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abolition of classes, 24–25 “Basis of Equity, The” Philosophy 75 absolute , 25, 27. See also (Cupit), 64n9 absolute equality Bell Curve, The,30 absolute equality, 9, 25, 63n7; Bell, Joshua, 57 comparison of, 26 table; Conspiracy benefits and harms,distribution of, xii, of the Equals, and, 23; critics of, 25; xviii egalitarian view of, 63–65; Benn, Stanley, 73 and, 25 Bentham, 23 Agreement at Putney, 8n4 Berlin, Isaiah, xxii, xxiii, 11, 43n4 , 8 Beyond and (Nietzsche), Anabaptists, 7, 9 61n1, 65n13, 66n16 Anarchy, State, and (Nozick), Bonnet, 13 xivn10 Britain, xiii ancien re´gime, 57 British , 12 Anti-Duhring (Marx), 25n15 British Revolution, 8, 12 antiegalitarianism, 2 Burckhardt, 25 anti-individual, 32–33 , 2–3, 4, 6, 13 Augustine, 4 Cabanis, 11, 13 , 29, 32 , 7, 9 , 56, 57 Career of Philosophy, The (J. H. Babeuf, Grachus, 23 Randall), 12n8 Bacon, Francis, 18 “Caring Relations and of basic , 41, 109; natural ranking ,” Controversies in with respect to, xxii (Held), 78n54 Hoover Press : Machan (Equality) DP5 HPEQUAINDX 05-06-01 rev1 page 124

124 / Index

“Case for , The,” In and : Defense of Animals (Regan), 77n52 Reader (Marx), 69n24 “Chance, Equity, and ,” Rending and Renewing the Social Order (Platt), 63n6 d’Alembert, 11, 18 Christian equality, 3–5; Dark Side of the Left: Illiberal influence on, 7 Egalitarianism in America, The , 7; dedivinization of the (Ellis), 81n66 state by, 4; Hebrew notion from “Date Rape: The Feminist Construct Genesis and, 3; liberty and, 7; That’s Harmful to Women,” politics and, 4; Stoic doctrine and, 3 Contemporary Philosophy (Klein), 87n82 Chronicle of Higher Daybreak: Thoughts on the of (Bergmann), 94n106 (Nietzsche), 85n77 Church, Christian liberty within, 4; De l’Esprit (Helvetius), 18 equality and, 7; hierarchical de Nemours, Dupont, 18 conception of, 4; Protestant attack on De Tocqueville, Alexis, 25, 69 in, 6–7; recognition by the Declaration of Independence, xxii, 67; state of, 4 limited egalitarianism in, xxii, 72; classical , xiii treatment as equals under, 98 Classical Individualism: The Supreme “Definition of Male and Female: Importance of Each Human Being Biological Reproductionism and the (Machan), xiiin6 Sanctions of Normality,” Feminist coercive egalitarianism; personal Knowledge: Critique and Construct autonomy vs., xiv (Kaplan and Rogers), 71n31 collectivized child-rearing, xii Deism, 12 , 47; first seeds of, 66 in America (De “Conclusion: A Note on Essentialism Tocqueville), 69, 70n27 and Difference,” Feminist Knowledge: “Demythologizing the Poor,” Liberty Critique and Construct (Grosz), and Culture, 90n96 81n67 Descartes, 6 Condillac, 11, 13, 14 determinism, vs., 14 Condorcet, 11 d’Holbach, 11 Constitution, 67–68; gender Diderot, 18, 22 differences under, 70 “Difference and Dominance,” Constitution of Liberty, The (Hayek), Feminism Unmodified (MacKinnon), 114n8 81n65 contemporary feminism, 62 Diggers, 8–9 Copernicus, 6 Discours sur le bonheur (Mettrie), 14 Corinthians 8:13–14, 66 Discourse on the Origins of Inequality Craig v. Boren, 72n37, 78, 78n58 (Rousseau), 22 “Criticizing the Feminist Critique of “Do Animals Have Rights?” Objectivity,” Reason Papers 18 Contemporary Moral Problems (Klein), 78n56, 84n74 (Machan), 77n53 “Critique of the Gotha Programme,” Doakes, Jim, 41 Hoover Press : Machan (Equality) DP5 HPEQUAINDX 05-06-01 rev1 page 125

