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The Sundial, Beyond the Form and Time
ISAMA BRIDGES The International Society of the Mathematical Connections Arts, Mathematics, and Architecture in Art, Music, and Science The Sundial, Beyond the Form and Time ... Andrzej Zarzycki 227 Brighton Street Belmont, MA 02478 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Architecture (iir" k 1-t].lk" ch ... r) n. 1. The art and science of designing and erecting buildings. Can a building inspire scientific thinking? Can an architectural structure reflect the complexity of the universe? Is there a relationship between the artistic and scientific? This paper discusses an approach to design, which uses an architectural structure as a research apparatus to pursue scientifically driven beauty. Architecture could be defined as the man-made universe - the universe whose primary function was to shelter us from elements, animals and other people. Broadly speaking, to protect us from the "outer Uni verse". It is not surprising that the evolution of architecture follows the same trajectories as the evolution of our thinking and perception ofthe surrounding world. However, somewhere along the lines of history, archi tecture acquired another purpose and began to playa new role in our self-awareness. In ancient, medieval and even modem times, we have viewed architecture as a medium to express, symbolize, and address the meaning of our existence. Ancient temples reveal an intimate knowledge of geometry and human perception by purposefully distorting their forms to balance visual illusions. Medieval cathedrals manifested greatness of God through art and structural achievements, while contemporary monu ments address the social and philosophical aspirations of a present-day society. As a result of this centuries long evolution~ we now associate architecture with its less utilitarian and more symbolic values. -
Existence in Physics
Existence in Physics Armin Nikkhah Shirazi ∗ University of Michigan, Department of Physics, Ann Arbor January 24, 2019 Abstract This is the second in a two-part series of papers which re-interprets relativistic length contraction and time dilation in terms of concepts argued to be more fundamental, broadly construed to mean: concepts which point to the next paradigm. After refining the concept of existence to duration of existence in spacetime, this paper introduces a criterion for physi- cal existence in spacetime and then re-interprets time dilation in terms of the concept of the abatement of an object’s duration of existence in a given time interval, denoted as ontochronic abatement. Ontochronic abatement (1) focuses attention on two fundamental spacetime prin- ciples the significance of which is unappreciated under the current paradigm, (2) clarifies the state of existence of speed-of-light objects, and (3) leads to the recognition that physical existence is an equivalence relation by absolute dimensionality. These results may be used to justify the incorporation of the physics-based study of existence into physics as physical ontology. Keywords: Existence criterion, spacetime ontic function, ontochronic abatement, invariance of ontic value, isodimensionality, ontic equivalence class, areatime, physical ontology 1 Introduction This is the second in a two-part series of papers which re-interprets relativistic length contraction and time dilation in terms of concepts argued to be more fundamental, broadly construed to mean: concepts which point to the next paradigm. The first paper re-conceptualized relativistic length contraction in terms of dimensional abatement [1], and this paper will re-conceptualize relativistic time dilation in terms of what I will call ontochronic abatement, to be defined as the abatement of an object’s duration of existence within a given time interval. -
Relativity: the Special and General Theory Albert Einstein Relativity the Special and General Theory
Relativity: The Special and General Theory Albert Einstein Relativity The Special and General Theory Written: 1916 (this revised edition: 1924) Source: Relativity: The Special and General Theory © 1920 Publisher: Methuen & Co Ltd First Published: December, 1916 Translated: Robert W. Lawson (Authorised translation) Transcription/Markup: Brian Basgen Offline Version: Einstein Reference Archive (marxists.org) 1999 file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/sverrmoe/...he%20Special%20and%20General%20Theory/index.htm (1 of 5) [18.08.2001 19:55:23] Relativity: The Special and General Theory Preface Part I: The Special Theory of Relativity 01. Physical Meaning of Geometrical Propositions 02. The System of Co-ordinates 03. Space and Time in Classical Mechanics 04. The Galileian System of Co-ordinates 05. The Principle of Relativity (in the Restricted Sense) 06. The Theorem of the Addition of Velocities employed in Classical Mechanics 07. The Apparent Incompatability of the Law of Propagation of Light with the Principle of Relativity 08. On the Idea of Time in Physics 09. The Relativity of Simultaneity 10. On the Relativity of the Conception of Distance 11. The Lorentz Transformation 12. The Behaviour of Measuring-Rods and Clocks in file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/sverrmoe/...he%20Special%20and%20General%20Theory/index.htm (2 of 5) [18.08.2001 19:55:23] Relativity: The Special and General Theory Motion 13. Theorem of the Addition of Velocities. The Experiment of Fizeau 14. The Hueristic Value of the Theory of Relativity 15. General Results of the Theory 16. Expereince and the Special Theory of Relativity 17. Minkowski's Four-dimensial Space Part II: The General Theory of Relativity 18. -
