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FREEDOM PORTRAYED FROM METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS IN DISNEY MOVIE FROZEN’S SONGS “LET IT GO” AND “LOVE IS AN OPEN DOOR”

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra In English Letters

By SAFIRA DELICATEZA Student Number: 164214103

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2021

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

FREEDOM PORTRAYED FROM METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS IN DISNEY MOVIE FROZEN’S SONGS “LET IT GO” AND “LOVE IS AN OPEN DOOR”

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra In English Letters

By SAFIRA DELICATEZA Student Number: 164214103

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2021

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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

FREEDOM PORTRAYED FROM METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS IN DISNEY MOVIE FROZEN’S SONGS “LET IT GO” AND “LOVE IS AN OPEN DOOR”

By SAFIRA DELICATEZA Student Number:164214103

Approved by

Simon Arsa Manggala, S.S., M.Hum June 2, 2021 Advisor

Almira Ghasani Shabrina Romala, S.S., M.A. June 2, 2021 Co-Advisor

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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

FREEDOM PORTRAYED FROM METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS IN DISNEY MOVIE FROZEN’S SONGS “LET IT GO” AND “LOVE IS AN OPEN DOOR”

By SAFIRA DELICATEZA Student Number:164214103

Defended before the Board of Examiners on ______and Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

NAME SIGNATURE

Chairperson : Simon Arsa Manggala, S.S., M.Hum. ______

Secretary : Almira Ghasani Shabrina Romala, S.S., M.A. ______

Member 1 : Main Examiner ______

Member 2 : Undergraduate Thesis Advisor ______

Member 3 : Undergraduate Thesis Co-Advisor ______

Yogyakarta, ______Faculty of Letter Universitas Sanata Dharma Dean

Dr. Tatang Iskarna

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously return by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.

June 5, 2021

Safira Delicateza

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIK

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Safira Delicateza NomorMahasiswa : 164214103

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

FREEDOM PORTRAYED FROM METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS IN DISNEY MOVIE FROZEN’S SONGS “LET IT GO” AND “LOVE IS AN OPEN DOOR” beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan alam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 5 Juni 2021

Yang menyatakan,

Safira Delicateza

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Optimism is the faith that leads to achievement. Nothing can be done without hope and confidence. -Helen Keller-

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I present this work for:

Papi and mami, who have always supported me wholeheartedly, so that I could become the person I am today. Please always remember my name in your prayer, though I know you will always do. I cannot wait to make you proud.

Oma, tante, om, and my beloved little brothers. I am really sorry for the lateness.

For my whole family. I could not thank you more for all your times and hands you have given me to solve my problems every time.

All of my best friends, who have helped me and become my support system, despite the distance that separates us. No matter how far, I am sure that we will always be a faithful friends for each other; sharing laughs, stories, and advices. I could not wish for anything better but you’re always being your true self, forever.

I write this just to tell you how happy I am to have such beautiful souls by my side, and how excited I am to see what future will bring.

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ACKNOLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Jesus Christ for

His blessing and His grace that I can finish this undergraduate thesis.

The writing and preparation of this thesis received a lot of valuable assistance from various parties, both moral and material. In particular, I would like to express my gratitude to Bapak Simon Arsa Manggala, S.S., M.Hum. as the advisor who has provided a lot of assistance in the form of motivation, guidance, corrections and suggestions in my writing process. I also would like to express my gratitude to Miss Almira Ghassani Shabrina Romala, S.S., M.A. as my co-advisor for the guidance and advice given so that I can complete this undergraduate thesis.

I would also like to thank to my beloved Papi Erwin and Mami Sylvi for the sacrifices, struggles, affection, prayers, advice, support, motivation, care, and trust that cannot be replaced by anything so that I can get the opportunity to undergo a bachelor education. Thanks also be to Oma and my brothers who provide motivation and support for me to finish this thesis. I also would not forget my uncle and aunt for their prayer, motivation, and be a good example so as to providing unlimited enthusiasm for so I can achieve dreams and aspirations for a better future.

I also want to thank my friends who gave me support and enthusiasm during the process of finishing my undergraduate thesis. Last but not least, I give my appreciation to all lecturers and staffs of Universitas Sanata Dharma who have given me knowledge and priceless experience.

Safira Delicateza

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x LIST OF TABLES ...... xiii ABSTRACT ...... xiv ABSTRAK ...... xv CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation...... 6 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 6 D. Definition of Terms ...... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 9 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 9 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 12 1. Theory of Semantics ...... 12 a. Lexical Semantics ...... 14 b. Semantic Properties ...... 14 c. Phrasal and Sentential Semantics ...... 15 2. Theory of Metaphor ...... 17 3. Types of Metaphor ...... 23 a. Structural metaphor ...... 23 b. Orientational metaphor ...... 25 c. Ontological metaphor ...... 27 4. Theory of Language in Songs ...... 28 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 29

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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 31 A. Object of the Study ...... 31 B. Approach of the Study ...... 32 C. Method of the Study ...... 33 1. Data Collection ...... 33 2. Data Analysis ...... 36

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...... 40 A. The Types of Metaphorical Expressions in “Let it Go” and “Love is an Open Door” Song Lyrics ...... 40 1. Structural Metaphor ...... 41 a. A kingdom of isolation ...... 42 b. This swirling storm inside ...... 44 c. I’m one with the wind and sky ...... 48 d. My soul is spiraling in frozen fractals all aroundas ...... 49 e. And one thought crystalizes ...... 51 f. All my life has been a series of doors in my face ...... 53 g. I’ve been searching my whole life to find my own place ...... 56 h. Love is an Open Door ...... 58 i. We finish each others’ – (sandwiches) ...... 59 j. Say goodbye to the pain of the past ...... 60 2. Ontological Metaphor ...... 61 a. The wind is howling ...... 62 b. Let the storm rage on ...... 65 c. The cold never bothered me anyway ...... 67 d. The fears that once controlled me can’t get to me at all ...... 69 e. My power flurries through the air into the ground ...... 71 f. And it’s maybe the party talking or the chocolate fondue ...... 73 g. I found my place ...... 75 B. The portrayal of freedom through the metaphoric expressions in “Let it Go” and “Love is an Open Door” Song Lyric ...... 77 1. Let it Go ...... 77 2. Love is an Open Door ...... 80

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 85

REFERENCES ...... 89 APPENDICES ...... 92 Appendix 1: The Lyrics of Disney Movie Frozen “Let it Go” ...... 92 Appendix 2: The Lyrics of Disney Movie Frozen “Love is an Open Door”...... 93 Appendix 3: The classification of metaphoric expression in “Let it Go” and “Love is an Open Door” ...... 94 Appendix 4: Analysis of metaphor in “Let it Go” ...... 95

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Appendix 5: Analysis of metaphor in “Love is an Open Door” ...... 97 Appendix 6: The Portrayal of Freedom “Let it Go” Song Lyric ...... 98 Appendix 7: The Portrayal of Freedom “Love is an Open Door” Song Lyric ...... 98

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LIST OF TABLES

No. Table Page

1. Table 1. Example of Semantic Properties 15 2. Table 2. Song Lyrics 35 3. Table 3. Example of Metaphor Analysis 38 4. Table 4. Types of Metaphor in “Let it Go” and “Love is an Open Door” 41 5. Table 5. Structural Metaphor 42 6. Table 6. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “A kingdom of isolation” 42 7. Table 7. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “this swirling storm inside” 45 8. Table 8. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “I’m one with the wind and sky” 48 9. Table 9. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “my soul is spiraling” 50 10. Table 10. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “one thought crystalizes” 52 11. Table 11. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “a series of doors in my face” 54 12. Table 12. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “to find my own place” 57 13. Table 13. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Love is an Open Door” 58 14. Table 14. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “sandwiches” 59 15. Table 15. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “the pain of the past” 61 16. Table 16. Ontological Metaphor 62 17. Table 17. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “the wind is howling” 63 18. Table 18. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “storm” 65 19. Table 19. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “cold” 67 20. Table 20. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “the fears that once controlled me” 70 21. Table 21. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “my power flurries” 71 22. Table 22. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “and maybe it’s the party talking or the chocolate fondue” 73 23. Table 23. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “I found my place” 75 24. Table 24. The Portrayal of Freedom in “Let it Go” Song Lyric 80 25. Table 25. The Portrayal of Freedom in “Love is an Open Door” Song Lyric 83

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ABSTRACT

DELICATEZA, SAFIRA. (2021). Freedom Portrayed from Metaphorical Expressions in Disney Movie Frozen’s Songs “Let it Go” and “Love is an Open Door”. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Language is one of the tools for communication. People need language to interact, express feelings, and also portray their thoughts. Music is also a means of interaction between people through reflection of feelings, thoughts, and life values. In music, the delivery of messages can be understood literally, but sometimes songwriter often puts meaning figuratively. Lyrics help the listeners understand what is in writer’s mind. The song “Let it Go” is chosen because it is the prominent songs in Disney Movie Frozen. The song reflects the main character Elsa. “Love is an Open Door” is also chosen because it reflects about Anna. Each song has figurative language, especially metaphor. It is taken from the experience on the phenomenon that happens in surroundings. This research aims to classify the metaphorical expressions and analyze their meaning. The researcher needs to look at the literal meanings of the phrases in the lyrics to achieve a thorough knowledge about metaphors in order to analyze them from the lexical to the metaphorical meaning. Another objective is also to state the portrayal of freedom by analyzing the metaphorical meaning within the metaphorical expressions of the words or phrases collected applied in the songs. The data was collected from Disney Movie Frozen and two songs were selected. The data collected was based on the contention of freedom and the number of metaphorical expressions lying on them. The two selected songs are “Let it Go” and “Love is an Open Door”. Semantic approach was applied to distinguish the literal and metaphorical meaning in the lyrics. After the meaning of the metaphorical expression is discovered, the writer would then be able to convey the message of the song. Semantic approach is appropriate to be applied because it helps the researcher to elaborate some linguistics elements related to meaning. The theory of metaphors was applied to categorize the metaphors into structural, orientational, and ontological types of metaphor. The portrayal of freedom was revealed through the shared semantic properties of the metaphors found in the lyrics. Descriptive qualitative is used as the method of the study since this study is in the form of song lyrics. As the result of this analysis, the researcher found 17 metaphors in total. They are 10 structural metaphors and 7 ontological metaphors. However, there is no orientational metaphor in the songs. The result of the second question shows that there is freedom in both songs. It is shown by the shared concepts which were obtained by from each song. Even though the songs deliver different ideas, these two songs are representatives of the freedom happening in Elsa’s and Anna’s life.

Keywords: Disney Movie Frozen, freedom, metaphor, semantics

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ABSTRAK

Bahasa merupakan salah satu alat komunikasi. Orang membutuhkan bahasa untuk berinteraksi, mengungkapkan perasaan, dan juga menggambarkan pikiran mereka. Musik juga menjadi sarana interaksi antarmanusia melalui refleksi perasaan, pikiran, dan nilai-nilai kehidupan. Dalam musik, penyampaian pesan dapat dipahami secara harfiah, namun terkadang pencipta lagu sering kali memaknai secara kiasan. Lirik membantu pendengar memahami apa yang ada dalam pikiran penulis. Lagu “Let it Go” dipilih karena merupakan lagu unggulan di Film Frozen. Lagu tersebut mencerminkan karakter utama Elsa. “Love is an Open Door” juga dipilih karena mencerminkan tentang Anna. Setiap lagu memiliki bahasa kiasan, terutama metafora. Ini diambil dari pengalaman atas fenomena yang terjadi di sekitarnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengklasifikasikan ungkapan metaforis dan menganalisis maknanya. Peneliti perlu melihat makna literal dari frasa-frasa dalam lirik untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan yang mendalam tentang metafora sehingga dapat menganalisisnya dari makna leksikal hingga metafora. Tujuan lainnya adalah juga untuk menyatakan penggambaran kebebasan dengan menganalisis makna metaforis dalam ungkapan metaforis kata atau frasa dalam lagu. Data dikumpulkan dari Film Frozen dan dipilih dua lagu. Data yang dikumpulkan didasarkan pada pendapat tentang kebebasan dan banyaknya ungkapan metaforis yang ada padanya. Dua lagu yang dipilih adalah “Let it Go” dan “Love is an Open Door”. Pendekatan semantik diterapkan untuk membedakan makna literal dan metaforis dalam lirik. Setelah makna ungkapan metaforik ditemukan, selanjutnya penulis dapat menyampaikan pesan dari lagu tersebut. Pendekatan semantik cocok diterapkan karena membantu peneliti untuk menguraikan beberapa unsur kebahasaan yang berkaitan dengan makna. Teori metafora diterapkan untuk mengkategorikan metafora ke dalam jenis metafora struktural, orientasi, dan ontologis. Penggambaran kebebasan terungkap melalui sifat-sifat semantik dan metafora yang ditemukan dalam lirik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif karena objek penelitian ini berbentuk lirik lagu. Dari hasil analisis tersebut, peneliti menemukan total tujuh belas metafora, sepuluh metafora struktural dan tujuh metafora ontologis. Namun, tidak ada metafora orientasi dalam lagu-lagu tersebut. Hasil pertanyaan kedua menunjukkan adanya kebebasan pada kedua lagu tersebut. Hal itu ditunjukkan dengan konsep bersama yang diperoleh dari masing-masing lagu. Meskipun menyampaikan ide yang berbeda, kedua lagu ini mewakili kebebasan yang terjadi dalam kehidupan Elsa dan Anna.

Kata Kunci: Disney Movie Frozen, freedom, metaphor, semantics

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is one of the tools for communication. Without language, one

will never be able to communicate with others. People need language to

interact, express feelings, and also portray their thoughts, as Benjamin Whorf

stated:

Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society we see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation (Whorf in Fromkin et al., 2014, p. 22).

In addition to language as a daily communication tool, music is also a

means of interaction between people through reflection of feelings, thoughts,

and life values. In music, the delivery of messages can be understood literally,

but sometimes listeners may have difficulty understanding the meaning in song

lyrics because song writers often put meaning figuratively and also use terms

that are not always the same as what they wish to express.

According to Henry Wadsworth Longfellow quotes, music is often used

as the “universal language of mankind”. Indeed, both language and music have

a great expressive power to deliver the message of one’s sentiment or emotion.

Music can be a supporting tool in learning language through song lyrics. In

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general, children and adults listen to song as an individual learning effort to understand language effectively as well as being fun.

Music contains several elements such as rhythm, melody, tone, and lyrics. Lyrics help the listeners understand what is in writer’s mind. According to Jonathan Culler in his book entitled Theory of Lyrics, he stated that lyric is the foundation genre for the poetics or literary assumption of cultures throughout the world. They have poetic words with certain meanings. The lyrics represent the feelings and experiences of the author. In the academic circle, scholars treat the lyrics not as an imitation of the behavior of the poet's experience, but as representation of an action. Therefore, the lyrics affect many people and can be used as motivation. It is spoken by a persona whose situation and motivation needs to reconstruct.

