District Survey Report

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT

FOR MINOR MINERAL (SAND & STONE)

SOLAPUR DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA

PREPARED BY

DISTRICT COLLECTOR OFFICE, SOLAPUR DATED – 16.01.2021

District Survey Report is prepared in accordance with Para 7 (iii) a of S.O.3611 (E) dated 25th July 2018 and S.O.3977 (E) dt. 14/08/2018 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

INDEX

Sr. No. Description Page No.

Part I:District Survey Report for Sand Mining or River

Bed Mining 1. Introduction 4-6 2. Overview of Mining Activity in the District 7-8

The list of Mining Leases in the district with the location 3. 09-18 and period of Validity 4. Detail of Royalty/ Revenue received in last three year 19 Detail of Production of Sand or Bajri or Minor mineral in last 5. 20 three years 6. Process of Deposition of Sediments in the rivers of the District 21-34 7. General Profile of the District 35 Land Utilization Pattern in the District : Fores, Agriculture, 8. 35-39 Horticulture, Maining etc.

9. Physiography of the District 40-48 10. Rainfall : Month wise 49 11. Geology and Mineral wealth 50-55 Details of sand ghats proposed in the year 2020-21 for 12 Environmental Clearance: 56-58 13 References 59

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT FOR SOLAPUR DISTRICT

PART-I FOR SAND MINING OR RIVER BED MINING

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Location and Geographical Data The district lies between 17°21′N 75°10′E / 17°35’N 75°16’E - 18°19′N 76°09′E 18°32’N 76°15’E . The city of Solapur is the district headquarters. It falls under Survey of India topo sheets 47N, 47 J, 47D, 47K And 56K. About 32% of the population lives in urban areas. The economy of the district is dependent on agriculture, especially in rural areas. Means of transport is both railways and ST Buses by road, important railway stations are- Solapur, Mohol, Kurduwadi, Madha, Akkalkot Road; Local movement is facilitated by SMT (Solapur Municipal Transportation). Solapur is well connected by road with major cities of Maharashtra as well as the adjoining State Capital of Hyderabad and important cities of Karnataka State. There are also numerous state and country routes passing through Solapur Table 1: Geographical Data Sr.No. Geographical Data Unit Statistics 17°21′N 75°10′E / 17 °35’N 75 °16’E 1. Latitude and Longitude Degrees To 18°19′N 76°09′E / 18 °32’N 76 °15’E 2. Geographical Area Sq.Km 14895

1.2 Administrative Devisions Solapur district comes under Pune Administrative Division the district comprises 4 sub

divisions and 8 Tahsils. Table 2: Administrative Divisions Sr.No. Name of Subdivision Name of Tahsil 1.N.Solapur 1 Solapur 1 2.Barshi 1. S.Solapur 2 Solapur 2 2. Akkalkot 1. Madha 3 Madha (Kurduwadi) 2.Karmala 1.Pandharpur 4 Pandharpur 2. Mohol

5 Mangalwedha 1. Mangalwedha 2. Sangola 6 Malshiras (Akluj) 1. Malshiras

1.3 Population

In 2011, Solapur district had population of 43, 15,527 of which male and female were 22, 33,778 and 20, 81,749 respectively. Solapur District population constituted 3.84 percent of total Maharashtra population. In 2001 census, this figure for Solapur District was at 3.97 percent of Maharashtra population. The initial provisional data released by census India 2011, shows that density of Solapur district for 2011 is 290 people per sq. km. Average literacy of Solapur in 2011 was 77.72% compared to 71.25% in 2001. The male and female literacy were 86.35% and 68.55% respectively. With regards to Sex Ratio, it stood at 932 per 1000 male compared to 2001 census figure of 935. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 as per Census 2011. In 2011 census, child sex ratio is 872 girls per 1000 boys compared to figure of 895 girls per 1000 boys of 2001 census data.

Table No. 3-Population data

Sr.No. Particulars 2015-2016 1. Population 4315527 2. Male 2233778 3, Female 2081749 4. No. of Villages 1154

1.4 Connectivity

The Solapur district map provides information about various routes to reach Solapur. The nearest airport is located in the city of Pune. Pune is well accessible from the district by bus and train services. By road, Solapur is linked with places like Akola, Amravati, Nagpur, Mumbai, Kolhapur, Ratnagiri and Nasik. Train services are well developed.

Distance to Solapur

• From Pune - 243 KM • From Hyderabad - 305 KM • From Delhi - 1553 KM • From Bangalore - 589 KM • From Nagpur - 664 KM

Fig.1. Solapur District Connectivity Map

2.0 OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY The District as a whole is monotonously covered by Deccan-Trap basaltic lava flows. The lava flows are almost horizontal in disposition but local gentle tilting, undulations and minor flexures are sometimes seen. But for these, no major faulting or folding is seen in the area. The basalts are generally, covered by a thin mantle of black soil of recent origin. Other recent deposits such as river alluvium, sands, gravels, silts and calcareous known as kankar are also found in the river basins. Trap rocks are generally barren of any economically useful and important minerals. However, being hard, dense and durable, they are extensively used as building material and road metal. The pinkish coloured vesicular variety is amenable to cutting into blocks of desired sizes. Minerals of economic value are not found in the district. Mud used for making bricks, sand and metal stone used for construction purpose are the only important minerals found in Solapur district.

2.1 General Discription Minerals are classified into two groups as Major minerals and Minor minerals. Minor mineral have been defined under section 3 (e) of Mines and Minerals (Regulation and development) Act, 1957. They include building stones, gravel, ordinary sand, limestone lime burning, boulders, kankar, murum, brick earth ordinary clay used for, bentonite, road metal, slate, marble, stones used for making household utensils etc. Therefore, all other minerals not defined as minor minerals in the said Act are treated as major minerals. They include coal, manganese ore, iron ore, bauxite, limestone, kyanite, sillimanite, barites, chromite, silica sand, fluorite, quartz, sand used for stowing purposes in coal mines and many other minerals used for industrial purposes.

2.2 Guidelines for Mining of Minor Minerals The mining operations for minor minerals were carried out in unscientific manner in Maharashtra since there were no guidelines for extraction of minor mineral. Identifying this fact In exercise of powers conferred by Section 15 of Mines & Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act, 1957 (67 of 1957) and of all other powers enabling it in that behalf, the Revenue & Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra framed the Maharashtra Minor Mineral Extraction (Development and Regulation) Rules, 2013.

Since Prior Environmental Clearance has now become mandatory for mining of minor minerals irrespective of the area of mining lease after the matter of Deepak Kumar etc. Vs. State of Haryana and Others as per Hon ‟ble Supreme Court dated the 27th February, 2012 in I.A. No.12-13 of 2011 in Special Leave Petition (C) No.19628-19629 of 2009, Ministry of

Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEF & CC) had issued Office Memorandum No. L- llOll/47/2011-IA.II (M) dated 18th May 2012; henceforth as per this O.M. all mining projects of minor minerals would require prior environmental clearance irrespective of the lease area.

Mining projects with Lease area less than 5 ha are categorized as category 'B2' and projects with lease area 5 Ha and above and less than 50 ha are categorized as category 'B' whereas projects with lease area of 50 ha and above are categorized as category 'A'.

Policy on Environmental Clearance for mining leases in cluster for minor minerals in the matter of sand mining was directed by the Hon ‟ble National Green Tribunal (NGT); vide its order dated the 13th January, 2015 also S.O.3977(E) notification dated 14 th Aug 2018 by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

The Central Government had constituted the District Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority (D.E.I.A.A.), for grant of Environmental Clearance for Category “B2” Projects for mining of minor minerals, for all the districts in the country as per the latest amendment S.O. 141 (E) & S.O.190(E) dated 15th January 2016 & 20th January 2016 in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (3) of Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) and in pursuance of the notification of the Government of India in the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and Forest number S.O. 1533 (E), dated the 14th September.

Direction for preparation of District Survey Report for Sand Mining or River Bed Mining of other Minor Minerals was made in the Notification dated 15th January 2016 and its amendments dated 25 th July 2018 by MoEF & CC along with detailed procedure & format for preparation of District Survey Report.

To make certain identification of areas of aggradations or depositions where mining can be allowed and identifying areas of erosion rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area is the foremost objective of the preparation of District Survey Report.

3. THE LIST OF MINING LEASES IN DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, AREA & PERIOD OF VALIDITY

Table No.4 Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams (in Year 2015-16) *Environmental Clearance issued to below listed sand spots by S.E.A.C. and S.E.I.A.A. in Financial Year 2015-16 Sr. Name Of Taluka Name of Location of sand ghat Availability Auction E.C. No. Village the river of Sand for Status Period of (Gut No.) auction Validity (in brass)

1 Devikavate- Akkalkot Bhima 2, 6p, 7b, 8b, 9 59297 Not 30.09.2016 Auctioned 2 Khanapur Akkalkot Bhima 232 to 238 45879 Order Issued 30.09.2016

3 Ankalage Akkalkot Bhima 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 22, 23 43390 Order Issued 30.09.2016

4 Maisalge Akkalkot Bhima 175 to 178 37473 Not 30.09.2016 Auctioned 5 Dharsang Akkalkot Bhima 70, 76, 69, 66, 65 24637 Not 30.09.2016 Auctioned 6 Shegaon Akkalkot Bhima 17, 20, 21, 22 37505 Not 30.09.2016 Auctioned 7 Lavangi- South Bhima 3 to 9, 1, 115, 160, 96, 158, 30.09.2016 Not solapur 156, 153, 152, 151, 149, 142, 51951 Auctioned 141, 140, 139, 137 8 Aauja(mai)- South Bhima 25 to 85p 53542 Not 30.09.2016 solapur Auctioned 9 Karkal- South Bhima 51, 50, 49, 48, 47, 45, 44, 41, 30.09.2016 solapur 40, 38, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, 30, Not 52594 29, 28, 25, 24, 11, 10, 9, 5, 4, Auctioned 2, 1, 253, 262, 263, 264, 269 to 278 11 Hattarsang- South Bhima 19, 22, 158, 156, 154, 145, 147, Not 30.09.2016 39455 solapur 146 Auctioned 12 Kurghot- South Bhima 81, 82, 80, 77, 65, 76, 58,57, Not 30.09.2016 44619 solapur 56, 55, 54, 53, 52, 51. Auctioned 13 Chinchapur South Bhima 20, 21, 30, 33, 24, 77, 78,79, Not 30.09.2016 44178 solapur 81, to 84, 92, 93. Auctioned 14 Takali South Bhima 623, 298, 299, 308, 307, 306, Not 30.09.2016 43390 solapur 302, 303, 309, 312, 311, 310. Auctioned 15 Siddhapur South Bhima Sidhapur-187, 191, 194 to 196, 30.09.2016 khanapur- solapur 204 to 211 81113 Order Issued Khanapur- 1 to 6, 199. 16 Telgaon South Bhima Telgaon-38/1, 13to18, 34 to 36, 30.09.2016 Arli- solapur 3, 4, 6 to 9, 348 to 351, 354 to 72553 Order Issued 358, Arli- 5, 8 to 10, 12 to 15 17 Ajansond- Pandhapu Bhima Ajansond-193, 190, 189, 187, 30.09.2016 Chale- r 183, 181, 180, 177, 175, 170, Not 169, 156 to 160, 96630 Auctioned Chale-200, 205, 207 to 213, 217, 218 to 226, 251, 254

