DOCSLIB.ORG

The Subocular Shelf of Fishes'

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Subocular Shelf of Fishes' The Subocular Shelf of Fishes' C. LAVETT SMITH AND REEVE M. BAILEY Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan The subocular shelf is a bony lamina cumorbital series. A further distinction is that extends inward from the suborbital necessary, however, since the circumor- bones of certain fishes and forms part of bitals are readily divisible into (1) a supra- the wall of the orbit. Its presence or ab- orbital series consisting of bones that lie sence has long been used as a taxonomic dorsal to the orbit and have no associated character, particularly at the family level. sensory canal and, (2) a suborbital series Boulenger (1895) was apparently the first of bones that completes the circumorbital to introduce the character, and later ('04) ring and is penetrated or traversed by the he recorded its occurrence in the families infraorbital branch of the sensory-canal of perciform fishes admitted by him. Smith system. The supraorbitals and suborbitals ('41) used the subocular shelf to separate have very different evolutionary destinies. some pentapodid and related fishes. Re- There has been some variation in the cently Akazaki ('58) has described varia- method of counting the bones of the sub- tions in the shelf among genera of sparoid orbital series. Most authors have included fishes of Japan, and Katayama ('59, '60) the first (anterior) bone, the lachrymal has employed the configuration of the shelf (preorbital), in the count, but some have to distinguish infrafamily groups of the excluded it and others have begun the Serranidae. It is apparent, however, that count from the posterior side of the orbit. few authors have properly appreciated the In the following discussion and descrip- utility of this character and it is cominonly tions the lachrymal bone, which in teleosts ignored. bears the anterior terminus of the infra- The function of the shelf seems to have orbital canal, is counted as the first mem- received little attention. Some authors dis- ber of the series. The count continues miss it with the statement that it supports backward to include the dermosphenotic. the eye, but the optical effectiveness of re- At least among teleosts the number of lated fishes that lack the shelf invites re- bones in the suborbital series is remark- consideration of this patent explanation. ably constant: usually there are 6, al- In an attempt to evaluate the taxonomic though in some fishes the bones have un- utility of the subocular shelf we have dergone reduction and in a few one or examined representatives of most of the more of them have divided, thus increasing currently recognized orders of fishes and the total number of elements. have given considerable attention to the distribution of the shelf within the Perci- Primitive fishes formes and, particularly, among the fam- ilies of the superfamily Percoidea. In this In such primitive fish groups as the study it has been necessary to consider paleoniscids, semionotids, and lepisosteids, all bones of the circumorbital ring and in the circumorbitals are connected to the sur- so doing we have developed what appears rounding dermal bones. The supraorbitals to be a satisfactory working hypothesis of are rigidly attached to the cranium, and the functional and phylogenetic signifi- the suborbitals may either be in contact cance of the subocular shelf. with the preopercle or separated from it by a series of postorbital bones. This Nomenclature closed bony sheathing of the circumorbital In primitive fishes the eye is completely area is relatively inflexible. In the Jurassic surrounded by a series of small bones that 1This study has been made possible by a research may conveniently be referred to as the cir- grant from the National Science Foundation (6-6368). 1 2 C. LAVETT SMITH AND REEVE M. BAILEY semionotid Dapedium the circumorbitals Lower teleosts approach uniformity in size and shape The primitive clupeifom Osteoglossum (fig. 1A). In Lepisosteus the anterior bones bicirrhosum (fig. 1C) has a suborbital se- are modified in conjunction with the elon- ries much like that of Amia, with the fourth gate snout (Gregory, ’33: 128-129) and and fifth bones greatly expanded to fill the several bones correspond to the single entire region between the orbit and the lachrymal of teleosts. The infraorbital preopercle and between the maxilla and canal extends forward through them and the pterotic. Here also the supraorbitals the series of fixed maxillary bones to join are wanting and the frontal and dermo- its fellow from the opposite side in a supra- sphenotic form the dorsal sector of the ethmoid (rostral) commissure, and to orbital rim. Gregory (’33: 163) identified unite with the supraorbital canal postero- the enlarged bone at the front of the orbit mediad of the posterior nostril. In Polyp- as a prefrontal. Since it is perforated by terus