Lyric expresses personal emotions or thoughts of the song writer, therefore the researcher finds it interesting to explain the utterances stated in the lyrics. This research studies and analyzes the metaphorical meaning in the lyrics of “Let it Go” and “Love is an Open Door” from Disney Movie Frozen.

The significance of the study is that the soundtrack songs and other supporting song lyrics in the film provide an important role in conveying the message of the song. The researcher chooses Disney Movie Frozen song not only because it entertains viewers with the classic Disney magical stories, but also because it evokes many valuable messages. The songs chosen in this study presume the idea of freedom by both main characters, Elsa and Anna after their parents’ death.

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Freedom is chosen because each song represents the two main characters in the film, namely Elsa and Anna who were free from the chains they had felt so far. “Let it go” reveals all the fears that are freed. This song was created for Elsa. The meaning of the song is metaphorically and literally based on the story of Elsa and Anna. Elsa doesn’t want her sister to be hurt by other people’s crimes and wants to protect her snow power because she loves her sister too much. In the story, Elsa has a conflict, namely the insurmountable power of snow power. The songwriter did not create Elsa as not a real villain but a conflicted person who has snow power. When writing the songs, she experienced a conflict because she saw it from a different perspective than the pure villain Elsa. Elsa as a conflicted person, who has always had to hide her snow power and now was able to embrace them. The beginning of the film adapts to the song. “Love is an Open Door” was created for Anna because of free from her chain.

The song “Let it Go” is chosen because it is the prominent songs in

Disney Movie Frozen. In fact, the songwriters, Kristen Anderson-Lopez and

Robert Lopez stated that the song became special because it has changed the original story line of the movie. The song reflects the main character, Elsa, who was originally at the beginning conceived as a villain, yet later she went through a transformation of characters by the song writer. She is characterized later to let go all that has been holding her away. While the song entitled “Love is an Open Door” is also chosen because it reflects about Anna. The researcher hopes that by looking at the perspective of Elsa and Anna, the researcher can

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explain freedom in the film Frozen which is reflected in the metaphorical expression in the lyrics.

The researcher presumes the idea of freedom in both the songs “Let it

Go” and “Love is an Open Door” as the lyrics contain metaphor, which carry the implied message of the song. The message obtained from the metaphorical meanings would be further elaborated by the researcher through the metaphorical expression.

Metaphor is one of the figurative languages that is usually used in literature. In a song, metaphor is connected with the theme, popular issues or other songs related. By this idea, the writer suggests how songs can be metaphorically related to the theme by analyzing the song lyrics and the meaning in contexts. Thus, the researcher decided to choose song lyrics as the object of the study.

Each song has figurative language especially metaphor. It is taken from the experience on the phenomenon that happens in surroundings. The use of metaphor could be found in basic conversation, for instance, “My brother is the black sheep of my family”. This phrase is an instance of metaphor, which means “Someone who has bad reputation within a family” because the black sheep is an unusual animal, which typically stays away from the herd.

Semantic approach is used by the researcher to analyze the meaning of the metaphorical expressions found in the two songs in Disney Movie Frozen entitled “Let it Go” and “Love is an Open Door”. The researcher needs to look at the literal meanings of the phrases in the lyrics to achieve a thorough

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knowledge about metaphors in order to analyze them from the lexical to the metaphorical meaning. The researcher will use three types of conceptual metaphor which are structural, orientational, and ontological metaphor (Lakoff

& Johnson, 2003, p. 5, 14, & 25). An example of the metaphorical expression is “I’m one with the wind and sky”. In this line, Elsa is comparing herself with wind and sky. The word wind means moving air, especially when it moves strongly or quickly in a current. Sky means the space above the earth where clouds and the sun and stars appear. In literal meaning, I’m one with the wind and sky means she is at one with nature—living out there alone, with only nature accompanying, and she is entirely happy with that. The wind and sky are very free so she feels that she is very much like them, even one with them.

There are snow, wind, and sky. She feels very free of everything that was pressuring her in her past life. This expression can also be used to describe someone’s that has strong power. Metaphorically, this expression means not being ruled by anything and not having something to hide because wind and sky are related to something which is free. The concept is shifted from a feeling to a situation or condition. This understanding gives a new interpretation to the expression. The expression can be interpreted as the writer is together with nature.

By analyzing the metaphorical meaning within the metaphorical expression of the words or phrases collected, the researcher will be able to analyze the story line of the song. It will lead to answering the presumption of

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freedom in both of the songs represented by the main characters, Elsa and

Anna.

B. Problem Formulation

To understand more about the metaphorical expression found in Disney

Movie Frozen lyrics “Let it Go” and “Love is an Open Door”, there are two problems which are arranged as follows:

1. What are the types of metaphorical expressions found in “Let it Go” and

“Love is an Open Door”?

2. How do the metaphorical expressions portray freedom in the movie?

C. Objectives of the Study

This study is performed to classify the metaphorical expression and

analyze their meaning. The researcher needs to look at the literal meanings of

the phrases in the lyrics to achieve a thorough knowledge about metaphors in

order to analyze them from the lexical to the metaphorical meaning. Next, the

study is in objective to state the portrayal of freedom by analyzing the

metaphorical meaning within the metaphorical expressions of the words or

phrases collected.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to prevent misunderstanding that may happen in this study, the explanation of the terms used in this thesis will be explained.

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Metaphor is, for most people, a device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish—a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language.

Moreover, metaphor is typically viewed as characteristic of language alone, a matter of words rather than thought or action. We have found that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language, but in thought and action

(Lakoff & Johnson, 2003, p. 3). According to Hurford, Heasley, and Smith, metaphor is conceptual operations reflected in human language that enable speakers to structure and construe abstract areas of knowledge and experience in more concrete experimental terms (2007, p. 133).

Metaphorical expression is a word, phrase, or sentence which contains

a metaphorical concept. Lakoff and Johnson stated in their book that since

metaphorical expressions in our language are tied to metaphorical concepts in

a systematic way, we can use metaphorical linguistic expression to study the

nature of metaphorical concept and to gain an understanding of the

metaphorical nature of our activities (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003, p. 8). Therefore,

after revealing the metaphorical expression, the researcher expects to get the

message of the song by analyzing it.

Lyrics are “written as a form of interaction between the writer and the listeners. Most of the times they carry a message with the purpose of motivating the listeners” (Dallin as cited in Firdaus, 2013, p. 100). Lyrics represent the writer’s mind and help the listeners to understand what is in the writer’s mind.

In addition, the listeners sometimes prefer a song for the lyrics. Therefore, the

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lyrics can also take a role in determining whether a song will be favored or not.

(Ekaningrum, 2015, p. 9)

Freedom is the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants

without hindrance or restraint, and the absence of a despotic government.

(Gammon, 2012, para. 1)

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into three parts. They are review of related

studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. The first part is

review of related studies. In this part, the researcher reviews several studies

that are appropriate in the topic of the study which is the object of the study.

The second part is review of related theories. In this part, the researcher uses

the theory of semantics that is used to find out the meaning of a song from the

lyrics that the writer’s expressed, especially theory of metaphor that is used to

find the metaphorical expressions and types of metaphor. The third part is

theoretical framework. This part explains the contribution of the theories to

answer the problem formulation.

A. Review of Related Studies

There are many articles and studies that use song lyrics as their object of the study. Some related studies previously done by several researchers are required to support this study. Here are few studies that were conducted for undergraduate thesis.

The first study is written by Wilya Setiawati and Maryani (2018) entitled “An Analysis of Figurative Language in Taylor Swift’s Song Lyrics”.

Their study is related to this research because both have the same object which is song. It has also the same methodology, especially in the method of the study that the researcher will adapt for this undergraduate thesis which is descriptive

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qualitative method and library research method. Although it has close similarity, the study concerns in several figurative languages that are found in

Taylor Swift’s song lyrics such as simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, paradox, and irony, while this research concerns in the meaning of the metaphorical expression and the theme in the songs of Disney Movie Frozen.

The second study is written by Rifky Maulana and Malikatul Laila

(2017) entitled “A Semantic Analysis of Metaphor found in Selected Lyrics of

“The Script”, “Katy Perry”, and “Michael Buble”. This study focusses on describing the meaning and classifying the types of metaphor. Maulana and

Laila try to analyze the data by identifying the types of metaphor which are found in selected lyrics of “The Script”, “Katy Perry”, and “Michael Buble” by using the theory of metaphor classification. After identifying the types of metaphor, they describe the elements which are being compared in such metaphors of selected lyrics from “The Script”, “Katy Perry”, and “Micahel

Buble” using theory of tenor and vehicle. After that, they explain the functional meaning of the metaphor in selected lyrics of “The Script”, “Katy Perry”, and

“Michael Buble” by referring to context in the use of metaphor.

These studies are related to this research because both are discussing about the same object of the study which is song lyrics. Both studies and the research also have metaphor as the object of the study. They also use semantic approach to analyze the meaning. The methodology, especially the method of the study, is also the same which is descriptive qualitative method. This method will be adapted in this research to analyze the data. In addition, both the studies

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focus on classification of metaphor which are conceptual metaphor, mixed metaphor, and poetic metaphor, while this research focuses on the conceptual metaphor which are divided into structural metaphor, orientational metaphor, and ontological metaphor.

Another study is written by Kadek Yorga Pramana Jata, I Made Netra, and I Nyoman Tri Ediwan (2017) entitled “Metaphors in Queen’s Song Lyrics”.

The study focusses on identifying the types of metaphors and revealing the meaning of the metaphorical expressions in Queen’s song lyrics. Jata, Netra, and Ediwan analyze the data by identifying the metaphor inside each song and finding the occurrences of metaphors in the song lyrics. After identifying the metaphor inside the song lyrics, they classified the metaphors into types of the metaphor from the theory of metaphor by Lakoof and Johnson which are structural, orientational, and ontological metaphor. After that, they analyze the meaning of the metaphorical expressions found in Queen’s selected song lyrics.

This study by Kadek Yorga Pramana Jata, I Made Netra, and I Nyoman

Tri Ediwan is related to this research because both have the same object of the study which is song lyrics and it also have same types of metaphor which are structural, orientational, and ontological metaphor. This study focuses on revealing the meaning of the metaphorical expressions within the song lyrics, while this research not only reveals the meaning of the metaphorical expressions but also analyzes the theme of the song.

In conclusion, these three previous studies are related to this study. The object of the study which is song lyrics and the method of the study which is

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descriptive qualitative is the same as the research. Some differences from each of the studies are also identified to distinguish the previous study and this research. The first one focusing on categorizing the song lyrics into some of the figurative languages. The second one focuses on describing the meaning and classifying the types of metaphor. The third one focusing on identifying the types of metaphors and revealing the meaning of the metaphorical expressions in song lyrics. Meanwhile, this research focuses on classifying the types of metaphor and revealing the portrayal of freedom in the song lyrics in the movie.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this part, the related theories that are used to answer the research

questions are reviewed. The theories that the researcher use are semantics,

metaphor, types of metaphor, and language in songs. Due to the object of the

study is a literary work and the main issue is mostly concerning about

meanings, therefore the researcher uses semantic approach as the basic theory

to analyze the problems.

1. Theory of Semantics

The theory of semantics helps the study in order to find out the meaning

of a song from the lyrics that the writer’s expressed. It shall provide the

required toolkit to elaborate the meaning of the lyrics.

According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, semantics is the study of

the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrase, and sentences (Fromkin

et al, 2014, p. 140). Moreover, according to Crystal, semantics is a major

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branch of linguistics devoted to the study of meaning in language. The term is also used in philosophy and logic, but not with the same range of meaning or emphasis as in linguistics. In linguistics, the emphasis is on the study of the semantic properties of natural languages, the term ‘linguistic semantics’ is often being employed to make the distinction clear, where the term ‘semantics’ is used without qualification to refer to its linguistic sense. Different linguists’ approaches to meaning nonetheless illustrate the influence of general philosophical or psychological positions.

According to Patrick Griffiths in his book entitled An Introduction to

English Semantics and Pragmatics (2006), semantics is the study of the

“toolkit” for meaning: knowledge encoded in the vocabulary of the language and in its patterns for building more elaborate meaning, up to the level of sentence meanings (2006, p. 1). In short, semantics is the study of words and sentences.

Understanding semantics is important because of communication. It is a crucial factor in social organization. Human mind produces meanings so that semantics plays the role by thought processes, cognition, and conceptualization

(Leech, 1981, p. ix). These elements will support to be defined as meanings through language.

There are several subfields of semantics. Among them are lexical semantics and phrasal or sentential semantics. Lexical semantics concerns on the meaning of words, while phrasal or sentential semantics concerns on syntactic units larger than words.

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a. Lexical Semantics

The meaning of lexical semantics is the meaning of words and the meaning of relationships among words (Fromkin et al, 2014, p. 140).

Morpheme is also focusing on word since it is the smallest meaningful unit in language. Lexical semantics is the branch of linguistics that concerns with the study of lexical meaning (D. A. Cruse in Smelser & Baltes, 2001, p. 8758). The differences between lexical meaning and nonliteral meaning is that lexical meaning refers to the meaning of a word and it appears in the dictionary, while nonliteral meaning contains figurative language, it is an everyday word that have meanings beyond the dictionary meanings. For instance, the word “star” in “there are billions of stars in the universe” and “you are definitely a star” has different meanings. The word “star” in “there are billions of stars in the universe” lexically means a planet or a configuration of the planets that is held in astrology to influence one’s destiny or fortune that refers to the real star.

Meanwhile, the word “star” in “you are definitely a star” refers to a person that has characteristics like star, it is nonliteral meaning. b. Semantic Properties

Semantic properties or semantic features are needed to analyze the meaning of words. Semantic features are the elements to help someone to understand those meanings. The semantic features are the properties that reflect speaker’s knowledge about certain words. These semantic features can also be used to describe part of the meaning of the words.

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The term [+] and [-] is used to know either the word has the characteristic or not. The element may be as general as animate that can be used to describe part of the meaning of words (Yule, 2010, p. 114).

Table 1. Example of Semantic Properties

Father Kitten Son

+animate +animate +animate

+human -human +human

+male -male +man

+adult -adult -adult

This shows that father indicates information that it is a male human being and

it is adult, son indicates information that it is a male human being but it is not

adult. Meanwhile, the word kitten indicates information that it is not human

being and also not adult. All of them are animate. c. Phrasal and Sentential Semantics

The larger scope in the study of semantics is phrasal and sentential

semantics. It is dealing with the meaning of phrase and sentences.

Nevertheless, it cannot be separated away from lexical semantics. The

Principal of Compositionality states that the meaning of phrase or sentence

depends both on the meaning of its word and how those words are combined

structurally (Fromkin et al., 2014, p. 140). In addition, Katz and Fodor (1963)

suggest that we can go further and actually derive the meaning of a sentence

from the meaning of the words it contains (Palmer, 1981, p. 140).