18 Ajansond- Pandhapu Bhima Ajansond-235 to 240, 247, 248, 30.09.2016 Mundhewad r 204, 212 to 214, 218, 220, 22, Not i- 32, 118p, 225 to 228, 230, 231, 82355 Auctioned 194 to 200, 203, Mundhewadi- 13 to 18, 20, 61 to 80. 19 Tarapur- Pandhapu Bhima Tarapur-1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 612 to 30.09.2016 chale r 614, 610, 572, 585, 604, 570, 1,2,3,4,5 571, 564 to 566. Not 81008 Chale-455 to 457, 469, 470, Auctioned 482, 486, 491/1, 491/2, 491/3, 510, 511, 514, 515, 518, 522. 20 Kharsole - Pandharp Bhima Kharsole-39, 285, 42/1, 43 to 30.09.2016 Chale - ur 45, 12, 14, 34, 36 to 38, 5 to 9, 11. Not 87530 Chale-523p, 572, 573, 576 to Auctioned 580, 594b, 595, 596, 597, 600 to 603, 609. 21 Kharsole - Pandharp Bhima Kharsole- 266 to 2739, 11, Not 30.09.2016 Ambe- u Ambe-442, 435, 434, 433, 430, 79082 Auctioned 429, 428, 426, 425. 22 Puluj Pandharp Bhima Puluj-512/9/1 to 512/9/10, 30.09.2016 Sarkoli- ur 512/6/11 to 512/6/20. Sarkoli-518, 519, 521, 522, Not 524, 525, 526, 533, 534, 537, 94283 Auctioned 538, 539, 542, 543, 546, 549, 550, 553, 554, 557, 558, 559, 560, 563, 564, 566. 23 Ambechinch Pandharp Bhima Ambechincholi-55, 56, 58, 59, oli- sarkoli ur 60. Not 105187 30.09.2016 Sarkoli-664, 669, 668, 671, Auctioned 672, 673, 699, 700, 744, 24 Degaon- Pandharp Bhima Degaon-31,32,40,45,46,18, Mundewadi ur 22,23,17,1,506,508,509 Mundewadi-208 to 211, 213, Not 111072 30.09.2016 219 to 221,224,225,229,237 to Auctioned 239,244 to 248,261 to 263,270 to 272,275 to 279, 25 Whole - Pandharp Whole-537 to 551, Bhima 43235 Order Issued 30.09.2016 Kauthali ur Kauthali-7, 26 to 40, 48 to 67, 26 Khedbhalwa Pandharp Bhima Khedbhalwani-548 to 559,2,10, ni- ur Khedbhose-27,28,516 to 524, 30.09.2016 44705 Order Issued Khedbhose 532, 510, 512, 513

27 Sangvi - Pandharp Bhima Sangvi - 6 to 13, 25, 26, 29, 30, Not 30.09.2016 Kondarpatta ur- Kondarpatta - 65, 60, 59, 56, 27612 Auctioned Malshiras 55, 54 28 Badalkot- Pandharp Bhima Badalkot-33 Kondarpatta-104 Not 30.09.2016 Kondarpatta ur- to 106, 117 to 119, 155, 29452 Auctioned Malshiras 28 Kanhapuri - Pandharp Bhima Kanhapuri- 1 to 7, 339, 440, Wagholi ur- 370, 334, 333, 344, 339, 340, Not 30.09.2016 Malshiras 341, 328, 327, Wagholi - 2, 4, 26739 Auctioned 5, 7 to 12, 27 to 33, 35 to 54, 499, 501, 502, 585, 508, 531 to

533, 514 to 533, 524, 528, 529

29 Karole- Pandharp Bhima Karole-1,2,7,300, 301, 374, Lavang ur- 393, 394, Not 30.09.2016 Malshiras Lavang- 1 to 14, 499 to 502, 25383 Auctioned 523, 528 to 530, 542, 543, 552, 555 to 557, 566 to 568, 30 Marapur- Pandharp Man Marapur-1, 2, 3, 758 to 801, 30.09.2016 Tavashi ur- Rivar Tavashi-807 to 810, 818, 820 to 18091 Order Issued Mangalw 824, 826 to 828, 15, 16, 17, 19, edha 29, 30, 31, 38, 39, 56, 31 Garakole Madha Bhima 47 to 53, 40 to 43, 38, 31 to 35, 30.09.2016 25, 23, 18, 1 to 3, 136, 137, Not 19970 115, 87, 105 to 112, 102, 101, Auctioned 97 to 99, 89 to 93 32 Shevare Madha Bhima 205 to 207, 5 to 9, 26 to 30, Not 30.09.2016 20046 Auctioned

33 Mitakalvadi- Madha- Bhima Mitakalvadi-1 to 3, 5 to 9, 13, 30.09.2016 Babhulgaon- Malshiras 17 to 19, 94, 97 to 99, 101 to 103, 107 to 109, 59, 74,79, 83 to 88, 93. Not 49274 Auctioned Babhulgaon- 265 to 275, 278 to 280, 284 to 286, 289, 205, 293, 294, 297 to 303, 2 to 12, 16 to 22, 26 to 35, 40, 41 34 Wafegaon Madha- Bhima Bembele - 516, 517, 520, 23 to 30.09.2016 Bembele- Malshiras 28, 30, 32, 33, Wafegaon- 12. Not 33. 91. 98. 212 to 215, 224 to 31556 Auctioned 227, 111, 198, 154, 204, 15 to 20, 24 to 29, 40 35 Khalwe Malshiras Nira 2 to 27, 370, 360, 361, 363, Not 30.09.2016 364, 367. 18041 Auctioned

36 JInti Karmala Bhima 255 to 258, 260 Not 30.09.2016 36182 Auctioned

37 Ramwadi Karmala Bhima 24, 25, 28 to 32 Not 30.09.2016 57697 Auctioned

38 Taratgaon Karmala Bhima 20, 16, 15/1, 14, 5 to 10, 136, Not 30.09.2016 139. 13381 Auctioned

Aljapur Karmala Bhima 176 to 179, 1 to 4, 7, 12, 13, 10, Not 30.09.2016 9, 3070 Auctioned

Bitargaon Karmala Bhima 106, 107, 109, 111, 112, 116, Not 30.09.2016 shree 117, 123, 124, 1 to 8, 11, 12, 4524 Auctioned 13, 16, 17, Balewadi Karmala Bhima 116, 119 to 124, 93 to 135, 10, Not 30.09.2016 11, 12, 117, 14, 19, 25, 26, 30, 3363 Auctioned 31, 39 Borgaon- Karmala Bhima Borgaon-133 to 138, 140, 141, 30.09.2016 11763 Not Nilaj 14, 12

Nilaj-3 to 7, 21, 22, 24, 25 to Auctioned 28, 40 Karanje- Karmala Bhima Karanje-219, 220, 1, 7, 10, 12, 30.09.2016 Bhalewadi 14, 15, 26, 27, 31, 32, 34 to 40, Not 7372 Auctioned Bhalewadi-161, 162, 164 to 167, 8, 9, 13, 41 Wadegaon Sangola Man 840, 843, 844, 846, 850, 851 to Not 30.09.2016 854, 858, 862, 863, 864, 890, 11997 Auctioned 888, 829 to 833, 837 to 839, 42 Navi Sangola Man 264, 266, 268, 270, 272, 273, Not 30.09.2016 Lotewadi 278 to 280, 255, 252, 253, 256, 15931 Auctioned

43 Khawaspur Sangola Man 1111 to 1114,1116 to 1118, 30.09.2016 1120, 1122/1,1123 to 1125, Not 1142 to 1144, 1230, 1231, 22261 Auctioned 1238, 1239, 1248,1253, 1255, 1269 to 1272, 44 Methwade Sangola Man 28, 29, 31 to 36, 371, 372, 368, Not 30.09.2016 436, to 439, 445, 446/4, 34370 Auctioned

45 Save-Bamni Sangola Man Bamani-3, 192 to 195,199 to 30.09.2016 201, 1092 to 195, 152 to 158, Not Save- 530, 532 to 534, 537, 36890 539, 542, 545, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 to Auctioned 11, 23, 26, 28, 37, 38, 40 to 42, 45, 48, 46 Dewale Sangola Man 42 to 49, 360 to 364, 340 to Not 30.09.2016 343, 18405 Auctioned

47 Javala Sangola Man 495 to 517, 520, 525, 703, 755, 30.09.2016 Not 757 to 759, 769, 770, 787, 903, 13781 904, 927, 928, 935, 936, 938 to Auctioned 941, 1012, 1049, 1101, 48 Yalmar Sangola Man 322 to 325, 334, 335, 337, 824 Not 30.09.2016 10907 Mangewadi to 833, 841 to 822, Auctioned

49 Watambre Sangola Man 1083, 1084, 1024, 1025, 1231, 30.09.2016 13377 1232, 1285 to 1287, 1058, Order Issued 1047, 50 Ghodeshwar Mohol- Bhima Ghodeshwar-108, 110, 105, 30.09.2016 Tamdardi Mangalw 107, 96, 99, 120 p, Not Machnur edha Tamdardi-350, 351, 1, 6, 7, 14 116924 Auctioned to 20, 42, 46, 47, 48, 58, 60, Machnur-120, 73, 77, 80 to 88, 51 Gunjaegaon Mangalw Man 353 to 356, 359, 363, 3, 4, 6, 7, 16694 Order Issued 30.09.2016 edha 14, 16, 18, 19, 32 to 36, 38, 40, 52 Malewadi Mangalw Man 201 to 206, 185 to 192, 183, 67 30.09.2016 edha to 69, 73 to 75, 78, 79, 82, 94, 6086 Order Issued 95, 97, 99, 100, Dhawalas Mangalw Man r 368 to 370, 375, 1, 64, 110, 30.09.2016 8413 Order Issued edha 111, 112, 132 to 137, 140 to 142, 53 Dharmgaon Mangalw Man 115 to 119, 122 , 123, 1, 2, 9982 Order Issued 30.09.2016 edha

Mundhavi Mangalw Man 558, 569, 581, 582, 58, 60, 61, 30.09.2016 8627 Order Issued edha 66, 67, 424, 425, 436, 437, 554, 555, 556,

Table No.5 Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams (in Year 2016-17) *Environmental Clearance issued to below listed sand spots by S.E.A.C. and S.E.I.A.A. in Financial Year 2016-17

Sr. Name Of Village Taluka Name of Location of sand ghat Availability of Auction E.C. No. the river Sand for Status (Gut No.) auction (in Period of brass) Validity

Ajansond-235 to 240, 247, 248, 232, 231, Ajansond- 118 p, 230, 224 to 228, 220, 218, 212, 213, Not 1 Pandhapur Bhima 30.09.2017 Mundhewadi- 214, 204, 203, 200 to 194, 68629 Auctioned Mundhewadi-13 to 18, 20, 61 to 80

Pohrgaon-5, 6, 7, 10 to 14, 17 to 20, 30 to 35, 39 to 41, 44 to 51, 56, Pohargaon- Not 2 Pandharpur Bhima Sarkoli-301 to 323, 337 to 348, 350 to 353, 30.09.2017 Sarkoli 61776 Auctioned 365 to 367, 369, 374, 376, 377, 382, 384 to 386, 388, 399

Kharsole-39, 285, 41 to 45, 12, 14, 34, 36, Kharsole - Chale 38, 5 to 9, 11. Order 3 Pandharpur Bhima 30.09.2017 58353 - Chale-525,572, 573 , 576 to 580, 594 to Issued 597, 600 to 603, 609.

