DOCSLIB.ORG

Sensitivity of Nursery Plants to Free Chlorine in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sensitivity of Nursery Plants to Free Chlorine in The SENSITIVITY OF NURSERY PLANTS TO FREE CHLORINE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANT PATHOGENS IN IRRIGATION WATER A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by DIANE FELICIANO CAYANAN In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science July, 2008 © Diane Feliciano Cayanan, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-42760-6 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-42760-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada ABSTRACT SENSITIVITY OF NURSERY PLANTS TO FREE CHLORINE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANT PATHOGENS IN IRRIGATION WATER Diane Feliciano Cayanan Advisors: University of Guelph, 2008 Dr. Youbin Zheng Dr. Michael Dixon Recycled irrigation water risks spreading pathogens, which has prompted growers to chlorinate water, but there is no research assessing chlorine ability to kill common pathogens or the use of chlorine under nursery practices. The purpose of the present research was to (1) determine any phytotoxic responses and associated free chlorine thresholds of common nursery plants; (2) determine the free chlorine thresholds and their contact times required to kill five common pathogens; and (3) examine a free chlorine concentration in relation to safety for nursery plants and killing common pathogens at a commercial nursery. Above a certain threshold concentration, nursery plants exhibited signs of chlorine injury including necrosis and chlorosis. Results indicated that irrigation water containing free chlorine < 2.5 mg-L"1 should not adversely affect the growth or appearance of nursery plants. The free chlorine threshold and critical contact time against Phytophthora infestans, Phytophthora cactorum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani were 1, 0.3, 2, 14 and 12 mg-L"1 for 3, 6, 3, 6 and 10 min, respectively. When recycled irrigation water was treated for 5 min with 2.4 mg-L"1 of free chlorine at a commercial nursery, results suggested that chlorine could be used to prevent the spread of common pathogens without losing market value of plants. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to thank my advisers, Drs. Youbin Zheng and Michael Dixon, for providing me with the opportunity to participate in this degree, as well as provide me with direction and assistance throughout the past two years. I would also like to thank Dr. Calvin Chong on my advisory committee who has also provided advice and Dr. Weizhong Liu for his technical expertise. Thanks to the remainder of the MAD lab, especially Ping Zhang and Matt Hannaberg for their technical assistance. I would also like to thank Jennifer Llewellyn and Tom Intven for their plant expertise. I would like to thank Canadale Nurseries Ltd. for their generous donation of numerous plants and the use of their facilities. Thanks to Ian Stewart and Mike Matesic from ClearTech for designing the chlorination system and their technical assistance. Also, thanks to Diana Mooij and Audra Stechshyn from the University of Guelph, and Harold Piatt and Ian MacDonald from the Crop and Livestock Research Centre Prince Edward Island for providing me with plant pathogen cultures and their assistance. I also wish to thank my family for their support, especially during the last two years since their past support has led me to where I am today. I would like to acknowledge the financial support that I received during my studies from Canada-Ontario Research and Development Program (CORD), and Flowers Canada (Ontario). Financial support was also provided by the following scholarships: University Graduate Scholarship (2006), Robb Graduate Travel Grant (2007), the Ontario Pest Management Conference Best Student Paper Award (2007), and University of Guelph Graduate Bursary (2007-2008). TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 The Nursery and Greenhouse Industry 1 1.2 Impact of Plant Pathogens in the Nursery and Greenhouse Industry.... 