Index / 125 doctrine of natural rights, Hobbes and, “Egalitarianism an the Equal 10; Locke and, 10–11; origin of, 10 Consideration of Interests,” Concepts “Domesticating Nietzsche: A Response in Social and to Mark Warren,” Political Theory 27 (Benn), 73n41 (Abbey and Appel), 95n108 “Egalitarianism and Responsibility,” “Dropping Men’s Teams to Comply Journal of 3, 62n3 with Title IX,” Chronicle of Higher “Egalitarianism and the Equal Education (Monaghan), 90n93 Consideration of Interests” (Benn), Dutch Revolution, 8 75n47 Dworkin, Ronald, xii, xiii, xiv, xv, xxiii, “Egalitarianism versus ,” 69n25, 75, 101n2; egalitarian theory Utilitas (Binmore), 63n4 of, xiv; proposed use of government Emasculating of the American Mind: and, xiv; rights-based egalitarianism How Feminism Has Enabled of, 79; types of rights and, 79 Mediocrity, The (Klein), 64n10 , 8 Enlightenment, 17 economic equality, 24; loss of Enlightenment Project, 21, 29; atheism economic benefits under, 25–26; and, 12; axiological element and, 13; political equality and, 23 axiological problem for, 16; egalitarian justice, feminist notion of, countercurrent to, 22–23; denial of 82–83 self and, 16–17; difficulties of, 21– egalitarianism, xi, 57, 99, 105, 107; absolute equality and, 63; beauty 22; endorsement of liberal culture and, 59; Christian equality and, 7; and, 17–18; epistemological element classifications of, 73; conservatives of, 13, 14; Hume, David on, 21–22; and, xiii; definition of, 62; Dworkin, influential philosophers of, 11; Ronald approach to, xiii–xv; metaphysical element of, 13, 14, 16; economic effects of, xx; elitist notions origin of, 11–12; original intent of, of, xxi; feminism and, 64n11, 84; 17; philosophical elements of, 13; forms of, 65n12; of, xvi; philosophies of, 11; psychology and, individual autonomy and, xx; 15, 16; Randall, J. H. and, 12; inequalities and, xxiv; legal equality rejection of status quo and, 15; and, 68; and, 45; theism and, 15; transformation of National Public Radio and, xxi; rights conception, 20–21; nature and, 58; philosophical and, 12 difficulties with, xv; political and Enlightenment Project in the Analytic moral crusade for, xviii; problems Conversation, The (Capaldi), 11n6 with underlying assumptions of, xvi; Enquiry Concerning the Principles of radical aims of, xii–xiii; Rawls, John Morals (Hume), 21 approach to, xv–xvii; rights and, 44, environmental determinism, 14 59, 79; social circumstances and, xvi; “Environmental Egalitarianism and sociopolitical questions of, 62–65; ‘Who do you Save?’” Environmental spectrum of, 62; theories of, xiv, 73; Values 6 (Michael), 62n3 Unger, Peter and, xviii; wealth and, , 52; distributive 58–59. See also equality justice and, 53; duty to extend, 54; Hoover Press : Machan (Equality) DP5 HPEQUAINDX 05-06-01 rev1 page 126

126 / Index equal opportunity (continued) 105–9; Protestant Reformation government contradictions under, period and, 5–11; resources and, 55–56; preparing for, 54; proponents 101–3, 105; right to, 43, 47–51; of, 54–55; right to take advantage of, Roman stoics’ assertion of, 3; 55–56. See also equality Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, and, 22; “Equal Pay for Equal Work,” 50 social-scientific origin of, 14; Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 72, teleological system and, 16; tension 72n37, 79 between liberty and, 113–5; in equal treatment, right to, 47–51 determination of, 100, 102–3, 104, equality, 1, 63, 68; ancient world and, 107; welfare under, 99–101, 105; 2; Aristotle’s perception of, 2–3; women and, 70, 82–83, 86, 88 Bentham and, 23; Berlin, Isaiah, view “Equality” (Lucas), 64n8 of, xxii–xxiii; biological differences “Equality” (Pojman), 65n12, 65n14, and, 81, 84; burdens under, 106; 73n42 classical and modern viewpoints of, Equality (Tawney), 31n16 5–6; conceptions of, 98; conflicting “Equality: A Plethora of Theories,” views on, 27; crime and, 119; Journal of Philosophical Research 24 Declaration of Rights of 1789, 23; (Pojman), 63n7 and, 53; economic Equality and Plurality (May, Sistare, welfare under, 99–100; employer/ and Schonsheck), 36n2 employee relationship and, 51; “Equality, Efficiency, and the Priority enforcement of, 59; essence of of the Worse-Off,” Economics and justice and, 62; fairness and, 52, 74, Philosophy 16 (Valentine), 73n40 xii; feminist theorizing on, 63–64; “Equality, Moral and Social,” and, 23; Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Benn), government influence and law on, 50; 66n18 Hegel and, 23; ideals of, 97; Equality and Liberty: A Defense of inconsistent notions of, 74; issue of Radical Egalitarianism (Nielsen), poverty and, 32; Kant, Immanuel, 36n2, xiin2 and, 22–23; labor under, 106–7; lack “Equality as an Ideal,” Proceedings of of fundamental right to, 36; law and, the Aristotelian Society (Berlin), 118; Marxist theorizing of, 68; xxiiin21 measurement of, 99, 100; “Equality,” Concepts in Social and mechanical/deterministic system Political Philosophy (Lucas), 63n7 and, 16; medieval world and, 3–5; equality of condition, 69 moral and social responsibility for, equality of human nature, 18 xvii; moral status of, xxiii; negative equality of opportunity, 29; rights and, 46; normative concept of, measurement of, 103–4 1, 27–28; opportunity under, 103–5; equality of rights, Nietzsche on, 65 organic and hierarchical conception equity, as difference, 86–87, 92–93, of, 2; origin of, 3–5; participatory 96; feminist accounts of, 74; democracy and, 18; ’s Republic interpretation of, 67; liberty and, 63; and, 2; political and social debate on, notion of, 67 1–2; production problem under, Escape from Leviathan (Lester), 38n3 Hoover Press : Machan (Equality) DP5 HPEQUAINDX 05-06-01 rev1 page 127

