellucida, Clear-winged grasshopper, 15, 17 viridis, 205, 212 Melanoplus bivittatus, Two-striped grasshopper, 15, 17 Melanoplus packardii, Packard grasshopper, 17 Melanoplus sanguinipes, Migratory grasshopper, 16, 17, 96 Melanoplus scudderi, 205, 212 Melanoplus spretus, Rocky Mountain grasshopper, 18 Melanoplus walshi, 210, 212 Pseudopomala brachyptera, 209

Cicadidae () Okanagana synodica, 171, 175

Myrmecophilidae Myrmecophila pergandei, Eastern ant cricket, 212

Oecanthidae bipunctata, 210, 212 Oecanthus exclamationis, Davis’ , 210 Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 1): Ecology and Interactions in Grassland Habitats 353

Species Index for Plants

Aceraceae (maples) Acer negundo, Manitoba maple, 35, 76 Carex duriuscula, Low sedge, 59 Carex filifolia, Threadleaf sedge, 94 Agavaceae Eleocharis elliptica, Elliptic spikerush, 204 Yucca glauca, Great Plains Yucca, 330 Scirpus validus, Great bulrush, 181

Apiaceae Elaeagnaceae Oenanthe sarmentosa, Water parsley, 289 Elaeagnus commutata, Wolf willow or silverberry, 34, 59 Asteraceae Artemisia cana, Hoary sagebrush, 34, 59, 180 Ericaceae Artemisia ludoviciana, White sage, 63 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Bearberry, 94 Artemisia frigida, Pasture sage, 59, 79, 94, 180 Artemisia gnaphaloides, Prairie sage, 180 Fabaceae Artemisia tridentata, Big sagebrush, 88, 180 Lupinus pusillus, Small lupine, 63 Balsamorhiza sagittata, Balsamroot, 180 Psoralea lanceolata, Lance-leaved psoralea, 63 Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Rabbitbrush, 180 Thermopsis rhombifolia, Buffalo bean or golden Cirsium drummondii, Short-stemmed thistle, 79 bean, 33 Coreopsis tripteris, Tall tickseed, 208 Grindelia perennis, Gumweed, 180 Fagaceae Lactuca sativa, Lettuce, 288 Quercus alba, White Oak, 98 Lampsana communis, Nipplewort, 288 Quercus macrocarpa, Bur oak, 35, 68 Senecio vulgaris, Groundsel, 79 Quercus velutina, Black oak, 98 Shinnersoseris rostrata, Skeleton weed, 63 Solidago nana, Low goldenrod, 79 Grossulariaceae (gooseberries) Ribes aureum, Golden current, 181 Betulaceae (alder, birch) Betula occidentalis, River birch, 180 Juglandaceae (walnuts) Betula papyrifera, White birch, 35, 78 Carya glabra, Pignut hickory, 98

Cactaceae (cactus) Juncaceae Escobaria vivipara, Pincushion cactus, 33 Juncus balticus, Baltic rush, 181 Opuntia fragilis, Pygmy prickly pear cactus, 33 Opuntia polyacantha, Plains prickly pear cactus, Lamiaceae (mints) 33, 59, 79 Pycnanthemum tenuifolium, Narrowleaf mountainmint, 206 Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle) Symphoricarpos albus, Snowberry, 59, 88 Liliaceae Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Western snowberry, 79 Allium cernuum, Nodding onion, 208 Allium stellatum, Autumn onion, 208 Chenopodiaceae Beta vulgaris, Sugar beet, Swiss chard, 288 Oleaceae (olives) Chenopodium album, Lamb’s quarter, 288 Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Green ash, 35, 76 Eurotia lanata, Winterfat, 180 Spinacia oleracea, Spinach, 288 Orchidaceae (orchids) Platanthera praeclara, Western prairie fringed Cornaceae (dogwoods) orchid, 335 Cornus stolonifera, Dogwood, 71, 88 Pinaceae Cupressaceae Abies balsamea, Balsam fir, 78 Juniperus horizontalis, Creeping juniper, 63, 181 Larix laricina, Tamarack, 78 Juniperus virginiana, Eastern red cedar, 98 Picea glauca, White spruce, 60, 78, 89, 96 Thuja plicata, Western red cedar, 92 Picea mariana black spruce, 6, 78 354 J. D. Shorthouse and K. D. Floate