Short-Term Housing Resource List
University of Minnesota Relocation Assistance Program (RAP) Short-term Housing Resource List Welcome to the Twin Cities community. The following list provides a sampling of housing resources that are available for short-term rental (i.e., one week to three months). Many of these units are located within two miles of campus. University of Minnesota Housing Resources • Institute for Mathematics and Its Applications www.ima.umn.edu/visiting/housing/index This list contains many options, including apartment complexes that offer one year leases or less. • Relocation Assistance Program www.humanresources.umn.edu/relocation-assistance-program/housing • Sabbatical and University-affiliated homes for rent or sale www.relocation-today.com/propertyportal • Summer guest housing www.housing.umn.edu/guest-housing Guest housing is available to any person with University-related business. Accommodations are available June 1- August 15. University of Minnesota off-campus housing www.housing.umn.edu/offcampus • University Village www.housing.umn.edu/uv 2515 University Ave. SE Minneapolis, MN 55414 612-625-3909 Contact: Nkayo Drepaul ([email protected]) The University Village apartment complex is a five minute bus ride and 20-minute walk from the University. The complex offers below-market rental rates for international fellows and scholars and competitive rates for others. Apartments are furnished with basic furniture and kitchen utensils. Includes high speed internet, in-unit washers/dryers and access to the fitness center, tanning room, community room, indoor bike storage, and study room. Heated garage parking available for $75 per month. Prepared by the Office of Human Resources 12-5-17 1 Hotels Near Campus University of Minnesota contract hotels www.uwidecontracts.umn.edu Search for hotels under the “Lodging” category. -
Capricious Suntime
[Physics in daily life] I L.J.F. (Jo) Hermans - Leiden University, e Netherlands - [email protected] - DOI: 10.1051/epn/2011202 Capricious suntime t what time of the day does the sun reach its is that the solar time will gradually deviate from the time highest point, or culmination point, when on our watch. We expect this‘eccentricity effect’ to show a its position is exactly in the South? e ans - sine-like behaviour with a period of a year. A wer to this question is not so trivial. For ere is a second, even more important complication. It is one thing, it depends on our location within our time due to the fact that the rotational axis of the earth is not zone. For Berlin, which is near the Eastern end of the perpendicular to the ecliptic, but is tilted by about 23.5 Central European time zone, it may happen around degrees. is is, aer all, the cause of our seasons. To noon, whereas in Paris it may be close to 1 p.m. (we understand this ‘tilt effect’ we must realise that what mat - ignore the daylight saving ters for the deviation in time time which adds an extra is the variation of the sun’s hour in the summer). horizontal motion against But even for a fixed loca - the stellar background tion, the time at which the during the year. In mid- sun reaches its culmination summer and mid-winter, point varies throughout the when the sun reaches its year in a surprising way. -
Rules of the Appellate Term Second Department
RULES OF THE APPELLATE TERM SECOND DEPARTMENT Courtesy of: DICK BAILEY SERVICE, INC. APPELLATE PRINTING SPECIALISTS 25 Chapel Street• 6th Floor•Brooklyn•New York 11201 (718) 522-4363 (516) 222-2470 (212) 608-7666 (914) 682-0848 1-800-531-2028 22 NYCRR Part 730, 731 and 732* *Rules include latest revisions made effective, September 17, 2008. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page(s) Part 730. - Establishment and Jurisdiction of Appellate Terms § 730.1 - Establishment and Jurisdiction of Appellate Terms .................1 § 730.3 - General Provisions and Definitions............................................4 Part 731. - Rules of Practice for the Second and Eleventh Judicial Districts § 731.1 - Record on Appeal .........................................................................6 § 731.2 - Briefs ............................................................................................7 § 731.3 - Court Sessions .............................................................................8 § 731.4 - Calendar of Appeals ....................................................................9 § 731.5 - Preferences; Consolidation........................................................10 § 731.6 - Oral Argument or Submission ..................................................11 § 731.7 - Motions.......................................................................................12 § 731.8 - Dismissals on The Court’s Own Motion; Enlargements of Time ...............................................................13 § 731.9 - Appeals in Criminal Cases; Adjournments; -