Kharsole-266 to 273, 265/1, 264, 263 Kharsole - Order 4 Pandharpur Bhima Ambe- 442, 435, 434, 433, 430, 429, 428, 30.09.2017 Ambe- 28243 Issued 426, 425, 424, 423, 421, 420, 19, 446, 445,

Ambechincholi-55, 56, 58, 59, 60, Ambechincholi- Not 5 Pandharpur Bhima Sarkoli-664, 669, 668, 671, 672, 673, 699, 30.09.2017 sarkoli 78890 Auctioned 700, 744,

Degaon-31, 32, 40, 45, 46, 18, 22, 23, 17, 1, 506, 508, 509 Mundewadi-208 to 211, Degaon- Not 6 Pandharpur Bhima 213, 219 to 221, 224, 225, 229,237 to 239, 30.09.2017 Mundewadi 69420 Auctioned 244 to 248, 261 to 263, 270 to 272, 275 to 279,

Vite-81,82,gavthan 252, 251, 250 Sarkoli-348, 349, 350, 453, 454, 458 to Not 7 Vite-Sarkoli Pandharpur Bhima 30.09.2017 457, 472 to 478, 480, 481, 489 to 493, 395 82800 Auctioned to 498, 501, 507 to 517,

Shirdhon- Shirdhon-271 to 273, 307 to 311, 313, 315, Order 8 Pandharpur Bhima 30.09.2017 Chincholibhose 318, 319, 321p, 323, 324, 325, 330 56640 Issued Chincholibhose-33p, 81 to 84, 86 to 90, 93

to 99, 101 to 115,

Ghodeshwar- 112, 111, 108, 107, 105, 104, Ghodeshwar Mohol- 102, 101, 96 to 99, Tamdardi-344 to 351, Not 9 Bhima 30.09.2017 Tamdardi Mangalwedha 1, 6, 7, 15 to 20, 42, 46 to 52, 55, 56, 58, 60 74175 Auctioned to 64, 66, 67, 68,

Ardhnari-38p, 29, 28, 26, Bathan-102/1 Ardhnari- Mangalwedha- Order 10 Bhima to 106, 108 to 111, 114 to 119, 122 to 124, 30.09.2017 Bathan- Mohol 104256 Issued 129 to 132, 135, 139 to 174,

Ardhnari- Mangalwedha- Ardhnari-25, 19p, 17, 16, 11, 9, 8, 7p, 3p, Not 11 Bhima 30.09.2017 Bramhpuri Mohol Bramhpuri-812 to 848, 850 to 869, 105684 Auctioned

Order 12 Devikavate- Akkalkot Bhima 7b,8b,9 30.09.2017 51331 Issued

Order 13 Maisalge Akkalkot Bhima 175 to 178 30.09.2017 30767 Issued

Order 14 Dharsang Akkalkot Bhima 70,76,69,66,65 30.09.2017 23667 Issued

Order 15 Shegaon Akkalkot Bhima 17,20,21,22 30.09.2017 18400 Issued

Not 16 Lavangi- South solapur Bhima 1 to 9, 115,157,148, 30.09.2017 22828 Auctioned

1 to 4, 7, 8, 16, 24, 25, 29, 30, 34, 25, 29, 40, 41, 48, 52, 53, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 68/1, Not 17 Aauja(m)- South solapur Bhima 30.09.2017 68b, 69 to 75, 85a, 85b, 211b, to 342, 291 41493 Auctioned to 295

Order 18 Kurghot- South solapur Bhima 65, 76, 59, 164, 58,57, 56, 55 ,54, 53,52,51 30.09.2017 23796 Issued

1 to 25, 105, 111 to 120, 123 to 125, 129, Not 19 Balgi South solapur Bhima 30.09.2017 132, 36514 Auctioned

Kusur-241 to 243, 1, 8, 23, 118, Siddhapur- South solapur- Order 20 Kusur-Siddhapur Bhima 49, 50, 91, 93 to 97, 105, 107, 112 to 115, 30.09.2017 Mangalwedha 64309 Issued 143, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 154 to 156

1 to 5, 8, 9, 11 to 19, 21, 26, Gavth an Not 21 Kondarchoncholi Karmala Bhima 30.09.2017 28,29, 45629 Auctioned

12 to 17, 1, 2, Gavthan, 215, 202, 200, 196, Not 22 Khatgaon Karmala Bhima 192 to 195, 185 to 188, 179 to 181, 173 to 30.09.2017 52128 Auctioned 176, 161 to 163, 153 to 155,

Table No.6 Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams (in Year 2018-19) *Environmental Clearance issued to below listed sand spots by S.E.A.C. and S.E.I.A.A. in Financial Year 2018-19

Name of Name of Availability of Auction E.C. Sr. Location of sand ghat Name Of Taluka Sand for Period of No. Village the river (Gut No.) Status auctio(in brass) Validity

Shegaon-(Du) - 293, 290, 289, 288, 287, Shegaon-(Du)- Not 1 Pandharpur Bhima 286, 285, 284, 30.09.2019 53835 Mundhewadi Mundhewadi - 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, Auctioned 176, 177, 178, 179. Ajansond - 247,248,240,249,238,237,236,232,231,235, Ajansond- Not 2 Pandharpur Bhima 230/2, 228,118,227,226, 225, 224,220,218, 30.09.2019 82355 Mundhewadi 212, 213, 214, 203, 204. Auctioned Mundhewadi -13 to 18, 20, 61 to 66, 67 to 74, 76 to 80 Degaon - 46,45,40,32,31,23,22,18,17,1 509,508, 506 Degaon- Not 3 Pandharpur Bhima Mundhewadi- 208,209,210,211, 212, 30.09.2019 83912 Mundhewadi 213,219,220,221,224, 225, 229, Auctioned 237,238,239,244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 261 to 263, 266, 270 to 272, 275 to 279.

Not 4 Pandharpur Chale Bhima Chale- 525,572,573,576 to 580, 594 to 597, 30.09.2019 29177 600 to 603, 609. Auctioned

Suste - 134 to 139, 143 to 149. 144,143, Not 5 Pandharpur Suste-Chale Bhima 30.09.2019 139, 138, 137,136,135, 134 Chale - 256, 55583 Auctioned 258/1/p, 258/1/p, 261,262, 272p

Tarapur - 7,6,4,3,1, 614,613, 612, 610, 604,585, 572, 571, 570,567, 566, 565, 564. Not 6 Pandharpur Tarapur-Chale Bhima 30.09.2019 Chale- 455 to 457, 469 to 470, 482, 486, 60954 Auctioned 491/1, 491/2, 491/3 p,510,511, 514, 515, 518, 522 Not 7 Pandharpur Ambe Bhima Ambe-442,435,434,433,429,428, 30.09.2019 23279 426,425,424,423,421,420,419, 445,446 Auctioned

Vite - 81, 82 p, 252,251,250. Sarkoli - 348 to 350, 453, 454,457,456,472,473,474,475, Not 8 Pandharpur Vite-Sarkoli Bhima 30.09.2019 476 477,478,480,481,490,492, 491, 495 to 72170 Auctioned 498, 501 to 503, 505, 507 to 590, 510 to 517. Koutali - 673 to 678, 591 to 610, 655 to 659, 668 P Not 9 Pandharpur Koutali-Whole Bhima 30.09.2019 Whole-13 to15,63,77,78,84, 87, 105,113 40707 Auctioned to115,117 to 119, 121 P,123,125,126,127,128,129. Not 10 Akkalkot Mhaisalge Bhima 30.09.2019 Mhaisalge - 14 to 17 20693 Auctioned

Not 11 Akkalkot Guddewadi Bhima 30.09.2019 Guddewadi - 1 to 21 28452 Auctioned

Order 12 Akkalkot Alage Bhima 30.09.2019 Alage - 5/b, 6/b, 12, 13, 182. 31039 Issued

Not 13 Akkalkot Shegaon Bhima 30.09.2019 Shegaon - 56 to 65 20693 Auctioned

Not 14 Akkalkot Dharsang Bhima 30.09.2019 Dharsang - 80, 82, 83 21124 Auctioned

Not 15 South Solapur Bhandarkavte Bhima 30.09.2019 Bhandarkavte satha no.1 - 9 to 31. 23671 Auctioned

Order 16 South Solapur Bhandarkavte Bhima Bhandarkavte Satha No.2 - 791 to 797, 829, 30.09.2019 19046 843. Issued

Not 17 South Solapur Balagi Bhima Balagi - 1 to 25, 105, 111 to 120, 123 to 30.09.2019 36514 125, 129, 130 to 132. Auctioned

Not 18 South Solapur Sadepur Bhima 30.09.2019 Sadepur - 17, 18. 18502 Auctioned

Not 19 South Solapur Bhima 30.09.2019 Lavangi Lavangi - 9 to 1, 115, 157, 148, 138 24052 Auctioned

Not 20 South Solapur Karkal Bhima Karkal - 46, 1, 253, 262, 261, 263, 264, 269 30.09.2019 19876 to 278. Auctioned

21 South Solapur Takali Bhima Not 30.09.2019 Takali – 5,6,308 to 315 18502 Auctioned

Not 22 South Solapur Kurghot Bhima 30.09.2019 Kurghot - 58, 59, 65, 76. 20406 Auctioned

Not 23 South Solapur Hattansang Bhima 30.09.2019 Hattansang - 20 to 22, 145, 146, 157 20406 Auctioned

