7B
LUMBIA //
PUBLISHED BY
TrtE MINING RECORD, LIMITED LIABILITY,
VICTOR I A AND VAN COUVER , B.C.
: 10 Cents. bfl BELTING CA C/i
Users of this article would do well to fD examine our stock in this line. We carry a assortment than other dealer larger any . g in the Province. ft 3 7) r* The Electric Brand of Rubber Belting we stock is not excelled by any other make. It is used by all the large mills in the Province. We carry it in stock up to 22 inches, and Leather Belting up to SL *t 16 inches in width. fa
S O 3 2 McLennan, McFeely & Co, LIMITED,
r E* VANCOUVER, B.C. o n E. ? DAWSON CITY, N.W.T. on*
The Bank of British North America.
Established in 1S36. Incorporated by Royal Charter in 1840. - PAID-UP CAPITAL, 1, OOO,OOO Stg. RESERVE FUND, 3OO,OOO "
London Office, 3 Clement's Lane, Lombard St., E.C
COURT OF DIRECTORS : J. H. BROIHE. GASPARD FARRAR. RICHARD II. GLYNN. H. J. B. KENDALL. KKKD'K IA'BBOCK. 90"? JOHN JAMES CARTER. HENRY R. FARRAR. KD. ARTHUR HOARE. J. J. KINGSFORD. OKO f). WHATMAN. Secretary, A. (i. \\'ALLIS. Head Office in Canada, St. James Street, Montreal. H. STIKKMAN, General Manager. J. ELMSLY, Inspector. BRANCHES IN CANADA: * London, '>nt. Midland. Sydney. Winnipeg, .Va* Green woo I. Trail, Bran* ford. Ottawa. St. John, X.ll. Brandon. Victoria. Sub-Agency. Hamilton. Montreal, Que. Frederic-ton. Ashcroft, B.C. Vancouver. Toronto. Quebec. Yukon District Atlin. Rossland. Kingston. Halifax, tf.S. DawsonCity. Bennett. Kaslo. Drafts on Dawson City, Klondike, can now be obtained at any of the Bank's Branches. IN STATES.-NEW ,'2 Wall W. and J. AGENTS THE UNITED YORK, St., Lawson C. Welch, Agents ; SAN FRANCISCO, 120 Sansome Street, H. M. J. McMichael and J. R. Ambrose, Agents. LONDON BANKERS. The Bank <.f England and Messrs. Glyn &Co. FOREIGN AGENTS. Liverpool Bank of Liverpool. Australia Union Bank of Australia. New Zealand Union Bank of Australia. Bank of New Zealand Colonial Bank of New Zealand. India, China of and Japan Chartered Mercantile Bank India, London and China ; Agra Bank, Limited. West Indies Colonial Bank. Paris Messrs. Marcuard, Krauss & Co. Lyons Credit Lyonnais. Issue Circular Notes for Travellers, available In all parts of the world. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ LuJ& O-K ADVERTISEMENTS.
- I fl
HEILER BROS. Established 1862. VIGTORIfl, B.C.
WHOLESALE airad RETAIL.
Some of our Specialties.
Crossley & Sons Carpets, Rugs, Squares, etc., in Ax- minster, Wilton, Brussels, Velvet, Tapestry, etc. M. Nairn ft Go's Scotch Linoleums and Oilcloths, all widths and prices, Inlaid, Printed and Plain. Haviland & Co. Finest French China world famous. Dinner Sets, cups and saucers, odd pieces new this season. Lib bey's Rich Cut Glass Tableware, most brilliant made. Liberty A Co. Art Fabrics, Serges, Cretonnes, Silks, Muslin, etc. Joseph Rodgers & Sons Renowned Table Cutlery a full line. f &H kinds for Parlor. Bradley & Hubbard (The B. & H.) Reception, Ban Bedroom, Room, Dining Piano, and Hall Office, etc., in Golden Oak, Antique, Ma quet, Library Lamps. hogany or Cherry. Me rid en Britannia Co." 1847 Roger Bros." Silver Morris Easy Chairs -Many styles. Plate that wears equal in design and finish to ster Reed and Rattan Furniture, Chairs, etc. ling silver. Brass and Enamelled Bedsteads now the Palms and Grasses For decorative purposes, ever most we issue a circular popular special lasting, preserved in their natural state. of the.-e send for it. Water Filters The "Pasteur" germ proof. Doulton's Manganous Carbon. Whitney and other makes New ADJUSTABLE Go- Carts, Baby Carriages, etc. Japanese Cotton Warp Mattings Handsome patterns and great variety. Window Shades In popular colors All sizes made to order, mounted only on Hartshorn Reliable Spring Rollers. Blankets White and Grey. Complete line from best mills only. English Down Comforters, Satin and Marcella Bed Covers, Sheets, etc. Pillow Shams, Bureau Scarfs, Toilet Covers, Tidies, etc. Table Linens, Napkins, Glass Cloth, Towels and Crash. Mirrors, Mantels and Overmantles in stock and made to order. Agate and Enameled Ironware of Domestic and For eign makers. Pictures, Picture Frames, Mouldings, etc. Gold Medal Camp Furniture Steel reinforced, lightest and strongest. Wallpapers from leading manufacturers in Canada and the United States. We are headquarters for everything we handle and carryjthe largest stock in the Province. Samples sent free to any address. D +ole furnished complete. Counters, DarS and note IS back bar, everything in Oak, Walnut or Cherry. Glassware. Crockery, etc., to please all. Traders taking goods into the Yukon or elsewhere, will find our goods the most profitable to handle. Anyway give us a call or send for Catalogue. Bobbinet Ruffled Curtains. The Swell Drapery from ?2.75 to $t>.50 per pair. Nottingham, Swiss and French Lace Curtains and Nets in 's Irish Arabian , Reriaissance,Cluny points.Tambours, Brussels, &<;.. Curtains, Table Covers Piece goods in Chenille, Silk, and Mercerized Cotton, Tapestry, Negus, Derby, etc Gobelin Art Draperies in Denims, Sateens, Muslins.'etc. Draperies made to order. Send for Illustrated '^Catalogue Free. II ADVERTISEMENTS.
The Patented Locked=Coil Cables and Webber Compression Grips are features of the patented
Bleichert Tramway of Virginia & Pittsburg Coal and Coke Co., Fairmont, W, Va. Wire Rope Bleichert Tramway
and other systems of aerial transportation.
MSee those wires how they interlock ? Note the smooth service aiso. No displacement of wires in any event. Gives much greater service than other cables, and adds correspondingly to the life of the roll ing stock.
MANUFACTURED BY The Trenton Iron Co.,
TRENTON, N.J.
Engineers and Contractors, and Sole licensees in North America for the Bleichert System. Also. WIRE ROPE EQUIPMENTS FOR CABLE HOIST-CONVEY ORS, Surface and Underground Haulage, etc.
No lugs'orlknots of any kind required on New York Office COOPER. HEWITT A CO., Burling the traction rope -giving longer service, ~ .7 Slip. J. F. FOULKES & CO 35 FORT ST. Mining and Stock Brokers. Real Estate and Insurance. Codes Used: Bedford McNeil!. " Cable Address: FOUVAN." VICTORIA, B.C. Wrought Iron Fences and Gates, Special Tools Uictoria novelty Works made to order. Model making. Repairing of Engines. L. HAFER, Testing and Repairing of Steam Gauges. GENERAL MACHINIST, Valves, Pumps, Hydraulic Jacks, Bicycles, Cash Registers, Type-writers, Sewing Machines, Rifles and J50 Government St. VICTORIA, B.C. Shot Guns. Key Fitting, etc. PRACTICAL C. M. Cookson, SANITARY PLUMBER. Up country orders promptly attended to. Sanitary, Gas, Steam and Hot Water Engineer. Jobbing and Shipping Work a specialty. Telephone 674. B.C. Corner Johnson and Broad Sts. VICTORIA, F. M. W. R. ROBERTSON. ROBERTSON. | a Ernest A. Cleveland, BROS., ROBERTSON Dominion and BROKERS. Provincial Land Cable Address: "ROBERTSON" Vancouver. Surveyor Cod^s : Surveys of Mines and Mineral Claims. Bedford Mi-Neil. Broomhall ; Moreing & Seal; Hastings Street, .. n _ (Over Tisdaii's.) Vancouver, B.C. 'MacKinnon Bldg. VanCOUVCr. S | SasasaHsasEHasasasasasasasasasasasasaHasasHsasasmsHsassassaS Ask Your Grocer for J. H. FARR & CO'S, TORONTO. Swiss Food." " Santanine Made of selected Canadian White Wheat, dessi- cated, partly cooked and put through a process that separates all impure and foreign matter from Cleanser." the grain, only retaining what is healthful and it flavor and nutritious, giving a cooking quali The Greatest Cleaning Soap ties possessed by no other food. We especially recommend it for children is it possesses the Manufactured. very elements that are required for the building up of a strong and healthy constitution. With Removes all Grease, Smut or Stains of any kind some people oatmeal is too heating, Swiss Pood other than Ink Stains from the finest Silks, Car is cooling to the blood especially iu summer. pets, etc., without injury to the texture or color. Invaluable also in the Manufactured only by Kitchen, Laundry, Bath room, etc., or for washing windows. Unequalled P. flcINTOSH & SON, for cleansing painted or varnished wood-work as Toronto. it removes all dirt without wearing varnish or paint and gives it a fine polished look. Put up in 2-Ib. packages. Try a tin only 15 cts. or two for 25 cts. IV ADVERTISEMENTS. The YCLE AND B.CC SUPPLY CO'Y. Old Post Office Building, Government Street. VICTORIA, B.C. ysffl&fXSfflfi^ Fac-simile of Trade Mark. l^'^'l&^l$l^^&!^^ Sole Agents for B.G for MANSON 3-CROWN BICYCLES, Iver Johnston's Sager Gear, Chainless, Coasters and Brake, and Cushion Frame Bicycles. Bean Chamberlain Manufacturing Co., Hudson, (3 Krown), Senawee and Voxal BICYCLES. SEWING MACHINES. Raymond Manufacturing Company for Victoria. CASH REGISTERS. Hamilton Brass Mfg. Co.; Hough Cash Recorder Co., Victoria. BURGLAR AND FIRE-PROOF SAFES AND VAULTS. Naeker Manufacturing Co. for B. C. of a// Art'nc/s CROWN MACHINE WORKS, Birmingham, England. Acetylene Gas Supplies, Generators, Lamps, etc. n Stock. BICYCLE REPAIRING a Specialty. Incandescent Gas Supplies. Agents wanted for all unoccupied territory for all our B. C. Agencies. ADVERTISEMENTS. MODEL B. AS OTHERS SEE US, O the gift That God would gie us, To see ourselves As others see us. Burns. The Ramsey Swing Pedals are the Pull man Cars of Cycling. Automatic Ankle Motion and 25 per cent, more driving power guaranteed. It gives ankle motion where there was none before. And those who ankled some, can't help but ankle more, Then do not pump your life away while with the hills you tussle, Use the Ramsey Swinging Pedals and save both time and muscle. Sole Agents for B. C B.C CYCLE AND SUPPLY CO., Old P. O. Building; Government St. VICTORIA, B.C. Agents wanted in all unoccupied territory. Correspondence solicited. Ask for booklet entitled " As Others See Us." MODEL Di VI. ADVERTISEMENTS. Canadian General Capital, $ 1 .500.000. Electric Co'y ^ Head Offices : Toronto, Ont. Factories : Peterboro, Ont. Branch Offices: B. Halifax, N. S., [Montreal, Qoe., Winnipeg, Man., Rossland, C, Vancouver, B.C. Manufacturers of Electrical Mining Apparatus Hoists, Pomps, Blowers, Fans, Blasting Apparatus, Dynamos for Lighting and Power and Motors for all purposes. Electrical Transmission of Power successfully operated up to 50 miles by our Three ^Phase Transmission System. WRITE US. Branch Offices in British Columbia : ROSSLAND. VANCOUVER. ADVERTISEMENTS. VII |f Life tasmrainc' * 3>ftipi * * a Grand Mission * HE records show that THE MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COM * ( * PANY of New York is not only holding its place as the leading and largest Life Insurance Company of the United [States and worthily fulfilling its high and grand mission as a benefactor of that it is mankind ; but, also, keeping pace with the increased de * mands of the insuring public and with the rapid development of the * material resources of this country, the phenomenal growth of its * its its commerce and its industries and * population, wealth, ; sup * plying to the business communities of all countries, where it has * established agencies, the best forms of life, endowment and invest *$r ment insurance, at the lowest cost, and the most profitable results * at the maturity of its policy contracts, with the largest guaranteed values in case of lapse or surrender for the immediate years of insurance. * SHERWOOD GILLESPIE, General Agent, * SEATTLE, Wash. * Stanley Henderson, Manager for Mainland, VANCOUVER. * J. B. Ferguson, Special Agent, VANCOUVER. * * * * VIII ADVERTISEMENTS. The 4 * rv-i I /V /% / * /TuVVl & Ore Cars Have CAST STEEL WHEELS Which make them run easier and wear better than any other Car made. If you are in the mark. et for Machinery, Iron or Steel work of any kind write us, we shall be pleased to quote you prices. Rivetted Steel Pipe *.", SPeci.,ty. ARMSTRONG & MORRISON, 'Phone z5o. P.O. Box 51. VANCOUVER, B.C. Gordon H. Hardie. Nicholas Thompson." Late Chief Engineer 88. Topic." Hardie & Thompson Marine and General Consulting Mech. Engineers " of Telegrams Qardie." Inns Court Building, Telephone 767. VANCOUVER, B.C. Plans, Specifications, Estimates. Working Drawings. Surveys and Reports. Also contracts taken for supply, Erection, Supervision, or Repairs and Alterations to Steamboats and all classes of Machinery. Sole Agents in ^B.C. a.nd N. W. Territories for the United Jtexible Metallic Tubing Co Ltd., London, E. C, ADVERTISEMENTS. IX jaros Best Goods at Rock Bottom Prices. Correspondence Solicited, T etc. Our stock is complete and heavy, comprised of Groceries, Flour, Feed, Tin and Enamelware, Glass ware. Crockery, Brooms and Brushes, Patent Family Medicines, School Supplies, Fresh and Salt Meats, etc. Being in a position to buy in larger quantities we give special attention to Miners' Supplies. - Kin s Road and St. Cor e' Douglas VICTORIA R C v ' L>.\-,. cor. Discovery and Douglas St. V v^l\IAA, NONE BETTER. FLOR DE CUBANA. the Capital GOLD'S OWN. HAVANA MAIL. HENRY CLAY. igars HAVANA AND HIGH GRADE CIGARS. All orders by mail or otherwise will receive prompt attention, THOS. F. GOLD, Proprietor. 35 Johnson St., VICTORIA, B.C. ^x%*-*%^%^%^v^-.%^-v%*^**v-v^^v%v%%%<.%*^* %.%.*.*.? THE HICKMAN-TYE HARDWARE Co., LTD. Late T. H. Tye & Co. 32 and 34 Yates ISt. VICTORIA B.C. IMPORTERS OF Mining and Milling Iron, Steel Pipe Supplies and Hardware. for F. C. Atkins & Go's Celebrated A Specialty. Agents Saws. Mann & Go's Red Warrior Axes. *** ** Rubber and leather Belting, &c. ADVERTISEMENTS. ^ o o< J. FIERCT as Co., WHOLESALE DRY QOOES. 5HIRT flND CLOTHINQ nflNUMCTURERS. 2 1 -29 TflTES 5T. VICTORI/1, B. Q. Specialties in Miners' Clothing. Manufacturers of the celebrated IRONCLAD Overalls. .JLSLSULSLSLJUUUU^ V-j MINES. MINING SHARES. A. W. MORE & e., miming aed GovernmentICI11 I ^ fl %*^Street. Special attention given to the handling of Mining Shares in all British Columbia Mines. B. f o VieTRlfl, ADVERTISEMENTS. XI HENRY CROFT, Associate Member Institute Civil Engineers, ?A.A.Boak&Co.f ] Member Federated Institute Mining Engineers, c i H 515 Hastings Street., west, Member Institute Mechanical Engineers, S. VANCOUVER B.C. Member Staffordshire and E. Worcestershire I Inst. of M. E. Insurance, Consulting Financial and Real Estate Agents. ^~ < Engineer, f.'&$i ^~" Representing the following reliable compahies: The Caledonian Insurance Company of Edinburgh, REPORTS MADE ON MINES. Fire. The Manchester Insurance Company of Manches ter, Fire, The Standard Life Assurance Company of Edin Estimates Given on burgh, Mining Machinery, The London and Guarantee and Accident Co. of London, Eng. The Canada Accident Assurance of " Co, Montreal. Telegraphic Address! CROFMINE." The Lloyds Plate Glass Insurance Co. of JNew York. The Provincial Building and Loan Association .'of Codes Used : Toronto. Moreing and Neal, A. B, C. 4th Edition, Bedford McNeill. The Identification and Protective Company Canada. -i VICTORIA, B.C. M. Mackinnon J. C.C. Bennett Mines, Real Estate. Mines and ONLY FIRST-CLASS Mining. PROPERTIES HANDLED. My list includes some of the best 1 devel oped and undeveloped Gold, Silver. and For authentic information call or address : Copper Hydraulic properties in British Columbia. J. M. MACKINNON, Will be pleased to furnish reports, plans Mackinnon Building, Granville St. and full particulars on application. VANCOUVER, B. C. Correspondence solicited. " Cable address : Cortez," Vancouver. Codes : Brownhall's ; & Neal. Moreing Cable Address "VANBEN" Vancouver, B.C. XII ADVERTISEMENTS. Bank of Montreal. The Yorkshire Established 1817. Incorporated by Act of Parliament. Capital, (all paid up), $12,000,000.00 Guarantee Reserved Fund, 6,000,000 00 - - and Undivided Profits, 1,102,792,72 HEAD OFFICE, MONTREAL. Securities Board of Directors : RT. HON. LORD STUATIICOXA AND MOUNT ROYAL, G.C.M.G., President. HON. G. A. DRVMMOND, 'ice-President. A. T. PATERSON, Es A. M.UNIDER, Ctief Inspector and Superintendent of Branches. W. 8. CLOVSTON, - - Inspector of Branch Returns Huddersfield, Eng., F. W. TAYLOR, - Assistant Inspector. IAMES AIRD, Secretary. Vancouver and BRANCHES IN CANADA: MONTREAL, - - H. V. MEREDITH. Manager. PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. B. C. Almonte. Deseronto. Lindsay. Sarnia. Chilliwack, Belleville. Ft.William London. Stratford. Brant ford. Goderich. Ottawa. St. Mary's. in British Columbia, Brockville. Guelph. Perth Toronto Manager Chatham. Hamilton. Peterboro. " Yg.St.B-. Cornwall. Kingston. Picton. Wallaceburg. PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. R. KERR HOULGATE, Montreal, Montreal West End Br.. Montreal Seigneurs Vancouver, B.C. St. Br., Montreal Point St. Charles, Quebec. LOWER PROVINCES. Chatham, N. B Moncton, N.B. Amhen-t, N.S Fredericton, N.B. St. John, N. B. Halifax, N.S. PROVINCE OF MANITOBA AND NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. Nominal Capital, Winnipeg, Man., Calgary, Alta. Lethbridge, Alta. Regina, Assa. PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. $2,500,000,00, Greenwood. New Denver. Rossland. Nelson. N. Westminster. Vancouver. Vernon. Victoria. IN NEWFOUNDLAND: Subscribed St John's, Newfoundland, Bank of Montreal. Capital, IN GREAT BRITAIN: London, Bank of Montreal, 22 Abchurch Lane, E. C., Alexander Lang, Manager. IN THE UNITED STATES: $1,362,450,00, New York, R. Y. Hebden and 3. M. Greata, Agents, 59 Wall Street. Chicago, Bank of Montreal, W. Munro, Manager. Bankers in Great Britain : of London The Bank of England ; The Union Bank London ; The London and Westminster Bank ; The This well-known English Corporation National.Provincial Bank of England. hat been established in B. C. a number Liverpool The Bank of Liverpool, Ltd. Bank and a Scotland The British Linen Company of years doing branches. Bankers in the United States: New York -The National City Bank; The Bank of New York, N.B. A. Boston The Merchants' National and Guarantee J. B. Moors & Co. Buffalo- The Marine Bank Mortgage Bank ; Buffalo. San Franci>-co The First National Bank ; The Bank of British Columbia ; The Anslo-Californi- Business. an Bank. Portland, Or. The Bank of B. C. ADVERTISEMENTS. XIII -Established 1858- High-class BisCUitS and Confectionery. 26 awards, including 6 gold, 5 silver and 1 bronze medal Purity of Materials and Excellency of Man ufacture. Write to us for prices before [sending your money east. Victoria, B.C. R. SMITH & CO., Vancouver, B.C. Merchants Bank of Halifax. Incorporated 1869. CAPITAL, $2,000,000 oo. REST, $1,600,000.00. HEAD OFFICE, HALIFAX, N. S. Branches in the Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, British Columbia. Also at St. Quebec and John's, Newfoundland ; Republic, Wash.; Havana, Cuba, and New York. A GENERAL BANKING BUSINESS TRANSACTED. DRAFTS AND LETTERS OF CREDIT ISSUED. MONEY TRANSFERRED TO ANY PART OF THE WORLD. GOLD DUST ASSAYED AND PURCHASED. Branches in British Columbia : ATLIN. GRAND FORKS, NELSON. VANCOUVER. VICTORIA. BENNETT. NANAIMO. ROSSLAND. VANCOUVER East. YMIR. Special facilities for transacting business in the Northern Gold Fields. LONDON AGENTS. The Bank of Scotland, Bishopsgate Street, through whom money can be transferred to any of our branches. W. M, BOTSFORD, Manager, Vancouver Branch. XIV ADVERTISEMENTS. Offer Special Advantages TO THE Canadian Transcontinental Traveller Being the Best, Safest and Only Continuous Pacific Route from Ocean to Ocean. Through Tickets From Vancouver, Victoria and all points in British Columbia, Portland, Ore., Tacoma, Railway New San etc. Seattle, Whatcom, Francisco, and TO Halifax, St. John, N. B., Quebec, Montreal Ottawa, Prescott, Brockville, Toronto, Ham Line. ilton, London, Ont., St. Paul, Minneapolis, Soo Chicago, New York, Boston, and Principal Points in Canada and the United States. Transcontinental Sleeping and Tourist Cars, and Free Colonist Cars Daily. Royal Mail Steamship Line to Japan and China. EMPRESS OF INDIA. EMPRESS OF JAPAN. EMPRESS OF CHINA. Sailing every four weeks in winter between Vancouver and Victoria, B. C., and Yokohama, Kobe and Nagasaki, Japan ; Shanghai and Hong Kong, China. SHORTEST ROUTE ACROSS THE NORTH PACIFIC. and with the superior speed of Empress steamers, the trip is made a week to ten days sooner than by any other route. Canadian=Australian Royal Mail Steamship Line. WARRIMOO. MIOWERA, AORANGI. Sailing every four weeks between Vancouver and Victoria, and Australia, Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand. Passengers booked from London or Liverpool, New York, Boston, Montreal, Toronto, or apy city of Canada and United States. For full particulars as to rates, time and C.P.R. publications, apply to any C.P.R. agent or to C . McPHERSON, E. J. COYLE, Gen. Pass. Agent, Winnipeg. Asst. Gen. Pass. Agent. Vancouver,lB.C. ADVERTISEMENTS. xv VANCOUVER- VICTORIA. " We Cover B. Sole Agents for HONDI PURE CEYLON ..TEA... Ill h- CD (0 Grocers. Provision Dealers, DC o merchants. fruit 7s LJL All and ^SPECIALTIES Imported Domestic^ Fruits in Season. Hams, Bacon, Butter,' Eggs, Cheese, Lard, etc. NELSON. REVELSTOKE. ESTABLISHED 1863. Turner, Beeton & Co VICTORIA :and LONDON. V / IMPORTERS OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESSES. Turner Victoria! Dry Goods- Miners' Supplies Beeton London. Turbeet Vancouver and Nelson. GHampaone, Fort, Stierru, AND THE FINF.ST BRANDS OF Claret and otter Wines, U Liquors and Cigars. vl/ Four Crown Sole agents for Rpbt. Brown & Co., Ltd., Glasgow, celebrated Scotch, the finest Whiskey on the market. Sole agents for Corby & Co's Belleville Canadian Whiskey. Agents Cariboo Gold Fields Co., Ltd., London and Batkerville. Agents Inverness, Balmoral, Fisherman & London Salmon Canneries. ^^&&e&zsz&-^ XVI ADVERTISEMENTS. rmnr b - o E. Q. o PRIOR & CO., Limited Liability. DEALERS "" HARDWARE ners Tools, Iron, Wagons, Carriages, and 1859. T Farm a Opeciatty. Implements and Machinery. JESSOP'S, nORTON'S and CRESCENT DRILL STEEL. Headquarters : Branches : 123 Governmen t St., Vancouver and Kamloops VICTORIA, B. C. cJ JLOJULOJULOJLOJL^^ Q. E. Macdonald & Co., Sole agents for Mainland of B. C. fo; The Wellington and Union Colliery Go's offer for sale the following grades of Coal, Wholesale and Retail. Wellington Lump- Comox Coke- Recognised from Cape Nome to San Diego Equal, if not superior to the best English ar as the best Domestic Coal on the Pacific Coast ticle and used in general throughout Cali and commands $i per ton more than any fornia and Mexico, also supply Egg Coke for class of Coal on the San Francisco market. base burners and furnaces. Wellington and Alexandria Washed tJomox Lump Screenings The best steam fuel on the American contin The only thoroughly washed screenings in ent as proven by C. P. R. tests. Used exclu the Wet. Parties using wood for steam pur sively on China and Australian steamers and poses will find it to their advantage to sub partially by the British and American navies. stitute this grade of Coal for same. NOTE.E. All our Coal is loaded into box cars at the pit's mouth and can be delivered at any point on the C,:. P.. Ry.. without break in bulk. Our well-known facilities in this respect enable us to make cheap deliveries. Main Office and Bunkers: Branch Office:' South End of Abbott St. Tel. 200, 612 Hastings St. Telephone 210. Address all communications to P. O. Box 204. ADVERTISEMENTS. XVII Henderson Bros. LCCK Wliolesale Heating Engineers DFUflfliSlS,... and VICTORIA Contractors. and VANCOUVER, B.C. VANCOUVER, B.C. THOSE WHO REQUIRE M PRESCRIPTIONS Quality m OF THE /feverlowered. Best We are under constant embarrassment Quality in telling you about the goodness of "Fit -Reform" Clothing. We don't want to brag and yet it is hard to state the facts to you sober-minded business men so that they wont seem extrava gant. Every year it is the policy of the Drugs " makers of Fit-Reform" Clothing to raise their standard. PROPRIETARY Suits and Overcoats (made to order or MEDICINES, readv to wear) were never so thorough ly good as this season's. Write for PERFUMES AND * Samples and self-measurement forms. TOILET ARTICLES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, Suits and Overcoats - $12, $15, $18, tlf Should call on " $20, $22, $25, JL* - - - Trousers.. $3,, $4,, $5,, $6 HALL & CO, ALLEN & CO., * tft t|r Sp| Dispensing Chemists, Fit -Reform Wardrobe," ^ ^U I Cor. Yates and Douglas Sts, VICTORIA, B.C. * VICTORIA, B. C * _ I XVIII ADVERTISEMENTS. Head Office. 