DOCSLIB.ORG

A Meta-Physical Investigation for the Special Theory of Relativity The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Meta-Physical Investigation for the Special Theory of Relativity The A Meta-Physical Investigation for the Special Theory of Relativity - Preliminary Remarks- Yoshio UENO Hiroshima University The term Meta-Physics is to be explained. An adjective "meta" is used on one hand in a similar sense to the one used in the term metamathematics, and at the same time we mean by "meta-physics" a survey of the foundation of physics. In other words we will attempt a metatheoretical and philosophical investigation for the special theory of relativity. In this paper preliminary remarks for such purpose are presented. •˜ 1.Introduction. It is usually considered that Einstein's special theory of relativity is based on the following two principles: 1) The special principle of relativity, which says that "the same laws of electrodynamics and optics will be valid for all frames of reference for which the equations of mechanics hold good" [1], and 2) the principle of constancy of light velocity which says that "light is always propagated in empty space with a definite velocity c which is independent of the state of motion of the emitting body" [1]. And it is also considered that the Lorentz transformation can be derived from these principles. Indeed various methods for such derivation have been proposed, but it is a question whether the Lorentz transformation can be derived from these principles only. In many derivations some additional assumptions are usually proposed in the course of the deduction. These additional conditions are considered as the natural ones from the common sense of physicists, but strictly speaking the physical foundation of such conditions is not necessarily clear. Therefore we will now attempt to propose a new method of derivation for the Lorentz transformation without such "un reasonable" conditions. In the next section we will show some examples of such "unreas onable" conditions. Our assumptions for such approach base only on physically verified facts and some further conventional assumptions whose mean ings are already clear. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the foundation of the special theory of relativity and its limit of application. In other words we will verify directly the "truth" of the Lorentz transformation in opposition tothe -71- 2 Y.UENO Vol. 4 usual belief that the "truth of the Lorentz transformation" is assured indirectly by the fact that the Lorentz invariant theories fit exactly to many experimental facts. Namely, we will survey the foundation of a theory by the heuristic considerations and the logical analysis of the theory. In this sense this investigation will be regarded as a meta-physical approach for the theory of special relativity. In such approach the relation between the theoretical concepts used in the deduction and the experimental results taken as verified should be well considered. Because the special theory of relativity is quite a new theory different from the old one, therefore in this theory old ready-made theoretical concepts must not be used unconditionally. Moreover "the relativistic effects" are very small, then the accuracy of the experiments must be examined carefully. •˜ 2.Some problems in the usual derivations. As is stated in the foregoing section it is usually understood that the Lorentz transformation can be derived from the fundamental principles of the special theory of relativity. But usually in almost every derivations some assumptions independent of the fundamental principles are proposed for "a priori" reasons. We will clarify these circumstances further in the following. Generally speaking the derivation of some consequence is a deductive reason ing written schematically as follows: S1S2 ... Sk?St, (1) where St on the right hand side is the conclusion to be derived , and Si (i=1,...., k) on the left hand side is proposition assumed already verified. In this scheme the "truth" of the proposition on the left hand side of the formula is considered to be assured by the one of the following conditions: 1) The direct conclusion from the fundamental principle , 2) the truth of mathematics and logic, 3) experimentally verified facts, 4) conventions or definitions, or 5) logical conclusion derived from the propositions situated on the left side of the proposition. On the other hand when we investigate the usual derivations of the Lorentz trans formation, we find that some assumptions which are not of the above nature are used in the course of derivation. We will show some examples of such procedure in detail, but we remark some general problems beforehand . The most important of them will be how to select the propositions having the nature stated in 1). The special principle of relativity requires that physical laws should be covari ant under a certain coordinate transformation connecting the inertial frames which move uniformly each other . In this connection the problems to be considered -72- 2 No.2 A Meta-Physical Investigation 3 are ú@) the equivalence of some kind of reference systems, and úA) the kinematical relation of such reference system, i.e. ú@') the problem how to define "the inertial system", and úA') what is the relation between them . Therefore the first problem to be considered is how to lay out the coordinate system in an inertial system. After this procedure of the layout the equivalent frame can be layed out in this system by the same method. That will be at least the suffi cient condition for the first problem. Since the second problem is the kinematical one so the question will be how to connect two mutually moving systems by what kind of coordinate transformation. Laying stress on these problems we will next show in some typical papers how to treat these problems. The first paper which we will refer is written by Einstein in 1905 [1]. He bigins his paper with the heuristic considerations