Pinus banksiana, Jack pine, 59, 78 Muhlenbergia richardsonis, grass, 177, 189 Pinus contorta, Lodgepole pine, 59, 89, 96 Nassella viridula, Green needlegrass, 59, 79 Pinus ponderosa, Ponderosa pine, 87, 122 Oryzopsis hymenoides, Indian rice grass, 63 Pinus resinosa, Red pine, 98 Panicum virgatum, Switch grass, 76, 97, 177, 204, Pinus strobus, White pine, 98 205, 209 Pseudotsuga menziesii, Douglas fir, 87 Poa compressa, Canada bluegrass, 205 Tsuga heterophylla, Western hemlock, 92 Poa glauca Glaucous bluegrass, 94 Poa nemoralis, Inland bluegrass, 79 (grasses) Poa pratensis, Kentucky bluegrass, 9, 88, 188 Achnatherum nelsonii, Columbia needlegrass, 79 Pseudoroegneria spicata, Bluebunch wheat grass, Achnatherum richardsonii, Richardson’s 87, 122 needlegrass, 79 Puccinellia nuttalliana, Salt meadow grass, 176, 190 Agropyron cristatum, crested wheat grass, 9, 88, 178 Schizachyrium scoparium, Little bluestem grass, 76, Agropyron desertorum, Desert wheat grass, 60 101, 177, 204, 206, 209 Agropyron repens, Quackgrass, 178 Sorghastrum nutans, Indian grass, 76, 97, 177 Agropyron smithii, Western wheat grass, 57, 64, 176, Spartina gracilis, Cord grass, 177, 204, 207, 239 209 Spartina pectinata, Cord grass, 177, 207, 239 Agropyron subsecundum, Awned wheat grass, 60 Sporobolus cryptandrus, Sand dropseed, 63, 177 Agropyron trachycaulum, Slender wheat grass, 176 Sporobolus heterolepis, Prairie dropseed, 174, 177 Ammophila breviligulata, Beach grass, 176, 179 Stipa curtiseta, Western porcupine grass, 59, 64, 79 Andropogon gerardii, Big bluestem, 72, 97, 177, 204 Stipa neomexicana, Cool season grass, 188 Andropogon scoparius, Little bluestem, 177 Stipia comata, Needle-and-thread grass, 176 Bouteloua curtipendula, Side-oats grama, 97, 177, Stipia spartea, Porcupine grass, 97, 100, 176 193, 204, 205 Bouteloua gracilis, Blue grama grass, 59, 175, 177 Potamogetonaceae (pondweed) Bouteloua hirsuta, Hairy grama grass, 179 Potamogeton pectinatus, Sago pondweed, 47 Bromus inermis, Smooth bromegrass, 9, 60 Primulaceae Büchloe dactyloides, Buffalo grass, 175, 177 Glaux maritima, Sea milkwort, 181 Calamagrostis canadensis, Cool season grass, 179, 205 Ranunculaceae Calamagrotis rubescens, Pinegrass, 87 Anemone patens, Prairie crocus, 33 Calamovilfa longifolia, Sand grass, 63, 177, 179 Cynodon dactylon, Bermuda grass, 178 Rhamnaceae Danthonia intermedia, Intermediate oat grass, 79 Ceanothus americanus, New Jersey tea, 206 Danthonia spicata, Poverty grass, 173 Ceanothus herbaceous, Jersey tea, 206 Deschampsia flexuosa, Hair grass, 176 Digitaria sanguinalis, Crab grass, 188 Rosaceae (roses) Distichlis stricta, Salt grass, 177 Amelanchier alnifolia, Saskatoon or western Elymus canadensis, Canada wild rye, 97 serviceberry, 34, 59 Elymus caninus, Bearded wheat grass, 79 Geum triflorum, Old Man’s whiskers, 79 Elymus condensatus, Giant wild rye, 88 Prunus pensylvanica, Pin cherry, 34 Elymus lanceolatus, Northern Wheat grass, 59 Prunus virginiana, Chokecherry, 34 Eragrostis curvula, Weeping love grass, 178 Purshia tridentata, Antelope brush, 88 Eragrostis spectabilis, Purple love grass, 177, 178 Rosa acicularis, Prickly rose, 34, 59, 79, 94, 251, Festuca altaica, Northern rough fescue, 66, 98 253-256, 263 Festuca arundinacea, Tall fescue, 178 Rosa arkansana, Prairie rose, 59, 79, 251, 253-256, Festuca brachyphylla, Alpine fescue, 9494 261, 263-265, 268, 272 Festuca campestris, Rough fescue grass, 60, 64 Rosa californica, California Wild rose, 268 Festuca hallii, Plains rough fescue, 66 Rosa nutkana, Nutka rose, 88, 270 Festuca idahoensis, Bluebunch fescue, 60, 68 Rosa woodsii, Wood’s rose, 18, 34, 59, 79, 88, 251, Festuca scabrella, Mountain rough fescue, 66 253-256, 258, 261-270, 272 Hesperostipa comata, Needle-and-thread grass, 57, 88 Hordeum jubatum, Wild barley, 176, 205 Salicaceae Koeleria macrantha, June grass, 57, 79, 88, 176 Populus acuminata, Lanceleaf cottonwood, 284 Muhlenbergia asperifolia, Scratch grass, 177, 179 Populus angustifolia, Narrow-leaf cottonwood, Muhlenbergia cuspidate, Prairie muhly, 177 35, 181, 281, 283-297 Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 1): Ecology and Interactions in Grassland Habitats 355

