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© 2010 Abdulkafi Albirini © 2010 Abdulkafi Albirini THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF CODESWITCHING BETWEEN STANDARD ARABIC AND DIALECTAL ARABIC BY ABDULKAFI ALBIRINI DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Elabbas Benmamoun, Chair Professor Rakesh Bhatt Professor Silvina Montrul Assistant Professor Marina Terkourafi ABSTRACT Codeswitching (CS) between Standard Arabic (SA) and Dialectal Arabic (DA) is a characteristic feature of Arabic bidialectal speech in a number of contexts. This dissertation focuses on two aspects related to this phenomenon, namely, its syntactic structure and its social functions in Arabic-speaking communities. The purpose of this study was three-fold: first, to examine the applicability of some of the major syntactic constraints on bilingual CS to bidialectal CS between SA and DA; second, to identify the potential syntactic principles that govern CS between the two varieties; and, third, to investigate the sociolinguistic functions of CS in the Arabic sociolinguistic context. Three sets of naturally-produced data were examined, representing the domains of religious lectures/ discussions, political debates/interviews, and soccer play-by-play commentaries. The naturalistic data came from 35 audio- and video-recordings for educated speakers of Arabic. This data was supplemented by two hundred and thirty-five sentences experimentally created to test certain hypotheses about the structure of CS between the two varieties. The analysis of the syntactic patterns of CS between SA and DA shows that none of the major syntactic constraints on bilingual CS applies in the case of CS between SA and DA. This is explained by the fact that, whereas CS constraints arise as a result of certain parametric incompatibilities between typologically distinct languages, CS between SA and DA eludes these constraints because of the structural similarity of the two varieties. This also supports the view that the constraints on CS vary from one language pair to another. ii The findings suggest that CS between SA and DA is structurally regulated by the Sentential Functional Head Constraint, which prevents CS in a single CP between a lexical verb and its functional head(s) and between the functional heads themselves. This constraint operates only at the level of functional heads in the A-domain, that is, on the path from V to C (i.e. C, I, and Neg). Moreover, the data points to the unequal roles and statuses of SA and DA in mixed discourse. Based on the current data, DA seems to shape the structure of most mixed sentences and therefore it serves as the host language, as opposed to the guest language role which SA assumes. Sociolinguistically, the findings suggest that, unlike its bilingual counterpart, CS between SA and DA is primarily not governed by the immediate context, speech event, speaker or interlocutor, but rather by the link between status and functions of the code itself. CS here serves as a regularization mechanism through which sociolinguistic functions of varying levels of prestige, importance, complexity, and seriousness are encoded and indexed through the use of two codes—a High code dedicated for important, serious, and complex issues, and a Low code designated for less important, less serious, and simple issues. CS also serves as a marker of the speaker’s attitude toward certain details in the discourse, often indexing his/her positive attitudes toward SA-related functions and negative attitudes to DA-related ones. Lastly, speakers often shift to SA to invoke their pan-Arab or Muslim affiliation. This suggests that SA use here is meant to index their Muslim and Arab identities. Overall, the study points to a paradoxical polarity in the structural and social roles that SA and DA assume in the context of Arabic bidialectal CS. Although DA is the structurally predominant language, it assumes the functions of the Low code. On the other hand, SA assumes iii the functions of the High code, even though it is less influential in shaping the structure codeswitched sentences. The CS patterns therefore replicate the social and acquisitional statuses of these two varieties in the Arabic sociolinguistic landscape. The study suggests that the phenomenon of bidialectal CS should be studied on its own right as independent from bilingual CS. iv To Him Who has been with me all the time v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Praise is to God for his bountiful blessings, grace, favor, support, and help. I was very fortunate to have worked with a number of caring people whose support has made it possible for me to complete this work. I would like to express my profound gratitude for all of those who have helped me throughout my years as a graduate student at UIUC. My deepest thanks are for my advisor Dr. Benmamoun for his outstanding direction, guidance, and communication. His insights, knowledge and input were a great inspiration. I greatly appreciate everything he has done for me. His encouragement and help will never be forgotten. I am forever grateful for Dr. Bhatt, from whom I learned a lot