2 1.3 Plant Pathogens 3 1.3.1 Oomycetes: Phytophthora and Pythium 3 1.3.1.1 Taxonomy of Oomycetes 3 1.3.1.2 Phytophthora spp 8 1.3.1.2.1 Phytophthora ramorum 9 1.3.1.2.2 Phytophthora infestans 10 1.3.1.2.3 Phytophthora cactorum 10 1.3.1.3 Pythium spp 11 1.3.1.3.1 Pythium aphanidermatum 12 1.3.1.4 Potential Risk of Phytophthora and Pythium Pathogens in Recycled Water 13 1.3.2 Fungi: Fusarium and Rhizoctonia 19 1.3.2.1 Taxonomy of Fungi 19 1.3.2.2 Fusarium spp 20 1.3.2.2.1 Fusarium oxysporum 21 1.3.2.2.2 Potential Risk of Fusarium oxysporum in Recycled Water 23 1.3.2.3 Rhizoctonia solani 26 1.3.2.3.1 Potential Risk of Rhizoctonia solani in Recycled Water 27 1.4 Nursery and Greenhouse Water Disinfestation 30 1.5 Chlorine Chemistry 33 1.5.1 Chlorine Species 33 1.5.1.1 Free Residual Chlorine 33 1.5.1.2 Combined Residual Chlorine 36 1.5.1.3 Total Residual Chlorine 36 1.5.2 Chlorine Demand 39 1.5.3 Commonly Used Chlorine Compounds ,...39 1.5.3.1 Chlorine Gas 39 1.5.3.2 Chlorine Dioxide 40 1.5.3.3 Calcium Hypochlorite 41 ii 1.5.3.4 Sodium Hypochlorite 42 1.5.4 Chlorine Detection: Colorimeter 43 1.6 Mode of Disinfestation 43 1.7 Chlorine Phytotoxicity 46 1.8 Objectives 48 CHAPTER 2: SENSITIVITY OF FIVE CONTAINER-GROWN NURSERY SPECIES TO CHLORINE IN OVERHEAD IRRIGATION WATER 49 2.1 Introduction 49 2.2 Materials and Methods 49 2.2.1 Plant Material & Treatments 49 2.2.2 C201 Oakton Colorimeter 51 2.2.3 Samples and Measurements 52 2.2.4 Statistical Analysis 53 2.3 Results 54 2.3.1 Visual Injury 54 2.3.2 Growth 55 2.3.3 Physiological Responses 56 2.4 Discussion 64 2.5 Conclusions 67 CHAPTER 3: EFFICACY OF CHLORINE IN KILLING FIVE COMMON PLANT PATHOGENS 68 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 Materials and Methods 70 3.2.1 Medium Preparation .....70 3.2.1.1 Rye Agar Medium 70 3.2.1.2 V8 Broth 71 3.2.1.3 Clarified V8 Agar Medium 71 3.2.1.4 Unclarified V8 Agar Medium 72 3.2.1.5 P5AR Agar Medium 72 3.2.2 Propagule Production 73 3.2.2.1 Phytophthora infestans 73 3.2.2.2 Phytophthora cactorum 74 3.2.2.3 Pythium aphanidermatum 74 3.2.2.4 Fusarium oxysporum 76 3.2.2.5 Rhizoctonia solani 77 3.2.3 Chlorinated Water 77 3.2.4 Treatments ..78 iii 3.2.5 Statistical Analysis 79 3.3 Results 79 3.4 Discussion 86 3.5 Conclusions 90 CHAPTER 4: APPLICATION OF CHLORINATION TECHNOLOGY IN A COMMERCIAL NURSERY OPERATION 92 4.1 Introduction 92 4.2 Materials and Methods 93 4.2.1 Plant Material & Treatments 93 4.2.2 Samples and Measurement 97 4.2.3 Statistical Analysis 98 4.3 Results .99 4.3.1 Visual Injury 99 4.3.2 Growth 100 4.3.3 Leaf Chlorophyll Content 104 4.3.4 Free Chlorine Input and Growing Substrate 104 4.3.5 DNAMultiscan 104 4.4 Discussion 104 4.5 Conclusion 108 CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY AND FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS 109 5.1 Summary 109 5.2 Future Considerations Ill REFERENCES 114 IV LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Taxonomy of Fungi and Oomycetes 5 Table 2 Differences between Oomycetes and Fungi 6 Table 3 Phytophthora spp. recovered from water 15 Table 4 Pythium spp. recovered from water 17 Table 5 Fusarium spp. recovered from water 25 Table 6 Rhizoctonia spp. recovered from water 29 Table 7 Summary of chlorine concentrations used to treat municipal water 32 Table 8 Summary of the free chlorine thresholds and contact times required to kill microorganisms 38 Table 9 Summary of free chlorine thresholds for plants 47 Table 10 Seventeen nursery container-grown plant species and plant sources 95 Table 11 Visual injury caused by chlorinated irrigation water on 17 nursery container-grown plant species 101 Table 12 Percent reduction of growth parameters caused by chlorinated irrigation water compared to the non-chlorinated plants on container-grown nursery plant species 102 Table 13 The growth parameters of 17 container-grown nursery plant species overhead irrigated