Populus balsamifera, Balsam poplar, 35, 60, 78, 88, 281, 283-297 Populus deltoides, Plains cottonwood, 35, 181, 281- 283, 285-297 Populus fremontii, Fremont cottonwood, 292, 293, 294, 297 Populus maximowiczii, Asian poplar, 285 var. italica, Lombardy poplar, 281, 285, 288, 290, 292, 297 Populus tremuloides, Trembling or aspen poplar, 35, 60, 78, 88, 94, 294 Populus trichocarpa, Black cottonwood, 284, 285 Salix bebbiana, Bebb or beaked willow, 35, 71 Salix exigua, Wolf willow, 181 Salix interior, Sandbar willow, 18

Tiliaceae (basswood) Tilia americana, Basswood, 76

Ulmaceae (elms) Ulmus americana, American white elm, 76 356 J. D. Shorthouse and K. D. Floate

Subject Index A surface wind, 113 Acari (mites), 137 temperature, 109 Acariformes, Order Trombidiformes, 140 upper-level wind, 113 Acariformes, order Sarcoptiformes, 143 climate change, 114, 116, 132, 321, 326, 337 distribution and ecology, 149 coevolution, 329 galls, 293 comminution, 14, 31 Parasitiformes, Order Mesostigmata 139 component communities, 11, 259, 275, 327 research needs, 162 conservation taxonomic overview, 138 of grasslands, 317, 332, 333 agroecosystems, 16, 326 organizations altithermal, 6, 173 Criddle/Vane Homestead, 335 alvars, 101, 173 Grasslands Conservation Council of British aphid galls, 281 Columbia, 334 Family Pemphigidae, 285 Kay-Nah-Chi-Wah-Nung Historical Centre, 98 host specificity, 294 Living Prairie Museum, 76 on hybrid Populus 294 Manitoba Naturalists Society, 76 species and distribution of Populus, 283 Manitoba’s Tall Grass Prairie Preserve, 335 aquatic habitats, 39 Nature Conservancy of Canada, v, 76, 335 dugouts, 313, 321 Nature Trust of British Columbia, 334 flood plains, 41 Osoyoos Desert Society, 334 irrigation reservoirs, 42 Prairie Conservation Action Plan, 333 lakes, 43, 46 Tall-Grass Prairie Conservation Project, 335 ponds, 43, 45 coprophages, 14 potholes, 5, 39, 42, 43, 45, 64, 252, 45 Cordilleran ice sheet, 5, 28 rivers, 39 (see saline lakes) coulees, 4, 28 sloughs, 45 terracettes, 28 aquatic Hemiptera, 303 crested wheat grass (see grasses), Aspen Parkland Continental Prairie Wetland, 304 Cretaceous Era, 4 Aspen Parkland Ecoregion, 3, 68 Criddle/Vane homestead, 72, 335 Critical Wildlife Habitat Program, 76, 335 B cryptogamic crust, 33 Bering Land Bridge, 6, 8 cynipid galls, 251 Beringia, 39, 96 communities, 257 hotspots, 84, 121 gall inhabitants, 255 biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification, 121 life cycle of inducers. 257 Biological Survey of Canada, iii Cypress Hills, 5, 59 bison, 36, 37 Cypress Upland Ecoregion, 59 black chernozem / black chernozemic, 31, 66, 148 Boreal Cordillera Ecozone, 55, 92 D Boreal Plains Ecozone, 53, 78 drought, 45, 107, 192 brown chernozemic, 31, 64 bunchgrass (see grasses), 84, 87, 122, 149, 172 E Eastern Continental Ranges Ecoregion, 89 C Ecological Reserves in British Columbia, 334 Canada’s Pocket Desert, 87 Churn Creek, 334 carabids (see ground beetles) Big Creek Ecological Reserve, 334 centinelan species, 338 