49-57 The Albany, Liverpool, Eng. D. M. Stewart The Vancouver THE BEST.... Is none too good Ltd. for rue. I patron Agency, ize the Wholesale Dry Goods Merchants, PIONEER Shipping, Insurance and STEAM Commission Agents, Representing IK LAUNDRY JOHN S. BROWN & SONS, BELFAST, AND THE YORK STREET FLAX SPINNING TRY THEM. CO'Y, LTD., BELFAST, FOR They guarantee satisfaction. Table and Household Linens Phone 346. NOTE. We have the following rough goods on hand, viz : D. M. STEWART, Prop. 910-914 Richards St. Calcutta Ore Sacks. Cotton Waste. Fire Bricks. Fire Clay. Portland Cement. VANCOUVER, B.C. Smithy Coal. Liverpool Dairy Salt. BRANCH OFFICES at Ashcroft, Chilli- Write for lowest prices to wack, Eburne, Steveston, Nanaimo, New The Vancouver Agency, Ltd, Westminster, Terra Nova, Central Park 605 Granville St., Vancouver, B.C. and Wellington. Manitoba Produce I Butter, Eggs and Cheese a and Corn Go., Ltd. * specialty. Head Office: Winnipeg, Man. 40 Cordova St., B. C. VANCOUVER, W. K. BUCK, Gen. Manager 0eo..rorey'$ 3ewelery Establishment. Diamond Watches, Sterling Silver and Presentation Goods, etc. 102 Cordova Street, Uancower, B.C. Interior View of Store. fhmaoit Ufcro/y TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE "The Native Born" FRONTISPIECE The Alaskan Question By Sir C. H. Tapper i The Prehistoric Races of B. C. By C. Hill-Tout, F.A.G.S. 6 The Rubaiyat of Free Miner's Certificate No. 65534A By /. H M'G. 24 The Assassination of Deaf Sam's Plum-Pudding - By David Falconer 25 Mac the Immaculate By Arthur Scaife 32 - Fooled - - By Clh'c Phillipps-Wolley 42 The Unconventionally of Miss Churchill-Fane - By H. Mortimer Lamb 45 Captured Single-Handed By F. G. Farron 53 British Columbia Before Confederation By E. 0. S. Scholcficld 57 - The Indians of British Columbia By /. W. MacKay 71 The Last Indian Battle By G. Sheldon-Williams 84 Victoria : Its Natural Advantages By C. H. Gibbons 90 The Introduction of Capital in New Countries D. B. Bogle 97 Illustrated London News, Graphic, Queer), Review of Reviews, Strand, BlacK and White, Harper's, Munsey's, Scribrjer's. pranK Leslie's and all leading British and American Periodicals, For Christmas Pictorial, Amusing, Scientific, Theological' or on any subject u write to << Uictoria, B. . % Mathematical Instruments, Artists' Materials and the largest stock of Stationery in the Province. O5^s^N^socx:> XX ADVERTISEMENTS. FINEST STOCK OF * <*! Satisfaction Guaranteed In any and every kind of ^ Electrical Construction. Victoria and Vancouver, B, C. 9^9^9$?9^9^|f9^9^t^ CHOICE y*emberton d Son, % PROPERTIES * FOR SALE, IReal Estate ant) financial agents. * CHEMAiNUS DISTRICT. ICO acres, 60 acres cleared, good house barns and stabling, stream running through the property. VICTORIA DISTRICT. 70 acres about three miles from the City of Vict9ria, charmingly situated with a lake at one end of the property. A considerable amount of this under cultivation. * LAKE DISTRICT. 85 acres, about six miles from Victoria, about 30 acres under cultivation with house and out-buildings. LAKE DISTRICT. 75 acres. This is a very rich piece of bottomland, and is situate about ten miles from Victoria. SHAWNIGAN DISTRICT. 211 acres close to the E. & N. Railway. This property fronts on the sea, and is a charming piece of property as a residential site, combined with farming. SOMENOS DISTRICT. On the E. * N. Railway, and overlooking Somenos lake. This property consists of 140 acres and could be made a very pretty property. SALT SPRING ISLAND. 160 acres of land, several acres of this are * cleared and could be made into a good property for growing fruit. LADNER'S LANDING, Fraser River. Several pieces of Delta land * for sale in this vicinity varying in size from five to one hundred acres. ^if This land is Delta land of the richest possible quality, thoroughly under- + drained and dyked and all under cultivation. ^f FINDLAY CRE K. Upper Columbia Lake, containing over 600 acres _,_ all open prairie and meadow land, which could be made the nucleus of a ^Jf* good cattle ranch. _j|- ^t|*T^^^*f**f*^*!b^T^*f*^ ' Last toast, and of obligation, A health to the native born." Kipling. THE ALASKAN QUESTION. By SIR CHARLES HIBBERT TUPPER, K.C.M.G., Q.C., M.P. VER since our neighbours In 1818 the fishery boundary on the went into business on their Atlantic was dealt with by treaty. This own account have has been a burning question ever since. they" " been pushing their line Provision had again to be made for the fences over upon our land. ; northern boundary of the United ' Boundary lines have cost States to the Stony Mountains, and a England and her good special agreement was reached in this as to friend, the United States, a year any "country that may be claimed lot of trouble and expense. by either party on the north west coast of America They have caused a deal of heart westward to the Stony Mountains." burning to British colonists in America. In 1827 differences the And yet at the start of the American regarding north-eastern were referred Republic we find England and the boundary to the of the but his United States solemnly agreeing by King Netherlands, award satisfied neither Article II. of the Treaty of 1783 as fol country. In this was settled lows: 'And that all disputes which 1842 boundary by and commissioners were might arise in future on the subject of treaty ap to the boundaries of the said United States pointed mark line between the St. Croix and the St. Lawrence Rivers. may be prevented it is hereby agreed In 1846 a for the and declared that the following are and treaty provided line west of the shall be their boundaries." boundary Rockies. The record of a hundred years, is, This led to the dispute respecting the channel however, filled with disputes and fresh between Vancouver's Island and the treaties on the subject of boundaries. Mainland. In 1871 the ques tion was In 1794 an arrangement "to regulate referred by treaty to the Em of who in the boundary . . . according to justice peror Germany, 1872 decided and mutual convenience, and in con that the "Chanaf de Haro" formed the channel intended formity to the intent of the said Treaty" by the treaty in the had to be entered into. words "the channel which separates the continent While provision was made in this from Vancouver's Island." Undue and treaty for the determination of the St. generosity intense Croix River by three commissioners, friendliness marks the conduct of Great Britain the year 1842 had come before the place throughout. of the source of the River St. Croix Time and again colonists have in vain could be agreed upon. deplored the spirit so constantly In 1814 another treaty provided for displayed by Great Britain to make ex the appointment of two commissioners traordinary concessions on this contin to settle the disputed question of the ent in order to placate or secure the Passamaquoddy Islands "in conformity good-will of the United States. What with the true intent of the said Treaty has been the result? Encouraged by 1 of Peace of 1783," and it was stipulated past successes the United States pushed that if the commissioners could not her unreasonable and preposterous agree the matter should be referred to claims until the Behring Sea contention, a friendly sovereign or state for deci reached the extreme limit. sion Notwithstanding these extraordinary- It was necessary for the treaty to pretensions Great Britain submitted her make thi same provision to ascertain own clear rights on the high seas to in the north-eastern boundary. ternational arbitrament So in the case of the Iroquois, St. Now the century ends with a refusal Lawrence and Lake Superior. So from on the part of the United States to sub Lake Superior to the Lake of the mit to an international tribunal the Woods. question, in the usual way and on usual THE B. C. MINING RECORD. conditions, of a boundary line which it line parallel to the winding's of i'ne was attempted to describe in 1825. coast and which shall never exceed the What is it about, and how do the na distance of ten marine leagues there tions stand upon it? from." In 1825 Great Britain and Russia un We claim that the waters in the in dertook by treaty to divide a part of dentations on the Mainland are not the North American continent between ocean waters, and that the line at "the them. windings of the coast" should be an im The portion of the Anglo- Russian aginary line across the mouths of these Treaty referring to the boundary read territorial waters. We claim that the as follows : coast whose windings should be fol "Article III. The line of demarca lowed is that of the close string of is tion between the possessions of the lands bordering on the ocean and ac high contracting parties, upon the coast tually separating the ocean from the of the continent, and the islands of Am Mainland. In other words, Dyea, erica to the northwest shall be drawn Skagway and Pyramid Harbour belong in the manner following: Commencing to us. from the southernmost point of the The United States bought the Rus island called the Prince of Wales Is sian rights in 1867, before any delimi land, which point lies in the parallel of tation of the boundary was attempted. 50 degrees, 40 minutes north latitude, Thje greed for igold is perhaps at the and between the I3ist and the I33rd bottom of all ^attempts between Great degree of west longitude (Meridian of Britain and United States to interpret and Greenwich) the said line shall ascend to apply the terms of that Treaty since: the north along the channel called Port "Gold begets in brethren hate; land Channel as far as the 'point of the Gold in families debate; continent where it strikes 56th degree Gold does friendships separate; of north latitude; from this last men Gold does civic wars create." tioned point, the line of demarcation follow the summit of the mountains shall Apart from this there is possibly a to the coast as far as situated parallel much more serious lion in the path, for the point of intersection of the 141 st de it must not be overlooked that Charhs of the said meri gree of west longitude Summer, in Congress in 1867, when in dian; and finally from the said point of troducing the proposition to purchase the said meridian line of intersection, Alaska, suggested as a reason for get in its as the 141 st degree, prolongation ting it cheap that Russia desired to "es far as the Frozen Ocean, shall form the tablish forever the power of the United Russian limit between the and British States and give to England a maritime on the continent of America possessions rival destined to humble her pride," and north on the west. he did not hesitate to say that "such a "Article IV. With reference to the record may be made hereafter with re demarcation laid in the line of down gard to the present cession." He even precedine article it is understood: went so far as to add that Sir George "ist. That the island called Prince of Simpson having stated that without the Wales Island shall to belong wholly strip of the coast the interior would be Russia. useless to England was a provocation "2nd. That whenever the summit of on the part of the United States to buy. the mountains which extend in a direc f For years the Province of British tion parallel to the coast from the 56th /Columbia and Canada have pressed for of north latitude to the of of the degree point ^delimitation Treaty boundary. intersection of the 141 st degree of west We got as far as joint survey, which longitude shall prove to be at the dis was agreed upon in 1892, "with a view tance of more than ten marine leagues to the ascertainment of the facts and from the ocean, the limit between the data necessary to the permanent de British possessions and the line of limitation of the said boundary in ac coast which is to belong to Russia, as cordance with the spirit and intent of above mentioned, shall be formed by a the existing treaties in regard to it." THE ALASKAN QUESTION. This in does United survey, completed 1895, States to the sovereignty of half not of attempt a delimitation. Behring Sea and to the ownership of the The United States have stubbornly fur-seals which roam over the Paci contended that the line prescribed by fic Ocean, prevent surprise being enter the Anglo-Russian Convention cannot tained at their attitude in this case. be delimitated, and while attempting to It was hoped, however, that the friend so hold far more territory than this con ship much on paper and which be vention gives them they talk about a came so acute when war was on with Boundary Treaty for the future, insist Spain, would enable the commissioners ing always upon a limit of the ten mar who met at Quebec and Washington in ine leagues being given them, to be 1898, to reach common ground and a measured from the coast and heads of Boundary Treaty. inlets, such as the Lynn Canal and When our Prime Minister returned, Portland Canal. however, to Canada he read a formal Much discussion has revolved around paper touching the work of the Com and had to the words (the Treaty was in the mission, confess that after all the French langauge) crete des mon- professions of brotherly love be '^La tween the tagnes situees parallelement a la cote" Anglo-Saxon nations "the in Article III. Commissioners acting in the utmost and The main water-shed to which the friendship cordiality have been un able to agree upon a settl - United States would apply these words, satisfactory : ment." 'the summit of the mountains situated It appeared, moreover, that not parallel to the coast," is beyond the only was our neighbour to "ten-leagues distance" referred to in unwilling agree to a fair Article IV. Boundary Treaty, but "The British Commissioners desired that the Great Britain contends that these whole question should be referred on words refer to the mountains nearest to terms similar to those provided in the the ocean, and then only when not ex reference of the Venezuelan boundary ceeding ten marine leagues from the line, and which, by providing an um coast. pire, would ensure certainty and finality. the between Touching boundary "The United States Commissioners, Prince of Wales Island and the head of. on the other hand, thought the local Portland the United States claim Canal, conditions in Alaska so different that that Portland Inlet is a part of the some modification of the Venezuelan Portland and Great Channel, Britain, boundary reference should be intro insists that the denying this, passage duced. They thought the reference along the coast Pearse channel should be through made to six eminent jurists, to the ocean is oT Portland Canal. part three chosen by each of the high con The of the commissioners un survey tracting parties, without providing for der the Convention of 1892 terminated an umpire, they believing that finality near the of Mount St. Elias. From peak would be secured by a majority vote of this the line of demarcation turns north the jurists so chosen. They did not see and follows the st meridian for some 141 any present prospect of agreeing to a miles to the Arctic Ocean. 650 European umpire to be selected in the It is along this boundary that the dis manner proposed by the British Com coveries of extensive and valuable missioners, while the British Commis mines have been and placer gold found; sioners were unwilling to agree to the it is to this field the United States _are selection of an American umpire in the to hold trie present ports o? manner the permitted>l suggested by United States "3rTd and ""mgre?s egress, Dyea Skagway, Commissioners. The United States both in British territory. Commissioners further contended that A glance at two maps, one showing special stipulations should be made in the British claim, the other that of the any reference to arbitration that the ex will United States, indicate how far isting settlements on the tide waters of apart the interpreters of the treaty are. the coast should in any event continue claims the The monstrous made by to belong to the United States. To this THE B. C. MINING RECORD. contention the British Commissioners England and Canada, and I am glad to refused to agree." know I am able to include Canada. It is now shown that Great Britain has not Canada, however, stands firm and been willing, notwithstanding all these united. The leader of the Opposition efforts on the part of the United States, in the Canadian Parliament during the to overrule the just claims of Canada; last session, when referring to the un and so far as I am able to learn, so far fortunate conclusion to this part of the as right hon. friend has been good international negotiations, came to the my enough to keep me, as a .Privy Coun support of the position of the British cillor, informed of the position of the representatives and said: Government, I have no hesitation in "My principal object, in rising to-day, saying that I have assured my right is that at this critical moment in these hon. friend that the course his Govern most important negotiations, it should ment were pursuing had my entire sup that hon. be understood my right port, and that I believed they were tak the Govern friend does not represent ing the only course they could in justice ment of Canada and the Liberal party to Canadian interests." of Canada, but that he represents Can The Prime Minister speaking after this ada in regard to question. wards said : members hear.) "Under such circumstances there are (Some hon. Hear, ' only three methods of settling the dif Charles Tupper) "And that on (Sir ficulty on fair and honourable terms; whatever side of the House we may sit, one is by a compromise, by giving and we are too to do anything and only ready taking, Canada surrendering a little of in our to strengthen everything power her pretensions and the United States the Government which he leads, in tak surrendering a little of her pretensions, such a course as will preserve and ing but I have no hope, up to this moment, secure the rights of Canada against or very little hope, that we can settle what I consider the most unfair and un- the question by any compromise at all. course of the United States ju_s_tifiab_le If we have no hope that we can settle on this most important question." the dispute by compromise, there are The discussion became interesting, only two other ways in which we can Sir Charles Tupper saying : "I am sat settle it. One would be b^ .arbitration, isfied that we ran fmr| 1^0 parallel in any and the other would .be by war. J am countr in the _ sure that no one would think of war, as the United Stais_Jia,ve taken, name and everybody would agree that though boun our would be ly, that in the~^3imitalloj3jofj;h sometimes patience sorely daryBunder ajreaty, no regard shall be tried, though sometimes we might be had to what that treaty means, but that lieve that our opponents were taking if it be found to hold a meaning that undue liberties with us, and undue ad would deprive them of the places that vantage over us, still, everybody will they have already taken possession of agree that we must exhaust all peaceful to ar without right, and that belong Can means of reaching a settlement by ada, these places shall not belong to bitration. In the negotiations at Wash Canada but to the United States }f ington, we have not been able to come America. There was no possible course to terms of arbitration. Both parties left for the British Commissioners, un are agreed that there should be arbitra der such circumstances, but to absolute tion, but who should be the arbitrators, such be the sub ly repudiate recognizing any posi and what would questions tion or any such terms. I was glad to mitted for reference, are questions upon learn some short time ago, from my which we could not come to an under referred right hon. friend that the commission standing. The matter has been did not adjourn to meet oh the 2nd by the Commissioners to their respec the under tive Governments, and as we have seen August, except under perfect standing that these questions must be, from the reports in the press from day by diplomatic means, removed to a just to day, the matter has been engaging settlement that will be recognized by the attention of Lord Salisburv and the THE ALASKAN QUESTION. Foreign Office, and Mr. Choate, the limited by the rights of the United American Ambassador at London;'" States in this matter." and referring to Sir Charles Tupper, he ''Then none was for a party, finally said: "As I have said, I appre Then all were for the State." ciate very fully the spirit in which my hon. friend has offered his remarks. In May we not hope, even under these whatever he said in regard to our nego circumstances, backed by England's tiations I fully concur. I maintain the might and our own good cause, to join position that he has expressed to-day, hands eventually with our southern that we cannot give up the rights of neighbour and continue Macaulay's Canada; we have to maintain them as lines, till we repeat together but the they are; rights of Canada are "Then lands were fairly' portioned." NOTES OF THE PREHISTORIC RACES OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND THEIR MONUMENTS. By CHARLES HILL-TOUT, F.A.G.S., etc., etc., Western Member of the Ethnological Committee appointed by the British Association for the Survey of Canada. HE past has a great fascination to which we are indebted for this wider for some minds I mean the knowledge, there is none that has a past of mankind; and, by- greater claim upon our gratitude than the-way, how immeasurably archaeology, or the science of ancient remote has that past become things. Archaeology associates itself in in these latter days of the many minds exclusively with Egypt and iQth century. It seems but Assyria. The interesting discoveries yesterday that one was taught that this that have been made there of late years past went back only a few, a very few, have brought these Old World centres that the first of our before the to the ex thousand years ; very public eye partial in kind came into being with all the rest of clusion of other places scarcely Je^s created things, and the old globe itself, teresting or important; and it* may be less than 6,000 years ago. Men of the a surprise to some to know that some of highest intellectual attainments taught the most interesting, as well as the most and believed this no longer than twenty- perplexing of ancient human remains, five years ago. It seems incredible now are found, not in the Old World at all. with our later and wider knowledge that but in the New on this very continent men could so long have closed their eyes, of ours. In Central America, in the as well as their minds, to the evidences midst of the dense, tropical vegetation, of antiquity about them; yet such wa far in the trackless forests, covered with know to be the case. To-day, the dullest climbing plants and half-buried beneath school-boy can tell you that the globe is the accumulated mould of unnumbered demonstratably millions of years old, and centuries' formation, there lie the re that man's history stretches back into the mains of wonderful cities, spacious or far, dim days of tens of thousands, and nate temples and stupendous pyramids, perhaps hundreds of thousands, of years that vie in their solemn, silent grandeur ago. For we know to-day, as certainly and mystery with the ancient ruins of as we know that the sun rose yesterday, the Nile or the Euphrates. Who built that man was not only in existence or who inhabited them is one of the un thousands of years before the date we solved mysteries of the past. But it is used to believe the world and all upon it not only in Central America that inter first came into being, but actually in esting evidences of man's past are to be habited, populous and wealthy cities, and found. They lie scattered up and down possessed a civilization and culture, in the whole continent, though perhaps some points superior even to our own, at they are not all so imposing or myster least, two or three millenniums before ious as those of Central America. Mexi that time. And of the younger sciences co, Peru, all the great river valleys, and of this wonderful century of discoveries. even this far northwestern Province of PREHISTORIC RACES OF B. C. 7 ours, all possess highly interesting deed than that which has up to the pre monuments of man's forgotten past. sent succeeded it under ^panish. in- And, confining our attention more par fluence. Others maintained a miserable ticularly to this section of the continent, existence in the face of adverse natural it may interest the readers of the MIN surroundings, as among the degraded ING RECORD if we consider briefly some Patagonians in the far south; or the oi the salient features of the archaeology presence of human foes, more hostile of this Province, which is not without a than nature at her cruellest, as among special interest of its own. those wretched, solitary individuals It is barely a century ago that the whom the early pioneers met in their first white men set foot in this Province. journeys across the Rockies, and who Our occupation of it dates back, as it looked upon the possession of the putri- were, from yesterday; yet human pos fying entrails of game and other camp session of it goes back we know for tit refuse as the highest joy of their mis least two millenniums before our advent erable existence; while between these here, and how far beyond it is impos two extremes every degree of savagery sible at this point to say. Who and and barbarism might be found. Indeed, what the earliest inhabitants were; what one of the most interesting features of kind of monuments of the past they the New World is the presence within have left behind them; to what other it of conditions of life which have long peoples they were related, whether to since passed away and been forgotten the present tribes or to others who have in the Old. While archaeological in long since passed away, are questions, it vestigations reveal to us broken, frag is thought, would interest the readers of mentary histories of dead and by-gone this special edition of the MINING RE races in Europe, and our historic im CORD. Such questions can necessarily aginations endeavour to recall their be but briefly treated in an article of this lives and conditions and circumstances, kind. To write all that could be written by a study of their relics, here in Ameri upon them \vould fill volumes; for the ca we see before our very eyes human learned societies of Europe and America beings living- in the simplicity, the have of late years spent much money squalor and the savagery of primitive and time in carrying on explorations man; or attaining to that degree of pas and investigations in this region, and toral culture we believe the primitive their agents have now brought together Aryan tribes had risen to before their a large body of interesting facts, some final separation into their present great of which are here for the first time historical divisions. We can study the brought before the general reader's conditions through which early man anji notice. our own ancestors passed in the forgot ten days of long ago; and, observing The study of man's past has revealed them as exist under nothing more clearly to us than the fact they actually primi tive conditions, correct the of his world-wide dispersion. From misconcep tion and errors that our imaginations every part of the globe, no matter where are prone to lead us into. We read in one goes, comes evidence of man's pres our national histories of the ancient ence, either now, or in the past. Had Britons and others living in mud and we no other proof of this great antiquity wicker huts, clothing themselves in the we should be warranted in assuming it untanned skins of wild or stain from this fact alone. When this con beasts, ing their naked bodies with the juices tinent was first discovered populous of and herbs; fi?h or tribes occupied the whole of its broad plants living upon venison and such roots and wild fruits surface from end to end, from bleak and as nature to bestow upon desolate Patagonia to the frozen shores deigned them in her bounty; but how few of us of the Arctic Ocean, and from its east realize what life under these conditions ern confines to its farthest western means. limits. Some of them, such as the peo ples of ancient Mexico and Pent were To rightly understand the condition living in a comparatively high state of of most of the peoples of Europe when civilization and culture, far higher in^ the Roman Legions were over-running1 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. and subduing it we should study the cal world a few years ago until the publi conditions of the native races of this cation by the Royal Society of a mono continent, as they are and as they were graph of the writer's upon them; yet when we first came into contact with our tumuli have many interesting and them. But enough of general observa distinctive features of their own, and the tion, we will now deal more particularly midden, from which the relics figured with what we may gather of primitive in the accompanying illustrations were man from his records and monuments taken, exceeds in mass and area the as we find them in this Province. These, largest middens of classic Denmark, generally speaking, are of two kinds, and abounds in interesting ethnological tumuli and kjoekken-moeddinger, or data. This particular midden, now kitchen-middens, as thev are more fam- known as the "Great Eraser Midden," is Plate I. Bone Implements from Midden. Plate II. Stone Implements from Midden. iliarly called. Both are found scattered upwards of 1,400 feet in length and 300 up and down the whole Province, gen feet in breadth, and covers to an aver erally along the shores of gulfs and bays, age depth of about 5 feet, and to a maxi or on the banks of streams and rivers. mum depth of over 15 feet, an area of Archaeologically speaking the tumuli over 4^ acres in extent. It is composed ?