and through whom I came to love sociolinguistics. He was a big help and a great professor and person. He has always been supportive, respectful, encouraging, and inspiring. I am also deeply thankful to Dr. Montrul for her help, encouragement, and support. I am very thankful for her willingness to answer questions, to give advice, and to exemplify excellence through her outstanding scholarship. I would also like to offer my sincere appreciation for Dr. Terkourafi for her very helpful feedback and dedication. She is a model young scholar for me because of her hard work, care, and sincerity. My deep appreciation goes to my family for their thoughts and prayers: my mother for her endless love and devotion; my brothers for their encouragement and support; my sisters for their sincere wishes and care; and the spirit of my father for his inspiration. I would like to thank my great wife for all her patience, care, support, and encouragement throughout my graduate work. vi I would like to express my indebtedness for the participants who gave me their time to complete the Acceptability Judgment Task. I owe Tim and Abdelaadim my gratitude for their willingness to look at the manuscript and correct many spelling mistakes. Last but not least, I would like to offer my sincere appreciation for all friends and professors who offered their suggestions, advice, and support. I wish you all the best in your lives. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS TRANSLITERATION SYSTEM ………………………………………………………...... ix ABBREVIATIONS …………………………………………………………………...….... xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………...... 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW …………………………………………………... 16 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY …………………………………………... 67 CHAPTER 4: MAIN FINDINGS ………………………………………………………..... 79 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………….... 140 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………... 172 NOTES ……………………………………………...…………………………………….... 186 REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………... 188 APPENDIX A: LIST OF RECORDINGS …………………………………………………. 208 APPENDIX B: ACCEPTABILITY JUDGMENT TASK………………………………….. 210 AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………... 220 viii TRANSLITERATION SYSTEM CONSONANTS T ط ʔ أ Ð ظ b ب ʕ ع t ت ʁ غ θ ث f ف ž ج q ق ħ ح k ك x خ l ل d د m م ð ذ n ن r ر h ه z ز w و s س j ي š ش g چ S ص v ڤ D ض ix TRANSLITERATION SYSTEM VOWELS ii ــ a ـ َ aw ـَ u ـ ُ aj ـَ i ـ ِ aa Shortened vowels ə ـ uu ـ x ABBREVIATIONS ADJ Adjective LDA Levantine Dialectal Arabic ADV Adverb NEG Negative ASP Aspect NP Noun Phrase CS Codeswitching PASS Passive CP Complementizer Phrase PERF Perfective DA Dialectal Arabic PD Political Debate EDA Egyptian Dialectal Arabic PP Prepositional Phrase GEN Genitive RS Religious Speech GDA Gulf Dialectal Arabic SA Standard Arabic INFL Inflection SC Soccer Commentary IP Inflectional Phrase T Tense IMP Imperative TP Tense Phrase IMPERF Imperfective V Verb INTERG Interrogative VP Verb Phrase xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Study Background: In sociolinguistic terms, codeswitching describes the speech of bilinguals or bidialectals who juxtapose elements from two or more language varieties in an utterance or a piece of discourse. Although codeswitching (CS) is as old as language contact and has been documented as early as the 14 th century (Argenter, 2001), formal studies of this phenomenon have not found their way in bilingual literature until the past century. The early studies on bilingual communities have presented CS as a language deficiency resulting from certain gaps in the lexicon or morpho- syntax of bilinguals (Bloomfield, 1927; Weinreich, 1963). The systematic study of CS in the past few decades, however, has brought into scholarly attention the regularized nature of CS in terms of not only its structure, but also its sociolinguistic functions and meanings within discourse. Mainstream research in bilingualism posits that CS is a systematic process that is governed by different syntactic constraints within the boundary of a single sentence and across sentences (Myers-Scotton, 1993a; Belazi, Rubin & Toribio, 1994; Joshi, 1985; Di Sciullo, Muysken, and Singh, 1986; Bentahila & Davies, 1983; Pfaff. 1979; Kachru, 1978; Gumperz, 1976). The within-sentence constraints specify the sites in which intrasentential switching may or may not occur as a result of certain grammatical principles. The across-sentences constraints identify the location where intersentential switching cannot occur between sentences due to certain discourse-related restrictions (Kachru, 1978; Gumperz, 1976). Some of these constraints 1 have been claimed to be ‘universal’ in the sense that they apply invariably to CS between different language pairs. In addition to these constraints, some researchers have presented models of CS that predict the syntactic environments in which CS may or may not transpire. Often, the occurrence or non-occurrence of different types of double-coded constituents or sentences is based on system-related constraints.
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