Index / 127 ethical individualism, Dworkin, and, 91–92, 93–94; Ronald, and, xiii–xv inclusion of “women as women,” 80; “Ethical Judgments on Relations MacKinnon, Catherine, and, 81–82; between Rich and Poor,” meeting political goals of, 64; moral Contemporary Philosophy 22 and legal policymaking effect on, 65; (Starkey), 91n97 notion of equality and, 81; Pateman, Ethiopia, xx Carole, and, 80; protection of poor Europe, xiii, 56 and, 90-91; special considerations under, 90–93 fairness, xi–xii; duty of, 52; equality feudalism, 24 and, 74; establishment of conditions formal equality, law and, 113–14, 119; of equality for, xii; household and, xi– problematic definition of, 84 xii; morally primary meaning of, xi–xii Four Essays on Liberty (Berlin), 109n6 Family and Medical Leave Act Fourteenth Amendment, due process (FMLA), 88 under, 68; of, “Federalist No. 41,The,” The Federalist: 88 A Commentary on the Constitution of Fourth and the Future the (Madison), 67n21 of Egalitarianism, The (Fogel), 63n5, Federalist Papers, The, 67 xvn11 feminism, 64; essential biases of, 85; Free and Equal (Norman), 36n2 and, 72; military and, 87– economy, 27–28 88; statutory rape laws and, 87; “Free Market Feminism,” Free-Market waves of, 70–71, 71n30, 85–86; Feminism (Conway), 94n104 workplace legislation and, 88 free will, determinism vs., 14 “Feminism and Modernity,” Free , democracy and, 69; of, Inquiry 15 (Bradotti), 80n63 70; forms of, 69 Feminism and Philosophy: Perspectives “Freedom and Desire,” Canadian on Difference and Equality (Gatens), Journal of Philosophy 15 (Arneson), 76n50, 92n100 104n3, 112n7 “Feminism and Political Theory,” French Revolution, Enlightenment Philosophy in a Feminist Voice and, 11 (Okin), 80n64 Feminism in Our Time (Firestone and functional dualism, 15 Koedt), 83n69 Feminism Is for Everybody: Passionate Politics, 95n109 Galatians 3–4, 66 Feminism under Fire (Klein), 74n43, Gates, Bill, xvii, xix, 99 85n76 Gay Science, The (Nietzsche), 79n59, “Feminist Contractarianism,” A Mind 86n79 of One’s Own: Feminist Essays on gender classifications; Craig v. Boren Reason and Objectivity (Hampton), and, 78 76n51, 91n98 “Gender Inequality and Cultural feminist egalitarianism, 64–65, 70; Differences,” Political Theory 22 favoritism of women and, 88–89; free (Okin), 91n99 Hoover Press : Machan (Equality) DP5 HPEQUAINDX 05-06-01 rev1 page 128

