CITIZENSHIP AND CRISIS CITIZENSHIP AND CRISIS Arab Detroit After 9/11 Detroit Arab American Study Team Russell Sage Foundation • New York The Russell Sage Foundation The Russell Sage Foundation, one of the oldest of America’s general purpose foundations, was established in 1907 by Mrs. Margaret Olivia Sage for “the improvement of social and living conditions in the United States.” The Foundation seeks to fulfill this mandate by fostering the development and dissemination of knowledge about the country’s political, social, and eco- nomic problems. While the Foundation endeavors to assure the accuracy and objectivity of each book it publishes, the conclusions and interpretations in Russell Sage Foundation publications are those of the authors and not of the Foundation, its Trustees, or its staff. Publication by Russell Sage, therefore, does not imply Foundation endorsement. BOARD OF TRUSTEES Mary C. Waters, Chair Kenneth D. Brody Kathleen Hall Jamieson Shelley E. Taylor W. Bowman Cutter, III Melvin J. Konner Richard H. Thaler Christopher Edley Jr. Alan B. Krueger Eric Wanner John A. Ferejohn Cora B. Marrett Larry V. Hedges Nancy Rosenblum Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Detroit Arab American Study Team. Citizenship and crisis : Arab Detroit after 9/11 / Detroit Arab American Study Team. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-87154-052-2 (alk. paper) 1. Arab Americans—Michigan—Detroit. 2. Muslims—Michigan—Detroit. 3. September 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001. 4. Citizenship—Michigan—Detroit. 5. Detroit (Mich.)—Ethnic rela- tions. I. Title. F574.D49A6538 2009 305.892'7073077434—dc22 2009003527 Copyright © 2009 by Russell Sage Foundation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. 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RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION 112 East 64th Street, New York, New York 10065 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS About the Authors vii Acknowledgments ix INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 1 Citizenship and Crisis 3 Wayne Baker and Andrew Shryock PART I COMMUNITY IN CRISIS 33 Chapter 2 Arab American Identities in Question 35 Andrew Shryock and Ann Chih Lin Chapter 3 The Aftermath of the 9/11 Attacks 69 Sally Howell and Amaney Jamal PART II BELIEFS AND BONDS 101 Chapter 4 Belief and Belonging 103 Sally Howell and Amaney Jamal Chapter 5 Values and Cultural Membership 135 Wayne Baker and Amaney Jamal vi CONTENTS Chapter 6 Local and Global Social Capital 165 Wayne Baker, Amaney Jamal, and Mark Tessler PART III POLITICAL IDEOLOGY 191 Chapter 7 Civil Liberties 193 Ronald R. Stockton Chapter 8 Foreign Policy 227 Ronald R. Stockton CONCLUSION 263 Chapter 9 The Limits of Citizenship 265 Andrew Shryock and Ann Chih Lin Index 287 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Wayne Baker is professor of management and organizations and professor of sociology at the University of Michigan. He is also a faculty associate at the Institute for Social Research and holds the Jack D. Sparks Whirlpool Corporation Research Professorship. Sally Howell is assistant professor of history at the University of Michigan– Dearborn. Amaney Jamal is assistant professor of politics at Princeton University. Ann Chih Lin is associate professor of public policy and political science at the University of Michigan. Andrew Shryock is Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Anthropology at the University of Michigan. Ronald R. Stockton is professor of political science at the University of Michigan–Dearborn and was formerly head of the Center for Arab American Studies. Mark Tessler is Samuel J. Eldersveld Collegiate Professor of Political Science, vice provost for International Affairs, and director of the International Institute at the University of Michigan. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would first like to thank the Russell Sage Foundation for its generous sup- port of the Detroit Arab American Study (DAAS) and the allied Detroit Area Study (DAS). We are grateful to administrators and staff at the Foundation for their patient cultivation of this project, especially Eric Wanner, Suzanne Nichols, and Stephanie Platz. We thank Helen Glenn Court for expert copy- editing, and we benefited greatly from the constructive criticism we received from the two anonymous reviewers of our manuscript. We appreciate the additional funding provided by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, as well as the institutional and financial support provided by the University of Michigan–Dearborn and several units within the University of Michigan–Ann Arbor: the Institute for Social