how to make the principle of the constancy of the light velocity consistent with such concepts as the length of the uniformly moving rigid rod or the synchronization of clocks situated at different places. After that he searches for the form of the coordinate transformation. In the course of his reasoning he put as the mathematically important assumption that the transformation is linear. He writes as the reason of this linearity assump tion as follows:"wegen Homogenitatseigenschaften, welche wir Raum and Zeit beilegen" [1]. However the meaning of the term, "Homogenitat" of the space and time is not clear and moreover it is also not clear how the linearity of the transformation originates from this homogeneous character of the space and time. From our point of view this linearity condition cannot be considered well founded. Further the obsecurity of this assumption is pointed out later by several authors [2], [3]. Therefore such condition is to be excluded. Next we will cite the paper written by Severi [4]. This paper gives us another appropriate example for our discussion. The problematic point on this paper is the assumption that the length of the uniformly moving rigid rod seems to be of constant length for the observer in the rest system. The correctness of this assumption will be verified, if we succeed the direct experimental observation of the moving rod. However in the present we have no method having enough exactness. Therefore, though the length of the moving rod may be "observable" in principle, this assumption is, in this sense, also undesirable from our point of view. Examples of the same kind also appears in the text book written by Panofsky and Phillip [5]. They assume that parallel measuring sticks oriented perpendicular to their direction of relative motion has the same length. They also put this assumption because of the homogeneity of the space. This assumption is also -73- 4 Y.UENO Vol.4 unacceptable from the same reason. Pauli [6] also takes the same kind of assump tion that the length of the uniformly moving rods have the same value independent of the directions of motion if they moves lengthwise. His reason is the symmetri city of the space. In other papers some authors assume that the transformation makes a group, or some mathematical conditions at infinity are assumed for the a priori reasons. These are equally of undesirable nature from the standpoint stated above. Hereupon we will make some comments concerning the meaning of the term "observable" . Though we said in the above that we should not assume unobserv able facts as self-evident, the inverse problem whether we can assume that fact as self-evident only because of its "observable" nature. To make the contents of the discussion precise it is necessary to clarify the meaning of the term "observ able". Generally speaking some discrepancies exist as for the intension of the term between philosophers and physicists. Detailed discussions will be reserved to the next section concerning the criterion of meaning. Among physicists the term is used in narrow sense or in wide sense. In the latter sense it is used as "observable in principle" , in this sense the results of the observation are not necessarily known. On the other hand in the narrow sense we use only when the results can be practically obtained. We will adopt the narrow sense of the term. Therefore "the length of a moving rigid scale" is not observable in our above sense, though it is "observable in principle". •˜ 3. Our standpoint concerning the criterion of the meaning. At first we will propose a question whether the theory of natural science must be unique and necessary. Further we will investigate whether such a question is the meaningful one or not. In this respect we will reconsider the theory proposed by Kant. As is well known, Kant insists that the authentic and necessary character of the theory of natural science is due to the fact that the propositions in scientific theories have synthetic a priori character.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Existence in Physics
    Existence in Physics Armin Nikkhah Shirazi ∗ University of Michigan, Department of Physics, Ann Arbor January 24, 2019 Abstract This is the second in a two-part series of papers which re-interprets relativistic length contraction and time dilation in terms of concepts argued to be more fundamental, broadly construed to mean: concepts which point to the next paradigm. After refining the concept of existence to duration of existence in spacetime, this paper introduces a criterion for physi- cal existence in spacetime and then re-interprets time dilation in terms of the concept of the abatement of an object’s duration of existence in a given time interval, denoted as ontochronic abatement. Ontochronic abatement (1) focuses attention on two fundamental spacetime prin- ciples the significance of which is unappreciated under the current paradigm, (2) clarifies the state of existence of speed-of-light objects, and (3) leads to the recognition that physical existence is an equivalence relation by absolute dimensionality. These results may be used to justify the incorporation of the physics-based study of existence into physics as physical ontology. Keywords: Existence criterion, spacetime ontic function, ontochronic abatement, invariance of ontic value, isodimensionality, ontic equivalence class, areatime, physical ontology 1 Introduction This is the second in a two-part series of papers which re-interprets relativistic length contraction and time dilation in terms of concepts argued to be more fundamental, broadly construed to mean: concepts which point to the next paradigm. The first paper re-conceptualized relativistic length contraction in terms of dimensional abatement [1], and this paper will re-conceptualize relativistic time dilation in terms of what I will call ontochronic abatement, to be defined as the abatement of an object’s duration of existence within a given time interval.