>are intrinsically the more interesting of of the remains of marine shells, mostly 'fthe two, though as a rule they are singu of the clam and mussel kind, intermin larly poor in relics of their builders. The gled with ashes and other earthy matter. middens of Europe and of the Atlantic It is situated on the right bank of the seaboard and the mounds of the great north arm of the Fraser, a few miles up central and eastern valleys have long from its present mouth, and opposite since become classic, but the middens the alluvial islands called Sea and Lulu and tumuli of British Columbia were- Island. The existence of so extensive practically unknown to the archaeologi a midden, composed so largely of the PREHISTORIC RACES OF B. C. remains of shell fish that belong to salt been credibly informed, when digging water, at such an unusual distance for water in the interior parts of the from the nearest clam and mussel -bear islands. But as this discovery seemed ing beds of to-day, was for a time a to point to a rather remote past for the puzzle to me, when my attention was formation of these middens, I was re first drawn to it. I could perceive no luctant to admit this obvious inference, satisfactory reason why these midden- until I had ascertained that the enor makers should nave chosen this parti mous stumps of cedar and fir which 1 cular site for their camping- ground in found projecting from the midden stead of one five or six miles farther several of which have diameters of from down the bank, and nearer to the pre 6 to 8 feet, and indicate by their an sent source of supply 01- this staple of nular rings from five to seven cen their larders. And upon discovery a turies' growth had their roots actually little later of other middens still higher in the midden mass itseh; and had ob up the river by fifteen or sixteen miles viously grown there since the midden the puzzle became proportionately had been formed. Ascertaining this by greater. I found it difficult to believe personal excavation and realizing that that the enormous mass of shell-fish, three-quarters of a millennium had whose remains enter so largely into the passed away since the middens had been composition of these great piles, had abandoned, I could no longer resist the been laboriously brought up against the inference that they had been formed stream in canoes or "packed" on the when the islands opposite and below backs of the patient "klootchmans." It them were tidal, shell-bearing flats. was too contrary to the genius of the The question now naturally arises, people to suppose this. Making a brief when and for what reasons was this an survey of the district, a little later, the cient camping ground abandoned? Was fact was disclosed that the mouth of the it at a period shortly before the appear river \vas formerly some twenty miles ance upon them of those forest giants, higher up than it is at present, and, that who^e size and approximate age I have the salt waters of the Gulf of Georgia just mentioned, or was it at a much ear had in by-gone days laved the base of lier date; and was it abandoned because the declivity on which the City of New the particular community dwelling there \Yestminster now stands; and had had been exterminated by their enemies, passed on from thence and met or was it because the clams and mussels the fresh waters of the Eraser in the gave out in consequence of a sudden or neighbourhood of the little bayside vil a gradual rise in the level of the neigh lage of Port Hammond. And, further, bouring flats? In seeking an answer to that the large islands now inhabited bv these queries the cause of the abandon ranchers, which bar in mid-stream the ment of so ancient a camping ground onrush of the annual freshet?, must once may possibly be found in this last rea have had no existence at all; and even son. The explanation seems plausible, after their formation had begun must but the former cause suggested is more have existed for a very considerable likely the truer one. The abandonment period as tidal flats such as may be seen many centuries ago of so many other to-day stretching beyond the whole delta middens, elsewhere along our bays and for a distance of five or six miles. That inlets, where no such cause as this can these islands were once tidal-flats is cer be assigned where clams and mussels tain, from the fact that the water from still exist in great quantities, and have the wells dug on them by the ranchers, is so existed from time immemorial, as the so brackish that the water of the mud extensive, tree-covered midden-piles dy Fraser is preferred to it. And, fur now testify seems to call for a more ther, that when in this condition they comprehensive and lers local explana afforded shelter to shell-fish similar to tion. This view is further supported by those whose remains are found in the the anatomical evidence which thesv.- middens near by, is clearly evidenced by middens supply. In their lower hori the fact that beds of similar shells are zons skulls have been found of a type frequently met with, in situ, as I have whollv unlike the crania to be found 10 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. among the Cowichan tribes to-day. pendent, extraneous evidence of the en They are too decidedly dolichocephalic, ormous tree-stumps now found in the or "long-headed," to be classified among midden, whose size, condition and other any o? the typical crania of this district, characteristics all warrant one in say- and suggest affinity rather with the ing that many of them are from 500 to Eskimo or Eastern tribes, than with any 700 years old. The age of the inlands, in this region north of California. Other then, cannot be less than the age of the striking features of these midden crania, midden trees, though it may not be very which differentiate them further from considerably greater. Exactly how the Lower Fraser type, are the extreme much older they are it seems impossible narrowness of the forehead and the lofty from the evidence at hand at present to sweep of the cranial vault. These crania say with any degree of certainty. There undoubtedly lend support to the hypo is nothing in their formation, as far as I thesis that the middens of this region, have been able to ascertain, for which it at any rate, were formed by a pre-Sa- is necessary to assign a greater length of lishan people and not by the present time than a thousand years. They are Salish tribes of this region. In consid wholly alluvial and only just above the ering the time when the abandonment level of the freshets and high tides and Plate III. Bone and Stone Implements. took place, the physical changes which were often, before they were dyked dur have clearly taken place in the estuary ing the annual floods, extensively inun since the shells which enter so largely dated. And although they are m their into the composition of the middens, higher parts now thickly covered with were gathered from the tidal flats that timber I have not been able to find or have since become tree-clad and cul hear of a tree more than a few feet in tivable islands, afford us some clue to diameter or of more than three or four work upon in the case of the midden centuries' growth at most. If, then, I under consideration. If we can arrive am correct in estimating the period at an estimate of the age of the islands which has elapsed since the flats ceased we shall get some idea of the period of to support shell-fish and took on the abandonment; for there is little doubt, I form of islands at a thousand years, think, that these Fraser middens were something like this period has in all wholly formed before those physical probability elapsed since this camping changes which transformed the shell- ground was abandoned by ;ts owners bearing flat into an island took place. on account of the extinction of their In seeking to form this estimate we are chief food supply at this point, and pos assisted in some measure bv the inde- sibly a very much longer period if from PREHISTORIC RACES OF B. C. is are the more likely cause suggested. But mous mass of stuff there in it, we placing the abandonment at the lat bound on any reasonable hypothesis to est possible date consistent with the allow a very considerable time for its presence and condition of the tree accumulation. And from the fact that stumps, when to this period has been the midden is found to overlie the clean, added the time taken to form the mid coarse gravel of. the drift which shows den itself we find ourselves in the pos no trace of vegetable matter; while all session, in this extensive pile of refuse, around the midden, outside of its own of a monument of the past second to material, and all along the bank, rich, none in the country in antiquity. That loamy, vegetable mould is found over the accumulation of such a heap of hu lying the drift-gravel to a depth of nearly man refuse as this midden presents, to a foot it is certain to my mind that make no mention of others' aim )st as there was an aboriginal settlement on large, occupied a very considerable this bank before the appearance of post period of time there can be no doubt. It glacial vegetation in this district. The possesses many features in common with glacial period of this part of North the Danish kjoekken-moeddinger, now so America was much later than elsewhere, famous, which led such eminent investi though exactly how long ago it was gators as Worsaae, Steenstrup, Lubbock since the glaciers retreated from our and others to regard the period of form glens and valleys is yet a matter of dis ation of those well-known piles as ex pute among geologists. That it was tending, in the words of the learned au comparatively recent, is pretty certain, thor of the "Origin of the Aryans," over from the fact that accurate observation "many centuries at least, more prob by a well-known scientist disclosed the ably several millenniums." We are not fact only recently that one of our largest unjustified, therefore, in claiming a very glaciers up the Coast has retreated over considerable period of time for the ac thirty miles during the last hundred cumulation of these similar and much years. That the valleys of the Coast after larger heaps of B.C. Viewing it, there Range were under ice-caps long fore, from the most conservative stand the ice had retreated from the northern point, it may be reasonably conceded half of Vancouver Island is certain from that the lower parts of this midden could the presence of later forms of vegetation hardly have been laid down later than there, as for example, the oak. It is the beginning of our own era. That well known that the oak succeeds the particular midden-pile was slowly fir only after a long interval of time, formed through the centuries, and was when the soil has become fit by the de- ' not the rapid accumulations of a large cay of vegetable matter for its growth. body of people, is more than probable The oak, so characteristic of the scenery from the fact that there are on its sur around Victoria, for instance, is wholly face, at some distance from each other, unknown on the Mainland, and even on four or five crowns or eminences due the Island only reaches as far north as as 1 have personally ascertained, not to Comox, or thereabouts. This is not Island any local elevation of the sub-soil, but strange. The southern end of the wholly to an increase in the midden was under the immediate influence of the mass itself which, from what we know warm breezes of the Japan current, of the mode of formation of more recent which made its presence felt there before accumulations of the kind, we may rea it did on the Mainland, and long after sonably infer were old family centres. the Island had become habitable our in From these features, as well as from Mainland valleys were still wrapped many other minor ones, such as the their ice-shrouds. Many of the higher paucity of relics, in compar^ou with ones are still sleeping under the ice, other camping grounds where large while others have not long emerged. communities are known to have once The townsite of Vancouver and its dwelt, such as at Hammond, it may be neighbourhood was wholly covered by was fairly concluded that this midden a huge ice-sheet in former days as those the camp-site of a few families only ; and who have had to excavate, or make gar when it is remembered what an enor dens know to their cost. In the higher 12 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. parts, the glacial clays and gravels still five centuries old, from the position in remain as they were laid down by the which they were found, but yet it would from melting of the great Capilano glacier, puzzle anybody to pick them out which has left its trail behind it in the others of the same kind from which the numerous and troublesome boulders that fish were taken only a few years ago. everywhere, but especially in the west There are numerous other signs besides end, in the line of the moraines, encum this that speak of extreme age. It rarely ber the ground. Vegetation has been happens that a skull is taken out whole; in too recent in this locality for nature to it generally falls to pieces handling, have made sufficient mould to cover and but from the fact that certain parts them up, and the forest which now of the midden have been transformed covers to some extent the glacial gravels into a kind of dry concrete we should of South Vancouver had not, I believe, not have succeeded in taking any out made its appearance when the old mid whole. Then again, not a particle of den-makers on the old bank of the Fra- wood has been found in the midden so ser first made their camp there. Every far, unless it be the rotting rootlets of feature of the midden bears unmistak- the trees that penetrate the mass to a ' of Explanation lettering in Plate IV. : a Central pile over body. /"Quicksand. ' < ''*.> ^-Dark gritty sand, f Quicksand, n Outer squire of boulders. d Charcoal. i-Quicksand. e Coarse brown sand. able testimony of extreme age, every depth of several feet. Axe and toma taken from of thing it, except, course, hawk-heads, which were undoubtedly the stones, being found in the last stage once fastened into wooden hafts or of decay; an instance of which is the handles, are quite common; but where condition shell of the remains. Gener they are found there is never any trace ally speaking, the shells when taken out of their wooden hafts to be seen. These whole, which happens rarely, all crumble and sundry ether unmistakable evi to at the even pieces touch, when they dences all speak clearly of the great an bear no marks of fire on them; and that tiquity of the accumulation. I do not the clam at is shell, any rate, exceeding wish to exaggerate this; I desire only to ly durable is clear from the fact that discuss the plain facts of the case for the trees of centuries' are many growth readers of the MINING RECORD as they found Burrard Inlet and else along appear to me; and it is not unlikely that where over growing shell-heaps and more extensive investigations will 'make gripping with their roots whole clam it necessary to extend rather than cur shells, as perfect and firm as the day tail the age here claimed. they were thrown out. I have shells in In the ^ accompanying illustrations are my possession that cannot be less than figured a few samples of the relics thus PREHISTORIC RACES OF B. C. 13 far taken from this midden. They are found with edges as sharp and keen as as will be seen, simple in make and de those of a steel axe. Bone needles, sign, and such as are found among with the eye sometimes in the centre, primitive people elsewhere. No pottery at other times in the end, are quite com of any kind has been found in these mon. A favourite weapon among these middens; indeed, the ceramic art appears midden people seems to nave been one to have been wholly unknown to the ab formed from the young horn of the --Ik. origines of B.C. The mortars or bowls These horns in their first growth are and pestles seen in the illustrations were round and pointed, and at this stage not as is often supposed for corn-grind were selected by the warriors for their ing purposes. They do not appear to "skull-crackers." The horn was ap have possessed such; no grain of any parently inserted in the end of a rod or kind being known, as far as the writer otherwise secured to a haft. They are has been able to discover, among the aptly termed skull-crackers, for three West Coast Indians north of the Col adult skulls have already been taken umbia. vSome of their tools and uten from this midden with circular perfora- sils, such as the pestle, or more properly, stone-hammer, and the sword-like in Plate V Plan of Mounds of Fifth Series. 36x36 feet. Plate VI. Copper Instruments from Mounds. strument in the illustrations, are beau tions in their crowns, clearly made by tifully made and polished. It appears to these instruments, and as clean cut as if have been customary to fashion their the piece had been taken out with a bowls after the likeness of some animal. mechanic's punch. The fish-head pattern is one of the com It may now be interesting to pass from monest. The bear pattern was also a the middens and consider for a little favourite style. Occasionally they were while the tumuli, or burying grounds of made to represent a human head. There this region. We cannot consider them was one taken from the old camping all; we will, therefore, select a group of grounds at Port Hammond which had some of the more interesting ones. A a human face carved on one of its sides, typical cluster of these was found on the the top of the head rising several inches right bank of the Fraser at Hatzic and above the rim of the recepticie. Large examined by the writer a few years ago. numbers of barbed bone spear-points These sepulchres with their ancient are found. The stone edges, axes, mode of burial belong, like the middens, knives and chisels are generally of jade, to a comparatively distant past. The of which material I shall have some Indians now dwelling in the neighbour thing to say later, and some have been hood know nothing of them and dis- 14 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. claim all knowledge of the people who series, whether simple or otherwise, tt built them; and what is more, are quite should be stated, one corpse only was unconcerned at their being opened or ever interred. About this there is no disturbed. This indifference, in the face doubt; and this fact of separate, indi of the zealous vigilance they exercise vidual interment is the more striking in over their own old burial ground or the more elaborate tombs which must depositories of the dead, is the more have occupied the relatives of the dead striking. The difficulty of procuring many weeks in their construction. Many anatomical material from any of the bur of these simpler and less conspicuous ial grounds of the modern tribes is a mounds have doubtless been levelled by well-known fact; and this unusual indif the ranchers of that neighbourhood ference displayed towards these mounds without attracting attention; as the by the Indians of the district is strong bones of the body in these are always evidence of itself that they belong to found wholly decomposed, with the some antecedent and forgotten people. single exception, at times, of a bit of the Indeed, an aged Indian of the place in lower jaw, and their matter has been so formed the writer that the traditions of closely integrated with the soil that the his people tell of their being there from fact that a body once lay there is only the earliest times, that no one knew who to be discovered by the presence of a made them, and that no Indian would darker shade or streak in it. Absolutely approach them on any account. In nothing but the teeth or their remains, dian traditions, one knows, are not very or as stated before, tiny fragments of reliable data, but in this instance they the lower jaw, which crumble away in support the evidence of the mo mds the hand has been found in these clay themselves and may rest upon a basis of mounds; not a vestige of tools, weapons truth. Whether they are pre-Salishan or belongings of any kind. And it may or not. they were undoubtedly con here be stated that it is one of the singu structed many centuries ago, as we shall larities of these sepulchres, and a very presently show. significant fact, that not a single relic These tumuli are interesting apart of stone, not so much as a single flake from the question of their antiquity, of any kind has been taken from the from the fact that they present to us, whole series, though the greatest care either a development from simple con was used in seeking for them. In this, ceptions and ideas concerning the dead as in other respects, the interments in to more advanced and complex ones; or these mounds present, as we shall pres else they mark in a most interesting ently see, a marked contrast to those of manner the different degrees of honour the Salish tribes about Lytton, in which their builders were wont to pay to their stone and bone relics are round in con dead; for they show a markedly gradu siderable numbers. These clay or earth ated transition from interment of a body mounds are of varying dimensions, some beneath a smiple pile of clay, to the con of them, evidently children's graves, be struction of comparatively elaborate ing only a few feet high and a yard or tombs, composed of a great number of two in diameter, but like the more ela boulders arranged in precise and geo borate ones are always circular in form metrical order, and covered with altern and sometimes have a diameter of from ate layers of sand and clay of different 20 to 25 feet. Next in the series is a kinds. The simplest and first of this class of mounds, formed in part like the cluster or series, and, as I am led to be last, but differing from them in having lieve the oldest, was formed by placing a pile of boulders heaped up over and the dead body on the ground somewhat about the spot where the body original below the level of its surface and then ly lay. The plan of interment in this heaping over it the soil of the immediate class of mounds seems to have been to neighbourhood, for there are shallow place the body in the centre of the spot ditches around the base