Not 24 South Solapur Barur Bhima 30.09.2019 Barur- 2 to 6 21767 Auctioned

Not 25 South Solapur Chinchpur Bhima Chinchpur - 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 30, 31, 30.09.2019 32106 33, 34, 76 to 80. Auctioned

Not 26 South Solapur Kudal Bhima 30.09.2019 Kudal - 15 to 20, 5 to 8. 21767 Auctioned

Auje (M) – 85b, 85c, 85a, 75, Order 27 South Solapur Auje (M) Bhima 74,73,72,71,70,69, 68a, 68b, 62, 61, 30.09.2019 41493 60,59b,57,53,52, 48,41, 40, 39,35,34,30,29, Issued 25p, 24, 16, 8,7,4 to 1, 342 to 316. Vadapur - 8,7,6,5,1,283,282,281,280,279, South Solapurü- Vadapur- Not 28 Bhima 278, 276, 275, 274, 273, 272. 30.09.2019 76325 Mangalvedha Siddhapur Siddhapur - 27,28,29,38,40,45,46, 47, 48 Auctioned Miri boundary to kusur boundary Miri - 68 p, 55, 54 p. Mohol- Not 29 Miri-Tandor Bhima Tandor- 178 to 182, 184, 185, 192, 200, 30.09.2019 36212 Mangalvedha 201, 203, 205, 207, 219, 223, 225, 227, Auctioned 228, 231, 232, 240, 242 Miri - 49 ,48, 45, 44, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 10, Mohol- Miri- Order 30 Bhima 6, 5, 4, 3, 197, 195, 194, 193, 189, 188, 187 30.09.2019 34770 Mangalvedha Siddhapur Siddhapur - 2, 3 p, 6, 14, 18, 19, 23, 25 p, Issued 26, 27, 28. Mohol- Tamdardi- Tamdardi - 344 to 351, 1, 6, 7, 55, 56, 58, Not 31 Bhima 30.09.2019 Mangalvedha Ghodeshwar 60 to 64, 66, 67, 68. Ghodeshwar - 112 31802 Auctioned to110, 108, 96 to 99. Not 32 Mangalvedha Dhramgaon Bhima Dharmgaon - 115 to 123, 134, 40, 60, 1, 2, 30.09.2019 19505 5. Auctioned

Bemble- 515p, 516, 520, 517. 23 to 28, 30, Madha- Bemble- 32, 33. Not 33 Bhima 30.09.2019 Malshiras Wafegaon Wafegaon - 212 to 215, 227, 224, 225, 226, 30954 Auctioned 198, 129, 33, 204, 154, 198, 1 to 6, 10 to 20, 24 to 29, 39 Chandaj - 135,156,157,158,162, Not 34 Madha Chandaj Bhima 30.09.2019 164,165,182,187,189,190, 206, 25442 Auctioned 207,208,209,210, 213, 220, 224, 226.

Garakole - 47 to 53, 40 to 43, 38, 31 to 35, Not 35 Madha Garakole Bhima 30.09.2019 25, 23, 18, 19, 1 to 3, 136, 137, 115, 87, 25442 Auctioned 105 to 112, 102, 101, 97 to 99, 89 to 93.

Alegaon - 2 to 5, 12 to 17, 19, 20, 88 to 97, Not 36 Madha Alegaon Bhima 30.09.2019 100 to 104, 108 to 110, 113, 114, 116, 117, 29682 Auctioned 126.

Bhima Takali - 2 to 7, 9 to 12, 160 to 165, 168 to Not 37 Madha Takali 30.09.2019 170, 175, 176, 180, 181, 185 to 190, 196, 38163 Auctioned 197. Not 38 Madha Malegaon Bhima 30.09.2019 Malegaon - 60, 61/b, 63, 70 to 72, 81, 88. 19081 Auctioned

Not 39 Madha Shevare Bhima Shevare- 2 to 9, 26 to 28, 30, 32, 197 to 30.09.2019 25442 208, 211 to 212. Auctioned

Khanapuri - 1 to 7, 339, 340, 370, 374, 333, Pandharpurü- Khanapuri- 339, 340, 344, 343, 328, 327. Not 40 Bhima 30.09.2019 Malshiras Wagholi Wagholi - 499, 501, 502, 505, 508, 514, 19929 Auctioned 518, 559, 520, 529, 523, 524, 528, 2 to 12, 271 to 37, 39 to 54. Pandharpurü- Taratgaon- Not 41 Bhima Taratgaon - 2 to 4, 75 to 56. Khalave - 1 to 30.09.2019 22527 Malshiras Khalave 28, 348 to 350, 364 to 367, 371. Auctioned

Umbre (page)- Umbre (page) - 1, 17 to 22, 31 to 41, 50, Pandharpurü- Not 42 Umbre Bhima 51, 60, 61, 70. 30.09.2019 Malshiras 19081 Auctioned (Velapur) Umbre (Velapur) - 1 to 4, 5 to 16, 437, 446, 447, Ozewadi - 166,165,157, 158, 140, 139,130,128,109, 77,76, 74 to 70, 67 to 65, Pandharpurü- Ozewadi- 17,1,4, 16, 12,11,10,8,7,3 to 1, 524, 525, Not 43 Bhima 30.09.2019 Mangalvedha Mudvi 550. 18127 Auctioned Mudvi - 424,425,436 to 440, 442, 511, 555, 556, 558, 559, 581 to 587,36,37,43,45, 52, 55, 58, 60 to 63, 65 to 67.

Summary of List of Environmental Clearance issued by S.E.A.C. and S.E.I.A.A. from 2015 to 2020

Name of River Sr. No Year Bhima Man Nira 1 2015-16 29 14 01 2 2016-17 19 0 0 3 2017-18 Not Auctioned Not Auctioned Not Auctioned 4 2018-19 43 0 0 5 2019-20 Not Auctioned Not Auctioned Not Auctioned 6 2020-21 Not Auctioned Not Auctioned Not Auctioned

4.0 DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEARS The royalty rates vary on the type of mineral exploited. The rates for royalty for different minor

mineral are tabulated below. Table 7: The rates for royalty for different minor mineral

Sr. No Type of Mineral Royalty rate per Brass (Rs)

1 Black stone 600/- 2 Murrum 600/- 3 Ordinary Soil 240/- As per Upset price derived from 4 Sand Auction Process

4.1. Revenue collected for last 3 years

The Revenue & Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra, had set the revenue collection targets for entire Maharashtra State and accordingly it was distributed to every district for every financial year wise. Accordingly every district tries to achieve the targets given by Revenue Department. The details of the target set by Revenue Department and against which revenue collected in Solapur District is tabulated below.

Table 8: Details of revenue or royalty collected for last 3 years

Target given by State Revenue Collected Percent Revenue Sr.No. Financial Year Revenue Department (In Lac.) Collected (In Lac.) 1 2017-18 14500 8905 61.41 2 2018-19 11800 8500 72.03 3 2019-20 10620 10955 103.16 4 2020-21 15930 88.31 55.43

5. DETAILS OF THE PRODUCTION OF SAND OR BAJRI OR MINOR MINERAL IN LAST THREE YEARS

Table 9: Details of the production of Sand or Bajri or Minor Mineral in last 3 years Production in Brass Sr. Financial Black Ordinary No Year River Sand Murrum Stone Soil 1 2017-2018 87861 42067 1500 384170 2 2018-2019 443300 101910 1500 225100 3 2019-2020 190800 126348 200 98000 4 2020-2021 191000 -- 300 376780

6. PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT

Sediments are naturally occurring material that is broken down by process of weathering & erosion, and is consequently transported by the action of wind, water, tides & force of gravity acting on the particles. The strongest agent for transportation of the sediments is water and degree of sediment transported is depending on strength and velocity of flow. There is a range of different particle size in flow; material of different sizes moves through all areas of the flow for given stream conditions. Sand is an essential minor mineral used extensively across the country as a useful construction constituent. The rivers are the most important source for sand. It acts as source of transportation and deposition of sand and Bajri etc. The various aspects leading to the formation and deposition of sand are geological activity, climate, rainfall, and water velocity acting on country rock. The drainage system of the major rivers in the district is mostly of dendritic type.

Figure No.2: Sedimentation Process

6.1 Sand Replenishment Study

A) Bed Load: 22

Bed load particles travel with water flow by sliding or bouncing along the bottom. Bed load is the portion of sediment transport that rolls, slides or bounces along the bottom of a waterways. This sediment is not truly suspended, as it sustains intermittent contact with the streambed, and the movement is neither uniform nor continuous. Bed load occurs when the force of the water flow is strong enough to overcome the weight and cohesion of the sediment. While the particles are pushed along, they typically do not move as fast as the water around them, as the flow rate is not great enough to fully suspend them. Bed load transport can occur during low flows (smaller particles) or at high flows (for larger particles). Approximately 5-20% of total sediment transport is bed load. In situations where the flow rate is strong enough, some of the smaller bed load particles can be pushed up into the water column and become suspended. B) Suspended Load: If the water flow is strong enough to pick up sediment particles, they will become part of the suspended load. While there is often overlap, the suspended load and suspended sediment are not the same thing. Suspended sediment are any particles found in the water column, whether the water is flowing or not. The suspended load, on the other hand, is the a mount of sediment carried downstream within the water column by the water flow. Suspended loads require moving water, as the water flow creates small upward currents (turbulence) that keep the particles above the bed. The size of the particles that can be carried as suspended load is dependent on the flow rate (Fig. 16). Larger particles are more likely to fall through the upward currents to the bottom, unless the flow rate increases, increasing the turbulence at the streambed. In addition, suspended sediment will not necessarily remain suspended if the flow rate slows. C) Wash Load The wash load is the portion of sediment that will remain suspended even when there is no water flow. The wash least is a subset of the suspended load. This load is comprised of the finest suspended sediment (typically less than 0.00195 mm in diameter). The wash load is differentiated from the suspended load because it will not settle to the bottom of a waterway during a low or no flow period. Instead, these particles remain in permanent suspension as they are small enough to bounce off water molecules and stay afloat. However, during flow periods, the wash load and suspended load are indistinguishable. Turbidity in lakes and slow moving rivers is typically due the wash load. When the flow rate increases (increasesing the suspended load and overall sediment transport), turbidity also increases. While turbidity cannot be used to estimate sediment transport, it can approximate suspended sediment concentrations at a specific location. D) Replenishment of snad ghat by Dendy -Bolton formula:

Many variables influence sediment yield from a drainage basin. They include climate, drainage area, soil, geology, topography, vegetation and land use. The effect of any of these variables may vary greatly from one geographic location to another, and the relative importance of controlling factors often varies within a given land resource area. Sediment yield formula Here: Q (in) = Mean Annual For Q<2 in: Rainfall=734mm=28.89 in S=1965 e-0.055Q [1.43-0.26 log (A)] A(mi2)= Catchment area= 312,812 km2 For Q> 2 in: =23898000000 mi2 S=1965 e-0.055Q [1.43-0.26 log (A)]

Table No.10 List of Rivers flowing in Solapur District. S.No. Name of the River Length (km) Type of River 1 Bhima River 257 Non-Perennial 2 Sina River 153 Non -Perennial 3 Bori River 38 Non-Perennial 4 Bhogawati River 48 Non-Perennial 5 Nagzari River 32 Non-Perennial 6 Man 89 Non-Perennial

IDENTIFICATION OF THE POTENTIAL AREA OF DEPOSITION/AGGRADATION WHEREIN SAND MINING LEASE COULD BE GRANTED.