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phytopythium: Molecular Phylogeny and Systematics
    Persoonia 34, 2015: 25–39 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158515X685382 Phytopythium: molecular phylogeny and systematics A.W.A.M. de Cock1, A.M. Lodhi2, T.L. Rintoul 3, K. Bala 3, G.P. Robideau3, Z. Gloria Abad4, M.D. Coffey 5, S. Shahzad 6, C.A. Lévesque 3 Key words Abstract The genus Phytopythium (Peronosporales) has been described, but a complete circumscription has not yet been presented. In the present paper we provide molecular-based evidence that members of Pythium COI clade K as described by Lévesque & de Cock (2004) belong to Phytopythium. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian LSU phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU and SSU) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase Oomycetes subunit 1 (COI) as well as statistical analyses of pairwise distances strongly support the status of Phytopythium as Oomycota a separate phylogenetic entity. Phytopythium is morphologically intermediate between the genera Phytophthora Peronosporales and Pythium. It is unique in having papillate, internally proliferating sporangia and cylindrical or lobate antheridia. Phytopythium The formal transfer of clade K species to Phytopythium and a comparison with morphologically similar species of Pythiales the genera Pythium and Phytophthora is presented. A new species is described, Phytopythium mirpurense. SSU Article info Received: 28 January 2014; Accepted: 27 September 2014; Published: 30 October 2014. INTRODUCTION establish which species belong to clade K and to make new taxonomic combinations for these species. To achieve this The genus Pythium as defined by Pringsheim in 1858 was goal, phylogenies based on nuclear LSU rRNA (28S), SSU divided by Lévesque & de Cock (2004) into 11 clades based rRNA (18S) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase1 (COI) on molecular systematic analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genus Pythium in Mainland China
    菌物学报 [email protected] 8 April 2013, 32（增刊）: 20-44 Http://journals.im.ac.cn Mycosystema ISSN1672-6472 CN11-5180/Q © 2013 IMCAS, all rights reserved. The genus Pythium in mainland China HO Hon-Hing* Department of Biology, State University of New York, New Paltz, New York 12561, USA Abstract: A historical review of studies on the genus Pythium in mainland China was conducted, covering the occurrence, distribution, taxonomy, pathogenicity, plant disease control and its utilization. To date, 64 species of Pythium have been reported and 13 were described as new to the world: P. acrogynum, P. amasculinum, P. b ai sen se , P. boreale, P. breve, P. connatum, P. falciforme, P. guiyangense, P. guangxiense, P. hypoandrum, P. kummingense, P. nanningense and P. sinensis. The dominant species is P. aphanidermatum causing serious damping off and rotting of roots, stems, leaves and fruits of a wide variety of plants throughout the country. Most of the Pythium species are pathogenic with 44 species parasitic on plants, one on the red alga, Porphyra: P. porphyrae, two on mosquito larvae: P. carolinianum and P. guiyangense and two mycoparasitic: P. nunn and P. oligandrum. In comparison, 48 and 28 species have been reported, respectively, from Taiwan and Hainan Island with one new species described in Taiwan: P. sukuiense. The prospect of future study on the genus Pythium in mainland China was discussed. Key words: Pythiaceae, taxonomy, Oomycetes, Chromista, Straminopila 中国大陆的腐霉属菌物 何汉兴* 美国纽约州立大学 纽约 新帕尔茨 12561 摘 要：综述了中国大陆腐霉属的研究进展，内容包括腐霉属菌物的发生、分布、分类鉴定、致病性、所致植物病 害防治及腐霉的利用等方面。至今，中国已报道的腐霉属菌物有 64 个种，其中有 13 个种作为世界新种进行了描述， 这 13 个新种分别为：顶生腐霉 Pythium acrogynum，孤雌腐霉 P.