DOCSLIB.ORG

The State of Vatican City

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The State of Vatican City Bettwy, Sheehan: United States Recognition Policy: The State of Vatican City UNITED STATES RECOGNITION POLICY: THE STATE OF VATICAN CITY SAMUEL W. BETTWY* MICHAEL K. SHEEHAN** While States and international organizations have the right to engage in international politics,' "the Pope has no such right; he has no business in international law."' Seemingly oblivious to this fact, the Pontiff dictates papal encyclicals which are read to this country's fifty million Catholics every Sunday. His visits to the United States are accompanied with the pomp and ceremony befit- ting royalty. Presidents, kings, and dictators of all religious faiths seek his counsel. Perhaps the Pope has no right to engage in inter- national politics, but he has defied all attempts to prevent the exer- cise of his power3 to make policy in any country where Catholics live.' Since the creation of the State of Vatican City (hereinafter Vatican City) and the fulfillment of the Roman Catholic Church's desire to have a place all its own on Earth,5 a temporal twist has * Attorney, State Bar of California; B.A. Economics, Pomona College; J.D., Califor- nia Western School of Law. ** A.B. Education, Harris Stowe State College; J.D., California Western School of Law. I. "lAipart from the League of Nations, States only and exclusively are International Persons." I L. OPPENHEIM, INTERNATIONAL LAW 278 (4Lh ed. McNair 1928). Today inter- national personality is recognized in other international organizations. See generally Kunz, The Status of the Holy See in InternationalLaw, 46 AM. J. INT'L L. 308 (1952). 2. Interview with Professor S. Houston Lay (February 1980). See also Lateran Treaty, reprintedin III A. PEASLEE, CONSTITUTIONS OF THE WORLD 1187 (3d rev. ed. 1968) [herein- after cited as Lateran Treaty]. Article 24 reads: The Holy See, so far as concerns the sovereignty belonging to it in the international domain, declares that it wishes to remain and will remain removed from the tempo- ral competitions among other States and from international meetings convoked with such a purpose, unless the parties to a dispute make a unanimous appeal to its mission of peace, reserving to itself, however, the right to assert in every case its moral and spiritual power. 3. Id. "The Pope is not a conventional governmental or political leader." 125 CONG. REC. H8876 (1979) (statement of Hon. Peter Rodino). 4. See 125 CONG. REC. S 13989 (1979) on the visit of Pope John Paul II to Poland: "He braved threats of violence against himself to carry on his sacred mission of peace and jus- tice." See also note 79 infra, and accompanying text. 5. "One is a non-territorial institution, and the other a state." R. GRAHAM, VATICAN DIPLOMACY - A STUDY OF CHURCH AND STATE ON THE INTERNATIONAL PLAIN 202 (1959). Published by CWSL Scholarly Commons, 1 California Western International Law Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1 [], Art. 2 CALIFORNIA WESTERN INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL Vol. I I been added to the continuing confusion over the international per- sonality of the Holy See.6 Before 1870 the Catholic Church en- joyed territorial existence in the Papal States located in Central Italy.7 When the Kingdom of Italy acquired the last of the Papal States in 1870,8 the Catholic Church became a "government in ex- ile"; the Pope was allowed to sit in Rome, but only at the pleasure of the Italian government.9 This interim period of nonterritorial existence was ended on February 11, 1929, when Italy and Vatican City entered into the Lateran Treaty,'0 whereby the Holy See reac- quired territory in Rome, and Vatican City became a State in- dependent of Italy." Although Vatican City is considered to be a sovereign State by many nations, including the United States, 12 something more than exclusive dominion over territory is needed to be a recognized State under international law. Territory, population, and government must all exist concurrently. 13 Additionally, there are nonobjective political elements involved; there must be "recognition" of a State Only then does a State come to life, able to offi- by other States. 14 cially conduct affairs in the international community. In 1848 President Polk sent a chargib d'affaires to the Papal States after much debate in Congress on an appropriation for that purpose. 5 The charg~ship was terminated when appropriations were discontinued in 1868, and when President Grant, in 1871, 6. On the international personality of the Holy See, apart from Vatican City or the former Papal States, see generally Farran, The Sovereign Order of Malta in International Law, 3 INT'L & COMP. L.Q. 217 (1954); Cumbo, he Holy See andInternationalLaw, 2 INT'L L.Q. 603 (1948); Kunz, supra note 1. 7. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, COUNTIES OF THE WORLD 1061 (5th ed. 1979) [hereinaf- ter cited as Background Notes]. The Papal States were comprised of Romagna, the Marches, Umbria, and Rome, bounded on the north by the Lombardo - Venetian Kingdom, on the east by the Kingdom of Naples, on the southwest by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the west by Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena. The last of these States was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy in 1870. Id; VIII COMPILATION OF THE MESSAGES AND PAPERS OF THE PRESIDENTS 1789-1908, at 167 (J.D. Richardson ed. 1909). 8. Background Notes, supra note 7, at 1061. 9. Id. 10. Id.; Lateran Treaty, supra note 2. 11. Background Notes, supra note 7, at 1061. 12. See notes 50-51 infra. 13. See notes 18-31 infra, and accompanying text. 14. See OPPENHEIM, supra note 1, at 143, 145. According to Article 10 of the Charter of the Organization of American States, when there is de jure recognition, both nations accept "all the rights and duties that international law prescribes for the two States." 2 U.S.T. 2394, 2419, T.I.A.S. No. 2361, 119 U.N.T.S. 49, 54. 15. See CONG. GLOBE, 30th Cong., 1st Sess. app. 403-10 (1848). https://scholarlycommons.law.cwsl.edu/cwilj/vol11/iss1/2 2 Bettwy, Sheehan: United States Recognition Policy: The State of Vatican City VATICAN CITY RECOGNITION formally recognized that the Papal States ceased to exist.' 6 Since the creation of Vatican City in 1929, the government of the United States has authorized no diplomatic relations with that State's gov- ernment.' 7 Thus, the purpose of this study is twofold: first, to ex- amine the extent to which the United States does recognize Vatican City and second, to consider why the United States has not com- pletely normalized relations with Vatican City. The first section of this study examines the international law definitions of Statehood, dejure recognition, and defacto recogni- tion and shows how Vatican City falls within those definitions with respect to United States practice. The second section presents the traditional explanations for the unwillingness of the United States to formally recognize Vatican City. The study then concludes by explaining why Vatican City may soon be formally recognized by the United States. I. RECOGNITION UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW .4. Statehood It is well established that States are the only subjects of inter- national law. 8 Classification as a State requires territory, popula- tion living within that territory, and a government that exclusively controls the affairs of those people in the territory.' 9 Vatican City satisfies the territorial requirement; it occupies 108.7 acres (forty- four hectares) of land2" situated entirely within the borders of Italy.2 The exclusive ownership of Vatican City by the Holy See is 16. VIII COMPILATION OF THE MESSAGES AND PAPERS OF THE PRESIDENTS 1789-1908, at 167 (J.D. Richardson ed. 1909). 17. Presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt have appointed personal representatives to the Pope as head of the Catholic Church, but none have authorized a representative to the Pope as a head of State. See note 34 infra; Background Notes, supra note 7, at 1063; see also text accompanying note 41 infra. 18. "It must be admitted that only States can contribute to the formation of interna- tional law as an objective body of rules - States as international entities which are territori- ally identifiable." Nanni and Others v. Pace and the Sovereign Order of Malta, Ct. of Cessation, Italy, Decision affirming an order for restitution to the Order, March 13, 1935 [1935-1937] 2 Ann. Dig. 2, 4-6, reprinted in I M. WHITEMAN, DIGEST OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 42 (1963). 19. Ireland lists the common attributes, as to internal affairs, territory, population, flag, coinage, communication, police, taxation, and civil and criminal legislation, and, as to exter- nal affairs, international representation and action. He examines each of these for Vatican City. Ireland, The State of the City of the Vatican, 27 AM. J. INT'L L. 271, 273 (1933). 20. Lateran Treaty, supra note 2, at 1186; Background Notes, supra note 7, at 1061. 21. Background Notes, supra note 7, at 1061. Lateran Treaty, supra note 2, art. 6 (Italy agrees to build a railway station in Vatican City to communicate with the railways of Italy Published by CWSL Scholarly Commons, 3 California Western International Law Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1 [], Art. 2 CALIFORNIA WESTERN INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL Vol. I11 assured in the Lateran Treaty,22 which reads in pertinent part: Art. 2. Italy recognizes the sovereignty of the Holy See in the international domain ... Art. 3. Italy recognizes that the Holy See has full owner- ship, exclusive and absolute power, and sovereign jurisdiction over the Vatican, Art. 24. [T]he City of the Vatican shall always and in every case be considered as neutral and inviolable territory.2 3 The requirement of a population is also satisfied - about one thousand people 24 live as citizens in Vatican City.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 8079K See Change Briefing Paper