FIGURE NO.3: TALUKA-AKKALKOT

FIGURE NO.4: TALUKA-PANDHARPUR

FIGURE NO.5: TALUKA-KARMALA

FIGURE NO.6: TALUKA-MADHA

FIGURE NO.7: TALUKA-MALSHIRAS

FIGURE NO.8: TALUKA-MANGALWEDHA

FIGURE NO.9: TALUKA-MOHOL

FIGURE NO.10: TALUKA-NORTH SOLAPUR

FIGURE NO.11: TALUKA-SANGOLA

FIGURE NO.12: TALUKA-SANGOLA

Details of Sand Ghats proposed in the year 2019-20

As per PIL no. 3596/2019 at Hon’ble High Court, Nagpur has ordered stay on 04.06.2019, that no auction or tendor can be held after 30 th September 2019. That’s why until 30 th sept, 2019 no auction was held. Later, there was increase in water in river due to which no survey was done. Hence, in financial year 2019- 20, there was no sand auction done.

7.0 GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT General profile of the district is covered in point number 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 8.0 LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT: FOREST AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTER, MINING ETC.: As the largest private enterprise in India, agriculture contributes one forth of the national GDP. Agriculture has been and will continue to be the life line of India economy. However, agriculture productivity and development differ very much from region to region, which needs a detail investigation. The temperature and pedagogical conditions are favorable for growing valuable crops like jawar, sugarcane, oil seeds, bajara, wheat, etc. By contrast, very low level of agriculture productivity is confined to the tahsils belonging to drought prone areas having irregular rainfall, rugged topography and poor irrigation facilities. Inadequacy of water is main hurdle in agriculture productivity. Hence, in present report an attempt has been made to assess the regional disparities in levels of agriculture productivity in Solapur District of Maharashtra.

8.1 Land Utilization Pattern in the District The study of the contour and morphology suggest that maximum area under water body is resulted to Karmala, Pandharpur, Sangola, Barshi and Akkalkot Talukas because of river and lake availability, whereas Karmala, Madha, Mohol, and Malshiras are beneficiary Talukas of Ujjani dam. Maximum settlements are found in North Solapur, South Solapur & Pandharpur Talukas which can be attributed to industrial and educational development. There is shrub land and fallow land noteworthy in whole Solapur district which may be due to the lack of water availability and lack of adaption of advance techniques in agriculture. Shrub land covered maximum area lies in Sangola and Malshiras Talukas due to the hilly region exibited by contour diferences and slope along which shallow soil cover is found. Maximum area occupied by agriculture in Pandharpur and Mangalwedha may be because of soil suitability as well as water availability in these Talukas. Madha, Karmala and Mohol are most beneficiaries of Ujjani dam due to rejuanation of Sina River by canal which pramoted maximum area under agriculture. Major noteworthy changes between study periods are exhibited by agriculture and shrub land because the shrub land is converted into agriculture day by day due to the addaption of advance technique in agriculture. The area under settlement is increased due to population growth influenced by workers in agricultureal and allied industry. Solapur is a drought prone area so there is no major change in water body in study period of twenty year.

Table No.11 Talukawise Land Use/Land Cover (Area in Hec.) of Solapur District.

Fallow Taluka Agriculture Shrub Land Settelment Water Body Total Land Akkalkot 594 392 354 35 32 1407 Barshi 643 503 331 22 46 1545 Karmala 525 501 389 24 156 1595 Madha 641 461 349 19 35 1505 Malshiras 731 717 84 31 41 1604 Mohol 574 544 158 20 24 1320 N.Solapur 242 218 122 81 21 684 Pandharpur 843 279 78 49 42 1291 S.Solapur 414 349 365 38 25 1191

8.2 Agro-Ecological Situation & Its Characters Table No.12 Agro-ecological situation & it characters Sr.No. Agro-Ecological Characteristics Situation 1. Rainfall Zone-I • This zone includes Karmala, Pandharpur, Sangola, Mangalwedha, Madha & Malsiras tahsils. • Getting less than 5 cm of rains from February to May, mostly in May, while remaining three months are almost dry. • During July receives 10-20 cm of rains. • In post mansoon season i.e. October to January, only one month i.e. October receives 5-10 cm of rains, whereas remaining three months get less than 5 cm of rainfall. • The amount and the extent of distribution of rains in Zone-I is adequate, erratic and irregular. • Soils under this zone is shallow, black with low rainfall & medium elevation, Bajra is mainly grown in kharif and Jawar is grown in Rabi season, other crops like Groundnut, Safflower, Wheat are also grown. 2 Rainfall Zone-IV • This zone includes Akkalkot, North & South Solapur, Mohol and Barshi tahsil’s. • In this zone getting rains of 5 cm in pre-mansoon season mostly in May, where as remaining months are dry. • In rainy season only 10-20 cm of rains occurs in June to September, while past rainy season only 5 cm of rains obtain mostly in October and remaining three months are observed to be dry. • Soils are shallow black soils did not differ significantly in properties as that of shallow soils in scarcity area. • Besides, Cereals, Pulses are equally grown over large area either as sole or intercropping. • Amongst the pulses, Tur, Mung and Udid are cultivated over large area; oilseeds also form an important component of cropping system. 38

8.3 Soil types of District

The geographical foundation of soils prevailing in Solapur district is mainly from Deccan trap of volcanic origin viz. “Basalt”. The soil is underlain by partially decomposed basaltic rock locally known as “Murum” which overlies parent material. On account of more or less complete absence of leaching the soil are base saturated the exchangeable calcium being the predominant cation. The free lime content is fairly high (5 to 10 per cent). The soils exhibit varying degree of erosion and truncated profile. Generally soils are clay in texture with predominant montmorillenite clay mineral. Because of the clay minerals, the soils exhibit swelling and shrinkage property on wetting and drying develop cracks after rainy season. The soils are generally low in total nitrogen, low to medium in available phosphorous and high in available potash. The soils in the district can be classified maily on the basis of depth i.e medium deep soils (22.5 to 90 cm) dominate the soil profile with 45 percent of area followed with 25 percent of deep soils of more than 90 cms of depth. About 30 percent of the area is under shallow soils.

Table No.13: The details of the soil types of Solapur District Sr. Soil type Characteristics Area in Ha. No.

1 Deep soils • Soil depth is more than 90 cms. 3,72,000 • Water availability period exceeding 130 days. • 25% area of the district having deep soils (39ahsils : Akklkot, north Solapur and south Solapur)

2 Medium deep soils • Soil depth is between 22.5 to 90 cms. 6,69,600 • Water availability period exceeding between 100-130 days. • 45% area of the district having medium deep soils (Tahsils: Mohol, Barshi, Pandharpur, Madha and Mangalwedha).

3 Shallow soils • Soil depth is less than 22.5 cms. 4,46,400 • Water availability period less than 100 days. • 30% area of the district having shallow soils (Tahsils: Malsiras, Karmala and Sangola)

Area, Production and Productivity of major crops cultivated in the Solapur district

Table No.14- Major crops productivity Productivity(Qtl Sr. No. Crop Area (ha) Production (Qtl) /ha)

A) Cereals:

1 K. Jawar 500 8500 17.00

2 R. Jawar 6,01,700 44,31,000 6.50

3 Bajra 63,400 7,61,000 12.00

4 Wheat 60,900 5,54,000 9.10

5 Sugarcane 35,400 1,69,92,000 480.00

B) Oilseeds:

1 K. Sunflower 19,900 1,25,000 6.28

2 Safflower 14,000 23,000 1.65

3 Rabi Sunflower 19,900 1,25,000 6.28

4 Summer Groundnut 3,200 83,000 26.00

5 Soybean 4,900 58,000 11.60

C) Pulses:

1 Redgram 39,100 2,57,000 6.28

2 Green gram 6,000 50,000 8.25

3 Black gram 9,100 37,000 4.08

4 Chickpea 33,000 1,49,000 4.50

D) Fruits:

1 Pomegranate 21,433 10,65,600 50

2 Ber 7,461 37,10,000 50

3 Grape 5,231 35,980 272

4 K. lime 3,718 18,56,000 50

5 Mango 2,180 21,700 10

6 Sapota 1,902 95,100 50

7 Tamarind 1,139 11390 10

8 Custard apple 791 7910 10

9 Banana 700 5,417 773

E) Vegetables:

1 Onion 7,938 9,59,200 120

2 Chilli 2,753 2,20,240 80

3 Brinjal 877 1,75,000 200

4 Tomato 877 1,75,400 200

5 Okra 69 10,350 150

6 Garlic 245 2,455 10 *Data collected from Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Solapur District, and Solapur.

9.0 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT On the basis of relief and structure, the physiographic divisions of the region are formed. The relief and structure influence the climate, soil types, vegetation pattern and economy of the study region. It is, therefore, necessary to demarcate, the district of Solapur into its physiographic regions, in order to have a precise geographical understanding. Most of the area of the district belongs to the Deccan plateau region. On the basis of physical setup, the region is divided into three major physiographic divisions: Table No.15 Relief Divisions of Solapur District Sr. Relief Division Area in Percentage to Total No. Sq.Km. Geographical Area of the Region 1. The Hilly Region 497 3.34 2. The Plateau Region 11916 80.00 3. The Lowland Region 2482 16.66 Total district 14895 100.00

Relief features: The district lies in the basins of the Nira, Bhima, Sina and Man rivers. Most of the Malshiras taluka in the west drains northwards into the Nira river which falls into the Bhima River in the west of the district. The drainage area of the Bhima which winds south-east through the district includes on the left bank Karmala, Madha, Pandharpur, Mohol and South Sholapur and on the right bank Malshiras, Sangola, Pandharpur and Mangalwedha. The Sina which flows roughly south-east, parallel to the Bhima, drains eastern Karmalo, central Madha, Barshi, eastern Mohol and Sholapur North and South. Near about Sholapur, the country is about 550 metres above mean sea level, except north and eastern Barshi, central Madha, central Karmala, parts of Malshiras and southern Sangola which are hilly. Sholapur district, in relief, is flat or waving. Most of the surface comprises long, low uplands separated by hollows or shallow basins with an occasional level. The shallow-soil- covered uplands are suited for pastures and deep-soiled lowlands for cropping. In Karmala and Madha, the water-shed between the Bhima and the Sina is marked by a tableland and a dotting of individual, residual knolls. Except this, the Sholapur uplands are generally rounded swellings of traps overgrown with yellow sandy spear grass. The rest of the district is bare, bleak and treeless. Except in Barshi, Karmala, Mohol, Malshiras and Sangola, the district of Sholapur has a few hills and even these are isolated, individual, residual resistant remnants. The chief knolls are Vadshin-ghat in Barshi, Waghoba and Bodki in Karmala, Chinchgaon in Madha, Gurvad in Malshiras, Phaltan range in Malshiras and the Khanapur-Jath hills of Sangola.