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    INNOVATIVE TOOLS FOR STUDYING PLANT-RELATED OOMYCETE POPULATIONS OF POTENTIAL AND CURRENT THREAT IN AGRICULTURE IN ECUADOR By MARIA FERNANDA RATTI TORRES A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Maria Fernanda Ratti Torres To my Obi-Wan Roberto, Yoda one for me. You have been nothing but supportive during these years, you make me proud of being your wife, but above all, you make me immensely happy. This is for you and for a marriage that has been put to rest for so long and it is ready to resume. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my parents for all their effort and the patience, they are my pillar without whom I could not have pursued my Ph.D. studies. Also to my siblings Andrea and Pablo, my brother in law Carlos and my nephews, not only for their support, but for joking around all the time and cheering me up during this journey. Erica M. Goss deserves a special section only for her, but the formatting will not allow it. I cannot imagine having spent these years under anybody else’s guidance. She always challenged me to be better, to be calmed during stressful situations and to trust in myself. Her advices will be forever in my mind. Doing this research would have been impossible without helping hands around the world: Thanks to Esther Lilia P. for all her support, to Juan C., Carlos A., Jerry L.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Genomic Data to Understand Anthropogenic Influences on Oomycete and Phytophthora Communities, and the Evolution of an Alie
    USING GENOMIC DATA TO UNDERSTAND ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCES ON OOMYCETE AND PHYTOPHTHORA COMMUNITIES, AND THE EVOLUTION OF AN ALIEN INVASIVE SPECIES RESPONSIBLE FOR SUDDEN OAK DEATH, PHYTOPHTHORA RAMORUM. by ANGELA DALE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Forestry) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2018 © Angela Dale, 2018 Abstract Emerging Phytophthora pathogens, often introduced, represent a threat to natural ecosystems. Phytophthora species are known for rapid adaptation and hybridization, which may be facilitated by anthropogenic activities. Little is known about natural Phytophthora and oomycete populations, or mechanisms behind rapid adaptation. We surveyed oomycete and Phytophthora communities from southwest B.C. under varying anthropogenic influences (urban, interface, natural) to determine effects on diversity, introductions and migration. We used DNA meta- barcoding to address these questions on oomycetes. We then focused on Phytophthora, adding baiting and culturing methods, and further sub-dividing urban sites into agricultural or residential. Finally, we studied an alien invasive species, Phytophthora ramorum responsible for sudden oak death, and how it overcame the invasion paradox, limited to asexual reproduction and presumed reduced adaptability. Anthropogenic activities increase oomycete and Phytophthora diversity. Putative introduced species and hybrids were more frequent in urban sites. Migration is suggested by shared species between urban and interface sites, and two known invasive species found in natural and interface sites. Different anthropogenic activities influence different communities. Abundance increased for some species in either residential or agricultural sites. Two hybrids appear to be spreading in different agricultural sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytopythium: Molecular Phylogeny and Systematics