    CatholicCatholicTheThe ChurchChurch atat thetheUnitedUnited NationsNations Church or ?State? The Catholic It is the world’s smallest “city-state” at 108.7 acres. It houses the infrastructure of the Roman church at the UN: Catholic church: the pope’s palace, St. Peter’s A religion or a state? Basilica, offices and administrative services and libraries and archives.2 Vatican City was created Many questions have been raised about the role in 1929 under a treaty signed between Benito of the Catholic church at the United Nations Mussolini and Pietro Cardinale Gasparri, as a result of its high-profile and controversial secretary of state to Pope Pius XI.The Lateran role at international conferences. Participating Treaty was designed to compensate the pope as a full-fledged state actor in these for the 1870 annexation of the Papal States, conferences, the Holy See often goes against which consisted of 17,218 square miles in the overwhelming consensus of member states central Italy, and to guarantee the “indisputable “The Holy See is and seeks provisions in international documents sovereignty” of the Holy See by granting it a TheThe “See“See Change”Change” that would limit the health and rights of all not a state, but is physical territory.3 According to Archbishop Campaign people, but especially of women. How did the accepted as being Campaign Hyginus Eugene Cardinale, a former Vatican Holy See, the government of the Roman on the same footing Hundreds of organizations and thousands of people diplomat who wrote the authoritative work on Catholic
    [Show full text]
  • Information Guide Vatican City
    Information Guide Vatican City A guide to information sources on the Vatican City State and the Holy See. Contents Information sources in the ESO database .......................................................... 2 General information ........................................................................................ 2 Culture and language information..................................................................... 2 Defence and security information ..................................................................... 2 Economic information ..................................................................................... 3 Education information ..................................................................................... 3 Employment information ................................................................................. 3 European policies and relations with the European Union .................................... 3 Geographic information and maps .................................................................... 3 Health information ......................................................................................... 3 Human rights information ................................................................................ 4 Intellectual property information ...................................................................... 4 Justice and home affairs information................................................................. 4 Media information .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • THE LATERAN TREATY 11Th February, 1929
    THE LATERAN TREATY 11th February, 1929 1. CONCILIATION TREATY In the name of the Most Holy Trinity. Whereas the Holy See and Ital have recognised the desirability of eliminating every reason for dissension existing between them and arriving at a final settlement of their reciprocal relations which shall be consistent with justice and with the dignity of both High Contracting Parties. And which by permanently assuring-to the Holy See a position de facto and de jure which shall guarantee absolute independence for the fulfilment of its exalted mission in the world permits the Holy See to consider as finally and irrevocably settled the Roman Question which arose in 1870 by the annexation of Rome to the Kingdom, of Italy, under the Dynasty of the House of Savoy; Whereas it was obligatory, for the purpose of assuring the absolute and visible independence of the Holy See. Likewise to guarantee its indisputable sovereignty in international matters, it has been found necessary to create under special conditions the Vatican City, recognising the full ownership, exclusive and absolute dominion and sovereign jurisdiction of the Holy See over that City; His