    [Show full text]
  • Relativity: the Special and General Theory Albert Einstein Relativity the Special and General Theory
    Relativity: The Special and General Theory Albert Einstein Relativity The Special and General Theory Written: 1916 (this revised edition: 1924) Source: Relativity: The Special and General Theory © 1920 Publisher: Methuen & Co Ltd First Published: December, 1916 Translated: Robert W. Lawson (Authorised translation) Transcription/Markup: Brian Basgen Offline Version: Einstein Reference Archive (marxists.org) 1999 file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/sverrmoe/...he%20Special%20and%20General%20Theory/index.htm (1 of 5) [18.08.2001 19:55:23] Relativity: The Special and General Theory Preface Part I: The Special Theory of Relativity 01. Physical Meaning of Geometrical Propositions 02. The System of Co-ordinates 03. Space and Time in Classical Mechanics 04. The Galileian System of Co-ordinates 05. The Principle of Relativity (in the Restricted Sense) 06. The Theorem of the Addition of Velocities employed in Classical Mechanics 07. The Apparent Incompatability of the Law of Propagation of Light with the Principle of Relativity 08. On the Idea of Time in Physics 09. The Relativity of Simultaneity 10. On the Relativity of the Conception of Distance 11. The Lorentz Transformation 12. The Behaviour of Measuring-Rods and Clocks in file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/sverrmoe/...he%20Special%20and%20General%20Theory/index.htm (2 of 5) [18.08.2001 19:55:23] Relativity: The Special and General Theory Motion 13. Theorem of the Addition of Velocities. The Experiment of Fizeau 14. The Hueristic Value of the Theory of Relativity 15. General Results of the Theory 16. Expereince and the Special Theory of Relativity 17. Minkowski's Four-dimensial Space Part II: The General Theory of Relativity 18.
    [Show full text]
  • Short-Term Housing Resource List
    University of Minnesota Relocation Assistance Program (RAP) Short-term Housing Resource List Welcome to the Twin Cities community. The following list provides a sampling of housing resources that are available for short-term rental (i.e., one week to three months). Many of these units are located within two miles of campus. University of Minnesota Housing Resources • Institute for Mathematics and Its Applications www.ima.umn.edu/visiting/housing/index This list contains many options, including apartment complexes that offer one year leases or less. • Relocation Assistance Program www.humanresources.umn.edu/relocation-assistance-program/housing • Sabbatical and University-affiliated homes for rent or sale www.relocation-today.com/propertyportal • Summer guest housing www.housing.umn.edu/guest-housing Guest housing is available to any person with University-related business. Accommodations are available June 1- August 15. University of Minnesota off-campus housing www.housing.umn.edu/offcampus • University Village www.housing.umn.edu/uv 2515 University Ave. SE Minneapolis, MN 55414 612-625-3909 Contact: Nkayo Drepaul ([email protected]) The University Village apartment complex is a five minute bus ride and 20-minute walk from the University. The complex offers below-market rental rates for international fellows and scholars and competitive rates for others. Apartments are furnished with basic furniture and kitchen utensils. Includes high speed internet, in-unit washers/dryers and access to the fitness center, tanning room, community room, indoor bike storage, and study room. Heated garage parking available for $75 per month. Prepared by the Office of Human Resources 12-5-17 1 Hotels Near Campus University of Minnesota contract hotels www.uwidecontracts.umn.edu Search for hotels under the “Lodging” category.
