Climate Change and the Holy See the Development of Climate Policy Within the Holy See Between 1992 and 2015
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Climate Change and the Holy See The development of climate policy within the Holy See between 1992 and 2015 Master thesis MSc International Public Management and Policy By Wietse Wigboldus (418899) 1st Reader: dr. M. Onderco 2nd Reader: dr. K.H. Stapelbroek Word count: 24668 Date: 24-07-2016 2 Table of Contents Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Chapter 1 – Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction to topic ................................................................................................................................. 7 Research question and aim of thesis ......................................................................................................... 8 Relevance .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2 – Literature Review ..................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 10 Foreign Policy of the Holy See ................................................................................................................. 10 Central versus Peripheral Actors ......................................................................................................... 11 Power of Institutions ........................................................................................................................... 13 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 3 – Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................ 14 A multi-level model of causation............................................................................................................. 14 New Institutionalism and Ideas ............................................................................................................... 15 Operationalization of Concepts ............................................................................................................... 17 Actors................................................................................................................................................... 17 Institutions ........................................................................................................................................... 17 Ideas .................................................................................................................................................... 18 Discourse ............................................................................................................................................. 19 Expectations ............................................................................................................................................ 19 Chapter 4 – Research Design and Methods ................................................................................................ 21 Causal Process Tracing ............................................................................................................................ 22 Case Selection .......................................................................................................................................... 23 Accessibility ......................................................................................................................................... 23 Method .................................................................................................................................................... 23 Sources .................................................................................................................................................... 24 Reliability and Validity ............................................................................................................................. 25 Chapter 5 – Changing Ideas ......................................................................................................................... 26 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 26 Policy Change .......................................................................................................................................... 27 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 34 3 Chapter 6 – A New Paradigm ...................................................................................................................... 35 Martino’s Statements to the Holy See (2001 and 2002) ......................................................................... 35 Causal Factors .......................................................................................................................................... 37 Causal Factor 1 – Broad Scientific Agreement on the Anthropogenic Causes of Climate Change ..... 37 Causal Factor 2 – The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ................................................. 38 Causal Factor 3 – Catholic Social Teaching .......................................................................................... 39 Causal Factor 4 – The Example of Patriarch Bartholomew I ............................................................... 40 Causal Factor 5 – Population Control .................................................................................................. 41 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 7 – New Policies ............................................................................................................................. 43 Causal Factors .......................................................................................................................................... 44 Causal Factor 1 – Aparecida and German Bishops Statement ............................................................ 44 Causal Factor 2 – Seminar on Climate Change and Development ...................................................... 46 Causal Factor 3 – World Council of Churches ..................................................................................... 47 Causal Factor 4 – Catholic Social Teaching .......................................................................................... 48 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 49 Chapter 8 – New Worldview ....................................................................................................................... 50 Causal Factors .......................................................................................................................................... 50 Causal Factor 1 – Catholic Social Teaching .......................................................................................... 50 Causal Factor 2 – Regional Bishops Conferences ................................................................................ 51 Causal Factor 3 – Pope Francis ............................................................................................................ 52 Causal Factor 4 – Diplomatic influence from other states .................................................................. 53 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 54 Chapter 9 – Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 55 Limitations ............................................................................................................................................... 56 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................. 57 Appendix 1 – Politics ex cathedra ............................................................................................................... 64 4 Summary Between 1992 and 2015, the Holy See has changed their foreign policy on the anthropogenic causes of climate change. It is the aim of this thesis to explain why their ideas about climate change have changed. The Holy See has changed their ideas about climate change on three different levels since 1992. In 2001 they changed their paradigm from theological to scientific, and because of this changed paradigm they accepted that climate change has anthropogenic causes. In 2007 they started to propose new policies to mitigate climate change. And in 2015,