of these mounds chosen for the grave, and then to sur which show that the soil of which they round and heap over it a large pile of are formed was taken from the spot. In boulders, and over these again to heap all these mounds throughout ihe whole up earth to a height of from 6 to 12 feet. PREHISTORIC RACES OF 13. C. 15 The next class differs from these only not sparing of its employment. The in having a stratum of charcoal extend rancher on whose farm these tumuli are ing over the whole area of the mounds found took out from one side of one of between the boulders and the outer cov these between 20 and 30 barrowfuls for ering of clay, evidently the remains of building purposes, and when I opened a large fire. Whether these fires were it up later there was still a great quan kindled for sacrificial or for some sim tity left in it. This mound is one of the pler ceremonial purpose it is impossible most interesting of the group, inasmuch now from the evidence to say. The as it incidentally presents us with some slaughter and cremation of slaves on the independent, positive evidence of their death of their owners or chief is not antiquity. On one side of its crown the wholly unknown among the present stump of a large cedar tree is seen pro tribes of B.C., but whether we see in jecting, the whole in the last stages of stances of this practice among these old decay. To anyone who knows any mound-builders, or whether the firos thing of the enduring nature of the cedar were lighted in the belief that they com of British Columbia the evidence which forted the shades of the departed on iheir this cedar stump offers will be very con journey to the nether world we may vincing. A cedar tree will lie on the never know. The evidence of fires and ground for 1,000 years, it is estimated by the presence of charred bones is a corn- timber men and others, and yet its wood W A Specimens of Arrow Heads, etc., from Prehistoric Burial Specimens of Arrow Heads from Middens of B.C. Grounds, Lytton, B.C. Two-thirds Natural Size. Two-thirds Natural Size. feature of the paratively common will be firm and good and fit to make mounds on Vancouver island, but no up into door and window-sashes. There charred bones have ever been found in is now, not two hundred yards from this these Hatzic mounds. The next class mound, a living fir tree growing as from the last in of mounds differed again traddle over a prostrate cedar log, the having a large quantity of coarse, dark age of which from its dimensions can sand in their central parts. It would not be much less than five centuries, seem that in constructing the particular and yet the wood of the cedar under it is graves, after piling up the boulders over still solid and firm enough for the car the body the builders had covered them penter's use. It is almost impos with a deep layer of quicksand which sible to say how long the cedar of in that district underlies the clay top- this region will endure, and if a claim of soil and over this again had strewn a 1,000 years be made for tne growth and layer of this coarse, dark sand. Where the complete decay of this tree whose they procured this latter sand from is roots have crumbled and mouldered not known. There is none like it in the away among the bones hidden beneath neighbourhood at present. It is much them for many a long year, most British coarser and darker in colour than that Columbians who know anything of the now found in the Fraser near by. But durability of our cedar will think that a wherever they brought it from they were very moderate claim indeed; and it is 16 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. not at all unlikely that twice that period abnormality is probably without a par has elapsed since the mound was con allel throughout this region of con structed. Even while I am writing torted crania. It does not appear, more this the mail has just brought me a copy over, to conform to any of the three of Science, in which it is stated that some types of deformation known to have Egyptian boats made of cedar and as been practised in former times by the signed to a period of 4,500 years ago, present race of Indians on this Coast. have recently been found buried near And what is most curious and signfi- the banks of the Nile. Here is an inter cant about it is that it is t the skull of a esting and independent proof of the woman. Women, therefore, had as powei of this wood to withstand the much honour paid to them by these ravages of time. My estimate compared mound-builders as men, which is cer with the age of these boats is a matter of tainly not the case among the present the day before yesterday. This tribes. This fact alone would seem to Specimens of Midden Utensils. mound is also interesting from indicate a difference of race from the the fact that it is the only one present tribes. that has yielded any anatomical material The next class differs in several es of importance. Whether from the large sential features from those already des quantity of sand in it, which may have cribed. The chief characteristic tieen acted as a drain, or from the fact that here is an outer, rectangular boundary this large tree stood over it for many of boulders, set side by tide in the form centuries, or from the combination of of a square, having each of its sides fac circumstances, the human remains in ing towards one of the cardinal points this mound have been better preserved, of the compass like the pyramids of in part, than in the others. The long Mexico. This square was apparently bones among others, as well as the skull, laid off before the body was interred, were taken out almost entire, though, which was placed in the centre and cov unfortunately, all but the skull soon ered as before with a pile of boulders crumbled away. This, happily. I was similar to those forming the square. able, in part, to preserve. It is a strange Over these again, and between them ?nd ly deformed skull, and in its excessive the outer square, a layer of quicksand PREHISTORIC RACES OF B. C. 17 was placed; then followed a thin ]ayer skull and bones were found, and the rec of dark, gritty sand, similar to that tangular object (i), a pair of which was found in the other mound; over this recovered, and which was probably an again came more quicksand, followed by earring, was taken from a mound of the of sand the fifth a layer coarse brown over class. The ring figured on this (4; whole extent of the mound, extending was taken from a mound of the second to and beyond the outer boulders; and class, enclosed in a fold of hide, the on the top of this the sepulchral fire was whole wrapped up in a wad of cedar of this kindled. Over the ashes fire, bark. These five copper objects, a frag which extended over the whole mound, ment of a blanket woven from the hair more quicksand was heaped, followed by of some animal, presumably from the section the capping of clay. A illustra colour and texture, the mountain-sheep, tive of this mound may be .-.een in plate and a small quantity of human hair of Wooden grave-posts from neighbourhood of Lytton, B.C. IV. The base or floor of this mound two colours, black and brown, form the must have been sunk several feet entire collection of relics taken from below the level of the general surface of these mounds. The next and conclud the land. The mound when opened ing class of the group shows a consid stood about six feet above the surround erable advance upon the preceding ones. ing soil, but its height from top to bot The plan here, as seen in plate V., is tom at the centre was nearly eleven feet, much more elaborate and complex. In and must have been considerably higher stead of the outer square as in the when first constructed. The copper others formed by a single line of bould bracelet figured on plate VI. was taken ers, we have three squares, one within from this mound. The copper awl, or the other, in the innermost of which, be spindle shown in the same plate III. was neath the pile of boulders, lay the body; taken from the mound in which the and the outer one is composed in this 18 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. instance of two parallel rows of bould opened up on the St. John's River, ers, capped and united by a third. The Florida, the chief characteristic of which superficial mass of this mound, and an seems to be the employment of different other alongside, and apparently like it, kinds of sand in distinct layers in their had been too much disturbed before my construction. attention was drawn to them to allow To give an idea of the labour involved in the construction of one of these mounds it may be stated that it took a man, with the help of a wheel-barrow N'tlahapamuq, Warrior's shirt of the old days, after drawing by Chief Mischelle, of Lytton. Con structed from trebled Elk-hide. Drawing of stone figure found in the Indian burial- grounds at Kamloops, B.C. Said by the old Indians to have been used in former days in Puberty cere monies. On the back of the sitting figure, which is supposed to represent a woman giving birth to a child, Is a lizard-like animal in relief. In the fore head of the lower figure is a deep hole, which, ac cording to my informant, held the sacred water with which the Shaman sprinkled the girl on her return Pattern of ancient dress of a chief's wife or daughter, from retirement in the woods. The material is a after drawing by Chief Mischelle, of Lytton, B.C. kind of granite. Figure now in the Provincial Material soft doe-skin. Museum. me to speak with any certainty of any and other suitable tools, eight days to thing- beyond their ground plan; but remove a few yards off the soil only judging from the sandy condition of the from the underlying boulders of the soil on them, I should be inclined to say mound whose ground plan is given in that they resembled those of the fourth plate V. What time it must have taken class in their upper parts. It is inter the native builders to erect one of the esting to note in this connection that a more elaborate sepulchres with their in number of mounds have recently been ferior tools can easily be imagined. To PREHISTORIC RACES OF B. C. 19 bring and place the boulders alone must land. As already stated, the bones in have taken a long time, and many days our tumuli are rarely recovered and so must have been consumed in bringing little anatomical material of this kind such large quantities of sand in their has thus far been collected that no con simple receptacles and in digging the clusive results can be reached as to their clay which caps the structure through relationship to the present tribes of the out its whole area, even now, after all Province. What little has been done in these years of erosion, to a depth of this way is too meagre to have much several feet. Some of the mounds on weight. There is, however, one strik Vancouver Island arc pyramidal in ing fact which seems to suggest that form. Whether any of these Eraser ones these old mound-builders and the mod were of that form originally cannot now ern tribes are not related and that is that be determined. Exteriorly they present none of the tribes now found in B.C. the appearance of truncated cones bury, or have buried, as far as we can rather than four-sided pyramids, but learn, in this way, and there are no more this may easily be due to time and ele conservative peoples in the world when ments. The boulders, it may be stated, it comes to customs of this kind than found in these mounds, weighed from the uncultivated races. The mode of 25 Ibs. up to 200 Ibs each, and must have sepulture followed by all the tribes in been brought from some of the moun habiting the districts wherein these tain stream beds, no stone of any kind, tumuli are found has been from time im not even a pebble, being found any memorial, either tree-burial or slab- where, in the neighbourhood of the tomb burial, mainly the former. The ranch. Other groups of tumuli, dif dead body was doubled up till the knees fering in some points from these of Hat- touched the chin and thus securely zic and resembling them in others, are bound and placed in a box or otherwise found in many other parts of the Pro wrapped in a blanket, according to the vince, particularly on Vancouver Island. locality, and afterwards suspended from There is a particularly interesting Main the branches of a fir tree. There was no land group near Boundary Bay. One commoner sight a few years ago than feature in which these differ from those these suspended boxes or bundles. Now, described, and in which they resemble under missionary influence, the dead of many of the cairns on Vancouver Island, the natives are invariably interred after is the existence in them of a cist, or the manner of our own dead. In other stone coffin, in the centre of the mound, instances the remains, treated as be formed by slabs of rock, in which the fore, would be placed in a little shed or body was placed. Rarely are the human hut built of cedar slabs, sometimes di remains in any of these tumuli recov rectly on the ground, and sometimes ered entire, at best a few of the harder raised a few feet above it, or else, in bones only remain. We gather from this some instances among the Coast tribes, fact, as well as from many other features a small island some little distance from of them, that these tumuli are very old the camping-ground, would be chosen and contain the remains of men and and set apart for the reception of the women who, whether they are allied 10 dead. In no instance that has come to the present tribes or not, were very prob the writer's knowledge did they ever ably contemporaries of the tumuli- bury the body under the ground in this builders of Europe. Historic data in region. In the interior, among forms us that these tumuli-builders of the Shuswaps and Thompsons, it was the Old World could not have lived otherwise, the numerous sand-hills of later than 2,000 or 3,000 years ago; and that locality suggesting and offering to as all the conditions of these structures, these tribes an easy way of disposing of and the remains found in them, closely their dead. From this fact, then, that resemble those of B.C., where much the the present Coast tribes never buried same climatical conditions are found as their dead in the ground we have strong obtain in England, there is great like reason for thinking that they and the lihood that in many instances those of old mound or tumuli-builders are not this region are as old as those of Eng of the same race, or, if so, have been 20 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. much modified by contact with other these were mostly of stone or bone and alien races. the sands of that region being generally I said that the Shushwaps and Thomp dry, they have in numerous instances sons of the interior took advantage of been preserved in as good a condition the numerous sand hills in the vicinity of as when placed in the graves generations their camp-sites to dispose of their dead, ago. It would take a good-sized volume and a few remarks on these burial places to figure and describe the relics alone may now be interesting. that have been recovered from the old Of all the fields in the Province in prehistoric camp sites around Lytton. which I have worked there are none so Beautifully-formed arrow-heads of jas rich in relics as those of this region. Dur per, agate, chalcedony, crystal, and a ing the last twenty years, or so, many kind of obsidian, of all known shapes hundreds of the most interesting speci and sizes, from the tiny barbed point of mens have been taken from these cen less than half an inch in length up to tres. Up to the present there is no evi- points of 2 or 3 inches long; jade celts, Specimens of Haida workmanship in coppar, ivory and bone. dence that the older prehistoric graves axes and knives, polished like burnished of this region contain the remains of a metal, figurettes, quaintly carved bone race differing from the present tribe; the charms, pestle-hammers of a dozen dif later burials were apparently carried out ferent patterns, polished steatite pipes in on the same plan as the earliest that animal forms, straight tubular pipes re have been discovered. This briefly, sembling huge cigar-holders incised consisted in doubling up the body and with mystic lines, carved and decorated wrapping it in a blanket made, some bone utensils and ornaments, stone clubs times from the fibrous matter of the of various forms, exquisite leaf-shaped sage-bush plant, sometimes from the javelin points, two-edged stone swords, wool of mountain sheep or goats, then and a host of other objects in stone and laying it in a hole in the sand and plac bone, such as needles, hair-pins, awls ing about the head a greater or less num for basket-making, horn and wooden ber of specimens of household and other spoons, grind-stones, skin-scrapers, per utensils, weapons, tools and charms. As forated discs, "ceremonials," and last, PREHISTORIC RACES OF B. C. 21 but not least, blocks of cut and partially both sides of the stone, and when cut jade are amongst the relics recover the cuts or grooves approached ed here. These last are extremely in each other the piece was broken off by teresting, for until the writer's discovery a sharp blow, the jagged edge being of them at Lytton, together with similar ground down smooth by rubbing on a uncut boulders of the same material block of sandstone. Water was used in taken from the adjacent Fraser bed, the both instances to keep the cut clean. presence of jade tools and weapons This is clear, both from the evidence of among our tribes had given rise to many the stones themselves as well as from the surmisings as to their place of origin. assertions of the older Indians. You The only locality on this part of the con will still hear it frequently stated that tinent where jade was known to exist up these cuts or grooves were effected by to this time in its native beds was in means of a bow and sand. The absurd Alaska, but the large proportion of jade ity of the statement is readily seen when utensils among the natives of this region an attempt of the kind has been made. seemed, in the opinion of many, to sug Imagine a wabbling bow-string cutting gest that the material must be found out a groove in the rounded surface of nearer than Alaska. My fortunate dis a slippery, polished boulder, off which covery of blocks of this material in the the sand, the effective cutting material, bed of the Fraser makes this quite cer would roll quicker than it could be tain. We know now that the Fraser is poured upon it, water notwithstanding. the source of this stone. It is found in We cannot wander round the Pro the form of smooth, water-worn bould vince much further, but no description ers between Lillooet and the junction of of the archaeology of B.C. could be at the Fraser with the Thompson. It was tempted without saying a few words from these boulders that the old-time about the Gihangs or totem-poles of the natives cut, with infinite pains and no Haida and Tsimsean, but especially of small skill, the choicest of their stone the former. Two capital specimens of tools and weapons. When it is stated these may be seen in the Provincial that typical jade is several degrees hard Museum. These structures are like er than good steel, it will easily be un wise monuments of the past, though derstood that the ancients had no easy later in time, than the tumuli and mid task to perform when they set them dens we have already considered. They selves to cut out an adze, an axe, or a are a kind of "Family Tree," a sculp chisel from one of these boulders. For tured, genealogical record of the blood a long time the method of cutting these relations of their owners. No two of tools by the ancients was a puzzle to them are, therefore, exactly alike. Some archaeologists, but after a time some of these poles are from 50 to 60 feet high celts were discovered, which had shal a few even higher. They are formed low grooves on one or both of their faces. from the trunks of enormous cedar trees From this it was clear that the pieces and are covered from top to bottom with forming their tools had been ground grotesque sculptures of various marine bodily out of the block. The question and land animals. They stand in the then arose, how was the cutting or forefront of the old houses, and in their grinding done? It was the present base is constructed the door-way or en writer's good fortune to be able to throw trance to the building. This is usually a some light on this question also, by the huge hole cut out of the solid block and discovery of specimens in various stages represents the gaping mouth of some of cutting recovered from the old camp huge monster. The sculptures are con sites about Lytton. Briefly, the cutting ventionalized beyond all recognition of was performed in two ways, by grinding the creatures intended by most white with narrow, bevelled grit-stones, and people, but are as readily perceived by a by cutting with a rock crystal of some native as are the different letters of our kind, commonly an agate. The former alphabet by us. No two artists make methods made the grooved adzes the same animals alike, and yet there is or axes, the latter the clean-cut always something characteristic in them ones. The cutting was done on which reveals to the Indian the ani- 22 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. mals portrayed. These creatures repre of course), and carved in the most sent the different totemic relations of the spirited and finished style; suggesting individual, to the perpetuation of whose rather the sceptre of an Oriental poten memory the pole is erected, and convey tate than a mere fish-club. The Haidas to the native mind very much the same were also skilled in the art. of tatooing, information that a. printed family pedi Some of the figuring upon the bodies of gree does to us. Besides these Gihangs the older men are extremely quaint and some of which are many generations artistic, a few examples of which are old, and all of which are now fast disap here reproduced. pearing either by acts of vandalism, or It is impossible in the limits of this by being carried away bodily to fill some short article to do more than touch upon niche in the large museums of the East, a few of the more striking points of our or even, in a few instances, those of subject, but it would not be possible to Europe the Haidas are justly re close our account before adding a few nowned for their general artistic skill. words upon the tribal divisions of our Mythological Creature. Bear. Thunder-bird. frog. Devil-fish. Specimens of Haida Tattooing. Some specimens of this may be seen in natives and their ethnic relations. It the accompanying illustrations, the will probably be scarcely believed by beauty and richness of design of which some that the native races of this con will readily be seen and appreciated. The tinent, North and South, number not artistic Chinese and Japanese are hardly less than 160 distinct linguistic stocks more skilful in carving than are the or families. This does not take into ac Queen Charlotte Islanders, not only in count the hundreds of dialects spoken wood, but also in stone and ivory and by the different divisions of the family. bone. Their commonest tools and uten In B.C. alone we have six different sils were formerly highly decorated with stocks, and some of these, like the Sa- carving and sculpture. As an instance lish, have from 50 to 100 dialects, some of this it may be mentioned that their of which differ from each other as wide baton-like fish clubs, employed for ly as does English from Gerrrian. This knocking a troublesome fish on the head great number of linguistic families be when landed in their canoes, were comes the more striking and significant frequently formed from ivory (marine, when we remember that in the whole of PREHISTORIC RACES OF B. C. 23 Europe there are found at most but four diversified languages clearly show them it is of the to different What distinct families ; and one most have had origins. perplexing problems of American lin these origins were is a problem which guistics to account satisfactorily for this has exercised the mind of scholars since great number of independent languages. our discovery of this continent, and the The ethnic names by which our six Col theories which have been put forward stocks are are the Haida- umbian known from time to time would fill a good Tlingit in the North, Tsimseans on and many volumes. Some of these are about the Skeena, Kwakiutl-Nootka on bizarre and irrational in the extreme, the northern half of Vancouver Island and some are as amusing as they are and of the Mainland, Sa- adjacent parts naive. I cannot forbear quoting one of which the tribes on Van lish, comprises these, it is so thoroughly original and couver and other islands south of Co- whimsical. It is that propounded by the those of the Coast as far south as mox, learned Dr. Cotton Mather. He believed the Columbia and the tribes on and that the aborigines of this continent had about the Fraser, up to and inclusive of been lured here by the arch-fiend Satan, the Thompsons and Shushwaps, Koote- who saw in the spread of Christianitv nays, of the Kootenay Lakes and dis the loss of his own hold upon mankind. trict, and the wide-spreading Dene, or He therefore seduced the ancestors of Athabascans, who, strangely enough, are our natives to these shores, where related to the fierce and blood-thirsty they would be shut off and lost to the rest