    [Show full text]
  • Rules of the Appellate Term Second Department
    RULES OF THE APPELLATE TERM SECOND DEPARTMENT Courtesy of: DICK BAILEY SERVICE, INC. APPELLATE PRINTING SPECIALISTS 25 Chapel Street• 6th Floor•Brooklyn•New York 11201 (718) 522-4363 (516) 222-2470 (212) 608-7666 (914) 682-0848 1-800-531-2028 22 NYCRR Part 730, 731 and 732* *Rules include latest revisions made effective, September 17, 2008. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page(s) Part 730. - Establishment and Jurisdiction of Appellate Terms § 730.1 - Establishment and Jurisdiction of Appellate Terms .................1 § 730.3 - General Provisions and Definitions............................................4 Part 731. - Rules of Practice for the Second and Eleventh Judicial Districts § 731.1 - Record on Appeal .........................................................................6 § 731.2 - Briefs ............................................................................................7 § 731.3 - Court Sessions .............................................................................8 § 731.4 - Calendar of Appeals ....................................................................9 § 731.5 - Preferences; Consolidation........................................................10 § 731.6 - Oral Argument or Submission ..................................................11 § 731.7 - Motions.......................................................................................12 § 731.8 - Dismissals on The Court’s Own Motion; Enlargements of Time ...............................................................13 § 731.9 - Appeals in Criminal Cases; Adjournments;
    [Show full text]
  • XT511 Manual (Reve)
    www.midlandradio.com Model XT511 Series ® TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 Introduction 4 Important Notice, FCC Licensing 5 LCD Display 6 Controls 7 Battery Installation 8 Installing the Shoulder Strap 8 Charging the Battery Pack 9 Low Battery Level Indicator 9 Selecting the Power Source 9 Operating Your Radio 10 - 17 External Speaker/Microphone Jack 17 USB Jack 17 Troubleshooting Guide 18 Use and Care 18 Specifications and Frequency Charts 19 - 20 Warranty Information 21 MIDLAND Family Products 22 Accessories 22 - 24 Accessories Order Form 25 Page 3 www.midlandradio.com Model XT511 Series ® Welcome to the world of Midland electronics Congratulations on your purchase of a high quality MIDLAND product. Your 2-way radio represents the state-of-the-art in high-tech engineering. Designed for GMRS (General Mobile Radio Service) operation, this compact package is big in performance. It is a quality piece of electronic equipment, skillfully constructed with the finest components. The circuitry is all solid-state and mounted on a rugged printed circuit board. Your two-way radio is designed for reliable and trouble-free performance for years to come. Features - 22 GMRS/FRS Channel - 121 Privacy Codes (38 CTCSS / 83 DCS) - AM/FM Receiver - VOX - Selectable Call Alert - NOAA Weather Radio - NOAA Weather Alert - Scan Function - MONITOR Function - Dual Watch Function - Roger Beep Tone - Silent Operation - Keypad Lock - Power HI/LO Settings - Flashlight - Clock/Alarm Clock Function - Dynamo Crank Battery Charge Capability - USB Jack (For Mobile Phone Charging) - Speaker / Microphone Jacks - Battery Meter / Battery Low Indicator This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules.