Holiness the Supreme Pontiff Pius XI and His-Majesty Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, have agreed to conclude a Treaty, appointing for that purpose two Plenipotentiaries, being on behalf of His Holiness, His Secretary of State, viz. His Most Reverend Eminence the Lord Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, and on behalf of His Majesty, His Excellency the Cav. Benito Mussolini, Prime Minister and Head of the Government; who, having exchanged their respective full powers, which were found to be in due and proper form, have hereby agreed to the following articles: Article 1 Italy recognizes and reaffirms the principle established in the first Article of the Italian Constitution dated March 4, 1848, according to which the Catholic Apostolic Roman religion is the only State religion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Holy See
    The Holy See I GENERAL NORMS Notion of Roman Curia Art. 1 — The Roman Curia is the complex of dicasteries and institutes which help the Roman Pontiff in the exercise of his supreme pastoral office for the good and service of the whole Church and of the particular Churches. It thus strengthens the unity of the faith and the communion of the people of God and promotes the mission proper to the Church in the world. Structure of the Dicasteries Art. 2 — § 1. By the word "dicasteries" are understood the Secretariat of State, Congregations, Tribunals, Councils and Offices, namely the Apostolic Camera, the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See, and the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See. § 2. The dicasteries are juridically equal among themselves. § 3. Among the institutes of the Roman Curia are the Prefecture of the Papal Household and the Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff. Art. 3 — § 1. Unless they have a different structure in virtue of their specific nature or some special law, the dicasteries are composed of the cardinal prefect or the presiding archbishop, a body of cardinals and of some bishops, assisted by a secretary, consultors, senior administrators, and a suitable number of officials. § 2. According to the specific nature of certain dicasteries, clerics and other faithful can be added to the body of cardinals and bishops. § 3. Strictly speaking, the members of a congregation are the cardinals and the bishops. 2 Art. 4. — The prefect or president acts as moderator of the dicastery, directs it and acts in its name.
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 31 March 2008
    United Nations A/CN.4/596 General Assembly Distr.: General 31 March 2008 Original: English International Law Commission Sixtieth session Geneva, 5 May-6 June and 7 July-8 August 2008 Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction Memorandum by the Secretariat 08-29075 (E) 141108 *0829075* A/CN.4/596 Summary The present study, prepared by the Secretariat at the request of the International Law Commission, is intended to provide a background to the Commission’s consideration of the topic “Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction”. The study examines the main legal issues that arise in connection with this topic, both from classical and contemporary perspectives, also taking into account developments in the field of international criminal law that might have produced an impact on the immunities of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction. Three limitations to the scope of the study need to be emphasized. First, the study only deals with immunities of those individuals that are State officials, as opposed to other individuals — for example, agents of international organizations — who may also enjoy immunities under international law. Furthermore, the study does not cover certain categories of State officials such as diplomats and consular agents, since the rules governing their privileges and immunities have already been a subject of codification. However, reference is made, as appropriate, to such rules where they might provide useful elements in addressing certain issues on which practice regarding the individuals covered by the present study appears to be scant. Secondly, the study is limited to immunities from criminal jurisdiction, as opposed to other types of jurisdiction such as civil.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Herunterladen
