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Islamic Activism: the Socio-Political Dynamics of the Indonesian Forum

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Islamic Activism: the Socio-Political Dynamics of the Indonesian Forum Islamic Activism: The Socio-Political Dynamics of the Indonesian Forum of Islamic Society (FUI) Fahlesa Munabari A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Southeast Asian Social Inquiry School of Humanities and Social Sciences July 2016 Table of Contents Acknowledgement viii Abbreviations x Abstract xii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. The Significance of the Research 6 1.2. Research Scope 10 1.3. Research Methodology 11 1.3.1. Research Design, Theoretical Framework, and Research Process 11 1.3.2. The Employment of Data Sources 14 1.3.3. Research Methods 16 1.4. The Structure of the Thesis 17 Chapter 2. Making Sense of Social Movements: Definitions and Characteristics 21 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Definitions of Social Movements 22 2.3. Political Opportunity Structures 25 2.4. Mobilising Structures 29 2.5. Framing 33 2.6. Social Movements and Electoral Participation 39 2.7. Trends in Incorporating Social Movements’ Theories into the Studies of Islamic Movements 44 2.8. Summary 47 iii Chapter 3. The Changing Faces of Political Islam in Indonesia 48 3.1. Introduction 48 3.2. Defining the Concept of Political Islam 49 3.3. The Face of Political Islam before Suharto’s Era 53 3.4. The Face of Political Islam during Suharto’s Era 58 3.5. The Face of Political Islam after Suharto’s Era 67 3.6. The Role of Islamic Revivalist Movements in Indonesia: Are They Significant? 73 3.7. Summary 77 Chapter 4. The Emergence and Mobilising Structures of FUI Major Member Movements 79 4.1. Introduction 79 4.2. The Emergence of Post-Suharto’s Islamic Revivalist Movements 80 4.2.1. The Emergence of HTI 85 4.2.2. The Emergence of MMI 87 4.2.3. The Emergence of FPI 89 4.3. The Mobilising Structures of FUI Major Member Movements 92 4.3.1. The Mobilising Structures of HTI 96 4.3.2. The Mobilising Structures of MMI 113 4.3.3. The Mobilising Structures of FPI 125 4.4. Summary 137 Chapter 5. The Ideologies and Framing Strategies of FUI Major Member Movements 140 5.1. Introduction 140 5.2. The Ideologies and Framing Strategies of HTI 143 5.2.1. The Caliphate, Nation-State, and Nationalism 143 5.2.2. Democracy and Electoral Participation 153 iv 5.3. The Ideologies and Framing Strategies of FPI 161 5.3.1. Amar Ma’ruf Nahi Munkar 161 5.3.2. Sharia, Islamic State, and Electoral Participation 166 5.4. The Ideologies and Framing Strategies of MMI 174 5.4.1. The Formalisation of Sharia in Indonesia 174 5.4.2. Democracy and Electoral Participation 180 5.5. Summary 183 Chapter 6. FUI’s Emergence and Mobilising Structures 186 6.1. Introduction 186 6.2. The Emergence of FUI 188 6.3. Organisations and Structures 190 6.3.1. HDI (Hizbud Dakwah Islam or the Party of Islamic Propagation) 196 6.3.2. FPI 199 6.3.3. MMI 201 6.4. FUI’s Scope of Activities 203 6.5. FUI’s Support Seeking-Strategies 207 6.5.1. FUI’s Media 207 6.5.2. The Gatherings of the Readers of Suara Islam 209 6.5.3. Pro-Sharia Presidential Candidates 211 6.6. Financial Resources 217 6.7. Summary 219 Chapter 7. FUI’s Ideologies and Framing Strategies 223 7.1. Introduction 223 7.2. The Ideologies and Framing Strategies of FUI 226 7.2.1. The Caliphate, Nationalism, and the Nation-state 226 7.2.2. Democracy and Electoral Participation 235 7.2.3. Implementing Sharia in Indonesia: Which Sharia? 240 7.2.4. FUI’s Protest Issues 242 7.3. Summary 253 v Chapter 8. Conclusion 257 8.1. Introduction 257 8.2. The Changing Faces of Political Islam in Indonesia 258 8.2.1. Pre-Suharto Period 258 8.2.2. Suharto Period 259 8.2.3. Post-Suharto Period 260 8.3. Theoretical Perspectives 261 8.3.1. Definition of a Social Movement 261 8.3.2. Political Opportunity Structure 262 8.3.3. Mobilising Structures 263 8.3.4. Framing 263 8.4. FUI Major Member Movements: Emergence and Mobilising Structures 264 8.4.1. Emergence and Mobilising Structures of HTI 264 8.4.2. Emergence and Mobilising Structures of MMI 265 8.4.3. Emergence and Mobilising Structures of FPI 266 8.5. The Ideologies and Framing of FUI Major Member Movements 267 8.5.1. The Ideologies and Framing Strategies of HTI 267 8.5.2. The Ideologies and Framing of FPI 268 8.5.3. The Ideologies and Framing Strategies of MMI 269 8.6. The Emergence and Mobilising Structures of FUI 270 8.6.1. The Emergence of FUI 270 8.6.2. Organisations and Structures 270 8.6.3. FUI’s Scope of Activities 271 8.6.4. FUI’s Support-Seeking Strategies 272 8.6.5. Financial Resources 273 8.7. FUI’s Ideologies and Framing 274 8.7.1. The Caliphate, Nationalism, and the Nation-state 274 8.7.2. Democracy and Electoral Participation 274 8.7.3. FUI’s Protest Issues 275 8.8. Research Question Findings and Recommendations vi for Future Research 276 Appendix 288 List of Interviews 288 Bibliography 292 Books and Monographs 292 Journals and Periodicals 306 