the solidification of the suborbitals the infraorbital canal, however, we think that it is at least in part the lachrymal and is extreme; the ventral elements behind that the suborbitals on Gregory’s figure the lachrymal are fused with the maxilla, should be renumbered. The prefrontal in and an anterior platelike extension of the Osteoglossum is unossified or is coos&ed preopercle covers the upper cheek and with the lachrymal. In the Salmonidae articulates with the dermosphenotic. the skull is more mobile and there are two In the course of fish evolution there supraorbital bones; the lachrymal is at- have been two prominent trends in the tached to the anterior of these rather than skull bones. The dermal bones have mi- to the prefrontal. All of the suborbitals grated inward so that they no longer pre- are thin and delicate, and the only contact sent sculptured external surfaces and there with the neurocranium is between the has been reduction in size and increased dermosphenotic and the sphenotic. In the mobility of the skull bones. The circum- Salmoninae the dermosphenotic is unossi- orbital bones have in general conformed to fied. The posterior suborbitals may be in these trends except where environmental contact with or remote from the pre- stresses have imposed additional demands opercle. that have been met by stiffening of the Some characids have a large supra- circumorbital ring. orbital that meets the dermosphenotic to In Amia calva (fig. 1B) the maxilla is exclude the frontal from the orbital rim, as in Hydrocyon and Brycon (Gregory, ‘33 : freely movable and bears no canal. Per- haps partly in response to the loss of sup- 184-185), or the supraorbital may be ab- sent, as in Erythrinus (Gregory, 182) port from the maxilla and partly as protec- ‘33: and Carnegiella (Weitzman, ’54: 249). In tion for the critical joints at the proximal the three genera first named the suborbitals end of that bone, the anteriormost suborbi- are large plating bones that fully sheath tal has become enlarged and modified as the cheek; in CarnegieZEa they are much the lachrymal. The infraorbital canal ex- reduced. The bone termed adnasal by tends forward from the lachrymal into the Weitzman seems to be the lachrymal; al- adnasal. The second and third suborbitals though not shown in his figure, it bears a are small and slender but the fourth and tube of the infraorbital canal. fifth are much enlarged and extend back- In most cyprinids (fig. 1D) and in the ward nearly to the preopercle; the upper more generalized genera of the Catos- edge of suborbital 5 contacts the pterotic as tomidae, the prefrontal provides the sole well as the dermosphenotic. Amia lacks osseus support of the anterior suborbitals, the supraorbital bones but this is probably and posteriorly only the dermosphenotic a specialization since some fishes higher in is in contact with the skull. There is a the evolutionary series retain them. Oc- single large supraorbital bone. In the casionally there are a few bony nodules, more advanced catostomids (Catostominae) “supplementary dermal bones,” that ap- the supraorbital is lacking, being fully pear to be vestigial postorbitals (Wood- coossified with the frontal (Weisel, ’60: ward, 1895: 369). 110). In the ictalurid catfishes the lachry- THE SUBOCULAR SHELF OF FISHES 3 mal is a small, Y-shaped bone and the re- suborbital series. This seems to be the maining 5 or 6 suborbitals are reduced to primitive condition but through selective slender tubular ossifications around the loss and retention of elements the shelf infraorbital canal. In the Ictaluridae there has assumed modified forms in various is no supraorbital. fish groups. In the beryciform Mono- Throughout the Clupeiformes and the centris japonicus (Starks, '04: 618), as in Cypriniformes modifications serve to most members of the perciform super- make the suborbital series more flexible. family Percoidea, the third bone alone con- The bones are reduced in size, the connec- tributes to the shelf. The third suborbital tions between them are ligamentous, and is nearly always involved and this is per- the diarthrosis between the lachrymal and haps presaged in Myripristis where the the prefrontal is developed to allow move- segment of the shelf derived from the third ment in any plane. The lachrymal has bone is the widest. In Channa lucius the been specialized to protect the anterior end third suborbital enters the shelf but the of the maxilla. At the same time the trend in the supraorbitals is toward reduction, fourth and fifth, which contribute equally, loss, or fusion so that the dorsal rim of the form most of the shelf, which consequently orbit is rigid. No malacopterygian is forms the posterior wall of the orbit. In known to have a subocular shelf. Channa striata only the fourth and fifth suborbitals participate in the shelf, but Development of the shelf the fifth is much the larger (fig. 3R). In In the Beryciformes there is a temporary Scorpaenidae and Mullidae the second and reversal of the trend toward increasing third bones contribute the shelf.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Practical Handbook for Determining the Ages of Gulf of Mexico And