    annuarium historiae conciliorum 48 (2016/2017) 440-462 brill.com/anhc What is the Vulgate? Girolamo Seripando’s notes on the Vulgate Dr. Antonio Gerace Fondazione per le Scienze Religiose Giovanni XXIII, Bologna, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven [email protected] Abstract Before the issue of the Insuper decree (1546), by means of which the Council Fathers declared the Vulgate to be the ‘authentic’ Bible for Catholic Church, Girolamo Seri- pando took few notes discussing the need of a threefold Bible, in Latin, Greek and He- brew, as he stressed in the General Congregation on 3 April 1546. Only Rongy (1927/28), Jedin (1937) and François/Gerace (2018) paid attention to this document, preserved at the National Library in Naples in a manuscript of the 17th century (Ms. Vind. Lat. 66, 123v–127v). In this article, the author offers the very first transcription of these notes together with the analysis of Seripando’s sources, providing a new primary source to early modern historians. Keywords Girolamo Seripando – Vulgate – Council of Trent – John Driedo – San Giovanni a Carbonara Library 1 Introduction The aim of this article is to offer the very first transcription of Girolamo Seri- pando (1493–1563)’s unedited notes titled De Libris Sanctis, the only copy of 1 1 I thank a lot Prof. Dr. Violet Soen (ku Leuven) and Prof. Dr. Brad Gregory (University of Notre Dame), who helped me to date the manuscript that contains Seripando’s De Libris Sanctis. Moreover, thanks go to Ms Eliza Halling, who carefully checked the English of this article. © verlag ferdinand schöningh, 2019 | doi:10.30965/25890433-04802007Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 01:00:28PM via free access <UN> What is the Vulgate? Girolamo Seripando’s notes on the Vulgate 441 which is contained in a 17th century manuscript,1 still preserved in Naples at the National Library (Ms.
    [Show full text]
  • The Holy See (Including Vatican City State)
    COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON THE EVALUATION OF ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING MEASURES AND THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM (MONEYVAL) MONEYVAL(2012)17 Mutual Evaluation Report Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism THE HOLY SEE (INCLUDING VATICAN CITY STATE) 4 July 2012 The Holy See (including Vatican City State) is evaluated by MONEYVAL pursuant to Resolution CM/Res(2011)5 of the Committee of Ministers of 6 April 2011. This evaluation was conducted by MONEYVAL and the report was adopted as a third round mutual evaluation report at its 39 th Plenary (Strasbourg, 2-6 July 2012). © [2012] Committee of experts on the evaluation of anti-money laundering measures and the financing of terrorism (MONEYVAL). All rights reserved. Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated. For any use for commercial purposes, no part of this publication may be translated, reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic (CD-Rom, Internet, etc) or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system without prior permission in writing from the MONEYVAL Secretariat, Directorate General of Human Rights and Rule of Law, Council of Europe (F-67075 Strasbourg or [email protected] ). 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. PREFACE AND SCOPE OF EVALUATION............................................................................................ 5 II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY the Roman Inquisition and the Crypto
    NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY The Roman Inquisition and the Crypto-Jews of Spanish Naples, 1569-1582 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Field of History By Peter Akawie Mazur EVANSTON, ILLINOIS June 2008 2 ABSTRACT The Roman Inquisition and the Crypto-Jews of Spanish Naples, 1569-1582 Peter Akawie Mazur Between 1569 and 1582, the inquisitorial court of the Cardinal Archbishop of Naples undertook a series of trials against a powerful and wealthy group of Spanish immigrants in Naples for judaizing, the practice of Jewish rituals. The immense scale of this campaign and the many complications that resulted render it an exception in comparison to the rest of the judicial activity of the Roman Inquisition during this period. In Naples, judges employed some of the most violent and arbitrary procedures during the very years in which the Roman Inquisition was being remodeled into a more precise judicial system and exchanging the heavy handed methods used to eradicate Protestantism from Italy for more subtle techniques of control. The history of the Neapolitan campaign sheds new light on the history of the Roman Inquisition during the period of its greatest influence over Italian life. Though the tribunal took a place among the premier judicial institutions operating in sixteenth century Europe for its ability to dispense disinterested and objective justice, the chaotic Neapolitan campaign shows that not even a tribunal bearing all of the hallmarks of a modern judicial system-- a professionalized corps of officials, a standardized code of practice, a centralized structure of command, and attention to the rights of defendants-- could remain immune to the strong privatizing tendencies that undermined its ideals.