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In lexical semantics, there is a relation between words such as in the bound morpheme –nyms. Sentential semantics on the other hand deals with the relation between sentences. In lexical semantics, there is the term synonymous for two words that have similar meaning. Meanwhile, in sentential semantics, the two sentences that have similar meaning are called paraphrase. Lehmann confirms by stating, “If two or more sentences are synonymous, they are referred to as paraphrases of one another” (1976, p. 232).

Sentential semantics is closely related to the study of syntax. The use of reflexive pronouns is one of the examples of how semantics and syntax interact. The meaning of a reflexive pronoun always refers back to some antecedent (Fromkin et al, 2014, p. 168). For example, in the sentence Mary prepared the meal by herself, the pronoun herself must be referred to Mary.

The pronoun herself is applied because the subject of the sentence is known as a woman. Syntactically, if the pronoun of that sentence is changed into himself, there will be no problem. However, it will be semantically odd since the name

Mary is known as a woman’s name.

John Lyons gives an explanation regarding to the relation between semantic and syntax. He states in his book that:

Sentences are, by definition, grammatically well-formed. There is no such thing, therefore, as an ungrammatical sentence. Sentences however may be either meaningful (semantically well-formed) or meaningless (semantically ill-formed) (Lyons, 1995).

Nevertheless, in some cases, a sentence is intentionally constructed to form a meaningless interpretation. This kind of semantic violations is usually appeared in a poem. Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams state that “Semantic

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violations in poetry may form strange but interesting aesthetic images, as in

Dylan Thomas’s phrase a grief ago” (2014, p. 148). By doing this kind of

semantic violations, the Principle of Compositionality becomes useless since it

cannot interpret the nonliteral meaning of words or sentences. When this

principle fails to produce an acceptable literal meaning, listeners stretch it. The

“stretching” that the listeners do is based on semantic properties that are

inferred, or that provides some kind of resemblance (Fromkin et al., 2014, p.

150). In other word, when people cannot agree with the literal meaning of a

sentence, they will find another meaning beyond literal that can satisfy their

imagination.

2. Theory of Metaphor

There are some figurative languages that are often used in literacy in

order to be more effective, persuasive, and impactful; namely simile, metaphor,

paradox, and personification. One of them is metaphor that is the most often

used in song lyrics.

Metaphor is used to elaborate each of the metaphorical expression to

obtain the metaphorical meaning of the songs. This theory helps the researcher

find and relate the literal meaning and the metaphorical meaning of the word.

According to Saeed, in his book Semantics, metaphor has two

traditional positions on the role of metaphor in language. The first is classical

view. Based on the Aristotle’s writings on metaphor, he sees metaphor as a

kind of decorative addition to ordinary plain language; a rhetorical device to

be used at certain times to gain certain effects. The second traditional approach

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to metaphor is romantic view. In this view, metaphor is integral to language and thought as a way of experiencing the world (Saeed, 2016, pp. 370-371).

Lakoff and Johnson believe that metaphor is not only “a device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish” as metaphor is typically viewed as a characteristic of a language. Metaphor is also “pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action” (2003, p. 3). People’s conceptual system, in the matter of the way people think and act, is basically metaphorical.

This conceptual system structures what one perceives, how one gets around in the world, and how one relates to other people. This conceptual system undertakes a central role in defining people’s everyday reality.

Referring to Lakoff and Johnson (2003, pp. 3-4), the conceptual system is not something that people are aware of. One way to discover that is through observing the use of language in everyday life because communication is based on the same conceptual system that people use in thinking and acting.

Metaphorical expressions reflect how people think and how people use one kind experience in a context with the intention of understanding another experience in different circumstances (Ungerer & Schmid as cited in

Johansson, 2016, p. 7). As an illustration, people talk about argument in terms of war in sentence like “he shot down my argument” or “I have never won an argument with my parents”. One can win or lose an argument. Some can attack others and defend their own position. Though there is no physical war happening, the structure of an argument reflects one of a war. To sum up, argument is conceptualized and structured as war.

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Glucksberg (2001, p. 8) argues that metaphor understanding is different from and more complex than literal understanding because it requires more cognitive work and the use of contextual information. In understanding metaphor, there is a two-step process in terms of level. The first level is called the theory level of analysis, and the second is the processing level of analysis.

The theory level of analysis is where theoretical analysis and categorization of metaphor take place. Cameron and Low (1999, p. 6) explain that this level is

“driven by the concern to produce adequate and elegant theoretical accounts that are coherent within the particular logic chosen”. The main concern of this level is to identify it based on theories or categorization. It is also to interpret metaphor regarding the logic of the expression’s production. In this level, people are able to recognize that one expression is considered as metaphor. The central concern on this level is the identification of the metaphors.

The second level or the processing level of analysis is more related on how the interpretation is constructed through the point of view of individual, society, or environment. The concepts in metaphor are noticed and related to many views of different aspects. In this level, the process of analysis engages in production or interpretation of tasks such as “how concepts are activated when lexical items in a metaphor are made sense of, how an interpretation of metaphor is reached, how metaphor can organize conceptual structures in long- term memory, and how processing of metaphor can change conceptual structures and/or provide new meanings for lexical items” (Cameron & Low,

1999, p. 6).

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In song lyrics, the use of metaphor is to make the song more dramatic to the listener. According to Scher, metaphor in song lyrics is seen significantly because it functions to emphasize the essence of the song lyrics (1992, p. 93).

It also has a purpose to convey the meaning the songwriter is trying to deliver.

From the metaphors in song lyrics, the listener should be able to interpret the theme of the song.

Metaphor is one of the figures of speech used by the speakers to express the ideas or concept of a thing in terms of another. As defined by Corbett, metaphor is defined as two concepts which share something in common yet unlike nature (1999, p. 396). The first concept is labeled as ‘Topic’, meanwhile the second concept is labeled as ‘Vehicle’. Instead of sharing the same features, the Topic is partially structured as Vehicle, but not total. If it were total, the

Topic then would actually be the Vehicle. The concepts are acquired empirically from the experience of the speakers. Experience is the key to synchronize and relate one concept to another because people act according to the way they conceive of things. They could relate two concepts based on their basic comprehension of those concepts (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003, pp. 12-13).

In order to explain the metaphor itself, Cameron discusses the use of term Topic and Vehicle, by stating, “the first something is often labelled the

‘Topic’ (occasionally the ‘Tenor’), and the ‘Vehicle’ is the label given to the something else” (1999, p. 13). Topic and Vehicle are different from two versions of understanding, its surface forms and conceptual systems. Reference of Topic does not seem to have an extra processing in order to explain the

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meaning, and Vehicle may occur in the developing of an extended meaning of metaphor across several aspects of topic.

Topic and Vehicle in surface forms are analyzed as lexical items which can use any word class, and come in the form of morpheme, word, phrase, and sentence, or might connected within a unit which are clause or phrase (1999, p. 15). For example, “lollipop trees”, the phrase is composed by adjective and noun.

In conceptual system, Topic and Vehicle, Kittay in Cameron states that

“interpretation of metaphor involves the transfer of relation between the semantic field of the Vehicle and that of the Topic” in order to find the underlying meaning of metaphor expression (1999, p. 17). Understanding metaphor means activating the Topic and Vehicle domain. For instance, “Juliet is the sun”. Sun is considered as the Topic, and the activation of sun is not merely its features but also the fact that it is the center of solar systems, which means the center of many planets in solar system. The attribute used to borrow the term sun acts as its Vehicle, which is the center of solar systems. Therefore, the interpretation of Topic and Vehicle may vary in many ways, that is, as

Cameron states, “groupings of all types and levels of information and meaning that may be activated on encountering the Topic and Vehicle” (1999, p. 20).

Since metaphor can be found in everyday language, it is also used in song lyrics. The comparisons in songs are usually having a specific theme, whether the songs are related to recent or popular issues, culture or other songs.

The uses of metaphor in song lyrics are to develop the creativity of the

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songwriters in writing song lyrics. Metaphor can gain creativity as songwriters change some words into other words which have similar meanings when write songs. Metaphor also allows the songwriters to change the subject/object into other subject/object; it makes the songs have the aesthetic value as they are considered to be more beautiful and have deeper meaning. More than that, deeper meanings then lead the writers to express the emotions or feelings better. When the songwriter tries to compare an object, such as a person, feeling, or another thing to another object which has similar characteristic and has a meaning outside the dictionary meaning, then the writer already used a metaphor.

The definition of metaphorical expression is the expression which contains metaphor in it. It is an expression that is used to describe or define another object. As the example, the word “sun” above, is a metaphorical expression, because it contains metaphor and the writer uses it to change another word.

Since metaphor has another meaning outside the dictionary, the listeners or readers have to use their experiences or knowledge and should comprehend the facts of the words, in order to find the hidden meaning. It causes the listeners or readers to have different understandings, since their experience or knowledge about the objects that are compared may be different.

Therefore, the metaphors should be proved and the lyrics have to be seen as a whole. It should be known that the meaning of metaphors may vary when people apply the metaphor in one literary work to another work.

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3. Types of Metaphor

There are several types of metaphor. According to Lakoff & Johnson

(2003) the types of metaphor can be classified into three groups, namely

structural, orientational, and ontological metaphor. a. Structural metaphor

Structural metaphor is a metaphor that allows the reader to comprehend

one aspect of a concept in terms of another. It is stated by Lakoff & Johnson

that structural metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in

terms of another (2003, p. 5). It changes one concept into another concept

systematically. Another concept does not have to have similar appearance since

the relation of each other is not located in the surface. The concepts are not

based on the similarities, but on the correlating elements they shared.

Structural metaphors allow people to use one highly structured and

clearly described concept to structure another. They also allow people not only

to elaborate a concept in considerable detail but also to find appropriate means

for highlighting some aspects of it and hiding others.

From the book Metaphors We Live By by Lakoff & Johnson, one of the

phrase is “Time is Money”. According to Oxford Advanced American

Dictionary, money is an uncountable noun that people earn by working or

selling things and it is used to buy things, while time is an uncountable noun

that is measured in minutes, hours, days, etc. Both of them have the same

semantic properties such as [+valuable] and [+limited resources]. In this

phrase, money is the metaphorical meaning of the word time.

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Culturally, the goods and services we take every day are made and run by people and they get paid after that. People will be triggered to spend their time a lot to go to work because they will be paid equally to the time they spend at work.

The other example of structural metaphor is “Argument is War”.

According to Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, war is a state of usually open and declared armed hostile conflict between states or nations, while argument is a reason given for or against a matter under discussion. Both of them have the same semantic properties such as [+target], [+participant], and

[+debate]. In this phrase, war is the metaphorical meaning of the word argument.

It is not that argument is a subspecies of war. Arguments are verbal discourses while wars are armed conflict and the actions performed are different actions. Many actions that are performed when debating are structured from the concept of war. We can win or lose in a debate. During the debate, we consider the one we argue with as the opponent. Therefore, we

“attack” the opponent’s point of view and “protect” our opinion. We can win or lose and also use tactics to win. When we see the adverse situation making it difficult to protect our views, we often “retreat” and “open the new attack route”. In this case, even without a fight causing causalities, obviously we have a war of words through the words of war that we use.

Through these examples, Lakoff and Johnson explained that an abstract conceptual domain of “debate” is understood through a specific conceptual

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domain of “war”. These are the basic characteristics of the structural

conceptual metaphor. Besides, in this group of conceptual metaphor, the

phenomenon of highlighting and hiding in the conceptual domain is an

important characteristic. For example, in a fierce war of words, where people

only seek to put the views of their opponents down and defend their opinion,

they cannot see the aspect of “cooperation” in the war of words. When someone

argues, he or she spends time with us and tries to find out what we think and

why we have such views to understand each other better. However, while

focusing on the debate, we often forget this aspect of cooperation. In other

words, the aspect of debate is highlighting and aspect of cooperation is hiding. b. Orientational metaphor

An orientational metaphor gives a concept of spatial orientation (Lakoff

& Johnson, 2003, p. 14). It means that the characteristic aspect of the metaphors

features the ways of up or down, in or out, front or back, on or off, deep or

shallow, central or peripheral concept. This metaphor associated with space

and place, and is determined through physical and experience. Orientational

metaphors are embedded in physical and cultural experience, not arbitrarily

assigned. Lakoff & Johnson claim that it is difficult to make a distinction

between the physical and cultural basis of a metaphor because “the choice of

one physical basis from among many possible ones has to do with cultural

coherence” (2003, p. 20). Below are some examples that express the happy is

up and the sad is down metaphors:

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I’m feeling up. That boosted my spirits. My spirits rose. You’re in high

spirits. Thinking about her always gives me a lift. I’m feeling down. I’m

depressed. He’s really low these days. I fell into a depression. My spirits

sank (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003, p. 15).

Physical basis: dropping posture typically goes along with sadness and depression, erect posture goes with a positive emotional state.

From the example above, Lakoff and Johnson define the state that happy and sad is related to dropping posture. It could be seen in people’s behavior. When people feel happy, they become more confident and their spirits are boosted. They also do a lot of activities with head arisen in when making interaction with others and the environment. While when they are feeling sad, they will feel depressed and they usually do less activity for they are not feeling well. They usually interact with others with the head bent down.

Their spirits is usually sunk.

The other example of orientational metaphor is rational is up, emotional is down. Some examples that express that rational is up and emotional is down metaphors:

The discussion fell to the emotional level, but I raised it back up to the

rational plane. We put our feelings aside and had a high-level

intellectual discussion of the matter. He couldn’t rise above his

emotions. (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003, p. 17)

In many cultures, people themselves are seen as owners who have control over animals, plants, and the surrounding environment. Indeed, the

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ability to think and to reason have placed human above all else and entitled

human the ability to control the world. In this case, the conceptual metaphor

“Control is up” is the foundation for conceptual metaphor “Human is up” and

from which we have conceptual metaphor “Rational is up, emotional is down”.

This conceptual metaphor may have different justifications. In human body,

wisdom lies in the brain and the brain locates in the head. Emotions of human

are often thought in various cultures to be arising from the abdomen or chest.

Obviously, heads are above the belly or the chest, so “rational is up, emotion

is down”. c. Ontological metaphor

According to Lakoff & Johnson in Metaphors We Live By, ontological

metaphor is ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities

and substances (2003, p. 25). In other word, the abstract things (activity,

emotion, or idea) are viewed as something concrete (container, object, or

substance). It enables us to conceptualize abstract things into definite physical

property. The metaphor is quite common in our daily life. This type of

metaphor is usually found when someone gives a status as an entity for abstract

things. For example, love, mind, feeling, and experience. The examples are

“Life has cheated me” and “Inflation is eating up our profits”.