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“Generalizing Gender: Reason and individual autonomy, government Essence in the Legal Thought of influence on, xiv–xv; “moral space” Catherine MacKinnon,” A Mind of and, xiv One’s Own,84n73, 87n83 inequality, family and social factors Generosity: in Civil Society contributing to, xi–xxi, xix (Machan), xviin13 Inequality Reexamined (Sen), 31n17 Gilligan, Carol, 78 Initiative: Human Agency and Society Gournay, 18 (Machan), xixn17 Greco-Roman worldview, 16, 61n innate equality, 115 internal freedom, 28; self-respect and, “Harrison Bergeron,” Magazine of 28. See also personal autonomy Fantasy and Science Fiction “Introduction,” Feminist Challenges: (Vonnegut Jr.), xxi Social and Political Theory “harsh inequalities,” xi (Pateman), 80n60 “Have Feminists Abandoned Social Activism? Voices from the Academy,” Judeo-Christian worldview, 16 Current Social Concerns about Justice “Just Deserts and Needs,” Southern (Crosby, Todd, and Worell), 89n92 Journal of Philosophy (Brock), xixn18 Hegel, 23 justice, 72; biased notion of, 64; Helvetius, 11, 14, 19, 22; establishment of rules and, 74; environmental determinism and, 18 fundamental components of, 63 Hobbes, Thomas, 44, 66–67; doctrine Justice Gender and the Family (Okin), of natural right, 10; doctrine of social 89n88 contract, 10; feminist admonition of, “Justification of Egalitarian Justice, 78; philosophy of, 66 The” Concepts in Social and Political Human, All Too Human: A Book for Philosophy (Gewirth), 83n68 Free Spirits (Nietzsche), 74n44 human nature, Randall J. H. and, 17– 18 Kant, Immanuel, 22–23, 98; innate “’Human Nature’ and Its Role in equality and, 115, 119; moral theory Feminist Theory,” Philosophy in a of, 114, 115–17, 120–21; Feminist Voice (Antony), 86n80 of Right, 114, 116, 120–21; view of human predicament, conflicting views political institutions and, 117–18 on, 27–28; efficiency and fulfillment Kantian equality, 113–15, 120–21 and, 30; fundamental disagreements Knight, Frank, xvin12 about, 28–30; personal autonomy and, 28–29; self-esteem and, 28, 30 La Mettrie, 11, 14 “Humanist Liberalism,” Liberalism and law, 10 the Moral Life (Okin), 89n89 Le Commerce et le gouvernment Hume, David, 21–22, 31–32 consideres relativement l’un d l’autre (Condillac), 14 Idea of Equality: An Anthology, The legal equality, 68, 72; women and, 71 (Abernethy), 9n5 Levellers, 9; Diggers and, 9; platform In a Different Voice (Gilligan), 78n56 and membership in, 8 Hoover Press : Machan (Equality) DP5 HPEQUAINDX 05-06-01 rev1 page 129

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L’Homme machine (La Mettrie), 13-14, Marx, Karl, 25 13n9 , 72; economic inequality and, liberal culture, poor and, 32 24; equality and, 24–25, 68 libertarianism, egalitarianism and, 45 Masses in Representative Democracy, liberty, 112–13; absence of imposed The (Oakeshott), 32 costs and, 38; absolute equality vs., material equality, 108–9 25–27; conceptions of, 98; mechanism; functional dualism and, contradiction of, 43; enforcement of, 15; human nature and, 14 45, 46, 59; essence of justice and, 62; “metaphysical equality,” Pojman views general right to, 36; government and, of, 66n16 110; human to human, 37; ideals of, Metaphysics of Morals, The (Kant), 97; interference of, 37–38; Mahler 114n9 and, 39; measurement of, 111–12; methodological individualism, 17 moral and political contexts of, 37; Mill, J. S., 24, 25, 27, 71 negative right of, 45; political modern egalitarianism, 121; beginnings implications of, 117–21; positive of, 66 right to, 45; principle of, 40; rights modern viewpoint of equality, 6 and, 38–39, 40, 43; scope of, 40; moral equality, 22 tension with equality, 113–15; as a moral self-responsibility, xviii value, 109–13; value of, 38, 39, 40, “moral space,” xiv. See also individual 104, 111 autonomy Liberty and Culture (Machan), 71n32, morality, volitional operations on, 14 72 Munzer, Thomas, 7 liberty and equality, balance between, 35–59; conflict between, 36–37 Lilburne, John, 8 natural equality, secular notion of, 14 Living High and Letting Die: Our natural right, 14 Illusion of Innocence (Unger), xvii natural-mechanistic worldview, 14–15 Locke, John, 10, 11, 18, 19 “Need for More Justice, The,” Science, “Luck Egalitarianism and Morality, and Feminist Theory (Baier), ,” Ethics110 78n57 (Arneson), 96n110 , 109–10; right to, 45 Luther, Martin, 6–7, 7n3 negative rights, 42–43 , 66 Newtonian science, 12 MacKinnon, Catherine, 81–82 Nichomachean Ethics (Aristotle), Magnus of the North, The: J.G. Hamann 65n15 and the Origins of Modern Nielsen, Kai, xii Irrationalism (Berlin), 12n7 Nietzsche, Friederich, 61, 65, 66n16, Mahler, 39 74, 95; “Implications for a Free Manifesta (Baumgardner and Society,” 85 Richards), 87n84, 90n94 Nineteenth Amendment; inequality “Maritime Policy for a Flat Earth,” until, 70; protection under, 72 Controversies in Feminism (Levin), Nozick, Robert, xiv; “moral space” and, 71n33 77 Hoover Press : Machan (Equality) DP5 HPEQUAINDX 05-06-01 rev1 page 130