FIGURE NO.13: SOLAPUR DISTRICT RELIEF DIVISION

9.1 The Hilly Region: Barshi Hills: In the eastern and northern parts of Barshi taluka, the western flanks of Balaghat hills outcrop and rise to the elevations of over 600 metres with occasional scarp edges. The Vadshinghat hills are the most important of the several spurs of the Balaghat range in this region; they run with a southerly trend in this area. The Vadshinghat hills lie about 21 km. east of Barshi noted for a cave temple, sacred to Rameshwar. Apart from hills minor isolated knolls are also found around Koregaon, Pangaon, Vairag and Goudgaon. Karmala Hills: A broken hill range forming a low tableland and a water-shed between the drainages of the Bhima and the Sina runs in a northwest-southeasterly direction to the east of Daund-Kurduwadi railway line, particularly between Jeur and Kem and later crosses it to develop a southerly trend just south of Kem. It rises to a bare 600 metres above mean sea level and about 50 to 60 metres above the level of the adjoining valley floor. Small buttes rising to slightly higher elevations cap tableland. It roughly divides the taluka of Karmala into two equal halves, the western Bhima valley and the eastern Sina valley. These hills divide the country-side into a succession of rises and valleys with a good deal of high-lying tableland which in some places is strewn with tors and boulders but is otherwise generally level and has a thin cover of soil. Except the Waghoba and Bodki hills (595 metres) near Kem, there are a very few hill ranges. The central parts of the taluka form a rough broken ground, highly dissected. The Waghoba hill is about 60 metres in height and the Bodki hill about 50 metres in height above the surrounding plateau levels and lie about 25 km. southeast of Karmala. The slopes of both the hills are covered with stunted grass. In their flat tops lie untilled wastes. The hills themselves rise through a succession of structural levels indicative of the horizontal lava flows and are on the surface covered by a fairly deep layer of red murum or broken trap. Madha Hills: The Karmala hills continue further south of Kem, with a southerly trend and extend into Madha taluka, approaching somewhat closer the Bhima river and having a number of broken spurs extending to the river valley in the neighbourhood of Chinchgaon. The hills, here, rise to about 90 metres above the level of the plains and are fairly steep-sloped and flat-topped. They develop a grass cover over the murum. Near Vadshinghat, there is a spring at the foot of the hill. Akkalkot Hills: In the extreme eastern parts of Akkalkot taluka, adjoining the Gulbarga boundary is a broken hill ground with a number of north-south spurs; this ground forms a tertiary water- shed. These hills are covered with loose boulders and plentiful nodules and kankar. Like the other hill ranges, these are also flat-topped. The hills around Waghdari and Dudhni, though not of much elevations, stand out in the local landscape. Malshiras Hills: The western boundary of the Malshiras taluka forms hills known as the Phaltan range, rising to over 700 metres and falling through a steep scarp face to the north and to the

44 east, overlooking the Malshiras plain at an elevation of about 550 metres which are drained both to the north and the east by the tributaries of the Nira and Bhima rivers. The chief hill near the village of Gurwad about eight miles south of Malshiras is crowned by a temple of Tukai about 400 years old. The hills are bleak and barren and have developed excellent pediments under the semi-arid climatic conditions. [They form the source region for a large number of seasonal ephemeral wadis that burst into floods all of a sudden and choke themselves to death right in their infancy by an excessive load of coarse debris and stream-borne boulders.] Apart from these hills, in the south-eastern parts of Malshiras as well as in Sangola taluka there are a number of outcrops of rock boulders and typical for country. Sangola Hills: In the extreme south-west and south of Sangola, the eastern flanks of the Mahadev range form scarp edge descending from an average height of more than 600 metres through a fairly steep pediment and diluvial silt to the Man basin. This entire area is hilly and rocky with a considerable amount of stony wastes and broken ground. [The highest elevation in the district is reached here in the Mahadev hill (843 metres) to the north of Nagaj on the boundary, lying on the crest of an undissected mesa, lying separated from the main scarp. A number of smaller mesas lie to the north-west of the Mahadev hill such as the Satpata hill, Bhopalgad hill, Kuddelkhadi hill and the Lagna hill.

9.2 The Plateau: Apart from the peripheral scarp faces and the dotting of residual knolls all over, the district as a whole forms a waving plateau at an average elevation of 500 to 600 metres with road depressions in a north-south direction occupied by the valleys of the Bhima and Sina rivers. The plateau underlain by trappean lava floors develops rock exposures, and outcrops in patches and nowhere the plateau regur is quite deep; locally, the streambanks and immediate sides have comparatively, fine textured, loamy, agriculturally more productive soils. Water-supply, too, is relatively more easily available along the streams if not at the surface, at least at shallow surface depths, as is well reflected from the lining of the babul and khair trees on river-banks in an otherwise bleak and treeless landscape. It is possible to trace, over long distances, stream tracks by the lining of trees.

9.3 The Plain (lowland) Region: The plain region in the district of Solapur is occupied by Bh īma River and its tributaries. The central part of the district lies in the plain region. The plain region naturally is found along both sides of the river Bhima and its tributaries such as river Sina and river Man. The soil of the plain region is most fertile due to the deposition of eroded material transported by the river Bhima and its tributaries. The Solapur city, the Head quarters of district is located at the border

45 of plateau and plain region. The plain area in the district covers about 16.34 percent of the geographical area of the district. Surprisingly, there are few hills and uplands isolated found in the plain region, which have the height of more than 550 meters, above mean sea level. On an average, the plain region has an altitude which is ranging between 200 to 450 meters . 9.4 Drainage Pattern :

The river Bh īma originates from the Bhima shankar plateau of Ambegaon tahsil in Pune district. After leaving the Solapur district, it enter into Karnataka state and meets with the Krishna river. The right bank tributaries of Bh īma are Nira and Man, while left bank tributary is the Sina. Besides, a good number of lesser streams in the Solapur district which form the tributaries of the Bh īma and Sina are the local feeders. The Bh īma and the Sina flow, roughly south easterly direction, while the Nira east and the Man north east direction. Most of these rivers are non perennial in nature and flow only during the rainy season. In order to understand, their detail characteristics, it is most appropriate to discuss them one by one in to consideration. A. The River Bhima

The river Bh īma drains in the central part of the district, comprises the greater part of Karmala, Madha, Malshiras, Pandharpur, Mangalweda, Mohol and south Solapur tahsils. The river Bh īma is one of the main feeders of river Krishna. The river Bh īma rises from the Bhimashankar plateau in Pune district and runs south east direction and enters into Solapur district near Jinti village of Karmala tahsil and flows through the district of Pune, Ahamadnagar and Solapur in Maharashtra and Bijapur district in Karnataka and it falls into Krishna River about 25 kilomiter North of Raichur in Karnataka State. The Bh īma has an overall length of 289 kilometer within the limit of the district of Solapur. The 110 kilometer length of the river Bhima, acts as winding since the river separate Karmala on the left from Indapur in Pune district on the right. For about 10 kilometer, it separates Madha on the left and Malshiras on the right. Further, for about 34 kilometer it separates Pandharpur in the left and Malshiras on the right. Again for about 65 kilometer, it passes through the central part of the Pandharpur tahsil. The Mohol tahsil in the left for about 20 kilometer, it has separated Mangalweda tahsil on the right they it turns towards south for about 10 kilometer forming the boundary between south Solapur tahsil on the left and Mangalweda tahsil on the right. After this, the river Bh īma acts as a boundary between Maharashtra and Karnataka states, for about seventy kilometer, the south Solapur and Akkalkot tahsil on the left hand of the region under study and the districts of Bijapur and Gulburga on the right hand.

FIGURE NO.14: NATURAL DRAINAGE PATTERN OF SOLAPR DISTRICT

One more point worth mentioning is that, the river Bh īma is making a shape of crescent near Pandharpur. Due to such appearance of the river near Pandharpur locally, it is called as a Chandrabhaga, which is regarded as a holiest place in Maharashtra.

B. The River Nira

The river Nira rises in the Bhor tahsil of the Pune district. The river Nira is the chief right bank feeder of the Bh īma River. It runs to south east and east, along the borders of Pune, Satara and Solapur districts before joining the main flow of Bh īma River, out of its total length of about 180 kilometer, only 48 kilometer lies on the borders of the Pune and the Solapur district. The banks of the river Nira are steep and rocky.

C. The River Man

The river Man rises in the Phaltan ranges which are the parts of Mahadeo ranges in Satara district. It flows, in the west side of Dahiwadi. It is a right bank feeder of river Bh īma and run through eastern parts of Satara district and turns towards Sangola, Pandharpur and Mangalweda tahsil. It forms entire boundary between Pandharpur and Mangalweda tahsil. The total lengths of river Man is about 160 kilometer, out of which 80 kilometer, lies within the limits of Solapur district. The Belvan the Khurd, the Sanganga and the Vankadi are the main feeder streams of the river Man within the district of Solapur, which are seasonal in its nature.

D.The River Sina

The river Sina rises twenty two kilometer west of Torana in Ahamadnagar district of Maharashtra state and enters the Solapur district near Alijapur village of the Karmala tahsil. It is largest left bank feeder of the river Bhima. It runs south-east through Ahamadnagar and Solapur district and meets with the river Bh īma near Kudal about 25 kilometers south of Solapur city. It has a total length of 180 kilometer within the district of Solapur. The river Sina receives, river Bhogawati on its half bank near Mohol about a distance of 7 kilometer. The channel of river Sina is about 100 to 200 meters; broad in Solapur district and it has very steep banks throughout its flow in the Solapur district.

E. The River Bhogavati

It is the fifth important river of Solapur district. It rises in the south facing scarps of Balaghat in the North east part of Barshi tahsil. It flows initially to south west direction for a distance of about 65 kilometer in the Barshi and Madha tahsils of Solapur district. The Bhogawati joins Sina about seven kilometers north of Mohol tahsil. It is the largest tributary of river Sina. The major sources of streams of the Bhogawati are Bodaki, Nagzari and Sira which 48 also rise in Balaghat hill and run to south west direction.