of Apaches of New Mexico, etc. To the the world and would be casual observer, all the members of these entirely beyond of the and he different stocks present much the same power gospel, would have them for his own. Since appearance, and they do undoubtedly always very the learned Doctor's some little ad share many traits in common, but yet, day there are well-drawn lines which mark vance has been made on more scientific off the members of one stock from those lines than these towards the solution of of another quite as widely as the lines of this perplexing problem, but a discus difference mark off the several races of sion of this subject would take us be Europe from one another; and their yond the scope of our article "*St>f_ Year after year has come and gone again. As buckets passing on an endless chain Laden with rock, or poor or rich the vein. Some smoothly bore me gold in goodly sums, And others ! iron rust to clog the drams. Now creaking slowly, 1900 comes. And that same year to me may represent The final clean-up well, I am content. Fate cannot rob me of the wealth that's spent. There's wealth and wealth, I've sampled and I know, Some things I valued not, long years ago Paid from the grass roots though they assayed low. And others, running thousands to the ton Pinched out before assessment work was done. Lord, what******a many mines I've seen begun. That's life as I have seen it, here and there, In mining camps and cities, everywhere, That I could find the samples to compare. I'nfold, you're young, a specimen or so I'll give you, that may guide yon as you go, Seeking you know not what, but what I know Be a Free Miner, but maintain the pact That gives you license, common sense and tact. " Say, set your stakes according to the Act." " Jump not and be not jumped" the Golden Rule For all Free Miners is but be no fool, Keep one eye out for fractions, and keep cool. Don't go by books entirely if it fall That you have struck pay ore with ne'er a wall, Dig deep and take your profits, great or small. I'm old and garrulous to make amends, I'll tell you this, choose not your mine or friends Thro' experts, if you seek for dividends. Nor choose by outward show a mine or wife Deep hidden in the veins of rock and life, Lies gold or barren quartz, sweet peace or strife. J. H. M. G. THE ASSASSINATION OF DEAF SAM'S PLUM PUDDING. By DAVID FALCONER. Illustrated by T. Bamford. N the 4th of fluence that lifted him to a dizzy Dec., A. D. height dreams of gloomy disaster that 1868, Samuel bore him down and buried him, flat, Johnson Rob broke and shivering, in gloomy crypts, inson, of Bar far beneath the grass-roots, and . teem ker ville, dis ing with uncouth reptiles. Suddenly trict of Cariboo appearing on the surface again the hom British Colum ing instinct of the clams asserted itself, bia, in the and he started across country, three Pionee r G r o- thousand miles, on a visit to the far cery Emporium eastern home of himself and the clams, of that historic on the coast of Maine, in the United town, opened his mouth and ate three States of America; arriving just in i -Ib. tins of "Little Neck" clams. Upon time for an old-fashioned Christmas retiring for the night the psychic proper- dinner of the year 1842. ain't "Hello, Sam, you got, the stuff for that thar pudden bought yet?" ties of the clams developed to a remark- On returning- to Barkerville at dav- able He "saw degree. visions, and break the following morning, Sam was dreamed dreams" dreams of and af- joy only able to recount to his partner a 26 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. very vague and confused outline of the asked his mother why the children did trip. He knew he had met the whole not run away, instead of walking right family, and a number of neighbours. into the mouths of the bears, but she All were hearty and prosperous. But, explained that God had made them most miraculous of all, he had met him blind so that they could not see self a tow-headed sturdy boy of the the animals. Still seeking infor usual village type, squirmingly bashful mation he wanted to know how when looked at, and unable to articulate two bears could hold seventv-six when spoken to. children, but his father spoke up sharp Out of the confused hurly-burly, ly, with a hint of the cow-strap, so he however, one picture remained, clear was, thereafter, obliged to form his own and distinct. It was the snap-shot view conclusions, which he did, figuring out, of the Christmas dinner party which he from the weight of the grindstone in had taken immediately on entering the the wood-shed, that the tables of stone room. He could close his eyes at any carried down out of the mountain by time and see the homely gathering his Moses must have weighed twelve tons. father, at the head of the table, carving The effect of the dream was to fix in a huge fat turkey, with more good Sam's mind a firm resolution to have a will than epicurean nicety; his mother, first-class Christmas dinner in his own smilingly, helping to cranberry sauce cabin, and he set about preparing' for it Mr. Ezekiel Grant, a neighbour, who without regard to cost, for at that time flattered himself he knew his rights, and Barkerville was a wealthy camp, and delighted to rehearse the arguments of Deaf Sam's claim one of the best on counsel in the celebrated cause of Grant Williams Creek. against Barker, a suit arising out of a After arranging for a large turkey, boundary dispute, and ending three two geese and a quantity of sausages years later in the foreclosure of a mort the two last-named items being pur gage on "all of that certain piece or chased on general principles Sarn parcel of land belonging to the said came face to face with the most formid Ezekiel Grant, and known as Sunn^- able obstacle in his way. How was he dale Farm" a sad result, obliging the to make a plum-pudding? His partner, hitherto prosperous Mr. Grant to be a good judge of placer ground, a hard come a free boarder at the table of his worker and trusty friend, tool: little son-in-law, but in no wise lessening his stock in the proposed celebration. He faith in the righteousness of his cause, had been for thirtv vears a wanderer nor his ability to present its most diffi and a dweller in the bush. He had for cult phases before a patient, if uncom gotten all about his old home, and ex prehending audience, at the local store. perienced not that festive thrill which Sam could, also, see in his mental seems to permeate the air, exerting its picture the old prints and pictures on influence upon good and bad alike as the walls, seasonably decorated with the joyful season approaches, impelling evergreens; the china dogs on the the devotional to church and the unre- chimney-piece one of them with a chip generate to theatres or "scenes of off his nose, for which his (Sam's) per revelry and din." He was a man ut son had been blistered with a cow- terly destitute of sentiment or imagiaa- strap; the family Bible, on a little table tion, and with an extremely narrow ca by itself, carefully dusted always, but pacity for what is popularly considered opened only on Sundays, when, in the enjoyment. A good "clean up" at the presence of his parents, he and his end of the day, a large portion of bacon brother Tom were permitted to turn and beans, a pannikin of stout coffee, over its leaves and look at the pictures. and a three-hours smoke, not too much How well he remembered those pic interrupted by conversation, before tures Elijah, in a bright red shawl and turning in, filled up the half-pint meas blue worsted petticoat, ascending the ure of his desires. Therefore Sam had pale saffron mountain, while two polar to go outside for advice, and, in a short bears waited patiently beside the trail in time it became known all over the dis full view of the children they were there trict that Deaf Sam Robinson was going to devour. On one occasion he had to make a plum-pudding for Christ- DEAF SAM'S PLUM PUDDING. 27 mas; furthermore, that he was having main street, and dismounted, with easy difficulty about it. adroitness, at the emporium. In the doorway of the Bonanza Gro "Hello, Sam, ain't you got the stuff cery Emporium, wherein a few weeks for that thar puddin' bought yet?" before he had joyfully renewed his ac "I don't know; I ain't sure, it seems quaintance with "Little Neck" clams, to me it wants some sage or sweet Sam stood staring at the landscape majoram, or somethin' of that kind; with that blank expression of counten but how the blazes do I know what ance usually succeeding the lengthened it wants? I've had the opinion of the and fruitless efforts of a slow mind. The whole town on it, an' bin settin' up tonnage capacity of an abnormal over enough drinks to wash a claim. Solomon coat had been taxed to accommodate a says: 'In rnultitood of counsel there's formidable quantity of parcels, various as babblins an' contentions an' redness of to size and the nature of their contents. eyes,' and dog-goned if he ain't about "A figure had appeared in the doorway a tall, sinister looking individual.' The of purchase these parcels had oc right, -for one blamed idiot says one cupied the entire forenoon and was not thing, an' another contradicts him an' completed without sundry journeyings says somethin' else, and then there's a to and from the "Buzzard's Roost," an fight, an' we've bin argyin' an' fightin* establishment combining the advant an' chewin' the rag all day. Now what of ages hotel, restaurant and saloon, do you say, Jim? Let's hear what you whereat "coffee like your mother made" think about it. Can't you recollect the clamoured feebly for a popular recog ingreegints of a plum-puddin'?" nition bestowed freely without the ask "Well, I dunno; I've eat my share o' ing, on beverages less healthful if more many's the one back home, an' they exhilirating-. was corkers, but what they was made of Presently a muffled figure, mounted blamed if I'll ever tell you. I know a on shaggy cayuse, came rapidly up the there was raisins, an' allspice, an' 28 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. cider no, not cider, that was in the other substantial, which were sliced mince meat; an' citron, an' an' and distributed those to " ginger, by happening cloves, an' cinnamon sit nearest them. The conversation was "Them's easy I got 'em all yester boisterous, and the wit of the company day." directed by common consent against the "Well, let's see; there was prunes, an' landlord, who, usually, held his own or orange peel, an' beef suet, an' vanillar a little more. hev the vanillar?" you got "They say Joe's goin' to set up free "Sent down the road for it last week.'' wine all day Christmas, boys Mumm's "Well, it seems to me you've got Extry Dry," remarked a popular team near the whole pretty works. Why ster to the company at large. don't ahead an' her to you go put "You'll be extry dry afore you taste gether?" any of it, Shorty," replied the landlord. "There's where the trouble comes just The crowd laughed and Shorty wilted in. How do I know whether its a under the laugh, for he was known to pound o' cinnamon to a o' flour quart be perennially dry. an' a pint o' brandy, or if its only two With such light pleasantry the meal quarts o' flour to three pound of suet passed off, and Sam, with the assistance an' a pound of allspice. Then, here's of a neighbour, was getting into his another thing, should she be riz with coat when the fat, red-faced cook came yeast or bakin' powder? Besides, how bustling in from the kitchen and de about eggs? Whose hens is in layin' manded to know whether anyone had ten feet of snow an' the mercury pretty near freein'?" seen "Teaf Sam." "I'm Deaf what do "I kin put you onto some eggs." Sam, cook; you want with me?" "Where who's got 'em?" "I hear vos make some blum- "Sam Wong. Been keepin' hens you undt not she warm in his wash-house all winter with buddings, you know how vos made. Yes?" hot bricks, an' feedin' 'em on raw beef who told I didn't know an' pepper corns to make 'em lay. but "Why, you how to make a you kin bet your perishin' soul he won't plum-puddin'?" sell 'em for no two bits a dozen. Judge "I hear dem shpeak on all sides dot Begbie offered him a dollar a piece for Teaf Sam blows in two hundred tollar, all he had, but he stood bold for two undt efen den he may not dot budding and a half." make. It is very true." "Well, I won't be stuck if I pay two "Well, what have you got to say an' a half, but I can't pack the whole about it?" wash'ouse up the creek to my cabin; "I say noddings at all, any more, if how can I get 'em home without freez- dot vos some lies dey tell me. Ef you inT can make dot budding, all right, make "Dead easy stow 'em inside your dot budding. Ef not lies ef it is very shirt." true dot you cannot comprehend dot "So I ken. Well' let's go over an' see budding, come mit me in mein kitchen, Joe." I soon show you how dot budding you In the dining-room of the Buzzard's shall make." And the cook with quiet Roost some thirty or forty miners, dignity awaited a reply. teamsters and gamblers were seated at Several of those in the room who had the mid-day meal. The mean devices been assisting Sam with advice gathered of the European Plan, now so generally around. in vogue, would not have been tolerated "Well, Sam, do you know if it's any for a moment at that time and place. colder in winter than it is in summer? One long table, extending from end to because if you do you know more'n I end of the room, easily accommodated do. To think of the whole crowd wor- the guests. At its head sat the landlord, ryin' an' argyin' an' fightin' over vour Joe Clarke, carving an immense roast blamed puddin' instead o' comin' here of beef, while along its length, on large to Julius an' gettin' directions for the platters, were vegetables, pies, heaps of whole business in five minutes." juicy steak, chunks of corned beef and "I thought of Julius long ago, but, DEAF SAM'S PLUM PUDDING. 29 bein' a Dutchman, 1 never supposed he stantial rather than an elegant repast. could make a plum-puddinY' The table did not glitter with silver and in "Well, don't let us git into an argv- cut-glass, nor were the guests even dress. it "a din ment, come alon? an' git the specifica ing But was bang up tion." ner," as one gentleman remarked, and And so it was that after an infinite it would hardly have been safe for a amount of worry and expense Sam got stranger to come along and express any other straightened out and fully directed how opinion. to produce a successful English plum- "Well, Sam, what do you say; will pudding. we dish her up? Hello, who in blazes 'I'll fix you, Sam Robiason, same as I fixed Jim Ross.' The Christmas dinner of Samuel is this?" Johnson Robinson would, at six o'clock, A figure had appeared in the door individual, be served. The invited guests to the way a tall, sinister-looking re number of twelve had arrived, in twos in whom the company immediately who had arrived a and threes, and with pipes in their cognized a stranger before and at "Buz mouths were assisting their host to get few days put up the table laid and put the finishing zard's Roost." followed is best told in the Ian- touches to the cookery. It was a sub- What h-0 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. guage of Jim Bennet, one of the guests. raw-hide an' rope around him than "The feller never said a word but would hold a bear. ' " hauled out a number forty-four navy re- 'Xow, boys,' says Sam, 'this feller an' let volver, drive at the things 'that has spiled our dinner; what will we do was cookin' on the stove. There wasn't with him?' " no dum-dum bullets in them days, so 'Shoot him.' " when the feller let drive at the bean pot 'Sit him on the stove an' roast him.' " h^ only just made a clean hole through 'Take him out an' string him up.' " it. Then he looked hard at the crowd, 'There's no doubt in my mind he but no one let on they seen him; we desarves all we can do to him an' more just kept on smokin' away an' sayin' besides, but we're in a British country, nothin'. The next three shots fetched though I'm an American citizen myself, the coffee-pot, the sarspan o' pertaters and we've got to obey British law an' an' a -big plate o' slap-jacks that was conduct ourselves like law-abidin' citi keepin' warm on the back o' the stove. zens.' The broken plate flew in all directions, 'What's name, stranger?' " your an' a stray piece cut Sam under the left 'None o' yer d d business.' " eye. The coffee, of course, run out on ''Ain't you the mizable cur that the stove an' cracked one o' the lids, an' killed Jim Ross in Sacramento in '59 you must remember stoves was worth got him foul an' stabbed him when he money at Williams Creek in them days. didn't heA' no weepon to defend him But Old Sam never winced just sat self? You'd chuck bananner skins in smokin' his pipe, with a small red streak front of a blind man an' kick him after colorin' his whisker. Then the feller he was down.' took " another look at the crowd. 'I'll fix you, Sam Robinson, same's "Quiet people around here," he says. I fixed Jim Ross, an' don't you forget "Jest the same in the other cabins I it.' " called at Quakers' meetin's every 'No you won't, because I won't let where. I Do see a murshom pipe in that you. Well, boys, it's no use chewin' the old mouth? gent's Why, what sinful ex rag, I'm agoin' to take upon myself the these travagance hard' times." Bang dooties an' responsibilities of a police went the big navy revolver, aqfin an' man an' a magistrate both, so you can Deaf Sam's pipe, that no money could range yourselves in them cheers an' I'll ha' from bought him, flew in pieces all open court. Jest hist the prisoner UP over the cabin, except part of the on that table where we kin all see him. mouth-piece he held in his teeth, an' I'll be judge and prosecutin' attornev went on pullin' at same as if he was rolled into one, an' we won't have no enjoyin' his smoke first rate. Then the attorney for the defence, because we're strange feller turned to the stove agin' all unanimous an' there ain't no occa an' the powder can with the plum-pncl- sion for no defence.' " din' in it give a little jump an' a hitch 'Prisoner at the bar, you are charged to one side as the bullet went slap with the offence of spilin' a good Christ through it an stove in the side o' the mas dinner, more particularlv a certain tea kettle. plum-puddin' \vhich cost two hundred "Whether it was that lot of \vorrv the old man an' fifty dollars, besides a V*p' track o' the shootin' an' knew the an' anxiety o' mind in puttin' the same strange feller's gun was empty, an' together an' cookin' the same. What there judged was time to jump" him do you say, guilty or not guilty? Of afore he pulled the other, or he was course you don't sav 'not guilty,' be clean desperate at havin' his plum- cause we seen you do it.' " puddin' spiled after all the trouble he 'Gentlemen of the jury, pay atten took. I don't know; but the very minute tion to the sentence o' the court.' the " strange feller fired his last shot, a 'I judge the prisoner guilty of wil can o' French an' mali soup "de Bull Yong," fully, treacherously, cowardly fetched him on the bridge o' the nose ciously assassiratin' p. food Christmas an' knocked him as cold as a wedge. plum-puddin'. an' more particularlv a Then all hands was on top of him afore plum-puddin'. bought, put together and he could draw breath, an' we had more cooked by the said plaintiff (that's me). DEAF SAM'S PLUM PUDDING. 31 and I hereby sentence the said prisoner so we got the handle of a sheath knife in to the follerin' sentence, in like manner an' he couldn't shut it again. You bet iollerin'; that is to say, that he shall eat Sam made him take his medicine, an' the said puddin' as it now lies in that when he couldn't hold another spoonful powder can, stranded, sunk or burnt, we lugged him down to the skookum and that he shall eat the puddin', the house an' gave him in charge." whole an' nothin' but the puddin', pud- "What did he git? Ten solid years. din', savin' the can, as hereinafter only He might have got off with five, but he provided.'" started to sass the court and you've I sheriff, 'Jim Bennet, appoint you heard of Matthew Baillie Begbie?" with power to add to your number, and when heerd hereby order you to proceed at once and "They say Judge Begbie of the trial at Sam's cabin he said the carry out the sentence of the court, man to be liberated an' Sam usin' all proper despatch, for the pud- ought put in his but he fit to bust din' is grettin' cold.' place, laughed the I believe he en "Well, we put one of his own guns just .same. really to his head an' started to feed him with joyed the story as much as anybody." "Did more 'bad men' ever visit hot puddin', an' you bet it was hot. any Barkerville?" First he shut his teeth, but the hot pud- din' made him open his mouth to roar, "Not that I ever heard of." MAC THE IMMACULATE. A Relic of the Rockies. By ARTHUR SCAIFE. Illustrated by T. Bamford. HEY all loathed the sight of him in the London office. Except the directors, who appraised him at his weight in gold. His fellow clerks thought and did not scruple - to say that he was "as mean as ," but we all know how exaggerated, not to say on occasion how irreverent, are the similes indulged in by bank clerks. Angus Donald Macpherson was his name, but they called him "Mac the Immaculate." He never drank, he never swore, he never smoked, he never spent more than two-pence on his lunch, all of which was greatly to his credit, though it did not serve as is ought to have done to enhance the affection in which he was held by his colleagues. Now the bank had been unfortunate in its management "out west," particularly at Aber- crombie, British Columbia. Though the town was still young, not having as yet celebrated its fifth birthday, it was al ready an important mining centre. The bank's profits ought consequently to have been large, but the bank managers there had been three of them one after the other had taken to drink. As a result the profits had taken to flight and the agency didn't even pay expenses. "We must have a teetotaller," said the directors. Not one of them was a total abstainer himself; but that didn't matter. So they sent for "Mac the Immacu late" and offered him the post passing over several names which stood before his on the list. He accepted at once; his chance had come and he took it. He had neither kith nor kin (save a brother who had gone abroad when he was a boy and of whom he had never since heard) and left the same night for Liverpool. "Always ready and prompt," said the directors. "Just like his infernal luck," said the clerks; "hope he'll get tomahawked by a bloomin' injun." When Brigstock, his predecessor, had gone out the year before the whole staff assembled at the station to see him off and he had started on his way west midst a mighty chorus of "He's a Jolly Good Fellow." No one went to see Mac off. And now, to the infinite sorrow of the clerks in the London office, Brigstock was a broken reed and Angus Donald Macpherson reigned in his stead at Abercrombie to their even more infinite disgust. On arrival at Abercrombie, Macpherson instantly reduced the bank staff by half. He sized up the situation at a glance. He and one other could in local parlance "run the whole shooting match." They could and they did, but the "one other" did not have a good time. At the end of the first six months figures began to show on the right side of the ledger, at the end of the first year the branch stood at the head of the agencies as a dividend-payer. The directors were delighted; they voted the manager a bonus and an in- MAC THE IMMACULATE. 