XT511 Manual (Reve)
www.midlandradio.com Model XT511 Series ® TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 Introduction 4 Important Notice, FCC Licensing 5 LCD Display 6 Controls 7 Battery Installation 8 Installing the Shoulder Strap 8 Charging the Battery Pack 9 Low Battery Level Indicator 9 Selecting the Power Source 9 Operating Your Radio 10 - 17 External Speaker/Microphone Jack 17 USB Jack 17 Troubleshooting Guide 18 Use and Care 18 Specifications and Frequency Charts 19 - 20 Warranty Information 21 MIDLAND Family Products 22 Accessories 22 - 24 Accessories Order Form 25 Page 3 www.midlandradio.com Model XT511 Series ® Welcome to the world of Midland electronics Congratulations on your purchase of a high quality MIDLAND product. Your 2-way radio represents the state-of-the-art in high-tech engineering. Designed for GMRS (General Mobile Radio Service) operation, this compact package is big in performance. It is a quality piece of electronic equipment, skillfully constructed with the finest components. The circuitry is all solid-state and mounted on a rugged printed circuit board. Your two-way radio is designed for reliable and trouble-free performance for years to come. Features - 22 GMRS/FRS Channel - 121 Privacy Codes (38 CTCSS / 83 DCS) - AM/FM Receiver - VOX - Selectable Call Alert - NOAA Weather Radio - NOAA Weather Alert - Scan Function - MONITOR Function - Dual Watch Function - Roger Beep Tone - Silent Operation - Keypad Lock - Power HI/LO Settings - Flashlight - Clock/Alarm Clock Function - Dynamo Crank Battery Charge Capability - USB Jack (For Mobile Phone Charging) - Speaker / Microphone Jacks - Battery Meter / Battery Low Indicator This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. -
Solar Engineering Basics
Solar Energy Fundamentals Course No: M04-018 Credit: 4 PDH Harlan H. Bengtson, PhD, P.E. Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 22 Stonewall Court Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677 P: (877) 322-5800 [email protected] Solar Energy Fundamentals Harlan H. Bengtson, PhD, P.E. COURSE CONTENT 1. Introduction Solar energy travels from the sun to the earth in the form of electromagnetic radiation. In this course properties of electromagnetic radiation will be discussed and basic calculations for electromagnetic radiation will be described. Several solar position parameters will be discussed along with means of calculating values for them. The major methods by which solar radiation is converted into other useable forms of energy will be discussed briefly. Extraterrestrial solar radiation (that striking the earth’s outer atmosphere) will be discussed and means of estimating its value at a given location and time will be presented. Finally there will be a presentation of how to obtain values for the average monthly rate of solar radiation striking the surface of a typical solar collector, at a specified location in the United States for a given month. Numerous examples are included to illustrate the calculations and data retrieval methods presented. Image Credit: NOAA, Earth System Research Laboratory 1 • Be able to calculate wavelength if given frequency for specified electromagnetic radiation. • Be able to calculate frequency if given wavelength for specified electromagnetic radiation. • Know the meaning of absorbance, reflectance and transmittance as applied to a surface receiving electromagnetic radiation and be able to make calculations with those parameters. • Be able to obtain or calculate values for solar declination, solar hour angle, solar altitude angle, sunrise angle, and sunset angle. -
Chapter 8: Geologic Time
Chapter 8: Geologic Time 1. The Art of Time 2. The History of Relative Time 3. Geologic Time 4. Numerical Time 5. Rates of Change Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Geologic Time How long has this landscape looked like this? How can you tell? Will your grandchildren see this if they hike here in 80 years? The Good Earth/Chapter 8: Geologic Time The Art of Time How would you create a piece of art to illustrate the passage of time? How do you think the Earth itself illustrates the passage of time? What time scale is illustrated in the example above? How well does this relate to geological time/geological forces? The Good Earth/Chapter 8: Geologic Time Go back to the Table of Contents Go to the next section: The History of (Relative) Time The Good Earth/Chapter 8: Geologic Time The History of (Relative) Time Paradigm shift: 17th century – science was a baby and geology as a discipline did not exist. Today, hypothesis testing method supports a geologic (scientific) age for the earth as opposed to a biblical age. Structures such as the oldest Egyptian pyramids (2650-2150 B.C.) and the Great Wall of China (688 B.C.) fall within a historical timeline that humans can relate to, while geological events may seem to have happened before time existed! The Good Earth/Chapter 8: Geologic Time The History of (Relative) Time • Relative Time = which A came first, second… − Grand Canyon – B excellent model − Which do you think happened first – the The Grand Canyon – rock layers record thousands of millions of years of geologic history. -
