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National Park Service U.S National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF CHIRICAHUA NATIONAL MONUMENT AND FORT BOWIE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE National Park Service Task Agreement J1233040013 ON THE COVER Naiche and Geronimo at Fort Bowie, 1886 Photograph Courtesy of the Mescalero Apache Tribe ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF CHIRICAHUA NATIONAL MONUMENT AND FORT BOWIE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE National Park Service Task Agreement J1233040013 Scott Rushforth, Ph.D. Department of Anthropology New Mexico State University Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003 July 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Intermountain Support Office Denver, Colorado 80225 The National Park Service publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available from: David Ruppert National Park Service Intermountain Support Office Denver, Colorado 80225 Please cite this publication as: Rushforth, Scott. 2010. Ethnographic Overview and Assessment of Chiricahua National Monument and Fort Bowie National Historic Site. National Park Service Task Agreement J1233040013. National Park Service, Denver, Colorado. J1233040013, July 2010 ii Contents Page Figures ......................................................................................................................................... ivv Tables .......................................................................................................................................... vvi Appendices ................................................................................................................................ vivii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction, by Scott Rushforth................................................................................................... 3 Chapter One. Treaties and Legal Obligations between the U. S. Government and the Chiricahua Apaches, by Mark Sechrist and Craig Williams .......................................................... 9 Chapter Two. An Overview of Previous Archaeological Work at Chiricahua National Monument and Fort Bowie National Historic Site, by Mark Sechrist .......................................... 25 Chapter Three. Archaeology Project Descriptions at Chiricahua National Monument and Fort Bowie National Historic Site, by Mark Sechrist ................................................................... 47 Chapter Four. Chiricahua Apache Historical Timeline, by Scott Rushforth .............................. 73 Chapter Five. A Brief Military History of the Chiricahua Apaches, by Rick Hendricks and Becki A. R. Graham ............................................................................................................. 219 Chapter Six. The Chiricahua Apache Mode of Production, by Becki A. R. Graham and Scott Rushforth ........................................................................................................................... 251 Chapter Seven. A Southern Athapaskan Ethnobotany, by Aaron Sharratt and Scott Rushforth ........................................................................................................................... 279 Chapter Eight. A Partially Annotated Bibliography of Chiricahua and other Apaches, by Scott Rushforth, Aaron Sharratt, and Becki A. R. Graham ................................................... 397 iii Figures Page Figure 1. Apache Peoples of the Southwest ................................................................................... 7 Figure 2. Chiricahua Indian Reservation Detail, Territory of Arizona, 1876 ................................ 8 Figure 3. Chiricahua Reservation 1872-1876 .............................................................................. 12 Figure 4. Example of Project Summary Entry ............................................................................. 26 Figure 5. Spanish Dominions of North America, 1812 ............................................................. 233 Figure 6. Chiricahua Mountains Detail from Spanish Dominions of North America, 1812 ..... 234 Figure 7. Map of the United States of Mexico, 1846 ................................................................. 236 Figure 8. Chiricahua Mountains Detail from Map of the United States of Mexico, 1846 ........ 236 Figure 9. Chiricahua Mountains Detail from Official Map of the Territory of Arizona, 1865 . 245 Figure 10. Detail of Railroad & Steamship Lines Operated by Southern Pacific Company, 1884............................................................................................................................................. 250 Figure 11. Warm Springs Apache Family ................................................................................. 252 Figure 12. Warm Springs Apache Camp ................................................................................... 253 Figure 13. Deer Head Mask ....................................................................................................... 257 Figure 14. Chiricahua Apache Bands ........................................................................................ 273 Figure 15. Agave parryi ............................................................................................................. 280 Figure 16. Allium geyeri ............................................................................................................. 291 Figure 17. Asclepias latifolia ..................................................................................................... 294 Figure 18. Carnegiea gigantea .................................................................................................. 297 Figure 19. Chenopodium album ................................................................................................. 302 Figure 20. Cirsium undulatum ................................................................................................... 304 Figure 21. Cucurbita foetidissima .............................................................................................. 308 Figure 22. Echinocereus coccineus ............................................................................................ 317 iv Figure 23. Frasera speciosa ....................................................................................................... 318 Figure 24. Juniperus osteosperma ............................................................................................. 324 Figure 25. Larrea tridentata ...................................................................................................... 328 Figure 26. Nicotiana trigonophylla ............................................................................................ 330 Figure 27. Nolina microcarpa .................................................................................................... 334 Figure 28. Oenothera albicaulis ................................................................................................ 336 Figure 29. Opuntia ..................................................................................................................... 337 Figure 30. Penstemon fendleri ................................................................................................... 341 Figure 31. Populus tremuloides ................................................................................................. 352 Figure 32. Probowscidea parviflora .......................................................................................... 354 Figure 33. Prosopis glanulosa ................................................................................................... 356 Figure 34. Quercus arizonica ..................................................................................................... 361 Figure 35. Rhus glabra ............................................................................................................... 366 Figure 36. Ribes leptanthum ...................................................................................................... 369 Figure 37. Robiniia neomexicana .............................................................................................. 371 Figure 38. Rumex humenosepalus .............................................................................................. 372 Figure 39. Solanum elaeagnifolium ........................................................................................... 374 Figure 40. Yucca elata ............................................................................................................... 379 v Tables Page Table 1. Summary of Archaeological Projects at Fort Bowie National Historic Site .................. 26 Table 2. Summary of Archaeological Projects at Chiricahua National Monument ..................... 35 Table 3. Chirichua Apache Historical Timeline ..........................................................................
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