In the first example which is “Life has cheated me”, the word cheat

helps creating the concept of “life” further. Since “cheat” relates to act

dishonestly, especially in a game or an exam, therefore, it identifies “life” as

something that acts dishonestly, which metaphorically acts in a similar way as

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in an exam. It extends the idea of “life” based on another experience which is

“act dishonestly in a game or an exam” to rationalize the metaphor. The second

example is “Inflation is eating up our profits”. The word “eat up” helps creating

the concept of “inflation”, since “eat up” relates to consuming resources at a

rapid pace. Therefore, it identifies “inflation” as consuming resources rapidly

which metaphorically acts in similar way as consuming resources. It extends

the idea of “inflation” based on another experience which is “consumes

resources” to rationalize the metaphor.

The other example of this metaphor is when the mind is conceptualized

as a machine in the sentence “my mind is not operating today”. It gives

conception of the mind as having an on-off state, a level of efficiency, a

productive capacity, and an operating condition (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003, p.

23).

4. Theory of Language in Songs

Theory of language in a song helps the researcher to see the use of

language in lyrics. It helps us to understand how the theme, such as freedom,

is portrayed in the songs. Freedom in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary

English is defined as “the right to do what you want without being controlled

or restricted by anyone.” The way the researcher analyze freedom as the theme

of the song is by collecting the semantic properties that involve in freedom.

Lyrics become the important component of songs. Lyrics are composed

by words and language to help making sense of the word. Songs convey

emotions not only through music, but also in the lyrics due to its repeated words

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which helps to bring out the emotion. The unforgotten function of song is its

recreational benefit to the listener. Language is carried in songs that helps

delivering the components in songs.

In most cases, lyrics are very helpful to learn language as supported by

music, which makes lyrics act as reading materials as well. Lyrics and language

will always go along when it comes to music, therefore, these main aspects are

the most common practices to acquire new language.

Theme is conveyed in showing relation to some verses or lines in the

songs that demonstrate the major idea of the song. Evans states that “music

usually expresses the concerns, wishes or desires of the composer, who is

probably reflecting what he or she sees going on in life and culture (2004, p.

33). By being engaged to the process, the meaning of the song is a way of

recognizing theme of the songs by the language presented in the lyrics.

C. Theoretical Framework

To answer the problem formulation, there are four theories applied in

this study, namely theory of semantics, theory of metaphor, types of metaphor,

and theory of language in songs. The theory of semantics helps the researcher

in order to find out the meaning of a song from the lyrics that the writer’s

expressed. The theory of metaphor, by classifying the types of metaphor, is

contributing to the answers of the problem formulation. This theory is used to

elaborate each metaphoric expression to obtain the metaphorical meaning of

the song. The related studies take an important role in this study because it

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becomes the references of the study and builds up further understanding about metaphors, semantics, and songs.

The theories are combined to advocate the researcher to easily find the meaning of the metaphoric expression by deconstructing and relating the ideas between the literal meaning and the metaphorical meaning of the word. After analyzing the meaning of the metaphor, the researcher will classify it based on how it delivers the meaning. Hence, the message of the song could be concluded by analyzing the entire meanings of the song. The theory of language in songs helps the researcher to see the use of lyrics. It helps to understand how freedom is portrayed in the songs. Longman Dictionary of

Contemporary English is important to find the meaning, so that the definition of word will be explained unmistakably for accurate interpretation.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains three parts which are object of the study, approach

of the study, and method of the study. The first part is object of the study. This

part explains the procedure of how the object of the study is processed. The

second part is approach of the study. This part explains the approach further

that is applied as the tool to analyze the data. The third part is method of the

study. This part also explains the way the data is collected and analyzed.

A. Object of the Study

This study focuses on the use of metaphor and their function to the

message on the song lyrics. The object of the study is metaphorical expression

in the two selected songs from Disney Movie Frozen that was released in 2013.

The songs were “Let it Go” and “Love is an Open Door”. Those songs were

written by Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez. The song lyrics were

taken from http://www.genius.com.

The elements which were analyzed are words, phrases, and sentences

in the lyrics containing metaphor. The metaphors from the two songs will be

used by the researcher as the data. There were 17 metaphorical expressions that

contains words and phrases, 10 in “Let it Go” and 7 in “Love is an Open Door”.

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B. Approach of the Study

Semantic approach is chosen in the study to analyze the meaning of the

metaphorical expressions in “Let it Go” and “Love is an Open Door” songs.

This approach helped the researcher to distinguish the meanings of

metaphorical expression. After the meaning of the metaphorical expression is

discovered, the writer would then be able to convey the message of the song.

This approach is appropriate to be applied in this study because semantic

approach helps the researcher to elaborate some linguistics elements related to

meaning.

The meaning in semantics can be divided into two parts, namely literal

meaning and non-literal meaning. Conceptual meaning, or it is commonly

called as literal meaning, is the outcome of conventional method which covers

the basic and essentials components of meaning that are conveyed by the literal

use of a word (Yule, 2010, p. 113). It is the type of meaning that dictionaries

are designed to describe. Moreover, non-literal meaning contains figurative

language. It is an everyday word that has meanings beyond the dictionary

meanings. Non-literal meaning is part where metaphor in this research will be

analyzed.

The subfield of semantics that is suitable to be used in this research is

lexical semantics since this research observes the meanings of words. Semantic

properties are used to find the metaphorical meanings. Furthermore, the literal

meanings and the metaphorical meanings were compared to get the final

meanings of the metaphorical expressions. The theory of metaphor is applied

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to find the metaphorical expressions in the lyrics and to analyze the type of the

metaphors.

Metaphor is one of the scopes in semantics. It is concerned with using

words, phrases, or sentences in abstract rather than in literal way. In examining

the metaphor, the researcher needs to observe the literal and non-literal

meaning. To know that an expression is metaphor, the researcher needs to study

the literal meaning. According to Lakoff and Johnson in his book entitled

Metaphor We Live By (2003), there are three types of metaphor which are

structural, orientational, and ontological metaphor.

C. Method of the Study

This study is a descriptive qualitative research. This method aims to

examine a deeper point of view of metaphorical meaning by reviewing four

theories, previous related studies, providing systematic steps of data collection,

and evidence to answer the problem formulation (Marshall & Rossman, 2006,

pp. 53-54). It also serves the documentation and description of the object that

was analyzed in this research (p. 34). This part is divided into two smaller parts,

namely data collection and data analysis. The data collection is about how the

data is collected and the method that is used to collect the data. The data

analysis is about how the data is analyzed and the steps in analyzing the data.

1. Data Collection

In collecting the data, the researcher used purposeful sampling method.

According to Patton (2002, p. 264), purposeful sampling is selecting

information-rich cases to study, cases that by their nature and substance will

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illuminate the inquiry question being investigated. The researcher used purposeful sampling because each selected song contains metaphor. The researcher use purposeful sampling by observing all the lyrics and determining the lyrics containing metaphor.

Chart 1. The steps in Data Collection

Identifying the lyrics carefully

Classifying the lyrics having literal and metaphorical meaning

Lyrics containing metaphor

There were several steps that are conducted in data collection. The first step was the researcher identifying the song lyrics carefully to observe the meaning of the songs. In this step, the researcher watched the movie and listen to the song to make sure the meaning of the song. The second step was classifying the lyrics containing literal and also metaphorical meaning by identifying them based on the entire meaning of the songs. To discover the metaphors in the lyrics, the researcher needed to find every ambiguous expression in the lyrics. The third step was the researcher determining the lyrics containing metaphorical expression as the data to be observed.

In this study, the researcher selected two songs from Disney Move

Frozen entitled “Let it Go” and “Love is an Open Door” to be analyzed as the source of the data. The song lyrics were taken from http://www.genius.com

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because it was the most popular and accurate online lyrics places on internet.

The songs were selected based on the contention of how both the songs reflect the freedom of the main characters that they came out from their chains. It was also selected based on the amount of the metaphorical expressions. It contains

17 metaphors. The researcher only took words, phrases, and sentences containing metaphorical expression as the data of analysis.

The table below shows how the data are collected and those are the lyrics that will be analyzed both the literal and metaphorical meaning.

Table 2. Song Lyrics

ALBUM SONG TITLE LYRICS

A kingdom of isolation The wind is howling This swirling storm inside Let the storm rage on The cold never bothered me anyway FROZEN (2013) LET IT GO The fears that once controlled me can’t get to me at all I’m one with the wind and sky My power flurries through the air into the ground My soul is spiraling in frozen fractals all around One thought crystalizes All my life has been a series of doors in my face I’ve been searching my whole life to find my own place And maybe it’s the party talking or FROZEN (2013) LOVE IS AN the chocolate fondue OPEN DOOR I found my place Love is an Open Door We finish each other’s – (sandwiches) Say goodbye to the pain in the past

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2. Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, there were some steps that the researcher has gone

through. The research was done by following several steps which are provided

in the chart below.

Chart 2. The steps in Data Analysis

Gathering Defining the Classifying the semantic literal meaning metaphor properties

Defining Revealing the metaphorical portrayal of meaning freedom

The first step was analyzing the literal meaning from the elaboration of

the metaphorical expression found in “Let it Go” and “Love is an Open Door”.

In this step, the researcher consulted some dictionaries such as Oxford

Dictionary of English, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, and

Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary to find the literal meaning of the

expression and to give wider literal understanding of the metaphors by

examining the semantic properties of the expressions.

The second step was compiled and orderly resembled the data based on

each verse for the researcher to draw the main idea of each song. In this step,

the researcher gathered and observed the shared semantic properties found in

the expressions. Then the researcher was able to find the connection between

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the songs through the shared idea and to determine the central theme of the songs.

The third step was the researcher classifying the metaphor based on the types of metaphor by Lakoff & Johnson. In this step, the researcher divided the data based on the types of metaphor to make it easier to find the metaphor that occur in each line of the song lyrics. In this step, the researcher applied the theory of metaphor according to Lakoff and Johnson (2003, p. 5, 14, & 25) which are structural, orientational, and ontological metaphor. The concept of structural metaphor is when the expression brings one experience in a structure of another experience in the form of a specific concept. The concept of orientational metaphor is when the expression gives spatial orientation. It can be direction or location such as up or down, in or out, front or back, on or off, deep or shallow, central or peripheral concept. This metaphor is associated with space and place and is determined through physical and experience. The concept of ontological metaphor is when the expression acts as a person that is usually known as personification. The abstract things (activity, emotion, or idea) are viewed as something concrete (container, object, or substance). The metaphor is quite common in our daily life. From the elaborated metaphorical expression, the researcher could gain the metaphorical meaning from the lyric.

Below is the example of how the researcher analyzed the data. The lyric was taken from Disney Movie Frozen’s song “Let it Go”:

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Table 3. Example of Metaphor Analysis

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept This swirling Strong feeling The writer’s Structural [+strong] storm inside of the part of mind which [+endless] inner side of the has become [+feeling] writer moving insensitive or around unable to feel or understand his emotion

The example above was taken from the song “Let it Go” and one of the metaphorical expressions found in the lyrics was storm. By applying the first step, the result is according to the dictionary definition, storm is defined as “a period of very bad weather when there is a lot of rain or snow, strong winds, and often lighting”. It is also defined as “a situation in which people suddenly express very strong feelings about something that someone has said or done”.

Swirl is defined as “to move around quickly in a twisting circular movement, or to make something do this”. Inside means “if something happens inside you, or inside your head or mind it is part of what you think and feel, especially when you do not express it”. By applying the second step, the outcome is the semantic properties of storm inside are [+disturbance], [+strong],

[+unpredictable], and [+mind]. The semantic properties of swirling are

[+movement], [+round], and [+endless]. In this metaphor, the shared concept is [+strong]. By applying the third step, the result is this metaphor can be classified as structural metaphor because it depicted another understanding through such kind of expression. In structural metaphor, one concept is presented in terms of other concept. It is because the expression is

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comprehended by relating to the main character in the movie so that the meaning of storm is understood. The shared concept of the metaphor is established by applying semantic properties in both meanings which then will be used to define the portrayal of freedom. By applying the fourth step, the outcome is this metaphor structures, the concept of swirling storm with reference to complicated things. It could be grounded empirically and culturally. The rest of the metaphorical expression would also be analyzed to obtain the whole meaning of the song.

In answering the second problem, the researcher defined the metaphorical meaning by watching the movie in order to see the scene to interpret the meaning. It continued with the identification of elements that were related to the literal meaning of the metaphors by mentioning the Topic and the

Vehicle. The outcome of this step was that the researcher could be able to conclude the underlying meaning of the metaphorical expression.

The second step was that the researcher concluded the result. In this step, the researcher revealed the theme of each song by mentioning the semantic domain of the shared semantic properties. The researcher also paid attention to the main domain of each metaphorical expression in the song, then compared to each other. Therefore, from the shared semantic properties the researcher can figure out the portrayal of freedom in the song, or how those are contributed in delivering the theme of the song. Finally, the researcher analyzed the metaphors to find the theme of the song which is freedom that is related to the two main characters in the movie.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter is divided into two parts to answer the research questions

mentioned in the first chapter. The first part discusses the first research question

that is about the types of metaphorical expressions in “Let it Go” and “Love is

an Open Door” song lyrics.

The second part is the analysis and the discussion about the portrayal

of freedom in the movie. This part reviews the purpose of the result of the first

part of analysis in delivering the main theme that is shared by the selected

songs.

A. The Types of Metaphorical Expressions in “Let it Go” and “Love is an

Open Door” Song Lyrics

In this part, the writer shows the research finding of the types of

metaphorical expressions by defining its metaphorical meaning and the literal

meaning in Disney Movie Frozen songs. Each of the data display is followed

by the analysis. All of the underlined metaphorical expressions which are

underlined are firstly analyzed by the literal definition which is taken from

Oxford English Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, and

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. The literal definition is used to

support the analysis of the metaphorical expressions used in the song lyric.

Once the writer sees its meaning, then it is classified into types of metaphor

namely structural, orinetaional, and ontological metaphor by Lakoff & Johnson

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(2003, p. 5, 14, & 25). In these kinds of metaphors, the metaphorical

expressions are parted based on the songs. Each analysis of the metaphor is

summed up into a table. The table below displays the types of metaphors found

in the songs.

Table 4. Types of Metaphor in “Let it Go” and “Love is an Open Door”

No. Song Types of Metaphor Structural Orientational Ontological 1 Let it Go 5 - 5 2 Love is an Open 5 - 2 Door Total metaphors 17

There are two songs taken as the data for the analysis, namely “Let it

Go” and “Love is an Open Door”. In total, there are 17 metaphorical

expressions. “Let it Go” has 10 metaphors, containing 5 structural metaphors

and 5 ontological metaphors. While “Love is an Open Door” consists of 5

structural metaphors and 2 ontological metaphors. However, there is no

orientational metaphor found in the selected songs.

The two of them are analyzed further in the next discussion according

to the theories of metaphor by Lakoff & Johnson which are structural,

orientational, ontological metaphor in the previous chapter.

1. Structural Metaphor

Based on chapter 2, structural metaphor is a metaphor that allows the

reader to comprehend one aspect of a concept in terms of another concept. In

this type of conceptual metaphor, one concept is understood and expressed in

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terms of another structured, sharply defined concept. It changes one concept

into another concept systematically.