Skihist Ecological Reserve, 334 chemical pesticides, 326 Haynes’ Lease Ecological Reserve, 334 chernozemic soils, 31 chinook (see climate) F climate, 7, 105 Fescue Grassland Ecoregion, 31, 59, 64,148 chinook winds, 8, 57, 66, 110, 113 fire, 31, 87, 146, 191, 227, 237 drought, 107, 192 as a management tool, 227, 233, 237 precipitation, 106 impact on ground beetles, 229 sunshine hours and solar radiation, 110 impact on spiders, 237 Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 1): Ecology and Interactions in Grassland Habitats 357

flooding, 41, 191 studies in Montane Cordillera Ecozone, 72 forbs, 2, 33, 67, 191 studies in the Yukon, 96 fragmented grasslands, 193, 336 grasslands Fraser Plateau Ecoregion, 89 British Columbia, 83, 121 classification, 3, 84, 172, 303 G climate 7, 105 galls, 251 conservation, 352 aphid galls, 281 ecozones, 3 cynipid galls, 251 ecoregions, 3 definition, 252 environment, 7 fundatrix, 285 fire, 31 inquilines, 252, 293 future directions, 325 mites, 293 geological history of grasslands, 3 parasitoids, 252 habitats for , 27 phases of development, 257 human influence, 8, 96 poplar galls, 281 native, 2 rose galls, 251 Ojibway Prairie, 199 simple or pseudogalls, 282 plants, 33 gallery forests, 41 restoration 332 soils, 29 glaciation, 5, 28, 30, 39, 170, 189, 193 Southern Ontario, 96 Cordilleran ice sheet, 6 Yukon, 92 coulees, 5, 28 weather, 7, 105 eolian deposits, 29 Grasslands National Park, 60, 334 erratics, 29, grazing, impacts of, 36, fluvial deposits, 29, 79 Great Sand Hills, 60 glacial lakes, 5, 28 Grasslands National Park, 60 glacial periods, 4, 28, 96 greenfall, 11, 328 glacial till, 29, 64, 74 ground beetles, 227 glacioeolian materials, 29 Lake Agassiz, 29, 40, 74 H Laurentide ice sheet, 5 hilltopping, 11, 17 morraines, 28, 30 Hind, Henry Youle, 325 grasses, 35 Hohhot Declaration, 337 adaptations, 2, 8, 35 hotspots, 121 bunchgrass, 66, 84, 87 hybridization of poplars, 281 bunchgrass ecosystems, 87, 122 hypsithermal period, 6, 199 caryopsis or grain, seed or kernel, 36 crested wheat grass, 9, 88, 178 I introduced, 9 ice age, 5, 170 pastures, 9 interior plateaux of British Columbia, 87 short grasses, 35 Interior Transition Ranges Ecoregion, 89 tallgrass, 40, 55, 74, 75, 77, 96, 146, 199, 227, Intermountain Prairie Wetland Region, 317 237 irrigation reservoirs, 42 grasshoppers, 11, 14, 15, 16, 327 Grassland Continental Prairie Wetland, 303 L grassland insects Lake Agassiz, see glaciation aquatic Hemiptera, 303 Lake Manitoba Plain Ecoregion, 74 below ground arthropods, 31, 137, 331, leafhoppers, 169 ecological studies, 72, 149, 326 biogeography, 184 habitats, 27 dispersal, 179 introduced, 18 host specificity, 174 overview, 10 life history strategies, 173 parasites of phytophagous insects, 331 relatives, 172 phytophagous insects, 328 reproductive potential, 174 plant hybridization, stressors, 190 pollination, 329 tallgrass associated, 204 predators of phytophagous insects, 330 tallgrass dependent, 204 358 J. D. Shorthouse and K. D. Floate