Research; the Provost’s Office and Office of the Vice President for Research; the Center for Local, State, and Urban Policy (CLOSUP); the Stephen M. Ross School of Business School; and the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy. The DAAS was produced through an intensive collaboration of the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research and the Center for Arab American Studies at the University of Michigan–Dearborn. We are grateful to Daniel Little, then-Chancellor of the University of Michigan–Dearborn, and David Featherman, then-Director of the Institute for Social Research, for their leader- ship, steadfast support, and guidance from the beginning of the project through completion. Thanks go also to Hassan Jaber of the Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services (ACCESS), who was a friend of the project from the beginning, and to Radwan Khoury of the Arab American and Chaldean Council (ACC), who was a strong advocate of the study. Renee Ahee, who x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS organized our media relations campaigns, deserves a special measure of grati- tude. Ishmael Ahmed, Warren David, Siham Jaafer, and William Salaita aided the project in many ways. The DAAS would not have been possible without the contacts, direction, and good advice made available to us by members of our formal advisory panel, a consulting body of more than twenty secular, religious, and social serv- ice organizations. These include the American Arab Chamber of Commerce, the American Muslim Center, the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, the American Syrian Arab Cultural Association, the Arab American and Chaldean Council, the Arab American News, the Arab American Political Action Committee, the Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services, the Chaldean American Ladies of Charity, the Chaldean Federation of America, the Congress of Arab American Organizations, the Islamic Institute of Knowledge, the Islamic Center of America, the New Generation Club, Our Lady of Redemption Melkite Catholic Church, the Ramallah Club, St. George’s Antiochian Orthodox Church, St. Mary’s Antiochian Orthodox Church, the United American Lebanese Federation, and the Yemeni American Benevolent Association. We are grateful to Nabeel Abraham, Kristine Ajrouch, and Michael Suleiman for insightful advice and consultation on the questionnaires, and Khaled Al-Masri for translation services. Scores of professionals at the Institute for Social Research helped us carry out this project. We are grateful to them all, and we offer special thanks to Steve Heeringa, Diane Swanbrow, Patrick Shields, Barbara Ward, Susan Clemmer, Terry Adams, Jenny Bandyk, Yvonne Ragland, Lillian Berlin, Elfriede Georgal, Alisa McWilliams, Kat Donahue, Stefani Salazar, Jamie LeBoeuf, Ashanti Harris, Ken Szmigiel, Jody Lamkin, Turknur Hamsici, Masahiko Aida, and the team of interviewers. We also thank Jonathan Fazzola, Jennifer Huntington, and Ifie Okwuje. Likewise, we appreciate the many professionals and students who carried out the DAS: Martha S. Hill, Judi Clemens, Kathy Powers, Jeffrey Shook, Stefani Salazar, Erica Ryu, Loni Benkert, Anna Camacho, Sawsan Abdulrahim, Sarah Brauner, Kenneth Coleman, Geoff Goodman, Meadow Linder, Emily McFarlane, Beatricia Noguira, Andy Peytchev, Lai Sze Tso, Paolo von Nuremberg, and James Wagner. Finally, we extend our heartfelt thanks to the members of the Arab American community who, during a time of crisis and intense suspicion, welcomed us into their homes and participated in the study. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 Citizenship and Crisis Wayne Baker and Andrew Shryock The terror attacks of September 11, 2001 have led to radical changes in American society, new laws and governmental agencies, new wars, and new ways of see- ing the world. The U.S. military has invaded and now occupies two (formerly) sovereign nation-states; a war on terror is being waged around the world, with covert operations, secret prison facilities, and detention camps in which those designated enemy combatants have languished for years in defiance of inter- national law; the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, formed in response to the 9/11 attacks, has grown into a massive bureaucracy whose authority reaches from immigration and naturalization policies to border patrol, cus- toms regulation, and airport security; and the USA PATRIOT Act has given the U.S. government immense leeway to infringe on civil liberties of American citizens in its fight against terrorism. Many of these developments are now taken for granted, have become part of history, and have even become