Table 5. Structural Metaphor

NO. SONG TITLE LYRICS 1. A kingdom of isolation 2. This swirling storm inside 3. I’m one with the wind and sky LET IT GO 4. My soul is spiraling in frozen fractals all around 5. And one thought crystallizes 6. All my life has been a series of doors in my face 7. I’ve been searching my whole life to find my own place LOVE IS AN OPEN DOOR 8. Love is an Open Door 9. We finish each others’ – (sandwiches) 10. Say goodbye to the pain of the past

a. A kingdom of isolation

According to the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, kingdom is defined as “a country ruled by a king or queen”. While isolation is defined as “when one group, person, or thing is separate from others”. It is also defined as “when someone feels alone and unable to meet or speak to other people”.

Table 6. Analysis of metaphorical expression “A kingdom of isolation”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept A kingdom of A place ruled The sense of Structural [+separate] isolation by a king or being peaceful queen a and lonely situation that is far from crowd

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This lyric tells about Elsa, one of the main character in Disney Movie

Frozen. The literal meaning of the expression is showing that the writer is in the ruled place, due to its concrete idea which is real in our surroundings with the semantic properties [+rule] and [+place]. The place where the writer is heading to is silent and away from the crowd as it is pictured as isolation. Even the place is isolated, it is clear that the writer feels lonely. The semantic properties of isolation are [+separate] and [+alone]. Then kingdom of isolation can be interpreted as a situation that is far from crowd because isolation is related to emotional state which is silent that does not have in its properties.

The concept is shifted from a place become a situation or condition to complete the concepts of the kingdom that shifted to an emotional change.

This understanding gives a new interpretation to the expression. The expression can be interpreted as the writer’s feeling lonely. The concepts shared by this metaphor are [+alone] and [+silent]. The topic of this metaphor is kingdom and the vehicle is isolation as it undergoes shifted meaning and activates the concepts of lonely. This metaphor is categorized as a structural metaphor since the expression is delivering another concept which are

[+silent], [+quiet], and [+loneliness] to illustrate the condition and it already contains rich mental concept which are [+emotion] and [+feeling] that build its meaning without having to relate to an individual’s specific experience.

Without relating to an experience, the reference of the metaphor is easily interpreted due to its common usage or occurrence in everyday life.

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When receiving this message, the listener would understand the concept

of kingdom without a specific reference whether it necessarily has to be a

territory or not. Otherwise, it is the sense of being peaceful for the reason that

kingdom does not refer to specific kingdom. This expression’s purpose is to

show how somebody that is glad to be with whomever the speaker is sending

the information.

As stated in Cameron & Low, Topic and Vehicle are one way to describe metaphor expression (1999, p. 12). Kingdom is the Topic of this expression because it is the label to describe the concept of the Vehicle, which is isolation. The topic is kingdom and the Vehicle is isolation. The shared concept of the metaphor was established by applying semantic properties in both meanings which then will be used to define the portrayal of freedom. The concepts shared by this metaphor are [+alone] and [+silent]. The added semantic property is [+physical]. b. This swirling storm inside

The example above was taken from the song “Let it Go” and one of the

metaphorical expression found in the lyrics was storm. According to Longman

Dictionary of Contemporary English, storm is defined as “a period of very bad

weather when there is a lot of rain or snow, strong winds, and often lighting”.

It also defined as “a situation in which people suddenly express very strong

feelings about something that someone has said or done”. Swirl is defined as

“to move around quickly in a twisting circular movement, or to make

something do this”. Inside means “if something happens inside you, or inside

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your head or mind it is part of what you think and feel, especially when you do not express it”. Spiral is defined as “a line in the form of a curve that winds around a central point, moving further away from the center all the time”. From the definition, it is known that the semantic properties of storm inside are

[+disturbance], [+strong], [+unpredictable], and [+mind]. The semantic properties of swirling are [+movement], [+round], and [+endless].

Table 7. Analysis of metaphorical expression “this swirling storm inside”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept This swirling strong feeling the writer’s Structural [+strong] storm inside of the part of mind which [+endless] inner side of the has become [+feeling] writer moving insensitive or around unable to feel or understand his emotion

The literal meaning of the expression is expressing very strong feeling that cannot be expressed. By this definition, the singer refers to something that is strong and uncontrolled inside the writer’s mind. The storm inside can also refer to the writer’s mind in relation to the previous expression “the wind is howling” of which interpretation is related to something to be noticed.

The word storm is illustrating the intense feeling of keeping everything inside and how complicated things got when her power is revealed. This understanding is obtained from the semantic properties of storm which are

[+disturbance], [+strong], [+unpredictable], and [+motion]. It can be seen from the fact that when heavy rain is happened, usually it is accompanied by storm

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and also wind. Furthermore, swirling in this context is referring to something that continuously happens to the writer, since swirling carries the semantic properties of [+movement], [+round], and [+endless]. From this understanding, the meaning of the expression is illustrating that the writer has a very strong feeling that continuously happen.

In literal meaning, the expression means that strong feeling of the part of inner side of the writer is moving around. However, the storm inside is referred as the writer’s mind in relation to the previous expression “the wind is howling” of which interpretation is related to sound to be noticed from distance. It is also supported by the expression which expresses inside concern with the mind or mental state in “I was screaming inside”. Storm, in this context, becomes the word that depicts something that is strong and uncontrolled inside the writer’s mind. Storm inside is then interpreted as the term insensitive which is defined as without feeling or simply an uncontrolled ability to feel. The concepts of storm inside then depicts the writer’s mind which has become insensitive or unable to feel or understand his emotion.

This line is a metaphor because it compares the idea of the storm and something that can swirl. Literally, the storm cannot swirl. The storm is being compared to a person who is angry. So, that the swirling storm inside is a metaphor to describe storm. We can mention that the storm is compared to a shape of soft ice cream in a cone by the verb swirl. So, the concept of a shape of soft ice cream in a cone is not random. We can mention the source for the metaphor. The meaning is that the storm inside is swirling. It creates a motion

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that is whirls. The activity or action of swirling has a function to make something become more complicated. Therefore, the storm might have the same purpose as swirling.

From the definition, it is known that the semantic properties of storm inside are [+mind], [+disturbance], [+strong], and [+unpredictable]. Yet, here the word storm inside is used to describe intense feeling of keeping everything inside and how complicated things got when her power is revealed. The semantic properties of swirling are [+strong] and [+complicated]. In structural metaphor, one concept is presented in terms of other concept. This metaphor structures the concept of swirling storm with reference to complicated things.

Therefore, the metaphor is reckoned as structural metaphor and the shared concept is [+strong]. In this metaphor, the shared concept is [+strong}. It is a structural metaphor because it already contains rich mental concept which are

[+emotion] and [+feeling], that build its meaning without having to relate to an individual’s specific experience. Without relating to an experience, the reference of the metaphor is easily interpreted due to its common usage or occurrence in everyday life.

The concepts shared by this metaphor are [+strong], [feeling], and

[+continue]. This metaphor is categorized as a structural metaphor as it depicted another understanding through such kind of expression. In structural metaphor, one concept is presented in terms of other concept.

The comparison is between storm and a person who is angry. The topic is storm inside and the vehicle is swirling. The shared concept is [+strong]. The

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semantic properties of storm are [+extreme], [+strong], [+rage], and [-control].

In this metaphor, the shared concept is [+strong}. However, they do not share

[+extreme], [+rage], and [-control]. It could be grounded empirically and

culturally. The added semantic properties are [+endless] and [+movement] c. I’m one with the wind and sky

In this line, Elsa is comparing herself with wind and sky. Based on

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, wind is defined as “moving air,

especially when it moves strongly or quickly in a current”. Sky is defined as

“the space above the earth where clouds and the sun and stars appear”. In its

literal meaning, one with the wind and sky means she is at one with nature –

living out there alone, with only nature accompanying, and she is entirely

happy with that. The wind and sky are very free so she feels that she is very

much like them, even one with them. There are snow, wind, and sky. She feels

very free of everything that was pressuring her in her past life. Elsa has the

power to freeze things and to make snow. This expression can also be used to

describe someone’s that has strong power.

Table 8. Analysis of metaphorical expression “I’m one with the wind and sky”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept I’m one with I am one with not ruled by Structural [+powerful] the wind and nature - living anything and [+free] sky there alone not have something to hide

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In literal meaning, the expression shows that she is at one with nature –

living out there alone, with only nature accompanying and entirely happy with

that. The wind and sky are very free so she feels that she is very much like

them, even one with them. Wind and sky carries the semantic properties of

[+free] and [+nature]. The literal meaning is showing that the writer is free

from anything. Then “I’m one with the wind and sky” can be interpreted as not

being ruled by anything and not having something to hide because wind and

sky are related to something which is free. The concept is shifted from a feeling

to a situation or condition. This understanding gives a new interpretation to the

expression. The expression can be interpreted as the writer is together with

nature.

The shared concept of this metaphor is [+free]. This metaphor is

categorized as a structural metaphor as it depicted another understanding

through such kind of expression. In structural metaphor, one concept is

presented in terms of other concept. One understands the concept of nature as

the concept of powerful and free. To understand nature as something that is

powerful is to have in mind a correspondence between nature and a person with

power in mind. The topic is life of the author and the vehicle is wind and sky.

The shared concept is [+free]. The added semantic properties is [+together]. d. My soul is spiraling in frozen fractals all aroundas

As defined by Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, soul is

“the part of a person that is not physical, and that contains their characters,

thoughts, and feelings”. Spiraling is “to move in a continuous curve that gets

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nearer to or further from its central points it goes around”. The meaning of the expression is feeling and thought that move with curved line shape.

Table 9. Analysis of metaphorical expression “My soul is spiraling”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept My soul is feeling and the feeling of Structural [+continue] spiraling in thought that how the writer frozen fractals move with using it to her all around curve line advantage that shape. she got to control of herself from the situation that continuously happens

The word soul is illustrating the character, thought, and feeling of the writer. This understanding is obtained from the semantic properties of soul which are [+feeling] and [+thought]. It can be seen if people likes to play music, they will have strong feeling of the tone of songs. Furthermore, spiraling in this context is referring to an unpleasant situation. Spiraling depicts an unpleasant situation or condition that continuously happens to the writer since spiraling carries the semantic properties [+continue]. From this understanding, the meaning of the expression is illustrating the feeling of how the writer using it to her advantage that she got to control of herself from the situation that continuously happens. The concept shared by this metaphor is

[+continue].

This line is a metaphor because it compares the idea of the soul and something that is spiral. Literally the soul cannot make spiral pattern. The soul

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is being compared to something that has spiral pattern such as, snail shells,

flower petals, pine cones, or curly hair. So, that the soul spirals is a metaphor

to describe soul. We can mention that the soul is compared to snail shells,

flower petals, pine cones, or curly hair by the verb spiraling. So, the concept of

snail shells, flower petals, pine cones, or curly hair is not random. We can

mention the source for the metaphor. The soul can be replaced by snail shells,

flower petals, pine cones, or curly hair. The meaning is the soul makes spiral

pattern. The activity or action of spiraling has a function to locate their position

to be noticed. Therefore, the soul might have the same purpose as spiraling.

The shared concept of this metaphor is [+endless]. This metaphor is

categorized as a structural metaphor as it depicted another understanding

through such kind of expression. In structural metaphor, one concept is

presented in terms of other concept. The Topic is soul and the Vehicle is

spiraling. The concept shared by this metaphor is [+endless]. The added

semantic properties are [+central] and [+different] e. And one thought crystalizes

According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, thought

is defined as “something that you think of, remember, or realize”. It is also

defined as “a feeling of worrying or caring about something”. The word

crystallize is defined as “it becomes very clear in your mind”. The meaning of

the expression is a feeling that can be disclosed clearly.

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Table 10. Analysis of metaphorical expression “And one thought crystallizes”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept And one The opinion of the writer’s Structural [+mind] thought her life that feeling become [-blur] crystallizes disclosed clearer clearly

The word thought is illustrating that the writer realizes and thinks about something. This understanding is obtained from the semantic properties of thought, which are [+mind] and [+realize]. It can be seen from the fact that if people forget to bring something, they could recall the previous activities.

Furthermore, crystallizes in this context depicts something that can be seen clearly which is not blurry. Crystallizes carries the semantic properties [-blur].

From this understanding, the meaning of the expression is illustrating that the writer’s feeling becomes clearer. The concepts shared by this metaphor are

[+mind] and [-blur]. This metaphor is categorized as structural metaphor. A structural metaphor already contains rich mental concept that builds its meaning without having to relate to an individual’s specific experience.

Without relating to an experience, the reference of the metaphor is easily interpreted due to its common usage or occurrence in everyday life. Thought is a structural metaphor considering when stating this expression, no specific knowledge is required in order to understand this.

The examples of the usage of crystallizes are ice and snowflakes. They are the examples of the crystallization of water. Another interesting example is the crystallization of honey. When bees regurgitate honey into the honeycomb,

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it is a liquid. Overtime, sugar molecules within the honey begin to form crystals

through the process of crystallization described above. If you have an old bottle

of honey, take a look inside. There will likely be little crystals of sugar within

the liquid. If you want to speed the process up, put the honey in the refrigerator.

The cooling of the liquid decreases the solubility of the sugar within the liquid,

and it will rapidly form crystals.

This metaphor’s literal meaning is Elsa is thinking about her life. The

metaphorical meaning of this lyric is that she becomes more open than she was

in the beginning after getting rid of her inhibitions about herself.

The mappings of metaphor cannot be separated from Topic and Vehicle

(Graham & Low, 1999, p. 14). To reach further into the analysis, Topic and

Vehicle displays cognitive views of the interpretation of metaphor. Topic is the

lexical item of metaphor expression, while Vehicle is its underlying concept.

The Topic is telling someone about something, whereas its Vehicle is the

expressed opinion. The Topic is thought and the Vehicle is crystallizes. The

concepts shared by this metaphor are [+mind] and [-blur]. The added semantic

properties are [+freeze], [-animate], and [+clear] f. All my life has been a series of doors in my face

The lyrics above can be found in the song “Love is an Open Door” from

Disney Movie Frozen. It is describing the first meeting between Anna and

Hans. According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, door

means “the large flat piece of wood, glass, etc. that you move when you go into

or out of a building, room, vehicle etc., or when you open a cupboard.” This

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line is a metaphor because it compares Anna’s life and doors. Door in this line means her life journey when meeting new people. This line is about times/moments after Elsa shut Anna out when they were young. Anna rarely got to see Elsa’s face. She had to talk to Elsa’s door as a form of communication. This line also tells about Elsa’s saying that she has been by herself with no one to play with (I’m saying even though she has Elsa, it was like Elsa wasn’t even there).