    [Show full text]
  • The Theory of Relativity and a Priori Knowledge
    // The Theory ofRelativity -:::=-- and A Priori I(nowledg~ By llA S REICHE BACH./ / Translated and edited, wi.th an introduction, by Maria Reichenbach UNIVERSITY OF CALIFOR IA PRESS Berkeley and Los Angeles 1965 (~C Dedicated to ALBERT EINSTEIN <0 , R3\~~! UNIVERSITY OF CALIFOR IA PRESS BERKELEY AND Los ANGELES, CAu.FORNlA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PREss, LoNDON, E 'GLAND First published in German under the title Relativitiitsthem-je und Erkenntnis Apriori THIS TRANSLATION © 1965 BY THE RECENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 65-28456 DESIGNED BY DAVID PAULY PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Contents Introduction to the English Edition Xl I. Introduction 1 II. The Contradictions Asserted by the Spe- cial Theory of Relativity 6 III. The Contradictions Asserted by the Gen- eral Theory of Relativity 22 IV. Knowledge as Coordination 34 V. Two Meanings of "A priori" and Kant's Implicit Presupposition 48 VI. The Refutation of Kant's Presupposition by the Theory of Relativity 61 VII. The Answer to the Critical Question by the Method of Logical Analysis 74 VIII. The Concept of Knowledge of the The- ory of Relativity as an Example of the Development of the Concept of Object 93 Reference Notes 109 I ., Introduction* Einstein's theory of relativity has greatly affected the fundamental principles of epistemology. It will not serve any purpose to deny this fact or to pretend that the physical theory changed only the concepts of physics while the philosophical truths remained in­ violate. Even though the theory of relativity concerns only relations of physical measurability and physical magnitudes, it must be admitted that these physical assertions contradict general philosophical principle.
    [Show full text]
  • Using the 24 Hour Clock Lesson by Gene Williamson Whitford Intermdiate School, Beaverton, Oregon\
    TEACHER BACKGROUND Unit 3 - Tides and the Rocky Shore Using the 24 Hour Clock Lesson by Gene Williamson Whitford Intermdiate School, Beaverton, Oregon\ Key Concepts 1. There are several time systems in use worldwide. 2. The 24 hour, or military clock, is widely used among scientists to avoid the confusion of the standard AM-PM system. 3. Mathematical manipulations are easier when using the 24 hour system. Background We tend to take time and our A.M.-P.M. system of marking time for granted. A look at any dictionary quickly dispels the notion that time is a simple concept. While our commonly used system of time is based on the 24 hour solar day, astronomers use a sidereal time system based on the rotation of the earth in relation to any star; a sidereal day is about 4 minutes shorter than a solar day. The division of the 24 hour day into A.M. (ante meridiem - before noon) and P.M. (post meridiem - after noon) is sometimes confusing (just when is 12 P.M.?); did you mean 8:00 at night or 8:00 in the morning?). To avoid this confusion, scientists often record time using a 24 hour clock. This system has obvious advantages under the surface of the ocean or in space away from the surface of the earth where the concept of morning has little meaning. Materials For the class: • a large clock with 24 hour designations is helpful, but not required For each student: • “Using the 24 Hour Clock” student pages Teaching Hints It is especially important that students be thoroughly trained and practiced in the use of military time or the 24-hour time system before instruction in the use of the Tide Tables is given.
    [Show full text]
  • Terminology of Geological Time: Establishment of a Community Standard
    Terminology of geological time: Establishment of a community standard Marie-Pierre Aubry1, John A. Van Couvering2, Nicholas Christie-Blick3, Ed Landing4, Brian R. Pratt5, Donald E. Owen6 and Ismael Ferrusquía-Villafranca7 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA; email: [email protected] 2Micropaleontology Press, New York, NY 10001, USA email: [email protected] 3Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades NY 10964, USA email: [email protected] 4New York State Museum, Madison Avenue, Albany NY 12230, USA email: [email protected] 5Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK7N 5E2, Canada; email: [email protected] 6Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Lamar University, Beaumont TX 77710 USA email: [email protected] 7Universidad Nacional Autónomo de México, Instituto de Geologia, México DF email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: It has been recommended that geological time be described in a single set of terms and according to metric or SI (“Système International d’Unités”) standards, to ensure “worldwide unification of measurement”. While any effort to improve communication in sci- entific research and writing is to be encouraged, we are also concerned that fundamental differences between date and duration, in the way that our profession expresses geological time, would be lost in such an oversimplified terminology. In addition, no precise value for ‘year’ in the SI base unit of second has been accepted by the international bodies. Under any circumstances, however, it remains the fact that geologi- cal dates – as points in time – are not relevant to the SI.