    Persoonia 34, 2015: 25–39 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158515X685382 Phytopythium: molecular phylogeny and systematics A.W.A.M. de Cock1, A.M. Lodhi2, T.L. Rintoul 3, K. Bala 3, G.P. Robideau3, Z. Gloria Abad4, M.D. Coffey 5, S. Shahzad 6, C.A. Lévesque 3 Key words Abstract The genus Phytopythium (Peronosporales) has been described, but a complete circumscription has not yet been presented. In the present paper we provide molecular-based evidence that members of Pythium COI clade K as described by Lévesque & de Cock (2004) belong to Phytopythium. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian LSU phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU and SSU) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase Oomycetes subunit 1 (COI) as well as statistical analyses of pairwise distances strongly support the status of Phytopythium as Oomycota a separate phylogenetic entity. Phytopythium is morphologically intermediate between the genera Phytophthora Peronosporales and Pythium. It is unique in having papillate, internally proliferating sporangia and cylindrical or lobate antheridia. Phytopythium The formal transfer of clade K species to Phytopythium and a comparison with morphologically similar species of Pythiales the genera Pythium and Phytophthora is presented. A new species is described, Phytopythium mirpurense. SSU Article info Received: 28 January 2014; Accepted: 27 September 2014; Published: 30 October 2014. INTRODUCTION establish which species belong to clade K and to make new taxonomic combinations for these species. To achieve this The genus Pythium as defined by Pringsheim in 1858 was goal, phylogenies based on nuclear LSU rRNA (28S), SSU divided by Lévesque & de Cock (2004) into 11 clades based rRNA (18S) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase1 (COI) on molecular systematic analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • Pythium Insidiosum (Functional Characterization of the Putative Exo-1,3- Glucanase Gene of the Human Pathogenic Oomycete Pythium Insidiosum)
    รายงานวิจัยฉบับสมบูรณ์ โครงการ: การพิสูจน์หาหน้าที่ของ Putative Exo-1,3- Glucanase Gene ของเชื้อ Pythium insidiosum (Functional Characterization of the Putative Exo-1,3- Glucanase Gene of the Human Pathogenic Oomycete Pythium insidiosum) โดย น.พ. ธีรพงษ์ กระแจะจันทร์ ภาควิชาพยาธิวิทยา คณะแพทยศาสตร์ โรงพยาบาลรามาธิบดี มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล เดือน ปี ที่เสร็จโครงการ: มิถุนายน 2556 สัญญาเลขที่ RMU5380047 รายงานวิจัยฉบับสมบูรณ์ โครงการ การพิสูจน์หาหน้าที่ของ Putative Exo-1,3- Glucanase Gene ของเชื้อ Pythium insidiosum (Functional Characterization of the Putative Exo-1,3- Glucanase Gene of the Human Pathogenic Oomycete Pythium insidiosum) โดย น.พ. ธีรพงษ์ กระแจะจันทร์ ภาควิชาพยาธิวิทยา คณะแพทยศาสตร์ โรงพยาบาลรามาธิบดี มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล สนับสนุนโดยสานักงานคณะกรรมการการอุดมศึกษา และสานักงานกองทุนสนับสนุนการว ิจัย (ความเห็นในรายงานนี้เป็นของผู้วิจัย สกอ. และ สกว. ไม่จาเป็นต้องเห็นด้วยเสมอไป) 1 สารบัญ หัวข้อ หน้า Abstract อังกฤษ 3 ไทย 4 เนื้อหาวิจัย ข้อมูลโครงการ (รหัส, ผู้วิจัย, ระยะเวลา, Keywords) 5 บทน า 5 วัตถุประสงค์ 11 วิธีการทดลอง 11 ผลการทดลอง 26 สรุปและวิจารณ์ผลการทดลอง 43 เอกสารอ้างอิง 51 Output จากโครงการวิจัย ผลงานวิจัยที่เสร็จแล้ว 56 การน าผลงานวิจัยไปใช้ประโยชน์ 56 อื่นๆ (การประชุม, book chapter, patent) 57 ภาคผนวก Reprint และ บทความเผยแพร่ 58 2 ABSTRACT Pythium insidiosum is the etiologic agent of pythiosis, an emerging and fatal infectious disease of humans and animals living in tropic and subtropic countries. P. insidiosum exists in two stages: branching hyphae and biflagellate zoospore. Although morphology of P. insidiosum resembles to fungi, but it is closely related to diatom and algae. Human pythiosis is found mostly in Thailand, while the disease state in animals is found worldwide. Thalassemia is a predisposing factor. Healthcare professionals are unfamiliar with the disease. Diagnosis of pythiosis is difficult. Conventional antifungal drugs are ineffective, leaving radical surgery of infected organ is the main treatment option for pythiosis. It is apparent that more needs to be done in the way of basic research to provide insights into P.