33 crease of salary, but never a word of pavement had not yet monopolized congratulation did he get from his late municipal attention in Abercrombie. colleagues, not even a post-card. There was only one street about 12 As for the "one other," he was in feet wide. The formation of the town formed by his manager that he might did not allow of greater width, lying as consider himself very fortunate that his it did in the hollow of the hills which services were not dispensed with. towered almost perpendicularly thous In Abercrombie, Macpherson was no ands of feet high, on either side. better loved than he had been in Lon You might have built a house of fifty don, though opinions about him were stones in Abercrombie, giving each far more forcibly expressed. storey a separate entrance on the ground The Queen's English loses nothing in floor. power by transportation over seas and As the town could not extend at the strong language is quite a feature "out sides without running up the face of the west." mountain it extended at both ends and When the hat went round for the lay like a long thin snake twisting its widow and children the day after Brig- length for the best part of a mile round stock died in hospital, Macpherson re the curves of the valley. fused to subscribe anything on the Owing to the height of the hills Aber bank's account though the dead man crombie got very little sunshine even in had seen seven years' servcie. summer. In winter it got none at all. He gave a dollar bill on his own ac Down the main street came the old count; no one else had given less than miner on his "cayuse." When he five. reached the bank door he drew rein and What they said about him that night looked round enquiringly. round the hotel bars and at the club No one but Macpherson was in sight, an institution recently established but for Abercrombie slept the sleep of the not specially select would fill a volume, just on Sunday mornings. but it is none the better fitted for pub "Say," said the miner, "could you tell lication on that account. me where I'd likely find Mr. Macpher Some of the members vowed ven son' of the bank?" geance and swore unholy oaths that they As he spoke he threw his leg over the would even up on him yet. saddle and lighted on the wood side Macpherson did not care. He had a walk three feet above the level of the "cinch" on the whole town, for every street. one owed the bank, thanks to Brig- "My name is Macpherson," said the stock's management. manager. "Do you want to see me? If he was not loved, at least he was I'll come round," and he crossed over feared, and that was more than enough the only crossing fifty yards lower down, for him. joining the old man on the other side at the door of the bank. He only hugged himself the closer in The old man tied his to an his little room over the bank premises as "cayuse" iron in the sidewalk. he warmed some porridge left from ring breakfast on his stove. "So you say you are Mr. Macpherson; Then he buried himself in the bank's I've heard tell on you." He looked the and down and then laid a books till three in the morning. nanager up land impressively on his arm. A thin Truly a model bank manager. wiry little old man with a scrubby iron- One morning as he walked Sunday ^frey beard and a piercing pair of eyes. home from the Presbyterian Church, at "Alight your front name be Angus, which place of worship he had consti Angus Donald, now?" tuted about a fifth of the total congrega "Not it be. but it said tion, he saw an old man, evidently a only might is," somewhat amused at his miner from his appearance, riding down Macpherson, earnestness. the main street on a "cayuse." questioner's The mud in places was almost up to "Could you prove that now?" the pony's girths, for the spring thaw "Well, I don't suppose I should have had set in and the question of street much difficulty in proving it if I wanted 34 THE MINING RECORD. to. Everybody knows me here and what Lawyer Dickson's office was next to I am." the bank. Dickson himself was haviner "Everybody ain't anybodv," said the a Sunday shave at the window. old man sententiously. "What I mean "Mr. Dickson," said Macpherson, tap to say is, could you prove you was An ping on the pane. "Here's an incredu gus Donald Macpherson to my satisfac lous old gentleman who says he has tion before one them lawyer chaps. I've something of importance to tell me but got to tell Angus Donald Macpherson won't divulge what it is till I've proved something what might be to his advan that I'm myself. Will you vouch for my tage to hear, identity?" " but I don't Is 'this to tell it to a law yer the wrong chap?" ask- cha not p , theold man. much. If he " his- "Oh, yes proves Im a law sel f to be " yer chap, hisself, well laughed an d good Dickson, for him. If through his he don't, so soap lather. much the ' F e e for better for consul tation me. F a ir ' five dollars. and square, "Don't mate, fair fret and you square; abo u t the that's what " fee, said I am, but the old man, there ain't "that's all no flies on h t en me and dont rig ough, for e t my you g buck fa i r it." ; and square - Macphe r is my game son was every time. greatly in What I ter e s t e d . want to Eviden t ly know is the old man whether this h a d s ome- gentleman is thing of im what he to portance says he is, tell him. Angus Don- "Come a Id Mac inside," he ' " pherson, - Will vouch for ? said, open you my identity manager of the ing bank th i s here door with his latch kev. 'We can't bank?" talk in the street, Mr. You did "He's Angus Donald Macpherson all not tell me your name?" right," said Dickson, "I can bear wit "No you don't," said the old man. ness to that." "I'm not agoing in, and you're not "He's got to swear it himself," per to the agoing get grip on what I've got sisted the old man, "afore you get a red to say till you prove yourself to be your cent let alone five dollars out of me. self before one of them If lawyer' chaps. you're a lawyer chap you've got the Is there one of them handy?" Book handy. If he swears it on the MAC THE IMMACULATE. Book I'll believe him." A roar of laughter came from the Dickson, highly amused at the turn sidewalk committee. were and not in the least thing's taking The manager looked round angrily. averse to making- Macpherson appear "Take the money quick, Dickson," he ridiculous in the eVes of the "sidewalk" said. Dickson hesitated. He owed the committee which by this time had as bank five hundred on a note of hand sembled on the other side of the street, and scented the possibility of renewal. a small Testament. produced greasy Finally he took the money. ''Now, Mac," he said, handing him the "That settles it," said the old miner book, "swear away, I'm waiting for my with a sigh of relief. "And now, sir, five dollars.'' we'll talk business fair and square, man And Macpherson raising his hand, to man, at your bank if you please." kissed the Book and swore, to the best Macpherson led the into his of his and belief, so help him way pri knowledge vate r room, the door behind God, that he w as himself and no other. shutting him. "That's all right," said the old man, when the ceremony was over. "Here's "Lock it," said his visitor. "This 'ere's between and I your five dollars, mister," offering Dick- private you me; don't want no one in till son a villainously dirty "V" through the coming you and me's window. through. And now, lookee here, Mr. Donald afore "No, hang it ail," said the lawyer, Angus Macpherson, we further I wants to drawing back, "I was only chaffing; I go any you under - stand this. I can't take a fee for a thing like ain't got anything to gain The old man cut him short. in this 'ere deal. You have, not me. See?" "Then you ain't no lawyer chap," he said promptly. "I never knew one on Macpherson nodded. 'em refuse a dollar bill yet, let alone a "Now, first and foremost, what might "V." All of this 'ere business will have be your father's name?" to be done over- again," turning to Mac- "Donald James." pherson, "where shall we go now?" "And your mother's?" But the manager was beginning to "Jessie." think he'd had of it. Sounds of enough "Correct." unseemly mirth came from the sidewalk "How many sisters have you got?" committee on the other side of the street "I never had any sisters." and something told him that in half an "Correct. How many brothers?" hour it would be all over the town that "Only one." he. "Mac the Immaculate," had stooped "Correct. What was his name?" to swear to his own identity in the pub "Alexander. He was called Alick for lic highway at the request of an un short." known miner. "Correct. Where is he now?" This is precisely what happened and "I don't know." mighty were the chucklings that ensued. "Correct. When did you last hear "Come, Dickson, nonsense, don't be of him?" absurd." he said testily. "Take the five "Not since he left home, when I was dollars and stop this fooling. I want a mere boy. He \vas fifteen years older to hear what the old fellow wants of than I." me." "Correct." "Wants of you; wants of you!" To the manager's infinite astonish screamed the old miner, raising his voice ment the old man seized him warmly so as to be distinclly heard by the side by the hand and nearly shook it off. walk committee on the other side of the "He's him," he cried" excitedly. "This street. "He don't want nothing of here's Alick's brother, sure enough. you. What he's got to say is all to the Air. Macpherson, sir, you're a gentle advantage of Mr. Angus Donald Mac man of eddication and a bank manager. pherson. If that gentleman likes to hear Your brother Alick, the best hearted it, well and good for him. If he don't so '"hap as ever tasted whiskey, he was: much the better for me. Fair and square but me and him was pals for well nigh is my game." twenty years for all that. He's dead 36 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. now don't take on." (Macpherson the day I come away. The old man's managed to control his grief.) "He's dead and the old woman likewise, and dead is Alick and gone where glory there's only little Angus left, leastways, waits 'un, and what's more he's left all if he ain't dead, too. I ain't heard noth what he had to leave to you, sir. He ing on him all these years, 'cept as he was always fair and square, was Alick; went into a bank, but,' says he. 'Ole he knew what's what. You're his heir Eli, I tell you as I can see him now. and I'm his executor." Angus, he's my heir and he's got to "How much did he leave," asked have half my share of the nugget, if Macpherson, who had visions at this you can find him. I know you're fair juncture. and square, Ole Eli,' says he, 'and you'll "I dunno. It's in a nugget. He hai get on his trail if he's 'bove ground. If a third. She ain't been assayed yet. We you can't, why you must keep my share was a party of three, me and Jake and for yourself.' 'Alick,' says I, I'll do it >: Alick. Jake's a half-breed." or my name ain't 'Ole Eli.' "You haven't told me your own name The old man buried his face in his yet," said Macpherson. hands. After a moment or two he con "I'm coming to that, Eli Jevons is tinued. my name 'Ole Eli/ the boys call me. "Then he calls out, 'Ole Levi,' says he, Here's my card," and Mr. Jevons pulled 'give us a drink,' and I give him one. It out an exceedingly well-worn miner's was pretty nigh the last horn we had certificate. "Well, me and Alick and left, and I kinder felt it was sort o' Jake went prospecting last fall up Cas- wasted, him being that far gone. But siar way, and a pretty rough time we he swallered her down all right; he had of it. We didn't come across any never went back on his liquor, did thing much worth staking till well on Alick, and I took a horn myself, 'cos he towards spring, and then one day all of never liked drinking alone, and then- a sudden we had a find." The old man well, that was the last horn we ever had lowered his voice almost to a whisper. together." - "We come across The old man was badly broken up, "Well," asked Macpherson, and bank The manager gave no sign of emotion. manager though he was, he could not "When we was sure he was a goner, altogether disguise his excitement. me and Jake planted him up there, and "Ole Eli" looked cautiously round; a mighty tough job we had of it, I can then he leant over the table and spoke tell you, a-digging of his grave; it's all in an impressively hoarse whisper. rock mostly where we was. Then we "We found a nugget, a monster nug set off to find you, and lor' bless you, I get." He lowered his voice still further: didn't have no more idee where you was "Not a word, man, not a word; one- than you did where I was. You might third on her's yours; one's mine and have knocked me down with a feather one's Jake's fair and square. You've when we struck your trail in Slokane got Alick's share. That's what he said, the very day we got there. On and off and that's what's got to be. He caved Alick had told me all he knowed about in, poor chap, less nor a week after his family and you mustn't take it wards; got a chill I 'spect, strong 'un crossways if I kinder put you through though he was. It was mortal tough up your paces same as I did just now afore there, and he panned out sudden on the I showed you my hand. When a man's Friday night. No, as I remember, it a executor he's got to be pretty spry. I was on Saturday. 'Ole Eli,' says he, wasn't going to part with Alick's share 'you've been a good pal to me this many to the wrong man, not if I knowed it, a year,' and so I had, Mr. Macpherson, you bet your life." so I had. though I says it. 'Ole Eli,' "Certainly, certainly, Mr. Jevons," says he. 'I've only got one relation in said Macpherson. "You are quite right the world, as I know on, my brother lit and I fully appreciate your caution. But tle Anfus Donald. I can see him now.' tell me," and he in turn lowered his he says, drawing o' hisself up. 'a pretty voice, "where is the nugget?" little critter with long fair hair afalling "We'll come to that directly," said all over his shoulders and a pink frock. "Ole Eli." "Meantime, vou needn't MAC THE IMMACULATE. .37 bother about the mistering business. added "Ole Eli" impressively, "Jake's 'Ole Eli's' good enough for me; that's being wanted just now makes a differ what they've called me for well nigh ence. He feels like giving these parts forty years and I ain't agoing to put on a pretty wide berth for a while. I don't any frills just because I've struck it lucky say but what we could come to a fairly at last. We brought her down, hid in comfortable settlement with him over our traps to Slokane, Jake being in par his share on a cash basis." ticular charge of her. He's spryer than "Could he be bought out for five me is Jake and a bit handier with his thousand?" gun. I'm not so quick as I was, though "I think so," said the old man. "I I've done some shooting in my tim^. think so; there, or thereabouts. Mind When we got to Slokane we thought you, I don't say but what Jake'll take we'd have her assayed there. We heard - some handling. He knows a good quite by chance, first pop, that you was thing when he sees it; he's cut all his running the bank up here, and dern me eye-teeth has Jake, but I think it's to be if that derned fool Jake didn't go and done, on a cash basis you understand." get full. There was a bit of a shindy "I understand," said Macpherson, over a game of draw and some shooting. "and now when can we start?" Course Jake has to let his gun off, and, "Right away," said "Ole Eli," getting well, he was wanted in consequence by up; "soon as ever you like. I've got a the parlice. So we skinned out across "cayuse" outside; he belongs to the in the border and made tracks for here, jin. I guess you can get a pony right reckoning on seeing you till things sort enough." er quieted down a bit. Jake's got her It was arranged that they should meet cached all right." an hour later at Thomson's Landing "Where?" put in Macpherson. outside the town. "In a shack what belongs to a injun, ***** a of the on six pal his, up crik, nigh "It's a bit of a climb up here, ain't it," miles from here." said "Ole Eli," as they clambered up the "Is the Indian in with you?" asked mountain trail steep as the side of a Macpherson, nervously, house "but we're nearly there. See "Not much, what do you take us for? that smoke yonder, that's the shack." He's a derned fool. Would n't know a The ponies were hill bred and used nugget if he saw one. But he's all to it. Macpherson wasn't, and when, he's a of there ain't right; pal Jake's and two hours from the start, they reached no flies on Jake any more than there is the cabin a rough log shanty at the on me." mouth of an abandoned mining tunnel "What do you propose to do now?" every bone in his body ached as if he "What I say to Jake is this. 'You lie had been stretched on the rack. cached up here and I'll go down to An Indian stood at the door as they Abercrombie and see Mr. Macpherson drew up their steaming ponies on the and ask him to come along o' me up tiny clearing in front of the hut. Jake here so as we three can talk things over himself was inside lying on his bunk like and decide what's best to be done. smoking. He sprang up a tall un Jake, he couldn't well come; he's a gainly figure with strongly marked In bit skeered' over this shooting business, dian features and a distinctly evil eye for we did n't rightly hear if the man he as they entered and put his hand be plugged got through or not, and they're hind him. getting plaguey particular now-a-days; "Friends, all," said "Ole Eli." "This Oh. don't you get skeered of Jake," for 'ere is Alick's brother, manager of the the manager's jaw had dropped several bank. He's all right; he's come to have degrees during the above recital. "Jake's a look at her. Trot her out, Jake." all right; mild as milk till he gets the Jake scowled, but said not a word. A. liquor in him, then he sours quick; nervous man might have felt uncomfort guess it's his injin blood. But, lor' able, for the surroundings were anything bless you, you can lead him with a pack but reassuring, but Macpherson knew thread when he's sober leastways, I not the meaning" of fear. Cowardice can. You leave him to me. You see." was not one of his failings. 38 THE MINING RECORD. The Indian had tied up the horses get a huge chunk of almost pure gold and was now squatting on his haunches was well within the mark. He cal- with his hands spread out over the culated it was worth fully twenty-five glowing embers on the hearth. per cent, more than the old man's esti Macpherson looked at him and then mate, and that if Jake's share could be at "Ole Eli." bought for anything like five thousand "Tell him to git. Jake," said the latter. dollars it would be excellent business. Jake growled out an order and the Then again, where this one came from Indian went outside. there were certainly others. He must The half- buy out Jake breed then and come to an produced a arrange ment wi t h canvas bag from under the old man. His the filthy brain blankets on fairly reeled his bunk. at the pros Out came pect. various arti He turned cles of cloth the nugget rou n d a n d ing , each dirtier than round on the the other, floor; it was and last of too heavy to all a bundle handle com- wrapped for ta bly . round in a Every look con fi r m e d pair of dil- his ion api da t e d opin as to its bl u e jean overalls. value. and Macphe r - Jake son trembled "Ole Eli" with excite excha n g e d ment as Jake glances over his unrolled it. head. There on At last he the bunk tur n e d to the half- lay the mon breed. ster nugget, begga ring "Well," "Ole Eli's" he said slow d e s cription ly, -'I un- and the stand from ' manager s y o ur part- wildest ex 'Its a bit of a climb up here, ain't it?" said "Ole Eli. ner that you pectations. are willing "Ole Eli" seized it with both hands to sell your share. A third I believe?" and gave it to Macpherson, who, un Jake nodded. prepared for its great weight, nearly let "How much do you want for it?" it fall. Jake held up ten fingers. "There she is," said the old man. "Is "Come outside, sir," said the old man; she a dandy or is she not? Did I say "bring her with you if you like." too much about her?" Jake made a movement as they reached the door. Macpherson could hardly believe his eyes. His experience told him that the "Hold on thar," said the old man, value "Ole Eli" had put upon the nug- "didn't I tell you that this was Alick's MAC THE IMMACULATE. 39 brother?" and Jake sank back on the with five thousand in dollar bills and bunk. plumped 'em right down in front of Jake, "See here now," said the old man he'd take 'em. I tell you, I knows it, when they were outside the hut, ''you and what's more I'd get him to sign a mustn't mind Jake. He's a bit skeered paper making over his share in them of strangers always and don't never claims to you and me." talk much. I'll manage him. I told The manager had five thousand dol you she was worth fifteen; so she is and lars in notes in his breast pocket. He a derned sight more. You can see she had borrowed them from the bank safe is for yourself. She'll run into twenty- on the off chance of a deal of precisely five; that's what she'll do, and," he this nature. But "Ole Eli" did not spoke in A whisper, "there's lots more know this. An Indian stood at the door' where she come from. You and me '11 "Go and offer him three," he said. " into of use I go partnership over them claims 'Taint not a particle ; know what I've staked out when we've settled what I'm talking about. Five thou' with Jake, and I tell you what it is, we '11 he '11 take and four thou' he won't, let have a pretty tidy lay-out between us." alone three." "But how much will he take; every "I'll give him four thousand, cash," thing depends upon that?" said Mac-' he said, and he tapped his breast pocket pherson anxiously. significantly. "See here, now," said "Ole Eli." "If "What; you've brought the dosh?" you was to come up here to-morrow The manager nodded. 40 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. "Well, if that don't beat cockfight- pherson and put the roll of dollar bills ing," said the old man admiringly, and in his pants pocket. he went into the hut. "We'll go now," said the manager, The manager promptly turned his ab and they mounted their ponies. sence to account. He took a small "She" was securely tied in a sack to phial from his pocket and poured a few the manager's saddle bow and he never drops of liquid upon the nugget. took his eyes off her till late that night, The result appeared to afford him for they were far longer going down great satisfaction, for he smiled com than they had been coming up. "She" placently as "Ole Eli" re-appeared. was under lock and key in the bank "Jest what I told you," he said. "Five safe. thou' or nothing. I told him you had "What time will we have her assayed brought four with you on the chance of to-morrow?" asked "Ole Eli," as they a deal, but he sticks to the extra thou' parted at the bank door. and says you can come up again to "We can't do anything to-morrow," morrow with it, when he 11 sign any said the manager, "Cameron's the only paper you like. You can talk to him assayer in town whom I would care to yourself if you like, but I know you trust in a matter of this kind, and he's can't move him." down in Spokane. He won't be back The manager thought of his moun till Tuesday." tain climb and that settled it. "Oh, he won't be back till Toosday, "Wrap it up carefully and tie it on to won't he?" said "Ole Eli." my saddle," he said. "You are willing "No; you had better come in some to trust me, 1 suppose, as regards your time in the afternoon to hear the result. share?" You can then execute a deed which I "Alick's brother's good enough for will have ready for your signature. me," said "Ole Eli," and they went in to Keep your own counsel, mind." Jake. "Very good, sir," said "Ole Eli" re The half-breed lay in the same posi spectfully. tion on his bunk, his hands behind his "Good-night." head, his pipe in his mouth, staring up "So-long." * * * * * at the ceiling, the embodiment of stolid indifference. Macpherson slept not a wink that Taking a sheet of note paper from his night. Several times he went down pocket and a stylographic pen Macpher- stairs and re-examined the nugget, son hurriedly wrote a dozen lines. which seemed to grow in size and value "Sign this," he said, "and I'll pay you each time he looked at it. He had five thousand dollars." weighed it on the bank scales and at the Jake said nothing, but looked at Eli. lowest computation could not make it "Read it," said the latter. worth less than twenty-five thousand Macpherson read it. dollars. His purchase therefore of "That's all right," said he, "sign Jake's third interest for five thousand away, Jake." was a truly magnificent stroke. Then Jake signed it "Jake Freeman." in a he had a half interest in the old man's fairlv clerkly hand for a half-breed. claims and goodness only knew what He held out his right hand for the they might prove to be worth. dollar bills, retaining the paper with his He spent about four millions in im left. agination. Macpherson produced a good-sized Next day the "one other" had a worse roll of notes from his breast pocket. time than usual. He had never known "There are five thousand there," he the manager so exacting and irritable. said. "You had better count them." Cameron, the assayer, on his return Jake looked at Eli. "Count," he said. at noon on the Tuesday found a note It was the first word he had spoken. from Macpherson asking him to bring Eli slowly and deliberately counted his testing apparatus down to the bank the bills. at five o'clock as he was wanted on "Correct," he said. business of importance. Jake handed over the paper to Mac The bank closed it four. At half- MAC THE IMMACULATE. 41 past the "one other" was told to his He watched the assayer's every move overwhelming astonishment that he ment as a cat watches a mouse. could go. Nothing loath, away he Finally Cameron took a small tool went and the club was very shortly af from his bag and bored deep holes in terwards in receipt of information that the nugget in different places. "something- was in the wind." The boring he submitted to test. The and the had the "Hum," he said after a minute or manager assayer " 'all I bank premises to themselves. two, is not gold that glitters ;' When the latter saw the nugget he wouldn't make any advance against this r opened his eyes. if I w ere you. It's about the best fake I've seen. brass cast from a "Great Scott!" he said, "Mac, where A nugget with a of did you get this?" mould, electroplated coating the of an "Never you mind," answered the man gold, perhaps thirty-second inch thick." ager, "I want an assay at once; so just The manager fell prone on the floor get down to business." in a fit. Cameron examined it carefully * * * * * through his glass. Of "Ole Eli" and of Jake the half- "Have you made any advance yet?" breed not a trace was ever found, and he asked carelessly. the name of the manager of the bank at "No," replied Macpherson, "but I've Abercrombie is no longer "Mac the been asked to." Immaculate." By Clive Phillips-Wolley. Night m the pines, in the black bull-pines On the height of the bleak divide, Where the year-long gloom of the sullen North And the snows of the last Fall bide. Tracks in the snow of the wandering bear; The hoot of a questing owl ; Sobbing of winds that have lost their way, From the lake a grey wolf's howl. Flakes that hiss in my dying fire. Thoughts that burn in my brain; "Have I bartered mv life for the World's desire To get me a bond slave's chain?" . I see the fires of a thousand camps, From the Rand to the Arctic Slope, Strung over the world like a line of lamps On an endless road of Hope. I hear the song of a thousand creeks Washing coarse gold from the hill, The day-long beat of the pack train's feet, The monotonous ring of the drill. * * * *'* * # * * FOOLED. 