DIVERSIDADE DE Pythium E Phytopythium ASSOCIADOS a HORTALIÇAS E PLANTAS INVASORAS NO BRASIL, SENSIBILIDADE DE ISOLADOS a MEFENOXAM E GAMA DE HOSPEDEIRAS

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DIVERSIDADE DE Pythium E Phytopythium ASSOCIADOS a HORTALIÇAS E PLANTAS INVASORAS NO BRASIL, SENSIBILIDADE DE ISOLADOS a MEFENOXAM E GAMA DE HOSPEDEIRAS UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE FITOPATOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM FITOPATOLOGIA DIVERSIDADE DE Pythium E Phytopythium ASSOCIADOS A HORTALIÇAS E PLANTAS INVASORAS NO BRASIL, SENSIBILIDADE DE ISOLADOS A MEFENOXAM E GAMA DE HOSPEDEIRAS. ELENICE ALVES BARBOZA Brasília – DF 2020 1 ELENICE ALVES BARBOZA DIVERSIDADE DE Pythium E Phytopythium ASSOCIADOS A HORTALIÇAS E PLANTAS INVASORAS NO BRASIL, SENSIBILIDADE DE ISOLADOS A MEFENOXAM E GAMA DE HOSPEDEIRAS. Tese apresentada à Universidade de Brasília como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Fitopatologia pelo Programa de Pós- Graduação em Fitopatologia. ORIENTADOR: Dr. Ailton Reis, Ph.D. BRASÍLIA DISTRITO FEDERAL - BRASIL 2020 2 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Barboza, Elenice Alves Diversidade de Pythium e Phytopythium associados a hortaliças e plantas invasoras no Brasil, sensibilidade de isolados a mefenoxam e gama de hospedeiras. Orientação: Ailton Reis. Brasília, 2020. 116p.: il. Tese de doutorado. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília. 1. controle químico. 2. filogenia. 3. marcadores moleculares 4. oomicetos e patogenicidade REFERÊNCIA BIBLIOGRÁFICA Barboza, E.A. 2020. Diversidade de Pythium e Phytopythium associados a hortaliças e plantas invasoras no Brasil, sensibilidade de isolados a mefenoxam e gama de hospedeiras. Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Tese de Doutorado. 116p. CESSÃO DE DIREITOS NOME DO AUTOR: Elenice Alves Barboza TÍTULO DA TESE DE DOUTORADO: Diversidade de Pythium e Phytopythium associados a hortaliças e plantas invasoras no Brasil, sensibilidade de isolados a mefenoxam e gama de hospedeiras. GRAU: DOUTOR ANO: 2020 É concedida à Universidade de Brasília permissão para reproduzir cópias desta tese de doutorado e para emprestar ou vender tais cópias somente para propósitos acadêmicos e científicos. Ao autor reservam-se os outros direitos de publicação e nenhuma parte desta tese pode ser reproduzida sem a autorização por escrito do autor __________________________________ Elenice Alves Barboza CPF: 736.852.401-53 3 Dedico Aos meus pais, Francisco Barboza e Francisca Alves e à minha tia Alzira, pelo carinho e incentivo durante todas as fases da minha vida. 4 AGRADECIMENTOS À Deus, em primeiro lugar, pelo dom da vida, pela sabedoria e perseverança para superar os momentos difíceis. Aos meus pais, Francisco e Francisca, pelo apoio e carinho dedicados durante toda minha vida. À minha querida tia Alzira pela compreensão, pelas palavras de amparo e conforto nas horas de angústia. E a todos os meus familiares que são a base da minha vida, por me encorajarem a continuar estudando e por compartilharem comigo cada passo dessa trajetória. Ao meu orientador, Dr. Ailton Reis, pelos preciosos conselhos, pela confiança e pelos conhecimentos transmitidos que foram essenciais à conclusão desse trabalho. Aos amigos Cléia Cabral e Maurício Rossato, pelo auxílio nas análises e por terem sido fundamentais na execução de cada etapa deste trabalho. Agradeço também pela amizade e por terem permanecido sempre ao meu lado nas horas de desânimo e estresse. Aos amigos do Departamento de Fitopatologia, Geane, Carina, João, Luíz, Polyane, Luciane, Camila e Tadeu por tornarem a pós-gradução mais alegre, por dividirem comigo as horas de estudo e de tensão pré-provas e pela ajuda mútua durante todo o doutorado. Aos colegas e amigos do sistema penitenciário que se tornaram uma família e que sempre apoiaram a conclusão deste trabalho. Aos professores do Departamento de Fitopatologia pelos ensinamentos e pela paciência em sempre transmitir os conhecimentos da melhor forma possível. Aos colegas e técnicos do Laboratório de Fitopatologia, Wagner, Luana, Fabiana e Josefa pela assistência durante todos esses meses, pela valiosa troca de experiência e pelos momentos agradáveis que tornaram essa jornada menos tediosa. À FAPDF pelos recursos destinados ao desenvolvimento do projeto. À Capes pela concessão da bolsa durante os primeiros anos deste trabalho. E a todos que de alguma forma contribuíram para a conclusão da tese. 5 Trabalho realizado junto ao Departamento de Fitopatologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade de Brasília, sob orientação do Dr. Ailton Reis, a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES, do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq e da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal – FAPDF. DIVERSIDADE DE Pythium E Phytopythium ASSOCIADOS A HORTALIÇAS E PLANTAS INVASORAS NO BRASIL, SENSIBILIDADE DE ISOLADOS A MEFENOXAM E GAMA