Table 11. Analysis of metaphorical expression “A series of doors in my face”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept All my life The designated Rejection Structural [+barrier] has been a time at which series of the doors at a doors in my performance face venue are opened to admit attendees

Based on our experiential basis, door is a gate of entrance and exit way from a room or a building. To enter a room, we should politely open the door, the same way as when we quit the room. Thus, this concept is considered as the topic. Door, as the vehicle, is represented as a part of relationship. The writer depicts the door as the life journey when meeting new people. To enter a room one should pass the door first. Since door represents the existence of relationship, it could be categorized as structural metaphor. The Topic is the life of the author which carries the concept of a journey with the semantic properties of [+experience], [+entrance], and [+barrier]. The author depicts the

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doors as her life journey experience. Doors is the vehicle of this metaphor with the semantic properties [+experience], [+journey], and [+barrier]. The concepts shared between the topic and the vehicle of this metaphor are [+experience] and [+barrier]. However, they do not share [+journey] and [+entrance].

One understands the concept of life as the concept of a journey. To understand life as a journey is to have in mind a correspondence between a traveler and a person living the life in mind, the road taken and the course of a lifetime, even a starting point and the time of birth. Their knowledge about lives and journeys is effective to interpret the concept of life as a journey.

As stated by Katz and Taylor (2008, p. 150), because journeys define a path from a certain start to some end points, one can also describe life in a path- appropriate term, “he come to a bad end” for example. In a journey, people come across some places that one has passed or in which one is trying to reach whereas in life, the equivalent would be some transitional episodes. Therefore, when someone succeeds to arrive at their destination, they say “I finally reach my goal”. However, one can structure life’s progress in a similar way, “I finally reach my goal”.

The author depicts the doors as her life experience. Door is the vehicle of this metaphor with the semantic properties of [+experience], {+barrier], and

[+entrance]. The topic is the life of the author which carries the concept of journey in a door with the semantic properties [+experience] and [+barrier].

Therefore, door is considered as structural metaphor. The concept shared by the topic and the vehicle is the act of experiencing something from a starting

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point in a particular state or place.

The Topic is the life of the author, which carries the concept of a

journey with the semantic properties of [+experience], [+entrance], and

[+barrier]. The author depicts the doors as her life journey experience. Doors

is the vehicle of this metaphor with the semantic properties of [+experience],

[+journey], and [+barrier]. It is a structural metaphor because it comprehends

one aspect of a concept in terms of another.

This expression can be used to describe someone’s life experiences

which can be very happy. One understands the concept of life as the concept

of a journey. To understand life as a journey is to have a correspondence

between a traveler and a person living the life in mind, the door taken, and the

course of a lifetime, even a starting point and the time of birth. Their knowledge

about lives and journeys is effective to interpret the concept of life as a journey.

Door is compared with life experience. The meaning is rejection. The

concepts shared between the topic and the vehicle of this metaphor are

[+experience] and [+barrier]. However, they do not share [+journey] and

[+entrance]. The added semantic properties are [+entrance] and [+experience] g. I’ve been searching my whole life to find my own place

In “Love is an Open Door” for exactly in the first verse, the writer

explains a girl which is searching for her identity.

In its lexical definition, own means belonging to oneself or itself –

usually is used by following a possessive case or possessive adjective.

However, when it is used to describe someone’s feelings, own means

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expressing immediate or direct kinship. Merriam-Webster Collegiate

Dictionary defines place as “the position of a figure in relation to others of a row or series especially: the position of a digit within a numeral”. Place is also defined as “an indefinite region or expanse”.

Table 12. Analysis of metaphorical expression “to find my own place”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept I’ve been indefinite Hans finally Structural [+possessive] searching my region that finds his [+immediate whole life to belongs to identity kinship] find my own oneself place

Literally, the expression means an indefinite region that belongs to oneself. The word own is illustrating that the writer is having something that belongs to herself. This understanding obtains the semantic properties of own which is [+possess]. Furthermore, place depicts the the position of the figure in relation and region since place carries the semantic properties [+position].

From this understanding, the meaning of the expression is illustrating that the writer has immediate kinship. The shared semantic properties which are

[+kinship] and [+possess]. This metaphor is categorized as structural metaphor because it comprehends one aspect of a concept in terms of another.

Hans finally found his identity. My own place shows that Hans was actually intending to make Arendelle his place by using Anna. The topic of this metaphor is understood as a condition where Hans never actually loved Anna since the very beginning, of which concept is borrowed to structure the concept

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of the vehicle-my own place. The shared semantic properties which are

[+kinship] and [+possess]. The added semantic properties is [+indefinite

place]. h. Love is an Open Door

According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, love is

defined as “a storng feeling of caring about someone, especially a member of

your family or a close friend”, while open door is defined as “a recognized

right of admittance”. Both of them have the same semantic properties such as

[+freedom], [+opportunity], and [+recognized right].

Table 13. Analysis of metaphorical expression “Love is an Open Door”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept Love is an Love is We can find Structural [+opportunity] open door personal love anywhere [+freedom] affection

Literally, the expression means a recognized right to have strong feeling

with someone. The word love is illustrating that the writer has a strong feeling

towards someone. This understanding obtains the semantic properties of love

which are [+affection] and [+kinship]. Furthermore, open door depicts the

recognized right to enter, since open door carries the semantic properties

[+opportunity]. From this understanding, the meaning of the expression is

illustrating that the writer has opportunity to give affection and kinship. The

shared semantic property is [+opportunity]. This metaphor is categorized as

structural metaphor because everyone has personal affection towards someone

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else. People who have affection towards other people usually have opportunity

to choose with whom they fall in love.

This line means that with love, you can find new ways to do things that

you could not do before. This line also describes when Anna and Hans say

“Love is an Open Door”, they mean you can find love anywhere. They do not

mean that when you open a door there is love.

The Topic is love and the Vehicle is open door. The shared semantic

property is [+opportunity]. The added semantic properties are [+recognize] and

[+acceptance]. This metaphor is categorized as structural metaphor because

everyone have personal affection towards someone else. People who have

affection with other people usually have opportunity to choose with whom they

fall in love. i. We finish each others’ – (sandwiches)

Finish in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English is defined as

“to complete the last part of something that you are doing”. Sandwiches is

defined as “a cake consisting of two layers with jam and cheese between them”.

Table 14. Analysis of metaphorical expression “sandwiches”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept We finish Bring different Hans might not Structural [+different] each others’- things that they be exactly (sandwiches) are going to say what she seemed

Literally, the expression means the end of the complicated and many

struggle. The word finish is illustrating that the writer ends the relationship.

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This understanding obtains the semantic properties without of fears which is

[+end]. Furthermore, sandwiches depicts the struggle of relationship that

happens many time since sandwiches carries the semantic properties of

[+layer]. From this understanding, the meaning of the expression is illustrating

that the writer has many struggles and has different things to say. The shared

concept is [+different]. This metaphor is categorized as structural metaphor

because it comprehends one aspect of a concept in terms of another.

The similar shared concept could be derived from the element of finish.

The result of the action and differences could be considered as completing the

last part of doing something. The results are the shared concepts of this

metaphor. The completeness, nevertheless, is not the relationship like

“complete” in a race. Instead, it is a completeness which could only be felt and

thought about.

This expression is determined as a structural metaphor for the vehicle

structures the similar concepts with the literal meaning.

The Topic is sandwiches and the Vehicle is finish. The shared semantic

property is [+different]. The added semantic properties are [+complete] and

[+certain position]. j. Say goodbye to the pain of the past

Pain in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English is defined as

“the feeling you have when part of your body hurts.” It also defined as “the

feeling of unhappiness you have when you are sad, upset, etc.”. While past is

defined as “the time that existed before the present”.

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Table 15. Analysis of metaphorical expression “The pain of the past”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept Say goodbye Say goodbye to Together they Ontological [+space] to the pain of the everything can leave all [+open the past horrible before their pains in place] meeting each the past and other just be happy together because nothing is an obstacle for love

Literally, the expression means horrible things that happens several

years ago. The word pain is illustrating that the writer has unhappy feeling.

This understanding obtains the semantic properties of pain which are [+hurt]

and [-happy]. Furthermore, past depicts leaving unhappiness situation since

past carries the semantic property [-obstacle]. From this understanding, the

meaning of the expression is illustrating that the writer can leave all their pains

in the past and just be happy together because there is no obstacle for love. The

shared concept is [+feeling]. This metaphor is categorized as ontological

metaphor because saying goodbye is usually done by human when they want

to go. Pain in this metaphor acts like human that usually called as

personification. The topic is pain and the vehicle is past. The shared semantic

property is [+feeling]. The added semantic property is [-exist]

2. Ontological Metaphor

Based on chapter 2, ontological metaphor is a metaphor that gives a

status as an entity or substance for something that does not have status

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inherently (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003, p. 25). Ontological metaphor is quite

common in our daily life. This type of metaphor is usually found when

someone gives a status as an entity for abstract things (e.g. love, mind, feeling,

experience, etc).

Table 16. Ontological Metaphor

NO. SONG TITLE LYRICS 1. The wind is howling 2. Let the storm rage on 3. The cold never bothered me anyway LET IT GO 4. The fears that once controlled me can’t get to me at all 5. My power flurries through the air into the ground 6. And maybe it’s the party talking or LOVE IS AN OPEN DOOR the chocolate fondue 7. I found my place

a. The wind is howling

According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, wind is defined as “moving air, especially when it moves strongly or quickly in a current”. The word howling means “to make a long loud cry because you are unhappy, angry, or in pain, or because you are amused or excited”. It is also defined as “to shout or demand something angrily” and “it makes a loud high sound as it blows”. The word wolf means “a wild animal that looks like a large dog and lives and hunts in group.”. In this expression, the word wind refers to illustration of the writer’s feeling that is being moving strongly without control.

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Table 17. Analysis of metaphorical expression “the wind is howling”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept The wind is someone that combination of Ontological [+noise] howling makes a loud emotion about sound that can what happened be noticed by at the palace others just minutes before as well as the guilt, the anger, the anxiety of having to hide away her true self for years

This line describes a combination of emotion about what happened at the palace just minutes before as well as the guilt, the anger, and the anxiety of having to hide away her true self away for years. Wind is having the semantic properties of [+moving], [+direction], [+strong], and [-animal]. Furthermore, howling has semantic properties of [+noise], [+loud], [+animal sound], and

[+by animate thing]. It leads to an indication that the writer depicts someone that makes a loud sound that so he can be noticed by others.

Thus, the expression the wind is howling shows that wind cannot howl.

Then the understanding should be stretched to a wider understanding rather than its literal meaning. However, wind cannot howl. It indicates that what is howling in this expression is not associated with the physical howling as when animal is in danger, they will produce loud sound. The concepts shared by this metaphor are [+loud] and [+noise]. The topic in this metaphor is wind and the

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vehicle is howling which activate the term to be noticed to influence the new concepts.

This line is a metaphor because it compares the idea of the wind and something that can howl. Literally the wind cannot howl. The wind is being compared to an animal that can howl, as in dog or wolf. So, that the wind howl is a metaphor to describe wind. We can mention that the wind is compared to a dog or a wolf by the verb howl. So, the concept of a dog or a wolf is not random. We can mention the source for the metaphor. The wind can be replaced by a dog or a wolf. The meaning is the wind produces a howl. It creates a very loud sound which everyone can hear from distance. The activity or action of howling has a function to locate their position to be noticed. Therefore, the wind might have the same purpose as howling.

Wind is the Topic of this expression because it is the label to describe the concept of the Vehicle, which is howling. The topic is wind and the Vehicle is howling. The shared concept of the metaphor was established by applying semantic properties in both meanings, which then will be used to define the portrayal of freedom. The concepts shared by this metaphor are [+loud] and

[+noise]. The added semantic properties are [+animal], [+loud], and

[+animate].

This metaphor can be classified as ontological metaphor because the wind acts like person. Personification is one of the forms of ontological metaphor. It is because the expression is comprehended by relating to the main

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character in the movie so that the meaning of wind is understood. In real life,

wind cannot howl. b. Let the storm rage on

Lexically, storm in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English means “a period of very bad weather when there is a lot of rain or snow, strong winds, and often lighting”. It also defined as “a situation in which people suddenly express very strong feelings about something that someone has said or done”, while the word rage on means “a strong feeling of uncontrollable anger”.

Table 18. Analysis of metaphorical expression “storm”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept Let the storm Strong the writer’s Ontological [+loud] rage on uncontrollable unpleasant [+unpleasant] feeling situation with herself

This line is a metaphor because it compares the idea of the storm and

something that can rage on. Literally the storm cannot rage on. The storm is

being compared to someone screaming at the top of their lungs, holding a bat,

and charging toward another person. So, that the storm rage on is a metaphor

to describe storm. We can mention that the storm is compared to someone

screaming at the top of their lungs, holding a bat, and charging toward another

person by the verb rage on. So, the concept of someone screaming is not

random. We can mention the source for the metaphor. The meaning is that the

storm makes depicts an uncontrollable anger. It creates a loud sound which is

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uncontrollable and it can be heard from the distance. It is usually disturbing someone surroundings. The activity or action of rage on has a function to locate their position to be noticed. Therefore, the storm might have the same purpose as rage on.

This metaphor’s literal meaning is a strong uncontrollable feeling.

Storm carries the semantic properties of [-control], [+disturbance],

[+unpredictable], and [+strong]. The semantic properties of rage on are

[+loud], [+unpleasant], and [+by animate thing].

This understanding then leads to a new concept of the expression which means that her experience expresses uncontrollable feeling of not hiding something. The concepts shared by this metaphor are [-control] and [+feeling].

It is obtained from the meaning of the metaphors that indicate the writer’s unpleasant situation within herself. These metaphors are categorized as an ontological metaphor because she treated entities such as mind, feeling, and thought as a physical object that can be rage on.

Metaphorically, it means that Elsa’s feeling is not in control of her anymore. These two meanings shared the concept of the act of a person who can be angry. The semantic properties of the literal meaning are [-control],

[+disturbance], and [+loud sound]. The semantic properties of the metaphorical meaning are [-control], [+loud sound], [-pleasant]. Therefore, the shared semantic properties are [-control] and [+loud sound]. However, they do not share [+disturbance], and [-pleasant]. This metaphor is classified as ontological

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metaphor because storm cannot rage on. In general, storm means what other

people think about Elsa.

The storm is compared to someone screaming at the top of their lungs,

holding a bat, and charging toward another. Metaphorically, it means that

Elsa’s feeling are not in control of her anymore. The topic is storm and the

vehicle is rage on. The added semantic properties are [+loud], [+unpleasant],

and [+animate] c. The cold never bothered me anyway

This metaphor is found in “Let it Go” from Disney Movie Frozen. This lyric describes about Elsa’s magical powers. Cold in Oxford English Dictionary is defined as “a low temperature, especially in the atmosphere, cold weather; a cold environment”. The word bother means “worry, disturb, or upset”. It also means “cause trouble or annoyance to someone by interrupting or otherwise inconveniencing”. However, cold can be interpreted into another meaning such as unfriendly. In low temperatures, cold is avoided by some people because it is uncomfortable.