43 The mist rolled off from the red-brown fern, As I rose with the dew in my hair, Sodden and stiff with a long- day's toil, I crept half-dead to my lair. My body stained with the rust-red drip Which dropped from my master's hold, My soul dyed red with a deeper stain The stain of that devil Gold! My loins grew bent, my hands grew crooked, My eyes grew blear and dim, Away from the light of the blessed day In the holes where I followed Him. Toiling for millions I could not use, While the life I might use went by; What wonder the Devil laughs loud to-night As he watches his bond slave die. "Ho! Ho!"-- Is that only the questing owl? Or is it the thing I sought? The Thing that promised "the world fenced in," That promising all, gives nought? The Thing that blinks in the river sand, That glares from the night-black shaft? Was it the call of a hunting owl, Or was it a devil laughed? There were brave days too, when my birch canoe Shot downward by streams unknown. Where the alders budded, a rose grey fringe, And the great fish flashed and shone; When I climbed from the hot lush cedar woods To the snows of the mountain goat Nature was with me in many moods I had only eyes for "float." I heard no sigh in the stately trees. No voice from the God above; I asked no pleasure, I sought no ease; I laughed at the dear word "love." That was for fools in the world below, The world I would have and hold, With all that it knew, or I cared to know, When I'd won me the key to it Gold! Hog-like I rooted where wild flowers cling, I drilled the earth to her core, I found her sweet as a maid in spring, I left her a brazen whore. Lurid and loud the smelter rose Where the giant Douglas grew, From the murky gloom where the deer's-foot grows Till it towered and dreamed in the blue. 44 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. Then the men swarmed in, and the wild things went, And the voices of birds grew still, And the ring of the builder's tool was blent With the miner's blasts in the hill. Men felled God's forests, His rocks they scarred, The silence of God they broke; His beauty they changed to a builder's yard, His sun they veiled with their smoke. From the Heart of the Place came a roaring sound Of engines men build and weld; A throb and a beat, and a liquid heat, And the scream of a power hard-held; The upward leap of ravenous flames, The ceaseless whir of the wheels; The livid hues of the molten rock That writhes like a thing that feels. 'Twas red, warm-red, gold-red all day; It was red, blood-red all night. No pale priest's prayer could fright men there, No God's sword reach to smite. Let me crawl back to the world I know, Where the brute men strove and bled; Give me fires of hell for your fields of snow It is silence and night I dread. Thy skies, Lord Christ, are cruel clear, Thy snows too saintly white; I cannot bide on the mountain side I dare not die in the night; The Great Assayer will rack my soul From crucible to cupel; I have learned the value of gold on Earth "Ho! Ho! You shall learn it in Hell!" THE UNCONVENTIONALITY OF MISS CHURCHILL-FANE. By H. MORTIMER-LAMB. Illustrated by Savannah. FIRST met Bob though naturally they would hardly Moggridge at a vomnteer you the information received naval ball in a letter from their cousin, Mrs. Churchill- Vancouver two Fane, of Park Lane, London, W., in years ago. We timating that her daughter Gwendoline were introduced; had evinced a sudden and quite extra but it was that ordinary desire from which she was sort of introduc not to be moved even by the expostula tion which, as a tions of Mr. Churchill-Fane himself rule, has its be- to visit British Columbia. Why this ginning in a cas- whim she could not imagine, for the season was still at it height; but would end on the very the Adelaides receive the dear child? next occasion of Of course, the Adelaides were charmed, meeting in that and in due time Miss Gwendoline ar stereotyped and irritating stare of rived, her maid. " " accompanied by the who-the-deuce-are-you order As a mark of very special favour, and Moggridge, however, appeared to be perhaps, too, on the strength of the said built after a different pattern from distant relationship between the Ade that of the common or garden laides and myself, I was invited to the type of being one is accustomed humbler- function of an afternoon tea, to meet now-a-days in polite society. whereat Miss Churchill-Fane was to re He had a nice way with him, and ceive her first introduction to Victoria's stranger still, unaffected manners; and most exclusive set, as represented by even when he learned that I was only a the smart friends of the Adelaides. It poor devil of a down-at-the-heel jour was all very nice but very slow, and I nalist, he did not manifest any desire, was just sinking into the last stages of so far as I could judge, to drop my ac boredom when I was aroused by the quaintance. So Moggridge and I came touch of a light hand on my coat sleeve. to be regarded as pals, and other men, The owner of the hand was a remark even the ultra-superior bank-clerks, ably pretty little person, with very dark who had previously ignored me as an eyes and brown hair, and a neat figure "outsider," were graciously pleased well set-off in an equally neat dress. thereafter to afford me some notice. "You are Mr. Elliott." She stated it Thus I was raised in the social scale. as a fact. But while new which I cer my prestige, "Oh, yes; I knew you at once," she owed to did not, tainly Moggridge, per went on, "Bob, that is, Mr. Moggridge, haps, afford me any very extraordinary sent me a photograph somebody took there were other reasons gratification, of you when you both made the as why I should value his friendship. cent of Mount Crown at Vancouver. when Providence, There came a time Don't you remember?" whatever else like to call destiny, or you I assented dubiously. The photo me the to in it, gave opportunity testify graph in question, if I recollected aright, this and at the same time I was regard; had libelled me atrociously. to do one of the sweetest privileged "I suppose you knew Moggridge at I have ever met a service. How girls home?" I queried, for want of something this is now to be related. happened better to say. Last the Adelaides, who, as spring- "Oh, yes; we are engaged," she ans everyone knows, are great swells in Vic wered. toria society and. I may add inadver This was news to me. I ventured to remark. tently, distant connections of my own, "Indeed?" 46 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. Miss Fane did not appear greatly im hands into ready money and decamped. blow killed pressed with the brilliancy of my con Tne nearly Mr. Moggridge. versational abilities. She looked at me instead of being a rich man, as he had and hesitated. "What became of him loudly believed, he found himself, after after he left Vancouver? do you know?" meeting all the firm's obligations, a very but what he felt Here, at least, I was sure of my poor one; more than ground. ''Oh, I can tell that anything else was the stigma that he im yes; " you much." I answered. Moggridge agined had been cast on the honourable old-established of threw up his practice to join the and name Moggridge first gold-rush to the new Atlin dis & Co., by the rascality of Mr. Bolton. trict. Up in the North, you know," I Bob came to me as soon as he heard added vaguely what had happened. Poor fellow, he was most cut He said a Then we were interrupted, for our awfully up. doctor without a had hostess hurried Miss Fane off to the penniless practice no business to be to a with piano, and I seized the opportunity to engaged girl 5,000 a year of her own, and he slip away. begged me to release him from his One gets accustomed to surprising engagement. I told him he must never talk such non things in a newspaper office, but I con sense and that I wasn't to fess I was not a little startled the follow again, going him because his father's ing morning to receive a message give up just to have acted dishon through the speaking-tube, connecting partner happened And then we argued it all out, my room with the front office, to the ef estly. over and over and when Bob fect that a lady desired to see me on again, said he would to Canada, I particular business. I hurried down at finally go made him to write to me, but once, and was directed to our library. promise about it. I- told Miss Fane arose as I entered. She was he was very sulky my father that Bob had wanted to break off noticeably nervous. "I know you will our engagement, and all he said was: think me a very extraordinary girl, Mr. 'Just what I of the young fel Elliott,'"' she premised. expected dear. and I demurred as in duty bound. low, my Very right proper. honourable of him. I am "Of course I must expect that; but Distinctly he showed such nice feeling and please listen to me patiently. I don't glad saved us from the initiative.' So want advice, mind; but I must have taking of course, I saw it was no use to say your help, and you won't refuse me more. Bob answered let that, will you?'' anything my ters for a long time, until last Christ Who could resist such an appeal? Not mas, and he told me all about you. Mr. I, at any rate. I promised unreservedly. Elliott, and what a 'good sort' you were; ''Three years ago," she began, as 'if and after I had talked with you yester relating a story, "Bob and I became I felt sure I could trust you." engaged to be married. He had just day I a sudden taken his degree and no one could have "But," interrupted, light me, surely did not had better prospects, because, as you dawning upon "you leave purposely to meet Mog may have heard, his father, Mr. James England did Moggridge, was at that time considered gridge again, you?" hands like a a millionaire, and Bob really went in She clapped her pleased for medicine more as an occupation than child and laugned. "Yes; wasn't it a for any other reason. Well, one day splendid idea. And those stupid old soon after my engagement was an Adelaides gave me just the excuse I and she nounced, Mr. James Moggridge's part wanted. It was an inspiration," ner on the Stock Exchange, a man smiled guilelessly. named I tried to be severe. "It was hardly Bolton, suddenly disappeared, " and when the firm's affairs were gone 1 began. She did not let me pro into, it was discovered that this partner ceed. she broke had been secretly speculating for "I will not be lectured, sir," in of advice months past. Foreseeing that detection in, "and I am not need just birth was inevitable and that he had hope at present. I was twenty-one last to me, re lessly involved the firm, he converted day, and you promised help all the securities on which he could lav- member." MISS CHURCHILL-FANE. 47 leaves for I certainly had committed myself and "Let me see, the 'Tees' therefore must needs that at regard myself Skagway on the 2/th. I read henceforward as an before accomplice any rate in the Colonist this morning. the fact with no hope even of turning is the iQth, so you have just one Queen's evidence. To-day to Please me a cabin "You promised to help me," this in week prepare. get and teresting young person continued, "and in the centre of the steamer, buy don't this is what you must do. Yesterday the ticket for Miss Julia Smith; forget, and thank you so much." Yes, it certainly was the dusty office library in which I was standing, and I was certainly awake and sober, for there in my hand lay a dainty purse, con taining, I found, a sufficient sum to de fray the expenses of Miss Fane's pro posed journey. I wandered out of the library in a verv perturbed state of mind and was as cending the stairs to my own particular quarters, when 1 heard the editor call me. "Can you spare me a minute, El liott," he said. "Of course, sir," I replied, as I entered his sanctum. "Look here, old char-," he said kind had ly, "it's time you a bit of a change, you're looking seedy. I am think ing of sending a man up to make a special report of the new Atlin placers, and the job will suit to a T. Todd "la my hand lay a dainty purse you can easilv take your while - place you're you told me that Bob was in Atlin away. Here's your pass." "But "Well, I'm d ." I began. "Do not interrupt me, please. Bob is "Fh?" he queried. in Atlin, and I am going to him and you must come with me." "Nothing, sir, that is er I am to You're I stared at the ceiling. All power of deucedly obliged you. aw speech forsook me. fully good to give me the chance." 48 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. "Oh, humbug; get things shipshape man answering to the name of Mog- before you start on the 2/th, and good gridge a doctor?" I enquired. luck to you." "Guess I do," he answered; "he owns Here manifestly was the hand of fate, number seven below Discovery, and I ruthlessly pushing me on to connive at a heard tell he'd made a good striko. most outrageous crime against conven You're mast liable to find him at Bill tional custom. I murmured Kismet; Croker's saloon; I see him thar this went down to the C. P. N. office, and mornin'." there I bought a ticket to Skagway and I enquired the direction of Bill Crok return in the name of "Miss Julia er's saloon. Smith." Miss Fane looked troubled. I glanced * * ***** across at her and tele injudiciously "Yes, Miss, it is considerable rough graphed: "Shall we go." She nodded. naow, but thar's nothin' the matter with Bill Croker's saloon did not appear to Atlin; it's all right, and we'll have a fine be the sort of place to which one would, city here before long." as a matter of choice, invite a lady. So this was Atlin City, and we were As, however, it was the middle of domiciled in the best hotel the place af the afternoon, and also owing to forded, one owned by the British the fact that a stampede had America Corporation, and which, not taken place that day to a new creek, withstanding its cost in the neighbour it was strangely quiet in the vicinity, hood of twenty thousand dollars was and there were no loafers about. Still yet nothing more than a huge ungainly I induced Miss Fane to remain outside structure, built of rough, unplaned while I went in to enquire for Mog- sheeting, covered on the inside by more gridge. I opened the door arid tried to " So this was Atlin City." or less gaudy wall-paper. We had ar shut it again quickly; but I w^as not rived that afternoon after a somewhat quick enough. Miss Fane had caught toilsome journey over the White Pass. a glimpse of the sight that had met my though the hardships encountered eyes, and with a set and curiously pale there were more than compensated for face she pushed past me and stood in by the enchanting and exhilarating sail the shadow of the door. Then I realized down the lakes. We were both very fully for the first time the almost crim tired. Miss Fane, nevertheless gave me inal folly of which I had been guilty my cue, and after helping myself to in actually assisting this rash girl to mustard we were discussing pork and carry out her mad-cap scheme. The beans at seventy-five cents per capita I room was badly ventilated by one small, cleared my throat and obediently ad dirty window, but there was light dressed our fellow-diner, whose re enough to take in all that was going on. marks I have above quoted. At a greasy table sat two men and a "Do you happen to know a gentle- woman a brazen-faced and gaudily- MISS CHURCHILL-FANE. 49 time in life I re Iressed creature. The men were play but for the first my of them was, gretted that I had not been born a ing- cards at least, one woman. Our rooms at the hotel ad the other was too hopelessly drunk to and the board know what he was doing. He was lean joined, intervening par his titions were thin; thus through the ing heavily against the woman by dark hours of that I side, while she deliberately instruct very ghastly night was to listen with, God ed the man across the table how to play compelled how much and to his cards. It was after all rather a knows pity sympathy, that and waste of time, for it would have been just pitiful heart-breaking sobbing a is enabled as easy for the precious pair to have by which woman mercifully in to obtain relief for sorrows which a man quietly relieved their luckless and ebriated victim of his nuggets and must perforce bear in silence. 1 Pitiful and heart-breaking sobbing." a and I felt without the form It was lovely morning, notes, going through swim in the then decidedly better after my of playing for them. But possibly lake. At the hotel I met Moggridge. it occurred to them that the bar-keeper, His were bloodshot, his cheeks was on, in that case eyes who looking might and his whole ap- of the disgustingly puffy, have required a share booty. and man was peaVance was dishevelled anything The drunken Moggridge, I but agreeable to look upon. greeted but fortunately he was so hopelessly him I fear, altogether effusively, drunk that he did not recognize us. not, scene was yet fresh in Somehow or other I managed to get for last night's mind: but he walked moodily past out of the dive. She uttered my Miss Fane of or at hei me, either ignorant my presence, no word, and I dared not look ; THE B. C. MINING RECORD. to be so. In the breakfast- one appearing and the same young lady; that, room was Miss Fane. She was very worse still, I had purchased the'ticket to but pale, otherwise no traces of the pa^t Skagway; ergo, they would conclude were visible. She talked that night with un we had deliberately eloped to a natural on sort of vivacity every conceiveable American Gretna Green. Alas, subject, only succeeding, however, in for my future prospects, for the Ade us both more uncomfortable. It laides making had influence with my proprietor! was a difficult position. Once I sug However, I had brought the whole busi a returri to but she ness on gested Victoria, myself, and I was not going to adroitly changed the subject by asking funk the consequences. Yet I made permission to accompany me on a round one more attempt to induce Miss Fane of visits I to take the purposed next boat making to back to the various Victoria. I creekswith knew of a the object miner's of obtain wife who, ing mater for a con ial for my sideration , series of would act special art chaperone icles. Un for the oc der the cir casion. I cumstances put the she could matter del- not be bet- i c a t e 1 y . t e r e m- But Miss ployed, so Fane beg I consent ged me to ed at once. understand Three days that she passed managed by. Miss her own af Fane seem fairs ; that ed actually while she t o regain fully a p - some tone preciat e d and colour, the evident and I be- kin d ness of ga n to my mo that hope tives, she she would had no recover in present in time from tention of her disap returning pointment, to Victoria. and pres I subsided. He walked moodily past." ently re Mean- turn with me to Victoria. I even went while, we had seen nothing of Mog- so far as to invent several plausible tales gridge but we had heard a good deal of for her to relate to the Adelaides to ac him. These accounts were not, on the count for her sudden disappearance. whole, discreditable. He was a hard Still I felt a bit worried. The good worker ; had slanged the Govern Victoria police are not exactly ment on the score of the Alien Bill and idiots, and no doubt by this time they the maladministration of the district had made the that discovery Miss Julia more effectively than any other speaker Smith and Miss Churchill-Fane were at the public meetings convened for this MISS CHURCHILL-FANE. 51 he was She came to the door of the other cabin, purpose; and last, but not least, almost cheerful. reproached with not being addicted to looking "I made Dr. and lie the practice of the "Jamboree" (at least, Moggridge go she remarked, to so our informant deposed), the only oc down," obviously pre vent me her. ''Do casion upon which he had been known questioning you 5 know he has never relaxed his watch to go on a regular "spree was just or for a week." At after he made the big strike on Number night day nearly of the room was the shadow Seven below Discovery, and then he did the far side drunk of a and the thing handsomely, and was man, moaning fretfully, a raw-hide for the matter of several days. When stretched on rough pallet. Miss Fane "How is he? "I ask heard this ed. latterstate- " ment her Who, Dr. Mog eyes soft ened. gridge?" Then "I meant your pat once again I re the hand ient," of destiny plied."The appeared. News was doctor i s anx to very brought in town of the ious, she sickness of deed," said grave Jack Tay ly. "It is lor, who owned a very bad Number attack of o 11 typhoid Four, and It pneu Spruce. and was either monia, it is diffi scurvy or no cult to get typhoid, wine and one could the right definitely sort of which, say food for a but Mog- man had sick gridge here, you stopped know." working I claim sugges his that I and was ted might as doctor ing sist in the and nurs- nursing. ingthe sick ' ' N o , man. One thank you, day I mis- shoulder." Miss "'Her head on Moggridge's she said, sed "some of Fane at the there the miners came to help, but the doc hotel. I was not greatly surprised up tor sent them all away. He told them and in the I rode out to the at; evening that in a case of this kind, untrained as were two cabins on patient. There sistance is worse than useless." Number Four, and in one I found Mog- "But you have had no ex ." She un me with a gridge lying on the floor, gaunt, stopped glance. a dead "I am not a stupid man," she shaven, and half undressed, in rough, seen me ride remarked conclusively. sleep. Miss Fane had past. 52 THE B. c. MINING RECORD. I made a point of visiting the little ter go away now, dear," and then came hospital regularly every evening after a sound of hysterical weeping. I rode that, and of bringing with me from the down the creek for a bit before I went town what articles were needful, or back to see if I could help Moggridge. rather obtainable. I hoped that I had given Miss Fane Just as I was preparing to make this sufficient time to recover herself, and customary journey on the third evening, to leave the cabin, but she was still there the Government Agent came up to me. when I returned, with her head on Mog- ''I have been asked by the authorities," gridge's shoulder, sobbing as if her he said, "to at once institute enquiries heart would break, but and strangely regarding the young lady who arrived incongruous it seemed in that room of here with you. Her real name is death there was also a proud and Churchill-Fane, is it not?" happy smile on her face. He was a decent chap, and I thought "Little woman," Moggridge was say it wise to take him into my confidence, ing (they were both, naturally enough, up to a certain extent. unnerved, remember); "darling, for "Well," he remarked, as I mounted heaven's sake don't cry like that; we my horse, "that's all very fine and large. did our best and Of course, I must make my report soon; "But it isn't that, Bob; it isn't that!" but if, as you say, things are shaping Then I fled, silently and swiftly, re right, I will find it difficult to procure gretting that I had already overheard the information during the next two more than was intended for my ears. But it's a deuced unconventional ******* days. prank." We stood on the quarter-deck of the "Make it a week," I suggested. "Tees," watching the grand and ever- "What do you mean, sir," he laughed, changing panorama of coast scenery, "trying to tamper with the morals of a Dr. and Mrs. Moggridge and I. Government official?" "Well, but what will the Adelaides When I arrived at the hut, Miss Fane say to you, madame?" queried Mog was applying cold-water bandages to gridge. the sick man's head and Moggridge was "Oh, bother the Adelaides," replied apparently feeling his pulse. The Doc his wife. tor motioned me back as I entered. I But she didn't for long, because when waited, and presently I heard him say: she arrived in Victoria, Victoria society "Poor chap; it's all over. You had bet was, very properly, scandalized. CAPTURED SINGLE HANDED. By F. G. FAKROX. Illustrated by T. Bamford. LD Geordie Cavanagh was ranchers had left, but others having re drunk, very drunk, and the ceived their mail, were discussing the village loafers were having papers and wondering if the grasshop their usual time "joshing" pers would leave a blade of grass in the him. Geordie had a small valley. pre-emption not far from A large number of passengers had ar "3X" ranche and managed rived that day and Geordie had conse to pick out a living and a little over quently enjoyed himself. Every arrival hired assist a or through it, for he had no meant drink, every departure two ance on the farm; and his daughter, a three, so, as I have said, Geordie Cava pretty little thing, ministered to his do nagh was drunk, and as was customary mestic wants, while the bovs around the with him when in that condition, verv 1 He managed to pick out a living." big ranches branded his few cattle at the talkative. Some time in the dim past he round-ups. had been a special policeman on election The stage passed through Quilchena day and the party employing him had from Spence's Bridge every Friday, and won. Since then Geordie thoroughly be Geordie came for his mail every lieved himself a heaven-sent politician, and time he other trip. This was the other trip. every he got tipsy would ex Quilchena consisted of an hotel, a store, plain how by his influence the victory a town-hall, a few corrals and stables and was achieved. a blacksmith shop. The stage had passed Geordie's name, put there by some through some hours before. Most of the body else, was on every petition that 54 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. went through that part of the country. ing from the back room into the bar He had often begged the members by wakened him fully. He had his own, petition to introduce a free trade meas and during a discussion over the game, ure, and as frequently prayed the Gov lowned his neighbour's drink; then bid ernor-General to veto it should it go ding them all good-bye staggered over through. For "Sabbath Observance" to the store, where he had left his mail. he was an "old stand-by," on temperance Now, Geordie was an old man. Though the road it and prohibition petitions, for closing it was only fifty yards across country saloons on Sundays and for was a long fifty for Geordie, but per closing them always, "George Cava- severing he got there, and lurching into nagh" might have been ' stereotyped, the store looked about for his mail. The while as "For doing away with the brand proprietor and postmaster was out, so in marking cattle" his was the only name Geordie walked over to the counter obtained in the valley. His mail. too. where the mail was lying and grabbed was a large one. When things were the largest bunch. Carefully closing one slow in Ouilchena, as they usually were, eye, he tried hard to make out the ad it was the customary thing on the part dresses. He saw, or thought he saw, of the more facetiously inclined resi- "George Cavanagh, Esq., Ouilchena, "The stage passed through every Friday." dents to answer in Geordie's name patent- B.C" He was sure about the "Esq.," medicine advertisements for the cure of and sure about the "Quilchena," and as afflicted humanity bald-headed men, he said to himself, he was the only "Esq." fat people who wished to get thin, thin in Quilchena, the letters must be for ones who wished to get fat, and the like. him. Out of the store he went, around Hence his mail was always large. He the corner and up the road homeward had samples of nearly every cure-all on bound. His ranche was only a couple of earth, and his house was filled with self- miles away; half of the distance lay measurement blanks. through some brush over an old Hud He had luncheon at the hotel and was son's Bay trail. The wind was blowing sitting outside in a very befuddled con down the valley half a gale, and dead dition. There was a card game going against Geordie. He was taking a zig on inside and Geordie, of course was "in zag course, and from a distance, with on the drinks," whence the necessity of his white coat distended he looked like keeping at least partly awake. Some- a fishing boat beating to windward. bodv had just got stuck, and the noise Though the sun was low, and most of of the moving chairs and the crowd fil- the road in the shelter of the mountains, CAPTURED SINGLE HANDED. 