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Oakeshott, Michael, 32 8; connection between politics and On Democracy (Dahl), 93n103 economics during, 9–10; Diggers On Liberty (Mill), 109n5 and, 8–9; economic equality and, 7; “On the Nature of Moral Values,” hierarchical conception of world Theories and Things (Quine), 93n101 during, 7; Levellers and, 8; modern viewpoint of equality from, 5; spiritual realm and, 7 Palmer, Tom, xviiin16 , 10; beliefs on politics “Pareto Argument for Inequality, The,” and economics from, 10; desire for Contemporary Political and Social political equality of , 9–10; Philosophy (Frankel, Miller, and and, 7–8; work ethic Paul), 72n36 under, 7 Pateman, Carole, 80 People’s Republic of China, communist of, xiin1 Quesnay, 18 perfectibility, doctrine of, 14 “Quine as Feminist: The Radical Personal Destinies: A Philosophy of Import of Naturalized Epistemology,” Ethical Individualism (Norton), xiiin6 A Mind of One’s Own (Antony), Philosophy and Feminist Criticism: An 85n75 Introduction (Browning), 70n29 “Philosophy,” Feminist Knowledge (Grosz), 84n72 “Radical Feminism: Critique and “Philosophy of the , The” Construct,” Feminist Knowledge Critical Review (Barry), 63n (Rowland and Klein), 83n71 “Place of Liberty, The,” Sovereign Rainborough, Colonel, 8 Virtue (Dworkin), 36n1, 48n5 Randall, J. H., 17–18 Plato, 2, xii Rapports du physique et du mral de Pojman, Louis P., 66n16, 66n17; l’homme (Cabanis), 14n10 classifications of egalitarianism, 73; Rawls, John, xxiii–xxiv, xviii, xxi, 18, 73, “legal equality” and, 68n22 99, 121; assumptions of, xx; political equality, development of, 66; distribution of wealth and, xv–xvi; economic equality and, 23; economic duty-based theories and, 79; status and, 24; right to individual egalitarianism and morality, xvi; self-preservation under, 66 equality of opportunity, 75; feminist positive conception of freedom, 110– problem with, 76–78; “justice as 11 fairness” and, 75; notion of justice of, , 110–11 74–75; predetermined character and, positive rights, 48–49, 54; definition of, xvi, xviii–xix; social organization of, 42–43; protection of life and, 47 xvii poverty, equality and, 32 “Rawls, John,” Oxford Companion to Practical Ethics (Singer), xvii Philosophy, The (Nagel), 75n48 Principle of Right, 114, 116 Real Project, The (Bowles and Protestant Reformation, attack on Gintis), 63n5 Church hierarchy and, 6; Calvin and, Recasting Egalitarianism: New Rules for Hoover Press : Machan (Equality) DP5 HPEQUAINDX 05-06-01 rev1 page 131