Table 19. Analysis of metaphorical expression “cold”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept The cold a bad feeling Elsa feels Ontological [-comfortable] never when people in lonely living in bothered me danger which the outside anyway has a lower world alone temperature than the usual temperature

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From the definition of cold, it is concluded that the semantic properties of cold are [-comfortable] and [+unfriendly]. The semantic properties of bother are [-comfortable], [+worry], [+annoying], [+emotion], and [+feeling].

In the literal meaning, the expression shows that the writer Elsa feels lonely living in the outside world alone. Literally, the expression means she has no problem living in a building of ice on top of frozen mountain, where other people would have trouble surviving. It also means a bad feeling when people are in danger, which has a lower temperature than the usual temperature.

However, cold can be interpreted into another meaning such as unfriendly. In low temperature, cold is avoided by some people, for example of, winter, which is a cold season symbolizing death because in winter, the plant cannot be grown, people and animal is struggling for their life in this temperature.

The topic is cold which literally means the bad feeling with low temperature, while the vehicle is the idea that describes the unfriendliness behavior.

This line relates to Elsa growing up in solitude trying to “perfect” herself. It sorts of connects to cold as being the absence of heat, therefore the cold symbolizes absence of people, or the cold feeling of being outcasted. Since she was always alone, it would not bother her if she were alone again because this time she can be free to be herself instead of trying to please everyone, which is shown at the line “That perfect girl is gone”.

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The Topic is cold and the Vehicle is bother. Elsa feels lonely living in

the outside world alone. The concept shared by this metaphor is [+feeling]. The

added semantic properties are [+annoying] are [+animate] d. The fears that once controlled me can’t get to me at all

The lyrics above can be found in “Let it Go”. Longman Dictionary of

Contemporary English defines fears as “the feeling you get when you are afraid or worried that something bad is going to happen.” Control is defined as “the ability or power to make someone or something do what you want or make something happen in the way you want.” It also defined as “the power to make the decisions about how a country, place, company, etc. is organized or what it does”, “the ability to remain calm even when you feel very angry, upset, or excited”, and “an action method or law that limits the amount or growth of something, especially something that is dangerous”. By this definition, the semantic properties of fears are [+feeling], [+emotion], [+unpleasant], and

[+afraid]. While the semantic properties of control are {+power], [+action] and

[+limit]. The singer refers to fears as the scared feeling of hurting Anna, Elsa’s little sister, with her power.

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Table 20. Analysis of metaphorical expression “The fears that once controlled me”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept The fears that feeling when feeling of Ontological [+feeling] once people are afraid to make [+action] controlled me afraid to do decision and can’t got to something even do something me at all they have power that sometimes can be dangerous

Literally, the expression means afraid of hurting people. It is also means feeling when people are afraid to do something even they have power that sometimes can be dangerous. The word fears is illustrating that the writer is having feeling when they are afraid that something bad is going to happen. This understanding obtains the semantic properties of fears which are [+feeling] and

[+bad]. Furthermore, control depicts the ability to make decision and to do something since control carries the semantic property [+action]. It can be seen from the fact that if someone plays remote control car, people should make decision of where the car will be directed. From this understanding, the meaning of the expression is illustrating that the writer has a fear to make decision and do something. The concepts shared by this metaphor is [+feeling] and [+action]. This metaphor is categorized as ontological metaphor because it lacks cognitive status, therefore, the help of an individual’s own experience creates a more specific meaning of the expression. Personification is one of the form of ontological metaphor. It is because the expression is comprehended by

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relating to the main character in the movie so that the meaning of fears is

understood. Fears can’t actually control you.

The Topic is fear and the Vehicle is something that can be controlled,

such as body language. It is the feeling of being scared of hurting someone with

her power. The concepts shared by this metaphor are [+feeling] and [+action].

The added semantic properties are [+action], [+power], and [+animate]. e. My power flurries through the air into the ground

According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, power is defined as “the ability or right to control people or events”. It is also defined as

“a natural or special ability to do something”. While the word flurries is defined as “a time where there is suddenly a lot of activity and people are very busy”.

It is also defined as “a small amount of snow or rain that is blown by the wind”.

The expression means a special ability that can be confused.

Table 21. Analysis of metaphorical expression “My power flurries”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept My power Ability that can the writer’s Ontological [+emotion] flurries go anywhere emotion can be [+confuse] through the gone to air into the anybody else. ground

Literally, the expression means ability that can go anywhere. The word

power is illustrating that the writer is having emotion with someone. This

understanding obtains the semantic properties of power which are [+emotion]

and [+ability]. Furthermore, flurries depicts something that is busy and flying

away, since flurries carries the semantic properties [+busy] and [+fly]. It can

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be seen from the fact that if it is a rainy season and the wind blows, something that is thin will be blown. From this understanding, the meaning of the expression is illustrating that the writer’s emotion can be thrown to anybody else.

This line is a metaphor because it compares the idea of the power and something that can flurry. Literally the power cannot flurry. The power is being compared to a thing that can flurry, as in snow or leaves. So, that the power flurries is a metaphor to describe power. We can mention that the power is compared to snow or leaves by the verb flurry. So, the concept of snow or leaves is not random. We can mention the source for the metaphor. The power can be replaced by snow or leaves. The meaning is the power moved by sudden gusts of wind. It creates a small swirling mass of something in the nature that is light. The activity of flurries has a function to locate their position to be noticed. Therefore, the power might have the same purpose as flurries.

The shared semantic properties are [+emotion] and [+confuse]. This metaphor is categorized as ontological metaphor This metaphor illustrates power as a container to carry emotion, and in this case the container is full with emotion and is going to flurries anytime soon. Under the given circumstances, this metaphor is categorized as ontological metaphor.

The topic is power and the vehicle is flurries. The shared semantic properties are [+emotion], [+confuse], and [-direction]. The added semantic properties are [+busy] and [+animate]

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f. And it’s maybe the party talking or the chocolate fondue

Party is defined by Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English as

“a sound event when a lot of people meet together to enjoy themselves by eating, drinking, dancing, etc”. The example of party is often found in our daily basis, such as in a wedding, birthday, graduation, and family gathering. As the signifier, party is emerged when there are people gathered to celebrate something. Talk is defined as “speak in order to give information or express ideas or feelings; converse or communicate by spoken words” and “use a particular language in speech”. People are usually talking about important information and giving speech about their event.

Table 22. Analysis of metaphorical expression “and maybe it’s the party talking or the chocolate fondue”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept And maybe And maybe it’s cheerful Ontological [+happy] it’s the party the party crowd talking or the chocolate fondue

Literally, the expression means expressing idea and feeling in particular

language in the event. The word party is illustrating that the writer is enjoying

to come to event that includes many people in it. This understanding obtains

the semantic properties of party which are [+enjoy] and [+sound].

Furthermore, talking depicts expressed feeling and giving information with

particular language, since talking carries the semantic properties [+language]

and [+expression]. It can be seen from the fact that if people communicate with

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people from other country, they could use particular language. From this understanding, the meaning of the expression is illustrating that the writer is enjoying each other’s company. The shared concepts of the metaphor are

[+expression] and [+enjoy]. This metaphor is classified as ontological metaphor. The conditions of the party is so intense that the writer depicts it as it is saturated thoroughly into the situation they encounter. The concept which could be drawn from the topic and the vehicle is [+sound]. It is clear that the ontological metaphor is applied here, as we see party as an entity and substance and it goes through the certain area thoroughly.

As the vehicle, party talking is illustrated as his not enjoying small talk with people he does not know. As talking means to use a particular language in speech, the topic of this metaphor could be considered as a condition where

Hans does not know what makes him like Anna.

In the line 4 in the first verse of “Love is an Open Door”. The metaphoric expression is party talking. The word talk means able to make sounds similar to those of speech. In lexical meaning, this expression means someone is taking part in a festive activity which it performs a personification action. Metaphorically, this expression means that the word party change into party as an entity because of the word talking. In this case, the meaning is that

Hans enjoy the moment after meeting Anna but he does not know what makes him like Anna. The sentence is similar to a common phrase “it is the wine talking” that means when people open up and say things that they would not

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normally say, but the wine loosens their inhibitions. In this case, Hans is saying

the party or the fondue have loosened his perplexing of self-reliance.

The Topic is talking and the Vehicle is party. The shared concept of the

metaphor are [+expression] and [+enjoy]. The added semantic properties is

[+togetherness] g. I found my place

The definition of place in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary

English is “the role or important position that someone or something has in a

situation or in a society”. Find is defined as “to discover, see, or get something

that you have een searching for”. It is also defined as “to discover something

by chance, especially something useful or interesting”, “to discover that

someone or something is in a particular condition or doing a particular thing

when you see or touch them”, and “to have a particular feeling or opinion or to

have a particular feeling or opinion about someone or something”.

Table 23. Analysis of metaphorical expression “I found my place”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept I found my Hans found his Hans found a Structural [+own place place is going way to take kingdom] to rule because over it is in line with Arendelle, his his own own kingdom kingdom

Literally, the expression means to have a particular feeling of someone

that has important position that someone has in a situation. The word find is

illustrating that the writer is having particular feeling. This understanding is

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associated with the semantic property of find which is [+feeling]. Furthermore, place depicts the important position that someone has in a situation, since place carries the semantic properties of [+position]. From this understanding, the meaning of the expression is illustrating the important position to have particular feeling. The shared semantic properties are [+position] and

[+feeling]. This metaphor is categorized as structural metaphor because it comprehends one aspect of a concept in terms of another.

Both definitions above are included in the same source for the reason that it is generally spoken in daily conversations. For a situation, place literally means somewhere where you belong to. However, the second definition implies to role that someone has. In order to understand place, commonly people do not need detailed references due to the fact it does not rely to other context than the person discussed, which is why it is included in structural metaphor.

Due to its immediate reference to impression to an important position, i found my place is a structural metaphor. The Topic of this expression is the word that signifies the concept, place. What place attributes is Anna’s becoming the ruler of Arendelle. This idea is referring the label for the expression, which makes it the Vehicle for place. Hans found a way to take over Arendelle to make it his own kingdom. The shared semantic properties are [+position] and [+feeling]. The added semantic properties are

[+experience] and [+feeling].

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B. The portrayal of freedom through the metaphoric expressions in “Let

it Go” and “Love is an Open Door” Song Lyric

Based on the discussion above, there are 17 metaphoric expressions found in the two selected Disney Movie Frozen’s songs. The portrayal of freedom in the selected songs will be elaborated after identifying and classifying the metaphoric expressions into types of metaphor that contains in

“Let it Go” and “Love is an Open Door” song lyric. The metaphorical meanings would be assembled in order to construe the intended interpretation of the clauses and the lyrics as a whole.

1. Let it Go

The first verse can be interpreted as a realization of Elsa. IThe semantic

properties in the combination of emotions about what happened at the palace

as well as the guilt, the anger, the anxiety of having to hide away her true self

for years are [+noise] and [+moving].

The second verse “the fears that once controlled me can’t get to me at

all” tells about when Elsa was back at the castle, she was always scared that

her powers would hurt someone. That fear controlled her and made her stay

shut up in her room, shutting her sister out. Elsa was not scared of hurting

others when she was so far away from them. The feeling of being afraid to

make decision and to do something is associated with the semantic properties

of [+feeling] and [+action].

The second chorus, “I am one with the wind and sky” with the semantic

properties [+powerful] and [+free] tells about that she is not ruled by anything

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and not having something to hide. The wind and sky are very free, so she feels that she is very much like them, even one with them. She feels very free of everything that was pressuring her in her past life. This expression can also be used to describe someone that has strong power.

Instead of hiding her powers, she decides to “let go”. When she sings that she no longer cares about what others think of her, she seems to free herself from the fear that is lingering in her mind. She decides to experiment on her powers and declares no rules for her to conceal her powers anymore. She sings that no right or wrong that can hold her to prove herself. She sings, “I am the one with the wind and sky.” This lyric can be interpreted as confidence in showing that she may have powers and that she is different, but she is the one who can handle her powers, she is the one who knows what to do with her powers, not anyone else. Here, she declares that no one can bother her anymore and begins to accept her powers.

The bridge contains the illustration of someone who looks back at her past relationship. The shared concept [+emotion] indicates that she expresses that her power is so great so she can do anything.

She knows that she had lost control of her powers, but she does not mind because it feels so good after holding it in for years. In fact, she is so happy and positive now from the lyric “my power flurries through the air into the ground”.

The lyric “my soul is spiraling in frozen fractals all around” from the bridge portrays that Elsa is finally able to express herself. She is not losing her

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soul, she is letting it grow and expand. She is now able to practice her powers

and allow herself to be who she is. This line means the feeling of how the writer

using it to her advantage that she got to control of herself from the situation

that continuously happens. The lyric shares the concept [+continue].

The metaphor used in this song is the same between structural and ontological metaphor, with total five items in each. Ontological metaphor allows one to do more than just orient concepts, refer to them, and/or quantify them. It conceptualizes one thing in terms of something people understand more easily (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003, p. 61). Elsa illustrates the ideas in her song by relating her experience to the things that sound more familiar to the audience.

The shared concepts of the lyrics display how the author feels about

herself and her journey to reach freedom. The concepts [+separate], [+alone],

[+noise], [+moving], [+strong], [+endless], [+feeling], [+feeling], and

[+action] in the verses tell the story about how the main characters feel before

her freeness – her bad days, and how she express her feelings to the world, and

after her freedom when she looks back to her past – how she does not want to

think about the bad days anymore because her heart is so full with emotion.

The concepts [+unpleasant], [+loud], [-comfortable], [+powerful], [+free],

[+emotion]., [+continue], [+mind], and [-blur] in the chorus and bridge are

about her freedom – that she has experienced many things in her past, and that

she is happy. From these concepts, it can be understood that this song is about

the changes from a self-reliance girl into the girl that has freedom to do

anything. Therefore, the theme of “Let it Go” is Elsa’s freedom.

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Table 24. The Portrayal of Freedom in “Let it Go” Song Lyric

SONG TITLE SHARED SEMANTIC LYRICS PROPERTIES [+noise] The wind is howling [+moving] [+feeling] The fears that once [+action] controlled me can’t get to me at all LET IT GO [+powerful] I’m one with the wind and [+free] sky [+emotion] My power flurries through the air into the ground [+continue] My soul is spiraling in [+moving] frozen fractals all around

From table 24, it can be seen that the freedom is highlighted in several metaphoric expressions such as “The wind is howling”, “The fears that once controlled me can’t get to me at all”, “I’m one with the wind and sky”, “the power flurries through the air into the ground”, and “my soul is spiraling in frozen fractals all around” in the lyrics of “Let It Go” song. The freedom portrayed mostly reveals Elsa’s feeling and emotions that finally she has the power to be free to continue and move which are seen from the shared concepts or semantic properties [+noise], [+moving], [+feeling], [+action], [+powerful,

[+free], [+emotion], and [+continue].