    [Show full text]
  • School Terms and Holidays 2020/2021
    SCHOOL TERMS AND HOLIDAYS 2020/2021 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER Mon 7 14 21 28 Mon 5 12 19 26 Mon 2 9 16 23 30 Tues 1 8 15 22 29 Tues 6 13 20 27 Tues 3 10 17 24 Wed 2 9 16 23 30 Wed 7 14 21 28 Wed 4 11 18 25 Thur 3 10 17 24 Thur 1 8 15 22 29 Thur 5 12 19 26 Fri 4 11 18 25 Fri 2 9 16 23 30 Fri 6 13 20 27 Sat 5 12 19 26 Sat 3 10 17 24 31 Sat 7 14 21 28 Sun 6 13 20 27 Sun 4 11 18 25 Sun 1 8 15 22 29 DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY Mon 7 14 21 28 Mon 4 11 18 25 Mon 1 8 15 22 Tues 1 8 15 22 29 Tues 5 12 19 26 Tues 2 9 16 23 Wed 2 9 16 23 30 Wed 6 13 20 27 Wed 3 10 17 24 Thur 3 10 17 24 31 Thur 7 14 21 28 Thur 4 11 18 25 Fri 4 11 18 25 Fri 1 8 15 22 29 Fri 5 12 19 26 Sat 5 12 19 26 Sat 2 9 16 23 30 Sat 6 13 20 27 Sun 6 13 20 27 Sun 3 10 17 24 31 Sun 7 14 21 28 MARCH APRIL MAY Mon 1 8 15 22 29 Mon 5 12 19 26 Mon 3 10 17 24 31 Tues 2 9 16 23 30 Tues 6 13 20 27 Tues 4 11 18 25 Wed 3 10 17 24 31 Wed 7 14 21 28 Wed 5 12 19 26 Thur 4 11 18 25 Thur 1 8 15 22 29 Thur 6 13 20 27 Fri 5 12 19 26 Fri 2 9 16 23 30 Fri 7 14 21 28 Sat 6 13 20 27 Sat 3 10 17 24 Sat 1 8 15 22 29 Sun 7 14 21 28 Sun 4 11 18 25 Sun 2 9 16 23 30 JUNE JULY AUGUST Mon 7 14 21 28 Mon 5 12 19 26 Mon 2 9 16 23 30 Tues 1 8 15 22 29 Tues 6 13 20 27 Tues 3 10 17 24 31 Wed 2 9 16 23 30 Wed 7 14 21 28 Wed 4 11 18 25 Thur 3 10 17 24 Thur 1 8 15 22 29 Thur 5 12 19 26 Fri 4 11 18 25 Fri 2 9 16 23 30 Fri 6 13 20 27 Sat 5 12 19 26 Sat 3 10 17 24 31 Sat 7 14 21 28 Sun 6 13 20 27 Sun 4 11 18 25 Sun 1 8 15 22 29 th Term Time Holidays Christmas Bank Holidays 25 December 2020 th Bank Holiday Inset Day 28
    [Show full text]
  • Premiums – 9 Month Full-Time Employee Health Dental Vision
    Premiums – 9 Month Full-Time Employee September 1, 2020 For 9-month, full-time, monthly paid positions, premiums are prorated so that you pay 12 months of premiums over 9 months. This means that you pay a full year of premiums by May 31. You do not have to pay premiums during the summer and you will have coverage, unless you are ending employment. Health premiums for the A&M Care plan below include a $40 wellness premium for you and for your spouse, if enrolled, in the appropriate column. If you have completed your two-step wellness activities or are waived because you are newly enrolled, you will see a credit in Workday that will reduce your premium. Premiums increase by a prorated $40 tobacco premium if you or your spouse is a tobacco user. Health Employee Only Employee & Spouse Employee & Child(ren) Employee & Family Total Cost Your Cost Total Cost Your Cost Total Cost Your Cost Total Cost Your Cost A&M Care 9-Months $871.68 $40.00 $1,661.09 $454.72 $1,399.39 $300.35 $1,966.35 $607.33 J Plan 9-Months $831.68 $0.00 $1,581.09 $374.72 $1,352.39 $260.35 $1,886.35 $527.33 Dental Employee Only Employee & Spouse Employee & Child(ren) Employee & Family A&M Dental PPO 9-Months $39.23 $78.43 $82.35 $125.49 DeltaCare USA 9-Months $28.11 $49.97 $50.35 $78.21 Dental HMO Vision Employee Only Employee & Spouse Employee & Child(ren) Employee & Family 9-Months $10.13 $21.49 $16.61 $29.63 AD&D Employee Only Employee and Family Rate per $10,000: Monthly* $.10 $.24 Long-Term Disability Non-Tobacco Rate Tobacco Rate Rate per $100 of monthly salary: Monthly* $.178 $.230 Flexible Spending Account Maximum you can deduct from your pay: Health Care Spending Account - $2,750 Dependent Daycare Spending Account Basic Life The premium for this plan is usually paid by the employer contribution.