Proceedings, Reports, Unpublished Papers, and Documentaries 313 Newspapers, Magazines, Bulletins, and Op-Ed Articles 314 vii ACKNOWLEDGMENT While the responsibility of the content of my thesis is mine, I have been very fortunate to have received considerable support and assistance from many people in completing this thesis. First and foremost, I would like to thank Allah God the Almighty whose blessings have helped me overcome the challenges of the intellectual journey of my PhD program. May peace and blessings of Allah be upon His messenger, Prophet Muhammad. I wish to thank the leaders and members of Islamic revivalist movements in Indonesia, particularly FUI, FPI, HTI, HDI, MMI, and JAT, whose names are listed in the Appendix, for granting me interviews and access to a variety of their events and activities. Without their help, I would have lacked primary data for this thesis. I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my advisor Associate Professor Andrew Tan for his continued support of my PhD program and for his valuable feedback and advice on my thesis. His guidance has helped me tremendously in improving this thesis. I would also like to thank my co-advisors, Dr Nicolas Warouw and Professor David Lovell, for their encouragement, support, and insightful comments on this thesis. My thanks also go to my former advisor Dr Minako Sakai for her support and guidance halfway through my PhD program. I am also indebted to many people at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences (HASS), who have provided me with hospitality and administrative support, viii especially Associate Professor Craig Stockings, Professor Clinton Fernandes, Mr Paul Tickell, Bernadette McDermott, Marilyn Anderson-Smith, and Shirley Ramsay. This thesis would not have been possible without the generous support of the Australian Government Department of Education and Training through the Endeavour Postgraduate Scholarship, for which I am very grateful. I also wish to thank the University of New South Wales in Canberra for partially funding my fieldwork in Indonesia, without which the collection of my research data would not have been possible. Last but not least, I wish to thank my families. My special thanks go to my beloved wife: Lily, who has provided me with unconditional love and support throughout my PhD program and to my children: Umar, Usman, and Tholhah, whose prayers have made the completion of this thesis possible. ix ABBREVIATIONS AKKBB Aliansi Kebangsaan untuk Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan or the National Alliance for Freedom of Religion and Faith DDI Dewan Dakwah Islam or Islamic Preaching Council FPI Front Pembela Islam or Islamic Defenders Front FUI Forum Umat Islam or the Forum of Islamic Society GARIS Gerakan Reformasi Islam or Islamic Reform Movement Golkar Golongan Karya or Functional Groups HDI Hizbud Dakwah Islam or the Party of Islamic Propagation HT Hizb ut-Tahrir or the Party of Liberation HTI Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia or the Liberation Party of Indonesia ICMI Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia or Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals Association JAT Jamaah Anshorut Tauhid or The Congregation of the Oneness of God KISDI Komite Indonesia untuk Solidaritas Dunia Islam or the Indonesian Committee for the Solidarity of the Islamic World KLI Komando Laskar Islam or Islamic Force Command KUII Kongres Umat Islam Indonesia or the Congress of Indonesian Muslims x MMI Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia or Indonesian Warriors Council MUI Majelis Ulama Indonesia or the Indonesian Council of Muslim Scholars PAN Partai Amanat Nasional or National Mandate Party PBB Partai Bulan Bintang or Crescent and Star Party PDI Partai Demokrasi Perjuangan or Indonesian Democratic Party PERSIS Persatuan Islam or the Islamic Unity PKS Partai Keadilan Sejahtera or Prosperous Justice Party PPP Partai Persatuan Pembangunan or Development and Unity Party TPM Tim Pengacara Muslim or Team of Muslim Lawyers xi ABSTRACT Since the collapse of the authoritarian Suharto regime in 1998, Indonesia has witnessed an escalation in the activism of Islamic revivalist movements whose goals revolve around the implementation of sharia (Islamic law) such as HTI (Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia or the Liberation Party of Indonesia), FPI (Fron Pembela Islam or Islamic Defenders Front), and MMI (Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia or the Council of Indonesian Holy Warriors). These movements have continuously voiced their pro- sharia agenda through a variety of collective actions such as mass protests, public gatherings, and media statements. With a view to enhancing co-ordination and communication among Islamic revivalist movements in Indonesia, these movements established an umbrella movement called FUI (Forum Umat Islam or Forum of Islamic Society) in 2005, which has also been actively engaged in social movement activities.
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