F. The River Bori

The river Bori rises on the south facing scarp land of Osmanabad plateau near Tuljapur. It is a small left bank feeder of river Bh īma. It flows to southwards direction in the eastern parts of Akkalkot tahsil. Its tributary is river Harni, which flows about 50 kilometers through the Akkalkot tahsil in Solapur district.

9.5 Natural Vegetation:

The natural vegetation is commonly used to describe the natural plant's growth as distinct from the cultivated plants growth. The natural vegetation is consisting three fold divisions of study the forest, grassland and desert. In the region under study, the forest cover is very poor. The forest of Solapur district occupies 357.9 square kilometer area in which 345 square kilometer forest area and 12.9 square kilometer is unclassified forest. In other words, 157 square kilometer is area under revenue department; 188 square kilometer is under of forest department and 12.9 square kilometer unclassified reserved and unclaimed forests. Surprisingly, these scattered poor forests constitute only 2.14 percent of the total area of the district. In the past, the forests were comparatively dense of predominant of scrubs forest on the hill and with growth of Babul and Neem, lower down in the plains, however, at present most of these forests have disappeared. What remains today, are poor stunted and malformed trees of scrubs in scattered patches. Before the independence of our country, the forest areas were under the administration of forest division in Solapur district. But due to the growing pressure of population, some forest lands were converted in to agricultural land and some were denuded of vegetation and soil. At present, forests are mainly observed in patches in Malshiras, Sangola and Barshi tahsils on hill slopes and low lying areas. Most of the forest product of the district is consumed by the local people. In fact, the forest produce falls short of the total demand and the requirements have to be imported from other places of Maharashtra and India. The important collections of forest produce in the district are Barshi and Solapur. Despite, other tahsil Head Quarters such as Pandharpur, Mangalwedha, Sangola and Akkalkot are important centre's for the collection of forest products.

9.6. Climate

Broadly, the climate of the Solapur district is monsoonal in nature. The year can be divided in to four seasons:

1)The cold weather season : (December to February ) 2)The hot weather season : ( March to May) 3) The southwest Monsoon season : ( June to August) 4) The post Monsoon season : (September to November)

In order to understand, the chief characteristics of climatic conditions, it is necessary to discuss in detail each season of the Solapur district.

Table No.16: Temperature Distribution in Solapur District

Solapur Sr.

Months No. Mean daily Mean Daily Maximum Minimum Temp 0C Temp 0C 1 Jan 30.4 15.3 2 Feb 33.2 17.1 3 March 36.8 20.8 4 April 39.3 24.2 5 May 39.9 25.1 6 June 34.7 23.3 7 July 31.3 22.3 8 Aug 31.2 21.8 9 Sept 31.1 21 .6 10 Oct 32.1 20.4 11 Nov 30.4 17.2 12 Dec 29.9 14.8 1 District Annual 33.3 20.3

10. RAINFALL: The normal annual rainfall over the district varies from about 584.3 mm. The rainfall in the district varies from 448.8 mm. (17.67") at Akluj near the western border to 689.2 mm. (27.14") at Akkalkot near the south-eastern border of the district some rainfall in the form of thunder-showers occurs during the months of April and May. The rainfall during the south-west monsoon in the months of June to September amounts to about 74 per cent of the annual rainfall. September is the rainiest month. About 17 per cent of the normal annual rainfall in the district is received in the post-monsoon months of October and November. The rainfall analysis also indicates drought area in the eastern, southern, south eastern, central and north western parts around Akkalkot, S. Solapur, Karmala, Madha, some part of Mangalvedha, Sangola covering around 60-80% area of the district.

Table No. 17 Normal Rainfall from Various Stations in the Solapur Districts Sr. Tahsil Avg. 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 No 1 North 542.2 756.2 610.2 472.8 534.7 393.9 272.98 547.94 410.68 Solapur 2 South 542.2 756.2 610.2 472.8 502.4 387.6 228.17 534.86 454 .13 Solapur 3 Akkalkot 538.5 717.2 618.0 556.3 601.4 433.3 246.86 456.67 379.62 4 Barshi 601.8 1030.3 505.6 551.6 540.1 392.2 238.58 593.68 769.47 5 Pandharpur 496.5 672.1 395.8 361.8 566.2 371.3 278.33 375.01 511.36 6 Mangalwedha 447.9 604.9 309.0 287.5 437.9 373.0 227.93 310.04 446.68 7 Sangola 386.6 615.9 330.1 393.8 463.5 492.9 272.46 448.09 568.43 8 Malshiras 465.6 719.2 436.8 350.0 589.5 326.0 215.29 436.70 530.52 9 Mhada 508.3 1118.7 389.5 434.5 591.3 340.4 289.97 535.47 613.40 10 Mohol 478.5 948.8 508.6 318.1 527.0 335.0 230.16 318.28 518.93 11 Karmala 369.0 963.4 538.9 258.7 510.0 384.6 262.26 419.62 567.45 Total 5377.1 8902.9 5252.7 4457.8 5863.8 4230.1 2762.99 4976.36 5770.67 Average 488.8 809.4 477.5 405.3 533.1 384.6 251.18 452.40 524.61 (Source- https://solapur.gov.in/en/rainfall/)

11.0. GEOLOGY

The district as a whole is monotonously covered by Deccan Trap basaltic lava flows, which, in turn, are covered by a thin mantle of soil almost everywhere. These flows, on account of differential weathering, give rise to undulating relief. There are no prominent hill ranges in the district and the region is characterised by typical Deccan trap geomorphology. The fine grained dark grey basaltic flows constitute the high country while the weathered vesicular and zeolitic basalts generally constitute the valleys in the area. The basalt of the district is just a part of the vast expanse of the Deccan lava flows which occupy around 5,18,000 square kilometres of the western and central parts of the country. The traps in the district probably represent middle traps in the three-fold classification of traps (the lower and upper being the other two classes) and attain a thickness of more than 1,200 metres.

The geological sequence in the district is as follows:-

Recent alluvium and soil carrying horizons of Recent. calcareous kankar locally. Basalt flows belonging to the Deccan Trap Cretaceo-Eocene. volcanic episode.

Deccan Trap flows: The precise configuration of entire succession of basalt flows of the district is not known in as much as systematic geological mapping has not been carried out so far. During the course of survey in Akkalkot taluka for groundwater, in 1963-64, 6 flows in a vertical column of 84 metres confined between 472 and 556 metres, respectively from the M.S.L. have been recognised. The flows consist of dark grey fine grained, hard and compact basalts having red pinkish colour at the top portions. A few red bole beds, which are the ferruginous clayey substances of brick-red colour, have been noticed in between the successive flows. They usually conlain fragments of basalts and indicate the periods of diminished or no volcanic activity. The vesicles in basalt, which are around 4-5 mm. in diameters, are usually filled in by secondary minerals like zeolites, calcite, chlorophaeite, etc. There are textural variations within the same flow, both laterally and vertically. There is also a gradual variation in vesicularity from non- vesicular to a vesicular flow. The maximum thickness of a flow in the area, observed in 1963-64, is around 30 metres, while the average is generally of the order of 20 metres. These two types of massive and amygdalloidal basalts have also been met with in the sub-surface strata drilled for dam site exploration pertaining to Bhima Lift Irrigation Scheme near Ujani. Some of the drill holes encountered pockets of red bole and ash. The basalts display typical spheroidal weathering, the depth of the weathered zone varying 52 between 3 to 8 metres. Veins of kankar filling up the fractures of the vesicular traps are quite common. Such vein fillings are absent in the fine grained compact basalt. Soil and Kankar: Almost everywhere in the district, black cotton soil ranging in thickness from 0.3 metre to 2.5 metres is found to cover the top of the different flows. This black cotton soil is the ultimate product of weathering of Deccan Trap. Calcareous kankar and nodules are commonly associated with these soils. The thickness of the soil cap along the river sections increases to as much as 3 to 4 metres. Geological structure: The area is remarkably free from a bye-structural complexity. There are no evidences of any structural disturbances like folding or faulting. The trap flows exhibit a general horizontal disposition though low dips are noticed here and there which exclusively a local phenomena are. Such dips were observed (1963-64) near Setan Dudhani (56 C /7, 17026': 76016') and Maindargi (56 C/7, 17028': 76018'). The flows here show north-south strike with gentle dips towards east and west. The fine-grained basalts show the typical hexagonal columnar type of jointing. The vesicular traps at places exhibit north-south and east-west striking joints, with vertical dips. Closely-spaced sheet jointing gives the rock a sheared look. Economic minerals: No mineral of economic importance has been reported from the district. The hard and compact basalts, however, are locally used as building material and for road metal.

11.2 GROUNDWATER INFORMATION OF SOLAPUR DISTRICT

Deccan Trap Basalt

Ground water in Deccan Traps mostly occurs in the weathered and fractured parts down to 10-15m depth. At places potential zones are encountered at deeper levels in the form of fractures and inter-flow zones which are generally confined down to 60-80m in the district. The weathered portions of both vesicular and massive units have better porosity and permeability. Intensity of weathering is less in hilly region of the district while it is higher in plain area. The yield of dug wells tapping phreatic aquifer ranges between 18 to 152cum/day, which have 5-12m depth range. The bore wells are generally drilled down to 40 to 60m tapping weathered and fracture/vesicular zones, these wells have a discharge of 2 to 4lps. It is noticed and reported that the yields of the wells drastically get reduced in summer months beginning form March up June end.

Alluvium

Ground water in this formation occurs under water table condition in the district as it is very shallow in depth and spreads over a very limited area. It is observed that the saturated 53 thickness of alluvial material comprises of silt, clay, sand and gravel. The detrital material consisting of sand and gravel occurring as lenses in the alluvial piles sometimes form good aquifer but on other hand these deposit do not constitute potential aquifer in the district as compared to hard rock due to its limited area extent.

The yield of dug wells developed closer to river course ranges between 122 to 172cum/day, which have 8-16m depth range. The bore wells are generally drilled down to 20 tapping alluvium and part of weathered and fracture/vesicular zones, these wells have a discharge of 4 to 6lps.

Water Level Scenario

Ground water Survey Development& Agency, Solapur monitors ground water level. Total 159 Observation wells are established and are monitored in the district.