    A Practical Handbook for Determining the Ages of Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Coast Fishes THIRD EDITION GSMFC No. 300 NOVEMBER 2020 i Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission Commissioners and Proxies ALABAMA Senator R.L. “Bret” Allain, II Chris Blankenship, Commissioner State Senator District 21 Alabama Department of Conservation Franklin, Louisiana and Natural Resources John Roussel Montgomery, Alabama Zachary, Louisiana Representative Chris Pringle Mobile, Alabama MISSISSIPPI Chris Nelson Joe Spraggins, Executive Director Bon Secour Fisheries, Inc. Mississippi Department of Marine Bon Secour, Alabama Resources Biloxi, Mississippi FLORIDA Read Hendon Eric Sutton, Executive Director USM/Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Florida Fish and Wildlife Ocean Springs, Mississippi Conservation Commission Tallahassee, Florida TEXAS Representative Jay Trumbull Carter Smith, Executive Director Tallahassee, Florida Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Austin, Texas LOUISIANA Doug Boyd Jack Montoucet, Secretary Boerne, Texas Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Baton Rouge, Louisiana GSMFC Staff ASMFC Staff Mr. David M. Donaldson Mr. Bob Beal Executive Director Executive Director Mr. Steven J. VanderKooy Mr. Jeffrey Kipp IJF Program Coordinator Stock Assessment Scientist Ms. Debora McIntyre Dr. Kristen Anstead IJF Staff Assistant Fisheries Scientist ii A Practical Handbook for Determining the Ages of Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Coast Fishes Third Edition Edited by Steve VanderKooy Jessica Carroll Scott Elzey Jessica Gilmore Jeffrey Kipp Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission 2404 Government St Ocean Springs, MS 39564 and Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission 1050 N. Highland Street Suite 200 A-N Arlington, VA 22201 Publication Number 300 November 2020 A publication of the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission pursuant to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Award Number NA15NMF4070076 and NA15NMF4720399.
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific Plate Biogeography, with Special Reference to Shorefishes
    Pacific Plate Biogeography, with Special Reference to Shorefishes VICTOR G. SPRINGER m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 367 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoo/ogy Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world cf science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean Volume
    ISBN 0-9689167-4-x Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean (Davis Strait, Southern Greenland and Flemish Cap to Cape Hatteras) Volume One Acipenseriformes through Syngnathiformes Michael P. Fahay ii Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean iii Dedication This monograph is dedicated to those highly skilled larval fish illustrators whose talents and efforts have greatly facilitated the study of fish ontogeny. The works of many of those fine illustrators grace these pages. iv Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean v Preface The contents of this monograph are a revision and update of an earlier atlas describing the eggs and larvae of western Atlantic marine fishes occurring between the Scotian Shelf and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (Fahay, 1983). The three-fold increase in the total num- ber of species covered in the current compilation is the result of both a larger study area and a recent increase in published ontogenetic studies of fishes by many authors and students of the morphology of early stages of marine fishes. It is a tribute to the efforts of those authors that the ontogeny of greater than 70% of species known from the western North Atlantic Ocean is now well described. Michael Fahay 241 Sabino Road West Bath, Maine 04530 U.S.A. vi Acknowledgements I greatly appreciate the help provided by a number of very knowledgeable friends and colleagues dur- ing the preparation of this monograph. Jon Hare undertook a painstakingly critical review of the entire monograph, corrected omissions, inconsistencies, and errors of fact, and made suggestions which markedly improved its organization and presentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Otoliths from the Santonian of the Pyrenean Faunal Province, and an Overview of All Otolith-Documented North Atlantic Late Cretaceous Teleosts