lichens, 33 solar radiation, 110 Living Prairie Museum, 76 Southern Rocky Mountain Trench Ecoregion, 92 Southwestern Manitoba Uplands Ecoregion, 72, 303 M species, rare, threatened or endangered McIntyre Ranch, 66 Yucca moth, 330 Mesozoic Era, 4 spiders, 237, 337 microclimate, 116 St. Charles Rifle Range, 76, 227, 237 mites (Acari), 138 Suffield Base of Canadian Armed Forces, 333 superfamilies (also see Table 1 starting on page 150) T Mixed Grassland Ecoregion, 55, 58, 147 Taiga Plains Ecozone, 92 Moist Mixed Grassland Ecoregion, 63, 83, 147 tallgrass prairie, 3, 35, 74, 96, 146, 199, 227, 237 Montane Cordillera Ecozone, 3, 84, 89, 92 tallgrass-dependent insects, 98, 203 tallgrass-associated insects, 203, 205 O tallgrass-oak savanna, 221 Okanagan Highland Ecoregion, 90 Thompson-Okanagan Plateau Ecoregion, 89 Okanagan Range Ecoregion, 90 Okanagan Valley, 92, 138 V Ojibway Prairie, 98, 200 vertebrate herbivores, 36 Old Man on His Back, 334 Ontario Natural Heritage Information Centre, 200 W Walpole Island First Nation prairies, 97, 220 P Waterton Lakes National Park, 66 Paleozoic Era, 4 Palmer Drought Index, 109 weather (see climate) Palouse grasslands, 137, 148 Wisconsin Ice Age, 5, 28, 39 Palliser, John, 8, 59, 106 Palliser’s Triangle, 9 Y parasitoids, 252 yucca moth (see endangered species) Peace Lowland Ecoregion, 79 Yukon grasslands, 92, 94, 96 Pleistocene Epoch, 28 Yukon studies, 96 pollination, 329 Yukon Plateau-Central Ecoregion, 94 ponderosa pine zone, 84, 122 Yukon Southern Lakes Ecoregion, 94 Prairie Peninsula, 6, 97, 199 Prairie wetland conservation, 321 Prairies Ecozone, 3, 53, 303

R rainfall anomaly index, 109 refugia, 6, 96, 170, 182, 191 remnant tallgrass prairie in Ontario, 96, 199 restoration of grasslands, 332, 336 riparian zone, 40, 88, 281 river basins, 40 North Saskatchewan River Basin. 40 South Saskatchewan River Basin, 40 rivers, 39 Rocky Mountain grasshopper, 18 Ruby Ranges Ecoregion, 94

S saline lakes, 39, 45, 182, 303, 313 savannah grasslands, 98 shrubs, 34, 40, 63, 189, 251 sloughs, 7, 39, 43, 304 soils, 29, 137 chernozemic, 31, 137 horizons, 29, 137 solonetzic soils, 31

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