Pre monsoon Depth to Water Level (May-2018) Table No.18-The difference between groundwater level of May 2018 and average Groundwater level of last 5 years month May Numbers of Water level Last 5 year Difference Sr. Name of Ovservation of Water level of Between the No Tehasil Wells May 2018 May Month Water Level North 1 5 6.99 8.54 1.55 Solapur South 2 15 8.59 8.32 -0.27 Solapur 3 Barshi 15 6.74 8.59 1.85 4 Akkalkot 21 8.12 8.41 0.29 5 Pandharpur 14 6.50 7.13 0.63 6 Malshiras 15 6.32 7.07 0.75 7 Mangalwedha 6 6.96 7.03 0.07 8 Sangola 14 7.30 7.75 0.45 9 Madha 18 8.79 10.50 1.71 10 Mohol 13 7.90 9.50 1.60 11 Karmala 23 7.52 8.93 1.41 Total 159 7.43 8.34 0.91 Average

Post-monsoon Depth to Water Level (Oct-2018) Table No19.-The difference between groundwater level of October 2018 and average Groundwater level of last 5 years of Month October Numbers of Water level Last 5 year Difference Sr. Name of Ovservation of Water level of Between the No Tehasil Wells Oct 2018 Oct Month Water Level North 1 5 4.43 5.86 -1.43 Solapur South 2 15 5.06 7.40 -2.34 Solapur 3 Barshi 15 3.26 4.78 -1.52 4 Akkalkot 20 4.54 7.04 -2.50 5 Pandharpur 14 4.51 5.31 -0.81 6 Malshiras 14 3.71 5.88 -2.17 7 Mangalwedha 6 3.89 6.20 -2.32 8 Sangola 14 4.86 7.87 -3.01 9 Madha 18 5.75 8.64 -2.89 10 Mohol 13 4.46 7.48 -3.05 11 Karmala 22 4.16 7.25 -3.08 Total 156 4.42 6.70 -2.28 Average 55

Pre monsoon Depth to Water Level (May-2019) Table No.20-The difference between groundwater level of May 2019 and average Groundwater level of last 5 years month May Numbers of Water level Last 5 year Difference Sr. Name of Ovservation of Water level of Between the No Tehasil Wells May 2019 May Month Water Level North 1 5 9.14 8.18 -0.96 Solapur South 2 15 9.32 8.36 -0.95 Solapur 3 Barshi 15 9.81 7.88 -1.94 4 Akkalkot 21 9.36 8.29 -1.07 5 Pandharpur 14 8.31 7.24 -1.07 6 Malshiras 15 8.12 6.79 -1.33 7 Mangalwedha 6 7.52 7.05 -0.47 8 Sangola 14 9.48 8.57 -0.91 9 Madha 18 11.14 9.92 -1.23 10 Mohol 13 10.04 8.92 -1.12 11 Karmala 23 9.71 8.66 -1.06 Total 159 9.27 8.17 -1.10 Average

Post-monsoon Depth to Water Level (Oct-2019) Table No.21-The difference between groundwater level of October 2019 and average Groundwater level of last 5 years of Month October Numbers of Water level Last 5 year Difference Sr. Name of Ovservation of Water level of Between the No Tehasil Wells Oct 2019 Oct Month Water Level North 1 5 4.85 4.70 0.15 Solapur South 2 15 5.75 4.16 1.59 Solapur 3 Barshi 15 3.62 2.72 0.90 4 Akkalkot 20 5.09 3.79 1.30 5 Pandharpur 14 4.96 2.73 2.23 6 Malshiras 14 4.35 2.15 2.10 7 Mangalwedha 6 4.61 3.10 1.51 8 Sangola 14 5.55 4.04 1.51 9 Madha 18 6.42 4.88 1.54 10 Mohol 13 5.46 2.99 2.47 11 Karmala 23 4.72 3.25 1.46 Total 157 5.03 3.51 1.52 Avverage 56

Pre monsoon Depth to Water Level (May-2020) Table No.22-The difference between groundwater level of May 2020 and average Groundwater level of last 5 years month May Numbers of Water level Last 5 year Difference Sr. Name of Ovservation of Water level of Between the No Tehasil Wells May 2020 May Month Water Level North 1 5 8.50 8.56 0.06 Solapur South 2 15 8.45 8.88 0.43 Solapur 3 Barshi 15 8.49 8.33 -0.17 4 Akkalkot 21 8.17 8.68 0.51 5 Pandharpur 14 7.49 7.56 0.06 6 Malshiras 15 6.74 7.18 0.44 7 Mangalwedha 6 7.52 7.36 -0.16 8 Sangola 14 9.01 8.69 -0.32 9 Madha 18 10.23 10.20 -0.03 10 Mohol 13 8.75 9.27 0.51 11 Karmala 23 8.47 8.91 0.45 Total 159 8.35 8.51 0.16 Average

Post-monsoon Depth to Water Level (Oct-2020) Table No.23-The difference between groundwater level of October 2020 and average Groundwater level of last 5 years of Month October Numbers of Water level Last 5 year Difference Sr. Name of Ovservation of Water level of Between the No Tehasil Wells Oct 2020 Oct Month Water Level North 1 5 4.94 3.89 1.05 Solapur South 2 15 5.97 4.44 1.53 Solapur 3 Barshi 15 3.85 3.14 0.71 4 Akkalkot 20 5.38 3.96 1.43 5 Pandharpur 14 4.89 3.46 1.42 6 Malshiras 14 4.23 2.78 1.48 7 Mangalwedha 6 4.87 3.65 1.22 8 Sangola 14 5.80 4.72 1.08 9 Madha 18 6.92 5.23 1.69 10 Mohol 13 5.87 4.53 1.34 11 Karmala 23 4.93 3.84 1.09 Total 157 5.24 3.97 1.28 Avverage 57

Details of sand ghats proposed in the year 2020-21 for Environmental Clearance:

As per the notification of the Government of India in the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and Forest issued vide number S.O. 1533(E), dated the 14th September, 2006 published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Sub-section (ii) (hereinafter referred to as the said notification) directions have been given regarding the prior environmental clearance.

And whereas, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has amended the said Notification vide S.O. 141 (E) dated 15th January, 2016 wherein the procedure for preparation of District Survey Report for minor mineral has been prescribed.

Now, in accordance with the objectives, technical sub-committee headed by Tehsildar of Mohol- Mangalvedha and Jr. Geologist, GSDA; Jr. Engineer, MPCB have visited 32 sand ghats of Maan and Bhima river. These 32 ghat proposals were forwarded to Taluka level sand monitoring committee headed by respective Sub-Divisional Officer. Taluka level committee have forwarded 12 sand ghat proposals from those 32 sand ghat proposals as 20 were from Maan river which depth of sand is less than 2meters. As per 2020 guidelines, those 20 ghats with less than 2m depth cannot be proposed for excavation. District Sand Monitering Committee after receiving the 12 proposals there-in-after, carried out a detailed survey with officials of Ground water Development Agency (GSDA), respective Tahsildar, concerned J.Engineer of Water Resource Dept, representative of M.P.C.B, District Mining Officer, Solapur along with accredated Environment Consultant {appointed by District Collector office (Mining Dept) for identification of areas of aggradations and deposition where mining can be allowed; identification of areas of erosion; proximity to infrastructural structures and installations where mining should be prohibited; calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area proposed by technical sub- committee for sand mining .} Through the combined survey of officials as stated above total 12 proposals given below has been recommended by committee stated in Govt. Resulation dated 3 rd Sep 2019 for sand mining with no harm to ground water level as approved by GSDA. The mineral potential is calculated based on field investigations and Geology of the catchment area of the river/ streams. As per the site conditions and location, depth of minable mineral is defined.

Sr.No Taluka Name of the Length (in Breadth Depth (in Area In Permitted Sand ÝÖ™ü ®ÖÓ²Ö¸ü Village/ Sand Mt) (Mt) Mt) Hec. Resources Spot (Brass)

Khanapur (Ghat- Khanapur Gut Noü:- 225 ŸÖê 240, 243, 1 Akkalkot 1) 750 60 1 4.50 15901 259.

South Bhandharkavthe Bhandharkavthe Gut Noü:- 829, 791, 2 Solapur (Ghat-1 1400 30 1 4.20 14841 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797

Chale üGut No :- 399, 401/1, 3 Pandharpur Chale (Ghat-1) 900 50 1 4.50 15901 401/1/2/1, 401/2/2, 402, 410, 413, 414/2/²Ö, 414/1

Ardhanari (Ghat- 4 Mohol 1) 308 145 1 4.47 15781 Ardhanari Gut No :- 7 ¯Öî, 9 ¯Öî

Miri Gut No:-.49, 48, 45, 44, 43, 40, Mohol- Miri-Sidhhapur 33. 5 Mangelvedh (Ghat-1) 310 140 1 4.34 15336 Sidhhapur Gut No.:- 485, 486 ¯Öî, 1 ¯Öî

Miri Gut No.:- 55, 56, 57, 69. Mohol- Miri-Tandor 6 570 78 1 4.45 15710 Mangelvedh (Ghat-1) Tandor Gut No.:- 203 ¯Öî, 205, 207, 208, 209, 213, 214.

Ardhanari Gut No :- 28, 26, 25 ¯Öî 7 Mohol- Ardhanari-Bathan 338 130 1 4.39 15527 Mangelvedh (Ghat 1) Bathan Gut No :-ü 164, 167 ŸÖê 174.

Ardhanari Gut No:- 38 ¯Öî 8 Mohol- Ardhanari-Bathan 345 130 1 4.49 15848 Mangelvedh (Ghat 2) Bathan Gut No :- 102, 103, 104, 105, 106. Ardhanari Gut No :- 38 ¯Öî 9 Mohol- Ardhanari-Bathan 375 119 1 4.46 15769 Mangelvedh (Ghat 3) Bathan Gut No :- 124, 125, 129 ŸÖê 132, 135, 136, 138, 139, 141 ŸÖê 143, 145. Ghodeshwari- Ghodeshwariü Gut No :- 115 ¯Öî, 112 ¯Öî 10 Mohol- Tamdardi (Ghat 355 124 1 4.40 15555 Mangelvedh 1) Tamdardi Gut No :- 344 ŸÖê 348. Ghodeshwariüü Gut No :- 108 ¯Öî, 107, Ghodeshwari- 105, 104. 11 Mohol- Tamdardi (Ghat 377 115 1 4.34 15320 Mangelvedh 2) Tamdardi Gut No :- 1, 6, 7, 16, 17, 15. Ghodeshwariüüü Gut No :- 98, 97, 96, Ghodeshwari- 94¯Öî 12 Mohol- Tamdardi (Ghat 364 122 1 4.44 15692 Mangelvedh 3) Tamdardi Gut No:- 49, 50, 51¯Öî

References: 1) https://www.kvksolapur.org/district-profile.php 2) https://solapur.gov.in/en/demography/ 3) https://solapur.gov.in/en/ 4) https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Solapur/gen_geology.html 5) Groundwater Levels : GSDA office Solapur 6) http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Maharashtra/Solapur.pdf