    bulletin de l'institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique sciences de la terre, 73: 155-173, 2003 bulletin van het koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen aardwetenschappen, 73: 155-173, 2003 Fish otoliths from the Santonian of the Pyrenean faunal province, and an overview of all otolith-documented North Atlantic Late Cretaceous teleosts by Dirk NOLF um" Nolf, D., 2003. - Fish otoliths from the Santonian of the Pyrenean santonianus, "genus Percoideorum" bilottei, "genus Percoideor¬ realm, and an overview of all otolith-documented North Atlantic Late um" diagonalis, "genus Percoideorum" palaresanus et "genus Cen¬ Cretaceous teleosts. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles trolophidarum" classicus. Les associations sont remarquables par le de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre, 73: 155-173, 4 pis., 1 ftg. , 2 tables, grand nombre de perciformes, le groupe le plus diversifié des poissons Bruxelles-Brussel, March 31, 2003. - ISSN 0374-6291. actuels. Comparée à des faunes synchrones connues par des squelettes, la faune du Santonien supérieur, telle que reconstruite sur base des otolithes, est d'un modernisme surprenant. Du point de vue paléoéco¬ logique, on peut dire que la faune étudiée contient suffisamment de familles actuelles Abstract pour légitimer une évaluation basée sur l'écologie actuelle de ces familles. Les associations reflètent un environnement marin peu profond (probablement moins de 50 m), à salinité normale et Sampling of Upper Santonian marls in the Montsec (Catalonia, Spain) apparemment peu éloigné du milieu récifal. Les données nouvelles sont and Sougraigne (Aude, France) provided otoliths of 23 teleost taxa of intégrées dans une synthèse englobant tous les taxa basés sur des which 12 could be described as new species: "genus Trachichthyidar- otolithes d'âge crétacé supérieur en Europe et en Amérique du Nord.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishes of Terengganu East Coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia Ii Iii
    i Fishes of Terengganu East coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia ii iii Edited by Mizuki Matsunuma, Hiroyuki Motomura, Keiichi Matsuura, Noor Azhar M. Shazili and Mohd Azmi Ambak Photographed by Masatoshi Meguro and Mizuki Matsunuma iv Copy Right © 2011 by the National Museum of Nature and Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University Museum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publisher. Copyrights of the specimen photographs are held by the Kagoshima Uni- versity Museum. For bibliographic purposes this book should be cited as follows: Matsunuma, M., H. Motomura, K. Matsuura, N. A. M. Shazili and M. A. Ambak (eds.). 2011 (Nov.). Fishes of Terengganu – east coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia. National Museum of Nature and Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University Museum, ix + 251 pages. ISBN 978-4-87803-036-9 Corresponding editor: Hiroyuki Motomura (e-mail: [email protected]) v Preface Tropical seas in Southeast Asian countries are well known for their rich fish diversity found in various environments such as beautiful coral reefs, mud flats, sandy beaches, mangroves, and estuaries around river mouths. The South China Sea is a major water body containing a large and diverse fish fauna. However, many areas of the South China Sea, particularly in Malaysia and Vietnam, have been poorly studied in terms of fish taxonomy and diversity. Local fish scientists and students have frequently faced difficulty when try- ing to identify fishes in their home countries. During the International Training Program of the Japan Society for Promotion of Science (ITP of JSPS), two graduate students of Kagoshima University, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Offshore Marine Actinopterygian Assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece Thodoris Argyriou, Donald Davesne
    Offshore marine actinopterygian assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece Thodoris Argyriou, Donald Davesne To cite this version: Thodoris Argyriou, Donald Davesne. Offshore marine actinopterygian assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece. PeerJ, PeerJ, 2021, 9, pp.e10676. 10.7717/peerj.10676. hal-03121049 HAL Id: hal-03121049 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03121049 Submitted on 26 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Offshore marine actinopterygian assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece Thodoris Argyriou1 and Donald Davesne2,3 1 UMR 7207 (MNHN—Sorbonne Université—CNRS) Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie, Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 3 UMR 7205 (MNHN—Sorbonne Université—CNRS—EPHE), Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France ABSTRACT The fossil record of marine ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) from the time interval surrounding the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction is scarce at a global scale, hampering our understanding of the impact, patterns and processes of extinction and recovery in the marine realm, and its role in the evolution of modern marine ichthyofaunas.