DE HOSPEDEIRAS. ELENICE ALVES BARBOZA TESE APROVADA em 26/06/2020 por: __________________________________________________________ Professor, Dr. Danilo Batista Pinho (Universidade de Brasília) Examinador interno __________________________________________________________ Pesquisadora, Dra. Carmen Lidia Amorim Pires-Zottarelli (Instituto de Botânica) Examinador externo _________________________________________________________ Pesquisador, Dr. Murillo Lobo Junior (Embrapa Arroz e Feijão) Examinador externo _________________________________________________________ Pesquisador, Dr. Carlos Alberto Lopes (Embrapa Hortaliças) Suplente ________________________________________________________ Pesquisador, Dr. Ailton Reis (Embrapa Hortaliças) Orientador (Presidente) BRASÍLIA – DISTRITO FEDERAL BRASIL 2020 6 SUMÁRIO LISTA DE TABELAS............................................................................................................i LISTA DE FIGURAS............................................................................................................ii RESUMO GERAL............................................................................................................... iv GENERAL ABSTRACT......................................................................................................vi INTRODUÇÃO GERAL...................................................................................................viii REVISÃO DE LITERATURA ............................................................................................... 1 1. Cadeia produtiva de hortaliças no Brasil .......................................................................... 1 2. Os gêneros Pythium e Phytopythium ................................................................................ 2 3. Caracterização morfológica e molecular de espécies de Pythium e Phytopythium .......... 5 4. Controle químico de espécies de Pythium e Phytopythium .............................................. 7 5. Gama de hospedeiras de espécies de Pythium e Phytopythium ........................................ 9 6. Plantas invasoras em áreas de produção de hortaliças .................................................... 10 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS..................................................................................11 CAPÍTULO 1: IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE Pythium E Phytopythium OBTIDOS DE HORTALIÇAS NO BRASIL ................................................................................................ 19 RESUMO ................................................................................................................................. 20 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. 21 1. INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................................... 22 2. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ................................................................................................. 23 2.1. Obtenção dos isolados de Pythium e Phytopythium ..................................................... 23 2.2. Caracterização molecular dos isolados ......................................................................... 24 2.3. Análise filogenética ...................................................................................................... 26 3. RESULTADOS ................................................................................................................... 26 3.1. Caracterização molecular dos isolados ......................................................................... 26 3.2. Análise filogenética ...................................................................................................... 33 4. DISCUSSÃO ....................................................................................................................... 42 5. CONCLUSÕES ................................................................................................................... 50 6. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ................................................................................ 51 CAPÍTULO 2: SENSIBILIDADE IN VITRO A MEFENOXAM E GAMA DE HOSPEDEIRAS DE ISOLADOS DE Pythium E Phytopythium OBTIDOS DE HORTALIÇAS NO BRASIL ................................................................................................ 57 RESUMO ................................................................................................................................. 58 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 59 1. INTRODUÇAO ................................................................................................................... 60 2. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ................................................................................................. 61 2.1. Avaliação da sensibilidade
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