    [Show full text]
  • In Asymptomatic Term Newborns at Risk for Sepsis, Is a Six-Hour CBC a Better Predictor of Sepsis Than a One-Hour CBC?
    In asymptomatic term newborns at risk for sepsis, is a six-hour CBC a better predictor of sepsis than a one-hour CBC? Tori Treloar, R.N., B.S.N; Betsy Finley, R.N., B.S.N., M.P.H.; Audrey Nugent, R.N., B.S.N.; Lucy Schoemer, R.N., M.S.N.; Minshan Coudert, R.N., B.S.N. Background Neonatal sepsis is an invasive infection and remains one of the leading causes of Implications for Practice morbidity and mortality among both term and preterm infants (Shah, Padbury, 2014). The evidence is consistent in that well appearing The current practice at Inova Fairfax Medical Campus is to obtain a complete blood neonates at risk for sepsis should not receive a count (CBC) at one hour and again at 12 hours of life on all newborns at risk for sepsis. complete blood count (CBC) until at least six hours At one hour of life, there is normal decreased perfusion to limbs making it difficult to of life. Values obtained at or after six hours are obtain viable blood sample from a newborn. Multiple venous punctures are often more clinically useful as compared to those utilized to obtain the sample which can be distressing to parents and their newborns. obtained immediately after birth. New practice guidelines from CDC and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) The evidence reviewed is consistent across all of support a CBC to be performed at 6-12 hours of life for low-risk, well-appearing the research and provides a compelling indication infants (Merck Manual, 2019).
    [Show full text]
  • Time in the Theory of Relativity: on Natural Clocks, Proper Time, the Clock Hypothesis, and All That
    Time in the theory of relativity: on natural clocks, proper time, the clock hypothesis, and all that Mario Bacelar Valente Abstract When addressing the notion of proper time in the theory of relativity, it is usually taken for granted that the time read by an accelerated clock is given by the Minkowski proper time. However, there are authors like Harvey Brown that consider necessary an extra assumption to arrive at this result, the so-called clock hypothesis. In opposition to Brown, Richard TW Arthur takes the clock hypothesis to be already implicit in the theory. In this paper I will present a view different from these authors by taking into account Einstein’s notion of natural clock and showing its relevance to the debate. 1 Introduction: the notion of natural clock th Up until the mid 20 century the metrological definition of second was made in terms of astronomical motions. First in terms of the Earth’s rotation taken to be uniform (Barbour 2009, 2-3), i.e. the sidereal time; then in terms of the so-called ephemeris time, in which time was calculated, using Newton’s theory, from the motion of the Moon (Jespersen and Fitz-Randolph 1999, 104-6). The measurements of temporal durations relied on direct astronomical observation or on instruments (clocks) calibrated to the motions in the ‘heavens’. However soon after the adoption of a definition of second based on the ephemeris time, the improvements on atomic frequency standards led to a new definition of the second in terms of the resonance frequency of the cesium atom.
    [Show full text]