    [Show full text]
  • (Dianthus Spp.) for Planting from Guatemala Into the United States and Territories
    Importation of dianthus (Dianthus spp.) for planting from Guatemala into the United States and Territories A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment Agency Contact Plant Pest Risk Analysis (PPRA) Science and Technology (S&T) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 1920 Main Campus Drive, Suite 400 Raleigh, NC 27606 August 17, 2021 Version 3 Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to assess the pest risks associated with importing commercially produced unrooted cuttings with foliage of dianthus, Dianthus spp. (Caryophyllaceae), from Guatemala into the United States and Territories for planting. Based on the market access request submitted by Guatemala, we considered the pathway to include the following processes and conditions: unrooted cuttings with no more than 10 leaves, to be imported year-round. The pest risk ratings depend on the application of all conditions of the pathway as described in this document. Dianthus cuttings without roots produced under different conditions were not evaluated and may pose a different pest risk. We used scientific literature, port-of-entry pest interception data, and information from the government of Guatemala to develop a list of pests with quarantine significance for the United States and Territories. These are pests that occur in Guatemala on any host and are associated with the commodity plant species anywhere in the world. The following organisms are candidates for pest risk management because they have met the threshold for unacceptable consequences of introduction. Pest type Taxonomy Scientific name Likelihood of Introduction Arthropod Diptera: Agromyzidae Liriomyza huidobrensis Medium (Blanchard) Chromistan Pythiales: Pythiaceae Phytopythium vexans (de Bary) Medium Abad, de Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque* Virus Bunyavirales: Tospoviridae Orthotospovirus Impatiens Medium necrotic spot virus** * This organism is a quarantine pest for U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • THE GENUS PYTHIUM in the West Bank and Gaza Strip
    THE GENUS PYTHIUM In the West Bank and Gaza Strip by DR. MOHAMMED S. ALl - SHr A YEH Department of Biological Sciences An - Najah National University Published by Research and Documentation Centre An- ajah National University - Nablus 1986 ,I.' Copyright © 1986 by The Resarch and Documentation Centre, An': Najah National University, Nablus PREFACE This monograph is aimed at providing a well illustrated guide to the species of Pythium in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. A key for all the species recovered is given. However, the reader is advised to always check through the description given to the species to make sure that he has made the right identification. This description has been based on several freshly recovered isolates that came from different habitats in order to account for inter and intraspecific variations. A guide to the isolation methods is also provided. Also, information on the distribution and host range of the different species is given. I believe that we still have a lot to learn about this important group of fungi especially with respect to their physiology, genetics, and taxonomy. However, this book has covered fundamental topics on the genus Pythium and that it would be particularly useful to students of mycology, botany, plant pathology, ecology, and biology ACKNOWLEDGNENTS I would like to exprees my gratitude to a number of people who directly or indirectly helped in the preparation of this monograph. I am in the first place indebted to the Dea n of the Research and Documentation Centre for allowing the publication of this book. I also wish to express special thanks to my research students, laboratory technicians, and research assistants at the Department of Biological Sciences, and friends who have offered help and encouragement when I most needed it.
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Extended Abstract
    Current Applied Science and Technology Vol. 21 No. 1 (January-March 2021) Morphological Characterization and Phylogeny of Pythium and Related Genera in Rayong Province, Thailand Rattasit Saelee1, Kanungnid Busarakam2 and Prommart Koohakan1* 1Department of Plant Production Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand 2Biodiversity Research Centre, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Pathum Thani, Thailand Received: 12 March 2020, Revised: 5 August 2020, Accepted: 21 August 2020 Abstract Most well-known microorganisms in the class Oomycetes (notably genera Phytophthora and Pythium) are pathogenic to both animals and plants due to their diverse lifestyle patterns. This study was designed to recover Pythium from composite soils (cultivated and forest soils) and water sources (fresh and brackish water) from Rayong Province. Twenty isolates of hyaline and non-septate fungal-like organisms were isolated from those sources. The primer pair ITS4 and ITS6 were used to amplify approximately 900 bp products from Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and morphological characteristics including sporangium, oogonium, antheridium and oospore, were noted. Morphological characteristics data of recovered Pythium strain can be classified into 12 source groups. ITS sequencing results revealed that eight closely related species had been recovered: Globisporangium splendens, Pythium cucurbitacearum, Pythium acanthichum, Pythium deliense, Pythium diclinum, Pythium torulosum, Phytopythium vexans and Phytopythium helicoides, which had similarities in the range 94.67-100% values at between 656 and 922 locations. Most of these species were reported as plant pathogens. Therefore, this report can be used as a guide for disease control planning. Keywords: Oomycetes; identification; phylogeny; Rayong Province; Pythium DOI 10.14456/cast.2021.14 1.