    [Show full text]
  • TNP SOK 2011 Internet
    GARDEN ROUTE NATIONAL PARK : THE TSITSIKAMMA SANP ARKS SECTION STATE OF KNOWLEDGE Contributors: N. Hanekom 1, R.M. Randall 1, D. Bower, A. Riley 2 and N. Kruger 1 1 SANParks Scientific Services, Garden Route (Rondevlei Office), PO Box 176, Sedgefield, 6573 2 Knysna National Lakes Area, P.O. Box 314, Knysna, 6570 Most recent update: 10 May 2012 Disclaimer This report has been produced by SANParks to summarise information available on a specific conservation area. Production of the report, in either hard copy or electronic format, does not signify that: the referenced information necessarily reflect the views and policies of SANParks; the referenced information is either correct or accurate; SANParks retains copies of the referenced documents; SANParks will provide second parties with copies of the referenced documents. This standpoint has the premise that (i) reproduction of copywrited material is illegal, (ii) copying of unpublished reports and data produced by an external scientist without the author’s permission is unethical, and (iii) dissemination of unreviewed data or draft documentation is potentially misleading and hence illogical. This report should be cited as: Hanekom N., Randall R.M., Bower, D., Riley, A. & Kruger, N. 2012. Garden Route National Park: The Tsitsikamma Section – State of Knowledge. South African National Parks. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................2 2. ACCOUNT OF AREA........................................................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • Rubble Mounds of Sand Tilefish Mala Canthus Plumieri (Bloch, 1787) and Associated Fishes in Colombia
    BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 58(1): 248-260, 1996 CORAL REEF PAPER RUBBLE MOUNDS OF SAND TILEFISH MALA CANTHUS PLUMIERI (BLOCH, 1787) AND ASSOCIATED FISHES IN COLOMBIA Heike Buttner ABSTRACT A 6-month study consisting of collections and observations revealed that a diverse fauna of reef-fishes inhabit the rubble mounds constructed by the sand tilefish Malacanthus plumieri (Perciformes: Malacanthidae), In the Santa Marta region, on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, M, plumieri occurs on sandy areas just beyond the coral zone. The population density is correlated with the geomorphology of the bays; the composition of the material utilized depends on its availability. Experiments showed that debris was distributed over a distance of 35 m. Hard substrate must be excavated to reach their caves. In the area around Santa Marta the sponge Xestospongia muta was often used by the fish as a visual signal for suitable substratum. The rubble mounds represent a secondary structure within the "coral reef" eco- system. These substrate accumulations create structured habitats in the fore reef, which arc distributed like islands in the monotonous sandy environment and where numerous benthic organisms are concentrated. The tilefish nests attract other organisms because they provide shelter and a feeding site in an area where they would not normally be found. At least 32 species of fishes were found to be associated with the mounds. Some species lived there exclusively during their juvenile stage, indicating that the Malacanthus nests serve as a nursery-habitat. M. plumieri plays an important role in the diversification of the reef envi- ronment. For several years artificial reefs and isolated structures, for example patch reefs and coral blocks, have been the subject of investigations of development and dynamics of benthic communities (Randall, 1963; Fager, 1971; Russell, 1975; Russell et aI., 1974; Sale and Dybdahl, 1975).
    [Show full text]
  • Summary Report of Freshwater Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in U.S
    Summary Report of Freshwater Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 4—An Update April 2013 Prepared by: Pam L. Fuller, Amy J. Benson, and Matthew J. Cannister U.S. Geological Survey Southeast Ecological Science Center Gainesville, Florida Prepared for: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region Atlanta, Georgia Cover Photos: Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix – Auburn University Giant Applesnail, Pomacea maculata – David Knott Straightedge Crayfish, Procambarus hayi – U.S. Forest Service i Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ vi INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Overview of Region 4 Introductions Since 2000 ....................................................................................... 1 Format of Species Accounts ...................................................................................................................... 2 Explanation of Maps ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Black~-Banded Sunfish ~ Enneacanthu~ Chaetodon
