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Political Terrorism: the Case of Turkey and Spain

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Political Terrorism: the Case of Turkey and Spain POLITICAL TERRORISM: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND SPAIN. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Gokhan Duman ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. No se autoriza su reproducción u otras formas de explotación efectuadas con fines lucrativos ni su comunicación pública desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. Tampoco se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al contenido de la tesis como a sus resúmenes e índices. WARNING. Access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI POLITICAL TERRORISM: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND SPAIN. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Gokhan Duman ! ! Gokhan Duman ! ! POLITICAL TERRORISM: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND SPAIN SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES ! DOCTORAL THESIS Supervised by Dr. Joan Maria Thomas I Andreu ! Department of History and History of Art ! ! ! ! ! ! Tarragona 201!4 ! ! ! UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI POLITICAL TERRORISM: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND SPAIN. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Gokhan Duman ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI POLITICAL TERRORISM: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND SPAIN. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Gokhan Duman ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "ii UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI POLITICAL TERRORISM: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND SPAIN. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Gokhan Duman ! ! ! ABSTRACT ! ! This study aims to analyze the separatist terrorism problem of Spain and Turkey in order to highlight the similarities and differences. The countries different as Spain and Turkey have been affected by the separatist terrorist attacks. The comparative study of these two terrorist idiosyncratic phenomena puts the debate on the argument that even in different territories and with different historical backgrounds, similar problems could occur. The focus of the thesis based on the study of two historical problems from 19th century, which later emerged the armed terrorist organizations. It also includes a brief analyze of the issue of IRA in Northern Ireland in order to see what had been done in the United Kingdom to solve the terrorism problem, which have taken into account as a reference point for the cases of Turkey and Spain. The thesis studies the actual situations of the problems and their possible future in both countries. ! Keywords: Terrorism, ETA, PKK, IRA, Turkey, Spain ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "iii UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI POLITICAL TERRORISM: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND SPAIN. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Gokhan Duman ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "iv UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI POLITICAL TERRORISM: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND SPAIN. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Gokhan Duman ! ! ! RESUMEN ! ! Este estudio pretende analizar el problema del terrorismo separatista en España y en Turquía con el fin de loner de relieve las similitudes y diferencias. Diferentes países como España y Turquía se han sido afectados por los ataques terroristas separatistas. El estudio comparativo de estos dos fenómenos idiosincrásicos terroristas plantea el debate sobre la question de que, incluso en territorios diferentes y con diferentes antecedentes históricos, pueden darse problemas similares. El enfoque de la tesis esta basado en el estudio de dos problemas históricos del siglo XIX y XX tras los cuales surgieron más tarde las dos organizaciones terroristas armadas objeto de estudio comparado. También incluye un breve análisis de la cuestión de IRA en Irlanda del Norte con el fin de analizar y comparar el proceso de resolución del conflicto en Reino Unido en relation con el Ulster y cotejandolo con los casos de Turquía y España. La tesis estudia la situación actual de los dos conflictos así como las perspectivas de futuro en los dos países. Palabras claves: Terrorismo, ETA, PKK, IRA, Turquía, España ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "v UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI POLITICAL TERRORISM: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND SPAIN. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Gokhan Duman ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "vi UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI POLITICAL TERRORISM: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND SPAIN. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Gokhan Duman ! ! ! ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ! From the beginning of the thesis, many problems had occurred. Through all way, many people supported me with their thoughts and encouragements. It is not possible to list everyone in here, however I would like to thank them all for their support. I would like to thank especially to my thesis director, Dr. Joan Maria Thomas I Andreu, for his support, kind assistance and his valuable comments on my work. ! I would like to express my appreciation to the Department of History and History of Art of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and to the UNESCO Chair of Intercultural Dialogue in the Mediterranean, for giving me the opportunity to collaborate on their ongoing projects and making me experience one of the most specific academic journeys. ! Most of all, I would like to thank Didem Doganyilmaz. Without her, life would not be complete. ! In the end, my appreciation goes to my family, my mother Esin Duman, my father Mustafa Duman, my brother Özkan Duman and my sister-in-law Özgün Sarımehmet Duman for their love and support. ! ! ! ! ! ! "vii UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI POLITICAL TERRORISM: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND SPAIN. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Gokhan Duman ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "viii UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI POLITICAL TERRORISM: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND SPAIN. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Gokhan Duman ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! To my family And To the ‘one’ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "ix UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI POLITICAL TERRORISM: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND SPAIN. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Gokhan Duman ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "x UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI POLITICAL TERRORISM: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND SPAIN. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Gokhan Duman ! ! ! INDEX ! ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………….. iii RESUMEN ………………………………………………………………… v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………..……. vii INDEX ………………………………………………………………..……. xi NOTES ON TERMS AND TURKISH PRONUNCIATION …………… xiii ABBREVIATIONS ………………………..………………………………. xv LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………. xix 1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………… 1 2. DEFINING TERRORISM …………………………………………….. 5 2.1. Terrorism as a concept ……………………………………………… 6 2.2. Evolution of Terrorism …………………………………………….. 8 2.3. Terrorism in International Law …………………………………….. 14 2.4. Terrorism in National Laws ………………………………………… 16 2.5. Different Types of Political Terrorism ……………………………… 20 3. HISTORY OF EACH CASES …………………………………………. 29 3.1. History of Kurdish Nationalism, the Roots of PKK ……………..… 30 3.1.1. Kurdish Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire …………………. 31 3.1.2. Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey ……………………………….. 45 3.1.3. The Creation of PKK and Terrorist Attacks……………….….. 60 3.1.4. Abdullah Öcalan in Prison …………………………………….. 74 3.2 History of Basque Nationalism, Roots of ETA ……………………… 81 3.2.1. Fueros and Carlist Wars ………………………………….......... 82 3.2.2. Emergence of Basque Nationalism …………………………… 88 3.2.3. Aftermath of General Franco, Transition to Democracy ……… 97 3.2.4. 1990s and 2000s ………………………………………………. 104 4. POLITICAL WINGS OF TERRORISM …………………………….. 111 4.1. Sinn Féin
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