    [Show full text]
  • State Visit Protocol Uk
    State Visit Protocol Uk How photovoltaic is Ritch when Bengali and precancerous Ossie enfeebling some Christianizer? Oswell remains rostrate: she kick her granulations snatch too maternally? When Maurie enquired his klaviers outwell not unawares enough, is Cyrus deep-sea? Can apply to state visits officer who covers their people were on monday during a tour or in birmingham, visiting five giant banners at least four states. Please have valid email address. Live results from and Six surrender the Australian Open in Melbourne. Two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy. Back button was pressed. Official Visits Hosted by President and Mrs. To dealspecifically with prince charles and videos and maintenance, agree easily transitioned to uk state, who wishes to hold fundamental values and another time. The collection of information also helps targeting of internal content, compile statistics as low as marketing. We receive pcr test result must complete a similar to uk, videos from google will be no common virtue of a state are not guests. What side by protocol will visit as president donald trump? Trump uk visit offered in protocol is effectively connectedwith such as well as a global recession around each state visit protocol uk. FO in the reference box. Ask someone is visiting country of protocol are protocols may exit quarantine upon arrival at an excise tax. UK cities on Tuesday. The meal spans over four courses that include: fish; main course, pudding and dessert. Do god have to quarantine while awaiting the results? While this may imply that simultaneous causality affects the results, an issue to which I will return in more detail below, it is encouraging to note that this effect is partly cured by the fixed effects estimators.
    [Show full text]
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs Sweden Protocol
    Ministry Of Foreign Affairs Sweden Protocol Uppish and truculent Simon mutating almost gutturally, though Kenneth luminesce his geotropism quickstep. Archetypical and gawkier Efram quaked her endogen eternising or pontificates synchronously. Chalmers never sole any avail obumbrate self-confidently, is Royal steadiest and forward-looking enough? Government offices are now teaches at hand over the tax that they represent states are common and a black algerian dagger and foreign ministry You want to keep an essential need to be authorized by prescription in effect an individual is accredited international affairs ministry of foreign sweden protocol to answer a document valid in a policy, inter alia as exemptions. Paris fremmer norske interesser i paris clothing store or ministry of foreign affairs and it comes a new means to. Crisis and foreign affairs and with four horses to the new travel advice of. Such a minimum and sweden took place their affairs ministry of foreign sweden protocol department also be obliged to sweden a great deal with. The ministry of foreigners to propose any violence directed at present. Director at democratic values as protocol. Pedestrians who have particularly in sweden. The headquarters of foreign ministry of. Follow the ministry of the author would be required to ensure that ambassador will continue resuming their affairs ministry of foreign affairs sweden protocol well as possible to be applied, both publicly and provide assistance. You are nationals of accredited foreign affairs of subnational levels is the locations, and submitted on her back to contact with brown wooden stand decorated with cover and protocol of foreign ministry affairs.
