History of Botswana http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20011 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org History of Botswana Author/Creator Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec Publisher Macmillan Botswana Date 1984 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Botswana, United Kingdom Coverage (temporal) 1000 - 1982 Source Northwestern University Libraries, Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, 968.11 T626h Description 1 Introduction to History. 2 The First People. 3 Climate and Environment. 4 The Stone Age. 5 San and Khoe, Hunters and Pastorahsts. 6 The Arrival of Bantu-speaking Farmers. 7 The Iron Age. 8 Early Mining and Smelting. 9 The Beginning of the Kingdoms, AD 1000-1250. 10 Botswana and the Zimbabwe Empire 1200-1350. 11 Origins of the Batswana and Bakgalagadi. 12 Life of the Batswana before the Difaqane. 13 Origins of the Bakalanga. 14 Northern Botswana 1600-1850. 15 Difaqane, a Time of Troubles: The 1820s. 16 The Batswana after the Difaqane. 17 Trade and Changes in the Economy. 18 The Missionaries. 19 British Rule in Botswana: The Beginning. 20 New Threat to the Protectorate. 21 Administrative and Political Developments in the Protectorate. 22 Economic and Social Developments. 23 Two Important Events. 24 Nationalism and Independence. 25 The Independence Period:Government and Politics. 26 Economic and Social Developments. 27 Botswana and the World. Select Bibliography 267 Format extent 296 pages (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20011 http://www.aluka.org OL OL NV Northwestern University Library Evanston, Illinois 60201 L1' ( History of Botswana, Thomas ,lou and Alec Campbell M MACMILLAN BOTSWANA v © T. Tlou and A. Campbell 1984 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without permission. First published 1984 Published by Macmillan Botswana Publishing Co (Pty) Ltd P.O. Box 1155 Gaborone Botswana ISBN 0 333 36531 3 Printed in Hong Kong I hPJ ThC , Uontents Preface 1 Introduction to History 2 The First People 3 Climate and Environment 4 The Stone Age 5 San and Khoe, Hunters and Pastoralists 6 The Arrival of Bantu-speaking Farmers 7 The Iron Age 8 Early Mining and Smelting 9 The Beginning of the Kingdoms AD 1000-1250 10 Botswana and the Zimbabwe Empire 1200-1350 11 Origins of the Batswana and Bakgalagadi 12 Life of the Batswana before the Difaqane 13 Origins of the Bakalanga 14 Northern Botswana 1600-1850 15 Difaqane, a Time of Troubles: The 1820s v 16 17 1 18 4 19 26 51 27 57 The Batswana after the Difaqane Trade and Changes in the Economy The Missionaries British Rule in Botswana: The Beginning New Threat to the Protectorate Administrative and Political Developments in the Protectorate Economic and Social Developments Two Important Events Nationalism and Independence The Independence Period: Government and Politics Economic and Social Developments Botswana and the World Select Bibliography Abbreviations Terminology Glossary of Non-English Terms Index Acknowledgements The authors and publishers wish to acknowledge, with thanks, the following photographic sources: ACP Secretariat, Brussels; Africana Museum, Johannesburg; anglo-America Corporation; C.J. Andersson; BBC Hulton Picture Library; Charles Bewlay; Botswana Defence Force; Botswana Democratic Party; Botswana Independence Party; Botswana People's Party; Department of Information and Broadcasting, Botswana; Botswana National Archives; Ministry of Agriculture, Botswana; National Museum and Art Gallery, Botswana; Alec C. Campbell; Cape Archives, Cape Town; Council for World Mission; Educational Resources Centre, University of Botswana; Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London; Sandy Grant; Illustrated London News; Michael Kahn; Moeding College, Botswana; D. Mongwa; Rhodes Memorial Museum; Struan Robertson; Roberts photo; Royal Commonwealth Society; School of Oriental and African Studies, London; LMS Archives; Mrs R.O. Sekgororoane; Mrs L.S. Ketlogetswe; Isaac Schapera; Thomas Tlou; United Nations; WHO; Zimbabwe National Archives, Harare. The authors and publishers have also used material from the following sources: Australian Women's Weekly; T. Baines, Explorer and Artist 1820-1875; T. Baines, Explorations in SouthWest Africa; Baldwin, African Hunting, 1894; J.T. Brown, Among the Bantu Nomads, 1926, photographs taken by A.M. Duggin-Cronin; W.J. Burchell, Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, 1824; S. Daniel, South African Scenery and Animals: W. Ellerton Fry; D. Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches in Southern Africa, 1857; Andrew Smith, Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Southern Africa, 1834-1836. S.M. Gabatshwane; Lady Ruth Khama; S.M. Molema, Montshiwa 1815-1896, Barolong Chief and Patriot, 1966; Aurel Schulz and August Hammar, The New Africa - A journey up the Chobe and Down the Okavango Rivers. A Record of Exploration and Sport, 1897; S.M. Gabatshwane, Tshekedi Khama of Bechuanaland, 1961; Evangelical Lutheran Mission. Cover: By kind permission of the National Museum of Botswana, photograph Alec C. Campbell. The authors and publishers have made every effort to trace the copyright holders, but if they have inadvertently overlooked any, they will be pleased to make the necessary arrangement at the first opportunity. Preface 'A nation without a past is a lost nation and a people without a past is a people without a soul.' Sir Seretse Khama, Daily News, 19 May 1970. Over many years a number of excellent books have been .published which cover selective aspects of the history of Botswana. These were however neither normally available nor suited to the secondary school student, or general reader. This book seeks to fill the gap by providing the reader with the history of Botswana from the origins of mankind to the present. Naturally, within the confines of a single volume such as this, to deal in full depth, or with every aspect of the rich and diverse history of the country, would prove impossible. In our selection of material we have tried to cover the experiences of almost every group within the population of Botswana. We must point out that where omissions occur this is partly due to the lack of existing information. Considerable research is taking place at present, and new information is being uncovered almost daily. We have also had to select on the basis of the material that we consider significant. The reader may not necessarily agree with us. We are presenting our interpretation of the history of Botswana with our perspective, and the reader should not regard ours as the only one. We have tried to present history as a whole, taking into account social, political, cultural and economic factors in the pre-colonial, colonial and indepedence periods. Our sources are the most up to date at the time of writing, being based on the latest research. This is of particular significance with regard to the Iron Age in Botswana which we now believe to be considerably older than was previously thought. Many people who read the manuscript deserve special thanks, in particular Ralph Manyane, Maleshoane Makunga, Busisiwe Mosiieman, Keba Mophuting, Neil Parsons, Jim Denbow, Bob Hitchcock, Professor Revil Mason and Alison Brooks for their constructive criticism and suggestions. We would also like to show our gratitude to Charles Bewlay and Clare Eastland of Macmillan without whom this book would not have been the same. Our wives and families deserve special thanks for bearing with us while we laboured through the manuscript, and it is to them that we dedicate this book. Thomas Tlou and Alec Campbell Gaborone May 1983 1 Introduction to History We all know something about our own past, the history of our own families. Our parents and grandparents tell us about themselves and about their parents. We usually know where our parents and grandparents were born. We know whether they worked for themselves at home, or went away to work. Our parents tell us something about the group to which we belong, for instance, 'Great Grandfather came to Botswana in 1871 with the Bakgatla and settled at Mochudi.' Before the Whites came to Botswana we learned our history from our old people and in the initiation schools, bogwera and bojale. At these schools, the young were taught the history of their groups and leaders by learning long poems known as praise poems, maboko, which tell of great events. Both these kinds of history, passed down from our parents and grandparents, or through praise poems, are known as oral history. They were passed down by word of mouth and not written down. Written history Written history contains facts, the story of what has happened in the past. But it cannot contain the whole story because that would require thousands of books. Also, much of early history was forgotten before writing started. The person who writes a history book collects information from different sources. He has to choose his facts and join them together to make his story.