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Status Review of the Bearded Seal (Erignathus Barbatus)

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Status Review of the Bearded Seal (Erignathus Barbatus) NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-211 Status Review of the Bearded Seal (Erignathus barbatus) by M. F. Cameron, J. L. Bengtson, P. L. Boveng, J. K. Jansen, B. P. Kelly, S. P. Dahle, E. A. Logerwell, J. E. Overland, C. L. Sabine, G. T. Waring, and J. M. Wilder U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Alaska Fisheries Science Center December 2010 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS The National Marine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series reflect sound professional work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the Northwest Fisheries Center. The NMFS-NWFSC series is currently used by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. This document should be cited as follows: M. F. Cameron, J. L. Bengtson, P. L. Boveng, J. K. Jansen, B. P. Kelly, S. P. Dahle, E. A. Logerwell, J. E. Overland, C. L. Sabine, G. T. Waring, and J. M. Wilder. 2010. Status review of the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus ). U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-211, 246 p. Reference in this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-211 Status Review of the Bearded Seal (Erignathus barbatus) by M. F. Cameron1, J. L. Bengtson1, P. L. Boveng1, J. K. Jansen1, B. P. Kelly1, S. P. Dahle1, E. A. Logerwell1, J. E. Overland2, C. L. Sabine2, G. T. Waring3, and J. M. Wilder4 1 Alaska Fisheries Science Center 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, WA 98115 www.afsc.noaa.gov 2 Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, WA 98115 3 Northeast Fisheries Science Center 166 Water Street Woods Hole, MA 02543 4 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Region, Marine Mammals Management 1011 East Tudor Road Anchorage, AK 99503 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Gary F. Locke, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Jane Lubchenco, Under Secretary and Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Eric. C. Schwaab, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries December 2010 This document is available to the public through: National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 www.ntis.gov STATUS REVIEW OF THE BEARDED SEAL (Erignathus barbatus) NOAA photo by John Jansen Prepared and Edited by: The 2010 Bearded Seal Biological Review Team Michael F. Cameron1(Chair), John L. Bengtson1, Peter L. Boveng1, John K. Jansen1, Brendan P. Kelly1, Shawn P. Dahle1, Elizabeth A. Logerwell1, James E. Overland2, Christopher L. Sabine2, Gordon T. Waring3, and James M. Wilder4 With Contributions by: Muyin Wang5,2,Heather L. Ziel1, Erin E. Moreland1, Jay M. Ver Hoef1, Tamara L. Olson6, Duane E. Stevenson1 and Josh M. London1 1 Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 2 Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 3 Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543 4 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Region, Marine Mammals Management, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK 99503 5 Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Box 355672, Seattle, WA 98195 6 Protected Resources Division, Alaska Region, National Marine Fisheries Service, 222 West 7th Avenue, Box 43, Anchorage, AK 99513 December 2010 CONTENTS Contents ...................................................................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... xi 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Species Background .............................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Taxonomy and Phylogeny ................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Species Description ............................................................................................................................. 4 2.3 Behavior .............................................................................................................................................. 7 2.3.1 Hauling out, diving and foraging .................................................................................................. 7 2.3.2 Mating, vocalizations and site fidelity ......................................................................................... 8 2.3.3 Breathing holes ............................................................................................................................ 9 2.4 Seasonal Distribution, Habitat‐use, and Movements ......................................................................... 9 2.5 Reproduction and Molting ................................................................................................................ 15 2.5.1 Whelping .................................................................................................................................... 15 2.5.1.1 Spatial distribution .............................................................................................................. 15 2.5.1.2 Annual timing ...................................................................................................................... 17 2.5.2 Nursing and rearing.................................................................................................................... 18 2.5.3 Breeding ..................................................................................................................................... 19 2.5.4 Molting ....................................................................................................................................... 20 2.5.4.1 Newborns ............................................................................................................................ 20 2.5.4.2 Adults .................................................................................................................................. 20 2.6 Vital Parameters ................................................................................................................................ 24 2.7 Feeding Habits ................................................................................................................................... 25 2.8 Historic and Current Abundance and Trends .................................................................................... 39 2.8.1 Erignathus barbatus nauticus .................................................................................................... 41 2.8.1.1 Sea of Okhotsk .................................................................................................................... 41 2.8.1.2 Bering Sea ........................................................................................................................... 42 2.8.1.3 Chukchi Sea ......................................................................................................................... 43 2.8.1.4 Beaufort Sea ........................................................................................................................ 43 2.8.1.5 East Siberian Sea ................................................................................................................. 43 vii 2.8.2 Erignathus barbatus barbatus .................................................................................................... 44 2.8.2.1 Hudson Bay, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and western Baffin Bay ............................. 44 2.8.2.2 Greenland ........................................................................................................................... 44 2.8.2.3 Barents, Kara and White Seas and Svalbard ....................................................................... 45 2.8.2.4 Laptev Sea ........................................................................................................................... 45 2.8.3 Trends ........................................................................................................................................ 46 3 Species Delineation ............................................................................................................................. 47 3.1 Consideration of Distinct Population Segments ............................................................................... 48 3.1.1 Evaluation of Discreteness ......................................................................................................... 49 3.1.1.1 Separation by Physical, Physiological, Ecological, or Behavioral Factors ........................... 49 3.1.1.2 Delimitation by International Differences in Management
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