Index / 131

Communities, States and Markets Rise of the Meritocracy (Young), 30 (Bowles and Gintis), 63n5 role of government, commitment to “Redstockings Manifesto,” Notes from education and, 68; economic the Second Year (Firestone and prosperity and, 68; right to national Koedt), 83n69 security and, 67–68 Reformation, 21, 32 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 22–23, 66; Reformation Christian equality, 7 concept of general will and, 118; Regan, Tom, 77 Discourse on the Origins of Inequality relative egalitarianism, 27 and, 22; moral equality and, 22; relative equality, 9. See also relative optimistic view of human beings by, egalitarianism 67; and, 22 Renaissance, 32 Science Question in Feminism, The “Repressive Tolerance,” A Critique of (Harding), 78n55 Pure Tolerance (Wolff), 73n38 Second Treatise On Government Republic (Plato), 2–3 (Locke), 67n19 resource egalitarianism, 107; critics of, secularized , 20; common 103–4; value of equality and, 102–3; goals vs. human goals under, 19–20; wealth creation vs. equality of human goals and, 19, 20 resources under, 107, 108 Selected Essays (Rawls), xvin12 “Rewarding Effort,” Journal of Political self-esteem, advocates of, 31; public Philosophy 7 (Levine), 63n4 policies for promotion of, 30–31; self- Richards, Janet Radcliffe, 89 image and, 30 right of liberty, 58 “Self-Ownership, Equality, and the right to equal treatment, 49; Structure of Property Rights,” government and, 49–50 Political Theory 19 (Christman), right to equality, 44, 48; Dworkin, Ronald, and, xii; feminist perspective 63n4 on, 82; governmental responsibility Sieyes, Abbe, 20 to, xii–xiii; liberty and, 44; Nielsen, Singer, Peter, xvii, xxi Kai, and, xii; positive rights and, 44 Skeptical Feminist, The (Richards), right to liberty, 39; contradiction of, 42, 89n90 43 slavery, Aristotle and, 5; Christian rights, defining notion of, 40–42; equality and, 5 definition of, 46; disadvantages and Smith, Adam, 93 constraints of, 41, 42; duty to social class, 57 impose, 42, 43, 46; enforcement of, “Social Contract,” The Social Contract 41–43; guarantee of, 67–68; and Discourses (Rousseau), 22, 67n20 individual characteristics , xiv, 56–59 determining, xxiii; negative and social sanctions against women, positive, 40–41, 48; responsibilities dismantling of, 71 and, 41 society, feminism and, 62; fundamental rights-based egalitarianism, Dworkin principle of, 61; sociopolitical and, 79 changes of, 61 Hoover Press : Machan (Equality) DP5 HPEQUAINDX 05-06-01 rev1 page 132

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“Sorry Virginia, There Is No Feminist underclass, 32 Science,” Controversies in Feminism Unger, Peter, distribution of wealth (Klein), 85n78 and, xvii–xviii Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and United States, 56, 57 Practice of Equality (Dworkin), 62n2, universal rights, 59 75n49, 102n2, xiin3 Untimely Meditations (Nietzsche), 61n Subjection of Women, The (Mill), U.S. Congress, ideological collapse of 71n34 conservatives in, xiii “Utopian and False Guilt about the Poor,” Liberty and Culture Taking Rights Seriously (Dworkin), (Machan), 80n62, 90n95 80n60 utopian socialists, 24 Tawney, R. N., 31 teleology, equality in, 16; functional dualism and, 15; natural rights and, Vindication of the Rights of Women, A 10 tensions, with equality, 97–98; with (Wollstonecraft), 70n28 liberty, 97–98; materialism and, 97– Virtue of Selfishness, The: A New 98 Concept of Egoism (Rand), xiiin6 Theory of Justice, A (Rawls), xvn10, Voegelin, Eric, 4 18n12, 73, 73n39, 74n45, 75n46, Voltaire, 11, 18 99n1, 108 Thirteenth Amendment, 68 Title IX, 89–90 “Wanderer and His Shadow, The” To the Christian Nobility (Luther), 6 Human, All Too Human (Nietzsche), totalitarian democracy, 20 95n107 totalitarianism, 18; environmental wealth, disparities of, 50–53 determinism and, 19; establishment Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), of common goals of, 20; evolution of, 93n102 18–20; Helvetius and, 18–19; human Welfare, equality of, 99–101 nature and, 18, 19; Locke and, 18, What Can She Know? Feminist Theory 19; secularized natural law doctrine and the Construction of Knowledge and, 20 (Code), 80n63 “Toward Neutral Principles of What Is the Third Estate? (Sieyes), 20 Constitutional Law,” Columbia Law Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Review (Wechsler), 73n38 Thinking from Women’s Lives traditional natural law doctrine, God (Harding), 83n70 and, 19; human goals and, 19 Winstanley, Gerrard, 8 Turgot, 11, 18 women’s equality. arguments against, Twenty-fourth Amendment, civil rights 71 under, 68n23 “Two Concepts of Liberty” (Berlin), 43n4 Young, Michael, 30