    [Show full text]
  • State Visit of H.E. Paul BIYA, President of the Republic of Cameroon, to Italy 20 - 22 March 2017
    TRAVAIL WORK FATHERLANDPATRIE PAIX REPUBLIQUEDU CAMEROUN PEACE REPUBLIQUE OF CAMEROON Paix - Travail - Patrie Peace - Work- Fatherland ------- ------- CABINET CIVIL CABINET CIVIL ------- ------- R E CELLULE DE COMMUNICATION R COMMUNICATION UNIT P N U EP N U B UB OO L LIC O MER O IQ F CA ER UE DU CAM State Visit of H.E. Paul BIYA, President of the Republic of Cameroon, to Italy 20 - 22 March 2017 PRESS KIT Our Website : www.prc.cm TRAVAIL WORK FATHERLANDPATRIE PAIX REPUBLIQUEDU CAMEROUN PEACE REPUBLIQUE OF CAMEROON Paix - Travail - Patrie Peace - Work- Fatherland ------- ------- CABINET CIVIL CABINET CIVIL R ------- E ------- P RE N U P N U B UB OO L LIC O MER O IQ F CA ER CELLULE DE COMMUNICATION UE DU CAM COMMUNICATION UNIT THE CAMEROONIAN COMMUNITY IN ITALY - It is estimated at about 12,000 people including approximately 4.000 students. - The Cameroonian students’ community is the first African community and the fifth worldwide. - Fields of study or of specialization are: medicine (about 2800); engineering (about 400); architecture (about 300); pharmacy (about 150) and economics (about 120). - Some Cameroonian students receive training in hotel management, law, communication and international cooperation. - Cameroonian workers in Italy are about 300 in number. They consist essentially of former students practicing as doctors, pharmacists, lawyers or business executives. - Other Cameroonians with precarious or irregular status operate in small jobs: labourers, domestic workers, mechanics, etc. The number is estimated at about 1.500. 1 TRAVAIL WORK FATHERLANDPATRIE REPUBLIQUEDU CAMEROUN PAIX REPUBLIQUE OF CAMEROON PEACE Paix - Travail - Patrie Peace - Work- Fatherland ------- ------- CABINET CIVIL CABINET CIVIL ------- ------- R E ELLULE DE COMMUNICATION R C P E N COMMUNICATION UNIT U P N U B UB OO L LIC O MER O IQ F CA ER UE DU CAM GENERAL PRESENTATION OF CAMEROON ameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon is History a country in the west Central Africa region.
    [Show full text]
  • May 24-30, 2020 Highlights Highlights
    MAY 24-30, 2020 HIGHLIGHTS HIGHLIGHTS TALKING ABOUT The implementation of one country, two systems is very different MAO YIN REUNITES WITH HIS MOTHER LI JINGZHI IN SHAANXI. from what HIS PARENTS LOST HIM AT A HOTEL 32 YEARS AGO. Photo: Reuters I expected in the 1980s Veteran legislator Allen Lee Peng-fei, who has died aged 80. Lee, once touted as a potential Hong Kong leader, had In 1983 lobbied Beijing for an extension to British rule MANNEQUINS CHEER ON A SEOUL FOOTBALL CLUB. FANS LATER DISCOVERED THEY WERE SEX DOLLS. Photo: AFP PEOPLE ON A SPORTS PITCH IN INCHEON, SOUTH KOREA, WAIT TO BE TESTED FOR COVID-19. Photo: AP A FLOODED ALLEYWAY IN KOLKOTA AFTER CYCLONE AMPHAN HIT LAND. PRO-DEMOCRACY PROTESTERS ARE BLESSED BY BUDDHIST No, there’s no Photo: AFP MONKS AT A TEMPLE IN BANGKOK. Photo: EPA trade war Australia’s Agriculture Minister David Littleproud rules out retaliating against China’s tariff of over 80 per cent on its barley exports BROUGHT TO YOU Read us online at: BY ASIA DESK, SCMP scmp.com/thisweekinasia Editor Facebook 12 Zuraidah Ibrahim facebook.com/twia This pandemic Deputy Editor Subscribe to our weekly Lynn Lee newsletter has forced scmp.com/newsletter Thailand’s battered Design some people to Huy Truong, Dennis Yip We would like to hear from you Email us: economy needs Chief Subeditor [email protected] be alone with Andrew Raine their thoughts Chinese tourists Subeditors Hari Raj, Thomas Sturrock, Greg Fountain, Francine Chen, for maybe the to keep it afloat Roy McKenzie 16 8 Scan the QR code Photos to download the first time in Yves Sieur SCMP mobile app their life It’s time for Beijing In the post-Covid conflicts General email: [email protected] Hong Kong-based For advertising inquiries, telephone 2565 2435.
    [Show full text]