Sidereal Time Distribution in Large-Scale of Orbits by Usingastronomical Algorithm Method
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438 Sidereal Time Distribution in Large-Scale of Orbits by usingAstronomical Algorithm Method Kutaiba Sabah Nimma 1UniversitiTenagaNasional,Electrical Engineering Department, Selangor, Malaysia Abstract: Sidereal Time literally means star time. The time we are used to using in our everyday lives is Solar Time.Astronomy, time based upon the rotation of the earth with respect to the distant stars, the sidereal day being the unit of measurement.Traditionally, the sidereal day is described as the time it takes for the Earth to complete one rotation relative to the stars, and help astronomers to keep them telescops directions on a given star in a night sky. In other words, earth’s rate of rotation determine according to fixed stars which is controlling the time scale of sidereal time. Many reserachers are concerned about how long the earth takes to spin based on fixed stars since the earth does not actually spin around 360 degrees in one solar day.Furthermore, the computations of the sidereal time needs to take a long time to calculate the number of the Julian centuries. This paper shows a new method of calculating the Sidereal Time, which is very important to determine the stars location at any given time. In addition, this method provdes high accuracy results with short time of calculation. Keywords: Sidereal time; Orbit allocation;Geostationary Orbit;SolarDays;Sidereal Day 1. Introduction (the upper meridian) in the sky[6]. Solar time is what the time we all use where a day is defined as 24 hours, which is The word "sidereal" comes from the Latin word sider, the average time that it takes for the sun to return to its meaning star. -
Sidereal Time 1 Sidereal Time
Sidereal time 1 Sidereal time Sidereal time (pronounced /saɪˈdɪəri.əl/) is a time-keeping system astronomers use to keep track of the direction to point their telescopes to view a given star in the night sky. Just as the Sun and Moon appear to rise in the east and set in the west, so do the stars. A sidereal day is approximately 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4.091 seconds (23.93447 hours or 0.99726957 SI days), corresponding to the time it takes for the Earth to complete one rotation relative to the vernal equinox. The vernal equinox itself precesses very slowly in a westward direction relative to the fixed stars, completing one revolution every 26,000 years approximately. As a consequence, the misnamed sidereal day, as "sidereal" is derived from the Latin sidus meaning "star", is some 0.008 seconds shorter than the earth's period of rotation relative to the fixed stars. The longer true sidereal period is called a stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS). It is also referred to as the sidereal period of rotation. The direction from the Earth to the Sun is constantly changing (because the Earth revolves around the Sun over the course of a year), but the directions from the Earth to the distant stars do not change nearly as much. Therefore the cycle of the apparent motion of the stars around the Earth has a period that is not quite the same as the 24-hour average length of the solar day. Maps of the stars in the night sky usually make use of declination and right ascension as coordinates. -
Equation of Time — Problem in Astronomy M
This paper was awarded in the II International Competition (1993/94) "First Step to Nobel Prize in Physics" and published in the competition proceedings (Acta Phys. Pol. A 88 Supplement, S-49 (1995)). The paper is reproduced here due to kind agreement of the Editorial Board of "Acta Physica Polonica A". EQUATION OF TIME | PROBLEM IN ASTRONOMY M. Muller¨ Gymnasium M¨unchenstein, Grellingerstrasse 5, 4142 M¨unchenstein, Switzerland Abstract The apparent solar motion is not uniform and the length of a solar day is not constant throughout a year. The difference between apparent solar time and mean (regular) solar time is called the equation of time. Two well-known features of our solar system lie at the basis of the periodic irregularities in the solar motion. The angular velocity of the earth relative to the sun varies periodically in the course of a year. The plane of the orbit of the earth is inclined with respect to the equatorial plane. Therefore, the angular velocity of the relative motion has to be projected from the ecliptic onto the equatorial plane before incorporating it into the measurement of time. The math- ematical expression of the projection factor for ecliptic angular velocities yields an oscillating function with two periods per year. The difference between the extreme values of the equation of time is about half an hour. The response of the equation of time to a variation of its key parameters is analyzed. In order to visualize factors contributing to the equation of time a model has been constructed which accounts for the elliptical orbit of the earth, the periodically changing angular velocity, and the inclined axis of the earth.