    THE BLACK~-BANDED SUNFISH ~ ENNEACANTHU~ CHAETODON The Blac~-banded Sunfish was one of the first native fishes to be kept by American aquartsts, Shimmering silver and black, gliding majestically through the aquascape, they present an exciting cha­ llenge to the keeper of indigenous fishes. To encourage fellow aquar.~3tS to acquire and breed this miniature beauty We will att­ empt to review past literature and relate it to our own·observa­ tions. The Black-banded Sunfish belongs to the order of "perch-shaped :f5_sh~':s" or Perciformes, sub-order Percoidei, and the family Cen­ tx·archidae,Named Pomotis chaetodon by Baird in .L854, it was later renamed Mesogonist~us chaetodor and is currently known as Ennea­ canthus chaetodon. We affectionately call them "chaets" ("keets") to s~mpl~fy th~ngs. · Stoye (1971) notes that E. chaetodon (chaets) were first collect- .ed in the.swamps of Southern New Jersey and introduced into Ger­ many in 1897, although they were not kept by American aquarists until 1910. In addition to New Jersey the range includes Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, and Florida. Informative reports by Quinn {1967a,b) and Coombs(l97J) recorded water acidity at 6,4 pH and below in some areas. Quinn observes that "waving fronds of sphagnum moss" and decaying plant material are abundant in the lowlands of the pine barrensa these factors account, for the most part, for the acidic water quality. Although we have ·acclimated chaets to 8,2 pH water, we found that they stayed in better health and bred when maintained at 7,0 pH or be­ low.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Variations in the Scleral Ossicles of 172 Families Of
    Zoological Studies 51(8): 1490-1506 (2012) Morphological Variations in the Scleral Ossicles of 172 Families of Actinopterygian Fishes with Notes on their Phylogenetic Implications Hin-kui Mok1 and Shu-Hui Liu2,* 1Institute of Marine Biology and Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan 2Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan (Accepted August 15, 2012) Hin-kui Mok and Shu-Hui Liu (2012) Morphological variations in the scleral ossicles of 172 families of actinopterygian fishes with notes on their phylogenetic implications. Zoological Studies 51(8): 1490-1506. This study reports on (1) variations in the number and position of scleral ossicles in 283 actinopterygian species representing 172 families, (2) the distribution of the morphological variants of these bony elements, (3) the phylogenetic significance of these variations, and (4) a phylogenetic hypothesis relevant to the position of the Callionymoidei, Dactylopteridae, and Syngnathoidei based on these osteological variations. The results suggest that the Callionymoidei (not including the Gobiesocidae), Dactylopteridae, and Syngnathoidei are closely related. This conclusion was based on the apomorphic character state of having only the anterior scleral ossicle. Having only the anterior scleral ossicle should have evolved independently in the Syngnathioidei + Dactylopteridae + Callionymoidei, Gobioidei + Apogonidae, and Pleuronectiformes among the actinopterygians studied in this paper. http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.8/1490.pdf Key words: Scleral ossicle, Actinopterygii, Phylogeny. Scleral ossicles of the teleostome fish eye scleral ossicles and scleral cartilage have received comprise a ring of cartilage supporting the eye little attention. It was not until a recent paper by internally (i.e., the sclerotic ring; Moy-Thomas Franz-Odendaal and Hall (2006) that the homology and Miles 1971).
    [Show full text]
  • MULLIDAE Goatfishes by J.E
    click for previous page 1654 Bony Fishes MULLIDAE Goatfishes by J.E. Randall, B.P.Bishop Museum, Hawaii, USA iagnostic characters: Small to medium-sized fishes (to 40 cm) with a moderately elongate, slightly com- Dpressed body; ventral side of head and body nearly flat. Eye near dorsal profile of head. Mouth relatively small, ventral on head, and protrusible, the upper jaw slightly protruding; teeth conical, small to very small. Chin with a pair of long sensory barbels that can be folded into a median groove on throat. Two well separated dorsal fins, the first with 7 or 8 spines, the second with 1 spine and 8 soft rays. Anal fin with 1 spine and 7 soft rays.Caudal fin forked.Paired fins of moderate size, the pectorals with 13 to 17 rays;pelvic fins with 1 spine and 5 soft rays, their origin below the pectorals. Scales large and slightly ctenoid (rough to touch); a single continuous lateral line. Colour: variable; whitish to red, with spots or stripes. 1st dorsal fin with 7or8spines 2nd dorsal fin with 1 spine and 8 soft rays pair of long sensory barbels Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Goatfishes are bottom-dwelling fishes usually found on sand or mud sub- strata, but 2 of the 4 western Atlantic species occur on coral reefs where sand is prevalent. The barbels are supplied with chemosensory organs and are used to detect prey by skimming over the substratum or by thrust- ing them into the sediment. Food consists of a wide variety of invertebrates, mostly those that live beneath the surface of the sand or mud.
    [Show full text]