    [Show full text]
  • 767-775 E-ISSN:2581-6063 (Online), ISSN:0972-5210
    Plant Archives Vol. 20 Supplement 1, 2020 pp. 767-775 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210 MORPHOLOGICAL, MOLECULAR AND PATHOGENICITY CHARACTERIZATION OF PYTHIUM SPP. ON ZUCCHINI ISOLATED FROM SOIL AND DISEASED PLANTS IN IRAQ Mohammed Adnan Braa Almohammedy and Bushra Subair Abdulsada Al-maliky* Plant Protection Dept., Agricultural Engineering Sciences College, University of Baghdad, Iraq. Abstract The study was conducted at Plant Protection Dept., College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad during 2018-2019. Twenty four isolates of Pythium spp. were isolate from different regions from diseased seedling and soil samples. Fourteen isolates recovered from seven regions in Baghdad and ten isolates from three regions in Al-Anbar. Pythium spp. were widespread in most of the cucurbits fields in the two provinces. Four media type (V8- A, PDA, CMA and CA) were capable of growing. The highest growth rate was on V8-A and the lowest growth rate was on CA media. All isolates were producing asexual and sexual structures. Sporangia were produce on CMA media within seven days at 25°C. Oospores were produce on V8-A and CA media after 14 day. The optimum temperature for all isolates growth was 30 and 25°C. The results of morphological characteristics show that S2 and S3 isolates were belong to Pythium deliense and this was the first report in Iraq. The other isolates were identified as P. aphanidermatum. Identification was confirmed by molecular characterization of isolates based on ITS region using ITS1&ITS4 primers. All 24 isolates sequences were deposited in the NCBI GeneBank database under the accession numbers (MN365079 - MN365100) and (MN365124 & MN365125).
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation and Identification of Phytophthora Sp. and Pythium Sp
    International Journal of Agricultural Technology 2018 Vol. 14(3): 389-402 Available online http://www.ijat-aatsea.com ISSN 2630-0192(Online) Isolation and Identification of Phytophthora sp. and Pythium sp. from Durian Orchard in Chumphon Province, Thailand 1 2 3 1* Suksiri, S. , Laipasu, P. , Soytong, K. and Poeaim, S. 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand. 2Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand. 3Department of Plant Production Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand. Suksiri, S., Laipasu, P., Soytong, K. and Poeaim, S. (2018). Isolation and identification of Phytophthora sp. and Pythium sp. from durian orchard in Chumphon province, Thailand. International Journal of Agricultural Technology 14(3):389-402. Abstract The major problem of durian cultivation are root and stem rot disease caused by Phytophthora and Pythium species. Therefore, the pathogens were isolated, identified, and found the virulent pathogenic fungi that isolated from soil planted to durian in Chumphon province. The pathogens were studied on morphological and molecular analysis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-nrDNA sequence. Ten isolates were confirmed as Phytophthora palmivora, Pythium cucurbitacearum, Pythium deliense, Pythium splendens, Mortierella chlamydospora, Mortierella capitata and Mortierella sp. The pathogenicity test was done by detached leaf method in Monthong durian variety. It found that P. palmivora and P. cucurbitacearum were high pathogenic isolates. Moreover, P. splendens was infected and produced symptoms on leaves. It is the first report of P. splendens as pathogenic to durian.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematics and Molecular Pathogenesis of Oomycetes with Emphasis on Flagellar Genes
    Systematics and molecular pathogenesis of oomycetes with emphasis on flagellar genes by Gregg P. Robideau A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario ©2012, Gregg P. Robideau Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du 1+1 Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-94228-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-94228-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]