2. Love is an Open Door

“Love is an Open Door” starts with some lyrics that indicate the character’s strong feelings of love. This condition is seen from the shared concept [+affection] from the lyric “Love is an Open Door”. However, from the lyric “love” and its shared concept [+opportunity], it is revealed that having this feeling too passionately could do some chance.

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Same as the first verse, the second verse begins with stating the condition of the affection of the characters. Literally, the expression means expressing idea and feeling in particular language in the event. The word party is illustrating that the writer is enjoying to come to event that includes many people in it. This understanding obtains the semantic properties of party which are [+enjoy] and [+sound]. Furthermore, talking depicts expressed feeling and giving information with particular language, since talking carries the semantic properties [+language] and [+expression]. It can be seen from the fact that if people communicate with people from other country, they could use particular language. From this understanding, the meaning of the expression is illustrating that the writer is enjoying each other’s company. The shared concepts of the metaphor are [+expression] and [+enjoy]. This metaphor is classified as ontological metaphor. The conditions of the party is so intense that the writer depicts it as it is saturated thoroughly into the situation they encounter. The concept which could be drawn from the topic and the vehicle is [+sound]. It is clear that the ontological metaphor is applied here, as we see party as an entity and substance and it goes through the certain area thoroughly.

Hans does not know what makes him like Anna. According to the literal meaning, party is emerged as it is created by the situation of the writer and

Anna which is a funny person. The conditions of the party is so intense that the

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writer depicts it as it is saturated thoroughly into the situation they encounter.

The concept which could be drawn from the topic and the vehicle is [+sound].

It is clear that the ontological metaphor is applied here, as we see party as an

entity and substance and it goes through the certain area thoroughly.

In the line 4 in the first verse of “Love is an Open Door. The metaphoric

expression is party talking. The word talk means able to make sounds similar

to those of speech. In lexical meaning, this expression means someone is taking

part in a festive activity which it performs a personification action.

Metaphorically, this expression means that the word party change into party as

an entity because of the word talking. In this case, the meaning is that Hans

enjoy the moment after meeting Anna but he does not know what makes him

like Anna. The sentence is similar to a common phrase “it is the wine talking”

that means when people open up and say things that they would not normally

say, but the wine loosens their inhibitions. In this case, Hans is saying the party

or the fondue have loosened his perplexing of self-reliance.

The Topic is talking and the Vehicle is party. The shared concept of the

metaphor are [+expression] and [+enjoy]. The added semantic properties is

[+togetherness]

In the pre-chorus, the condition leads to the lyric “I found my place” which indicates his identity. This expression shares the concept of [+own kingdom] because it displays that he found a way to take over Arendelle, his kingdom. The lyric “Love is an Open Door” with shared concepts [+affection]

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and [+opportunity] shows that having this feeling too passionately could do some chance.

At the second verse, the author talks to herself about how she wants to shut her mind down because her heart is full of emotion. She looks back at her life before the marriage. This section expresses how the author feels about her past; that she is going to miss that version of herself after her marriage. The shared concept which can be drawn from these lyrics is [+different].

Even thought it is almost the same, structural metaphor seems to appear more frequently than the others. There are five structural metaphors and two ontological metaphors in the song. Structural metaphor is often used in the song to describe one concept in terms of another concept.

Table 25. The portrayal of Freedom in “Love is an Open Door” Song Lyric

SONG TITLE SHARED SEMANTIC LYRICS PROPERTIES [+happy] And it’s maybe the party talking or the chocolate fondue LOVE IS AN [+position] I found my place OPEN DOOR [+recognize] Love is an Open Door [+acceptance] [+opportunity] [+free]

From Table 25, it can be seen that the freedom is highlighted in several metaphoric expressions such as “and it’s maybe the party talking or the chocolate fondue”, “I found my own place”, and “love is an open door” in the lyrics of “Love is an Open Door” song. the freedom portrayed reveals Anna’s position and acceptance that finally she has the opportunity to be free which are

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seen from the shared concepts [+happy], [+position], [+recognize],

[+acceptance], [+opportunity], and [+free].

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

The conclusion of this study is presented in this chapter. The analysis part is the answer to the research problems stated in the first chapter. This chapter also offers recommendation for the future researchers in conducting comprehensive analysis about metaphorical expression by using other types of metaphor.

This study is conducted to analyze the metaphors in Disney Movie

Frozen two selected songs, in order to determine the portrayal of freedom that is shared between the two songs. In order to answer the research questions, the researcher first collected and defined the metaphorical expressions found in the songs. The metaphorical expressions used in the songs were classified into three types of metaphor, then the metaphorical meaning and the shared concepts found were further analyzed to reveal the theme of the song.

Based on the analysis on the previous chapter, the amount of structural metaphors found in the lyrics reaches the highest number of the list. As the result, there are ten structural metaphors and seven ontological metaphors. In “Let it

Go” there are five structural metaphors and five ontological metaphors. In “Love is an Open Door”, there are five structural metaphors and two ontological metaphors. However, there is no orientational metaphor in both songs.

From the songs “Let it Go” and “Love is an Open Door”, the writer found

17 metaphors in total. These metaphors were then sorted into three categories,

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namely structural metaphor, orientaional metaphor, and ontological metaphor.

The researcher found 10 structural metaphors and 7 ontological metaphors.

However, there is no orientational metaphor found.

Five structural metaphors and five ontological metaphors were discovered in “Let it Go”. The concepts which are shared by the literal meaning and metaphorical meanings of the metaphors are [+separate], [+alone], [+noise],

[+loud], [+strong], [+endless], [+feeling], [+movement], [+unpleasant], [- comfortable], [+action], [+powerful], [+free], [+together], [+emotion],

[+confuse], [+moving], [+continue], [+clear], and [+mind]. The concept that portrayed freedom from this song are [+noise], [+moving], [+action],

[+powerful], [+free], [+emotion], and [+continue].

The song “Love is an Open Door” has seven metaphors. Five of them are structural metaphors and the other two are ontological metaphors. The shared concepts are [+barrier], [+experience], [+possessive], [+indefinite place],

[+happy], [+position], [+recognize], [+acceptance], [+free], [+complete],

[+certain position], [+different], and [-exist]. The semantic properties that portray freedom from this song are [+happy], [+position], [+recognize],

[+acceptance], and [+opportunity].

This research aims to help other researchers to conduct a related study regarding to song lyrics, semantics, metaphors, and theme. The theme of a song is often interpreted variously. Therefore, the researcher tried to reveal the theme of a song form the metaphors used in the song.

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The conclusion of this research is the readers or listeners of the song lyrics might find it difficult to understand the metaphorical meaning of the expression. The simple step like checking up on the dictionaries can be taken as well in order to understand the metaphorical meaning. Nevertheless, in order to obtain the appropriate metaphorical meaning besides checking up on the dictionaries, there are some aspects that the readers and listeners should comprehend. They are the readers or the listeners must understand the context of the osng and find some sources related to the metaphor and song lyric.

However, through this present study, the researcher hopes that the readers of this research and the song lyrics can get clearer meaning of Frozen’s songs and get a better understanding about metaphorical meaning and metaphorical expression in song lyrics, so the messages from the writers can be taken in a better light. The researcher also hopes the readers and listeners to be able to analyze lyrics or others literary texts which contain metaphor, even in the simplest way by showing the process shown in this research.

The present study is conducted in order to facilitate the further analysis regarding song lyrics, metaphors, semantics, and theme. By revealing the theme of the song, the research’s aim is to help the listeners of the songs to depict the actual meanings and the outline which the writer intended to deliver. The researcher also encourages the further studies to apply more theories and sources in order to establish broader and more complete studies.

The meanings metaphorical expression in “Let it Go” and “Love is an

Open Door” song lyric is related to freedom as the theme of the two songs. Even

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though the songs deliver different ideas, these two songs are representatives of the freedom happening in Elsa’s and Anna’s life. These two songs tell stories from the main character who is afraid of hurting her sister, Anna, by her power.

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REFERENCES

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: The Lyrics of Disney Movie Frozen “Let it Go” [Verse 1] The snow glows white on the mountain tonight Not a footprint to be seen A kingdom of isolation And it looks like I’m the queen The wind is howling like this swirling storm inside Couldn’t keep it in, Heaven knows I’ve tried

[Pre-Chorus 1] Don’t let them in, don’t let them see Be the good girl you always have to be Conceal, don’t feel, don’t let them know Well, now they know

[Chorus 1] Let it go, let it go Can’t hold it back anymore Let it go, let it go Turn away and slam the door I don’t care what they’re going to say Let the storm rage on The cold never bothered me anyway

[Verse 2] It’s funny how some distance makes everything seems small And the fears that once controlled me can’t get to me at all

[Pre-Chorus 2] It’s time to see what I can do To test the limits and break through No right, no wrong, no rules for me I’m free

[Chorus 2] Let it go, let it go I’m one with the wind and sky Let it go, let it go You’ll never see me cry Here I stand, and here I stay Let the storm rage on

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[Bridge] My power flurries through the air into the ground My soul is spiraling in frozen fractals all around And one thought crystallizes like an icy blast I’m never going back, the past in the past

[Chorus 3] let it go, let it go I’ll rise like the break of dawn Let it go, let it go That perfect girl is gone Here I stand in the light of day Let the storm rage on

[Outro] The cold never bothered me anyway

Appendix 2: The Lyrics of Disney Movie Frozen “Love is an Open Door” [Intro: Anna and Hans] Okay, can I just – say something crazy? I love crazy!

[Verse 1: Anna and Hans] All my life has been a series of doors in my face And then suddeny I bump into you I was thinking the same thing! ‘Cause, like, I’ve been searching my whole life to find my own place And maybe it’s the party talking or the chocolate fondue

[Pre-Chorus 1: Anna, Hans, Both] But with you (But with you) I found my place (I see your face) And it’s nothing like I’ve ever known before

[Chorus 1: Anna, Hans, Both] Love is an (open door Love is an open door (Door) Love is an open door With you, with you With you, with you Love is an open door

[Verse 2: Anna, Hans, Both] I mean it’s crazy (What?) We finish each others’ – Sandwiches!

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That’s what I was gonna say! I never met someone who thinks so much like me Jinx, jinx again! Our mental synchronization can have but one explanation You and I were just meant to be!

[Pre-Chorus 2: Anna, Hans, Both] Say goodbye (say goodbye) to the pain of the past We don’t have to feel it anymore

[Chorus 2: Anna, Hans, Both] Love is an open door Love is an open door (Door) Life can be so much more With you, with you With you, with you Love is an open door (Door)

[Outro: Anna and Hans] Can I say something crazy? Will you marry me? Can I say something even crazier? Yes!

Appendix 3: The classification of metaphoric expression in “Let it Go” and “Love is an Open Door” No. Metaphorical Types of Metaphor Expressions Structural Orientational Ontological 1. A kingdom of ✓ isolation 2. The wind is howling ✓ 3. This swirling storm ✓ inside 4. Let the storm rage ✓ on 5. The cold never ✓ bothered me anyway 6. The fears that once ✓ controlled me can’t get to me at all 7. I’m one with the ✓ wind and sky 8. My power flurries ✓ through the air into the ground

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No. Metaphorical Types of Metaphor Expressions Structural Orientational Ontological 9. My soul is spiraling ✓ in frozen fractals all around 10. And one thought ✓ crystalizes 11. All my life has been ✓ a series of doors in my face 12. I’ve been searching ✓ my whole life to find my own place 13. And maybe it’s the ✓ party talking or the chocolate fondue 14. I found my place ✓ 15. Love is an Open ✓ Door 16. We finish each ✓ other’s – (sandwiches) 17. Say goodbye to the ✓ pain of the past

Appendix 4: Analysis of metaphor in “Let it Go” Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept A kingdom of A place ruled The sense of being Structural [+separate] isolation by a king or peaceful and lonely queen a situation that is far from crowd The wind is someone that combination of Ontological [+noise] howling makes a loud emotion about what sound that can happened at the be noticed by palace just minutes others before as well as the guilt, the anger, the anxiety of having to hide away her true self for years

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Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept This swirling strong feeling the writer’s mind Structural [+strong] storm inside of the part of which has become [+endless] inner side of insensitive or [+feeling] the writer unable to feel or moving understand his around emotion Let the storm Strong the writer’s Ontological [+loud] rage on uncontrollable unpleasant [+unpleasant] feeling situation with herself The cold a bad feeling Elsa feels lonely Ontological [-comfortable] never when people living in the bothered me in danger outside world alone anyway which has a lower temperature than the usual temperature The fears that feeling when feeling of afraid to Ontological [+feeling] once people are make decision and [+action] controlled me afraid to do do something can’t get to something me at all even they have power that sometimes can be dangerous I’m one with I am one with not ruled by Structural [+powerful] the wind and nature - living anything and not [+free] sky there alone have something to hide My power Ability that the writer’s Ontological [+emotion] flurries can go emotion can be [+confuse] through the anywhere gone to anybody air into the else. ground My soul is feeling and the feeling of how Structural [+continue] spiraling in thought that the writer using it frozen fractals move with to her advantage all around curve line that she got to shape. control of herself from the situation that continuously happens

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Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept And one The opinion the writer’s feeling Structural [+mind] thought of her life become clearer [-blur] crystalizes that disclosed clearly

Appendix 5: Analysis of metaphor in “Love is an Open Door” Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept All my life The Rejection Structural [+barrier] has been a designated series of time at which doors in my the doors at a face performance venue are opened to admit attendees I’ve been indefinite Hans finally Structural [+possessive] searching my region that finds his [+immediate whole life to belongs to identity kinship] find my own oneself place

And maybe And maybe cheerful Ontological [+happy] it’s the party it’s the party talking or the crowd chocolate fondue I found my Hans found Hans found a Structural [+own place his place is way to take kingdom] going to rule over because it is Arendelle, his in line with own kingdom his own kingdom Love is an Love is We can find Structural [+opportunity] Open Door personal love [+freedom] affection anywhere We finish Bring Hans might Structural [+different] each other’s – different not be exactly (sandwiches) things that what she they are seemed going to say

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Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept Say goodbye Say goodbye Together they Ontological [+space] to the pain of to the can leave all [+open place] the past everything their pains in horrible the past and before just be happy meeting each together other because nothing is an obstacle for love

Appendix 6: The Portrayal of Freedom “Let it Go” Song Lyric SONG TITLE SHARED SEMANTIC LYRICS PROPERTIES [+noise] The wind is howling [+moving] [+feeling] The fears that once controlled [+action] me can’t get to me at all [+powerful] I’m one with the wind and sky LET IT GO [+free] [+emotion] My power flurries through the air into the ground [+continue] My soul is spiraling in frozen [+moving] fractals all around

Appendix 7: The Portrayal of Freedom “Love is an Open Door” Song Lyric THEME SHARED SEMANTIC LYRICS PROPERTIES [+happy] And it’s maybe the party talking or the chocolate fondue [+position] I found my place LOVE IS AN [+recognize] Love is an Open Door OPEN DOOR [+acceptance] [+opportunity] [+free]