55 the dry alkaline ground was hot and ena as the stage came over the hill, just dusty. The sun was sinking lower and where the trail branches off to Douglas lower, the shadows crept across the Lake, the horses shied. The driver, old fields, beyond the ripples of the lake Murphy, knew what was up in a minute, grew bright and dark again, and the and almost before he was hailed pulled mountains on the far side shone in the up. Sure enough, there was the high last rays of the setting sun. wayman. A short, cut-off shot gun, Geordie trudged up the road, mutter pointed, so it seemed to the startled pas ing to himself as he went. His "load" sengers, at each one of them. was a bigger one than usual and was "Out with the stuff, Murph," came getting heavy. He wished, with all his from under the flour-sack mask. "Dump heart, he was safely at home. As he it quick so you can make Morton's on turned off the road and 'up the trail he time.'' was tired and sleepy. Used to going to "They didn't ship to-day," said Mur bed at sundown he could hardly keep phy. "No stuff here. Only mail." He his eyes open, while his standing powers thought it best to say nothing about the were sadly weakened before leaving the other stage. hotel. The trail was crossed by a small "I guess I'll see for myself." And creek about a half mile from the road, making the passengers get out the des and to cross it without getting wet was perado "lined them up," and pointing a feat for an his gun at one old man at young f e 1- any time, and 1 o w's h e a d, to-day Geor made him die was hand search the icapped. He other passen sat down and gers. Jewel looked at the lery was re small narrow turned, but all log across the money was water, and quickly trans wondered how ferred to the on earth he highwayman's was going to pockets. walk it. Oh, "Now Mur i f somebody phy, out with would o n 1 y the mine i lift .the lower money and re end of the hill gistered m?il." and - "No mine Up spill Geordie slept." the creek out, money here I or if the val tell you," ley were but turned around so that he growled Murphy. "Look for yourself." might be on the other side, or or if "No," said the highwayman, who his thoughts grew more and more mud seemed quite at his ease and well ac "I'll send dled, the rippling of the creek fainter and quainted with his business, my fainter, the bottle he carried from the agent," and he made the young man out the hotel slipped from his hand, and leaning climb into the stage and throw mail knew at a back against a stump, Geordie slept. mail. The registered he glance, for he grabbed it at once and let the other sacks lie on the ground. "Now been held The stage had up again by gee up, and gents, don't look back." This the same old lone-handed rustler. Murphy gee'd up, and the gents didn't day luckilv for the company, they had look back. despatched two stages, one with the mail ***** and passengers, the other with the sup Lake the arrival of the stage at Kam- plies and wages for the Stump Upon latest mines. About two miles from Quilch- loops the story of this robbery 56 THE B. G. MINING RECORD. created a profound sensation. Though sheriff that we made the capture." very little money had been taken, the The explanation evidently took some appalling frequency of these robberies time, and meanwhile Geordie resumed rendered extraordinary measures neces his slumbers. This was Sheldon's op sary. The large rewards already offered portunity to satisfy his curiosity as to for the bandit's capture were doubled. what was going forward. So tying the Posses were organized and started to horse on which the unfortunate, though scour the country, almost before the unconscious prisoner peacefully reposed, horses had been taken out of the stage. securely to a tree, he made his way cau Now, there were two young English tiously to the road. Sheldon, however, men in the town at the time, just out had hardly got out of sight, before a man from home, good-natured, strapping sprang out of the bush. It was the gen young fellows, but woefully green as to uine highwayman! The man ran to the ways of the country. They had been wards Sheldon's horse, and intent upon working up-country, but coming to escape, began hastily to cut loose Geor town with their wages, and receiving a die's bonds. Poor Geordie, being thus small remittance, had promptly proceed rudely aroused, and for the second time, ed to enjoy themselves as far as the lim gave a wild whoop and lurching sudden ited capacity of the town permitted. But ly forward, fell heavily on the top of his here was a chance of a more exciting ex rescuer. perience. Why not capture the rob The posse hearing the yell, rushed up, ber and earn the reward? The concep to find the two men on the ground locked tion was a grand one, and they speedily in each other's arms. proceeded to carry it into effect. "Where's your robber?" asked Ned, They came upon Geordie just as he the hotel man. was awakening from his slumbers, and "There," pointing to Geordie, who oc he rose up with two rifles levelled at his cupied the uppermost position in the pic- . head. Geordie wondered was it a bad turesque and recumbent group of com dream, but before he could make up hi.> bined rascality and alcoholism. "Quick, mind, he was bound and thrown over a get him; he's trying to escape." horse, with his ankles tied to the cinch. Geordie was raised with more energy The young fellows were jubilant. There and less respect than should be properly was the robber with the stolen mail in accorded to the venerable grey hairs of his possession addressed to the most the father of a promising family. But, prominent rancher in the valley. His so fast was the grip of the inebriated one captors promptly gathered up the letters upon his prostrate foe that the latter was as evidence, finding also just off the trail lifted, too, and, being "up-ended" in the the registered bag, cut open. The evi process, there gushed from his greasy dence was complete; they had the rob pockets a torrent of Her Britannic Ma ber and theirs would be the reward. jesty's registered mail: mingled with Hooray! and they took a drink out of which was a mask of dirty sacking. Tn Geordie's bottle. the limp hand (for Geordie was no feath The Kamloops posse had reache;! er-weight and the man was half-stunned) Quilchena and were coming back up the was a murderous-looking "bowie" knife. road with several of the cowboys of that "Bandit, you chuckle-headed tender- place, Ned, the hotel-keeper, at their feet," Ned bawled, "this here's old Geor head, when the Englishmen with their die Cavanagh, who never robbed anyone captive caught sight of them. but himself and family. But, by the holy "For Heaven's sake. Sheldon." ex poker, he's caught our man, this cove claimed one. "take this fellow awav and down here. Geordie's caught him, and, hide him. or these men^will claim the re by thunder, Geordie gets the reward." ward. Wait till I go and explain to the And Geordie got it. BRITISH COLUMBIA BEFORE CONFEDERATION. Some Odds and Ends of Early History (1776 to 1864). By E. O. S. SCHOLEFIELD, Provincial Librarian. HILE the annals of British Expeditions under well-known com manders were fitted out Columbia are generally free and despatched 1 to the more it from those exciting stories Pacific, must be confessed in the of incidents that hope of reaping a rich re stirring ward usually live in the traditions by pillaging Spanish settle ments than with of nations, yet the history any peaceful intention of of our Province will be exploration and discovery. These grim old harried the found by no means devoid of interest, privateers Spanish Main, terror into the and is often fascinating. Little or noth striking hearts of their enemies. Their ing is known of this portion of the coast names have been handed down in a of western North America previous to many legend of blood and fire. But the narrative the year 1776, when that great circum of their ad ventures is too well navigator. Captain Cook, visited and known to be repeated here even explored its shores. At that time the though space permitted. The Pacific Ocean was country was divided among savage tribes discovered by Vasco de of Indians, who from time immemorial Numez Balboa in the year 1513. From that date the work had held undisputed sway over the land. of exploration and was The ascendancy of the Indians, however, discovery continued at intervals. In 1532 the fitted out has long since waned and they are now Spaniards an ex pedition under the fast disappearing from our midst. command of Grizalva and Becerra, which succeeded in DISCOVERY AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE sighting the peninsula of Lower California. In PACIFIC. T 535 the famous Cortez took possession Much romantic interest attaches to the of this peninsula in the name of His history of the discovery of the Pacific Catholic Majesty. A little -later Spanish Ocean in the i6th century. Spain was settlements were established on the then in the very zenith of her fame as a coasts of Mexico and from one of these an mighty maritime nation. But the lustre expedition was despatched in 1542 to of her glory was about to be dimmed and explore the coast to the north. It is claimed that later totally eclipsed by England's rising this expedition reached the naval power, which in after years was vicinity of the 43rd parallel and discov destined to astonish and awe the world. ered Cape Blanco, named by Captain The Spaniards were undoubtedly the Vancouver at a later date, Cape Orford. In pioneers of discovery on the Pacific virtue of a Papal bull, conferring on Coast and their explorations were the re Ferdinand and Isabella "all the new sult of endeavours to reach India by a world to the westward of a meridian drawn a western route. Vague accounts, too, of hundred leagues west of the the wealth of China and Japan had come Azores," Spain claimed possession of the to the ears of these hardy adventurers, territory thus explored. The remaining and they determined to monopolize the portion was assigned to Portugal by Alexander commerce in the gold, silks, spices and Pope VI. But when Eng land precious stones that rumour had it were renounced allegiance to the Roman See she the produced in fabulous quantities by these ignored validity of any countries. title thus conferred "by donation by Stories of Spanish successes on the the Bishop of Rome." and'maintained the Pacific Coast reached the shores of Eng rip-ht of British subjects to settle in any not in the actual land and incited the sturdy seamen >f country occupation of that nation to visit these waters and take another Christian nation. a hand in the there game being played. This policy having been officiallv de- 58 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. clared by Queen Elizabeth, Sir Francis likely that this daring Englishman, Drake, with the sanction of the authori whose romantic adventures will always ties, started on his historic voyage to the live in the annals of British seamanship, Pacific with the object of harassing the paid very much attention to objects of Spanish fleet, which had hitherto held less practical concern. His sole aim was undisturbed control over the western to return safely with his plunder. With coast of America. In 1577 this heroic this end in view, rather than run the buccaneer, who was the first Englishman gauntlet of the Spaniards to the south, to navigate the Straits of Magellan, sail whom he well knew were burning to re ed from Plymouth on his adventurous venge the indignities suffered at his quest. hands, Drake decided to return by way Drake, after hardships and losses of the northwest passage, in the exist- Hudson's Bay Company's Steamer Beaver. The Beaver arrived at Astoria on April 4th, 1836. which would have broken the spirit of a ence of which he, in common with the man less brave and determined, reached mariners of his age, had a firm belief the Pacific and sailing north discovered Eventually he was forced to abandon his California, which he named New Albion. attempt and return by way of the Phil- His voyage, however, was not prim lipines and the Cape of Good Hope, thus arily one of discovery, but made rather completing the first voyage round the with the object of plundering the richly world. laden galleons of Spain returning with The precise parallel of latitude reached spoils gathered from the ancient cities of by Drake on his northward voyage has South America, whose inhabitants were been the subject of much discussion, treated with such refined cruelty by their more particularly in connection with the Iberian conquerors. It is, therefore, un- Oregon boundary. The chaplain of the B. C. BEFORE CONFEDERATION. 59 expedition specifies that "the height of Queen Charlotte Sound. De Fuca im forty-eight degrees" was attained. It is agined as he emerged into these impossible, however, to ascertain at this waters that he had passed from the Paci late date the exact spot arrived at by fic to the Atlantic and accordingly Drake; but it is altogether probable that claimed to be regarded as the discoverer to him belongs the distinction of having of the celebrated northwest passage, the been the first to lay claim to the land be search for which has only terminated in tween the 43rd and 48th parallels of recent years. Interesting as the account north latitude. of this voyage must always be it is never While reviewing the early history of theless somewhat mythical; although, in the Pacific Coast, it would be improper, justice to Juan de Fuca, it is but fair to even in such a cursory resume as the state that in the light of modern research present, to pass without notice the story the story of his voyage has met with of the first reputed navigation of the acceptance among those who have stud channel separating the Mainland of Brit- ied the earlv historv of these waters. Wreck of the Beaver, Brockton Point. ish Columbia from the Island of Van Cook, in his third great voyage, hav this of course heard of the of couver. It has been asserted that ing, ; voyage voyage was accomplished by a Greek Juan de Fuca, determined once and for named Apostolos Valerianos, better all to dispose of any doubt in regard to known now as Juan de Fuca. In an ex the existence of the sheet of water claim the old citing narrative published in 1625 by one ed to have been navigated by Michael Lock it is set forth that this Greek pilot. He therefore examined the Greek, having been commissioned by the coast with much care as far north as the Spanish Governor of Mexico to explore 48th parallel. Finding no opening cor these northern waters, entered the responding to De Fuca's description, he strait which bears his name, sailed gave up the search and declared the through the Gulf of Georgia, and, having story of this reputed discovery to have fictitious. then navigated safely the intricate passage to been altogether Cook the north of the latter, at last reached continued his voyage up the coast, 60 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. ing on his way north the entrance to the believing that the latter was the one in very strait in the existence of which he vogue among the natives. had averred his entire disbelief. As previously mentioned, in the story During the i8th century the British of Captain Cook's great undertaking, and Spanish prosecuted with more or which was given to the world in 1782, less vigour the work of exploration along we have the first authentic description of the west coast and many expeditions an important part of the coast of British were despatched with a view to obtaining Columbia. Although Juan Perez had information concerning those wild, un preceded Cook, yet little is known re known waters. In 1774 Juan Perez set garding the results attained by him sail from Monterey on one of these ex owing to the fact that the records of his ploratory surveys. Heading north he discoveries were never made public by passed without notice the entrance to the the Spanish Government. Beyond the Strait of Fuca and on the i8th of July knowledge that Perez discovered the sighted the Queen Charlotte Islands. On Queen Charlotte Islands and anchored his homeward journey, it is alleged in the vicinity of Nootka Sound, Government House, Victoria, destroyed by fire in May, 1899. by Spanish and American writers, which latter place was destined at he discovered Nootka Sound, and a later period to play an important part anchored in a bay named by him Port in the history of this coast, we have San Lorenzo, in honour of the Saint on little information respecting his expedi whose day it was discovered. Some tion. years later Captain Cook visited this In succeeding years Captains Portlock spot, which he named King George and Dixon, Lieut. Meares, and many Sound, after the king who had done so other traders and navigators, all more or much to encourage among his subjects less well known, visited and explored our the exploration of far distant and little coasts, many of whom have bequeathed known lands. Cook, however, subse to posterity interesting and valuable ac quently changed the name to Nootka, counts of their adventures. B. C. BEFORE CONFEDERATION. 61 In the year 1788 Meares erected at Spaniards determined to put a stop to Nootka a small building, which he forti all encroachments. Martinez was or fied against the Indians. He then pro dered to proceed to Nootka and in the ceeded to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, name of Spain take possession of the leaving a portion of his crew to con Sound. Trouble arose between Mar struct a small vessel to be used for trad tinez and Colnett and Hudson, who had ing purposes. This little sloop, christ been sent thither by Meares under the ened the "Northwest-America." was the British flag. Finally, their ships, the first vessel ever constructed in the coun Princess Royal, the Argonaut, and the try north of California. It may be inter Northwest-America, were seized and esting to add that it was built by the aid their cargoes placed on board the Span of Chinese carpenters, being, in all prob ish ships of war. Colnett was arrested ability, the first instance of Mongolian and suffered many indignities at the employment in our Province. From this hands of his captors, and, later, was sent time on, Nootka derived some import to Mexico, where he was at last liberated ance from becoming the rendezvous of by order of the Viceroy. The piratical Old Post Office and Custom House, Victoria, thirty years ago. the traders, who had already begun to action of the Spanish commander, as frequent these waters for the purpose of soon as it became generally known, procuring the valuable fur of the sea evoked the greatest indignation amongst otter and other animals, in which a large the British people. In an inconceivably and lucrative trade was soon established. short space of time a large fleet was as The Spanish authorities, who claimed sembled and for some months the whole the sole right to navigate the Pacific on civilized world was in suspense and an the northwest coast of America, becom xiety as to the issue. Eventually, how ing aware of the visits of the various ever. Captain Vancouver was despatched traders, sent an expedition in 1788 in in charge of the ship Discovery and the command of Fstinez Martinez and Goiv- brig Chatham to determine with the zales Haro to obtain information regard Spanish Commissioner what indemnity ing the reputed depredations of these ad should be made to the British subjects venturers. In the following vear the who had suffered on account of the un- 62 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. toward action of the emissary of the into the open waters of Queen Charlotte Spanish Government. It was in connec Sound. Ariving at Nootka, Vancouver tion with this difficulty that Meares pre and the Spanish Commander, Quadra, sented to the House of Commons his compared together the notes and charts somewhat celebrated "Memorial on the of their voyages through the Strait of Nootka Affair." The Spaniards eventu Fuca; and it was agreed between them ally relinquished their extravagant that the great island which that arm of claims, war was averted, and British su the sea separated from the American premacy was finally and firmly estab continent should bear the names of both. lished. And thus it appeared on maps and In addition to the official business up charts for many years as the Island of on which he had been despatched, Van Quadra and Vancouver, although the couver was directed to explore the coast former name has now been dropped, and of the Pacific from the 35th to the 6oth it is known to the world simply as Van parallel of north latitude, and to keep a couver Island. look out for the northwest passage. He Vancouver departed on his homeward was particularly ordered to examine voyage in 1/94. During the years lie The old jail, Bastion Square, Victoria, since pulled down. with great care the Strait of Juan de spent in the northwest American waters Fuca. After a futile search for the he was indefatigable in prosecuting the mouth of the Columbia River, which was surveys, for which his name has since be subsequently discovered by Captain come justly famous. The explorations Gray, after whose vessel this magnificent which he carried to such a successful is river was named, Vancouver proceeded sue have not been excelled by any other to survey the Strait of Fuca. On the navigator. They were faithfully and 22nd of June. 1792, as he was returning thoroughly performed. The charts and from Jervis Inlet he met the Sutil and plans drawn under his direction will al Mexicana, two Spanish men-of-war, in ways stand a lasting monument to the command of Galiano and Valdes. Van patience and industry displayed by this couver received a most courteous recep great navigator, often under very ad tion and information was exchanged in verse circumstances. Vancouver died in the most friendly manner. Then separ May, 1798, completely worn out with his ating, Vancouver threaded his way labours, before his report was quite fin through the islands of the Gulf of Geor ished. gia and Johnstone Strait, sailing at last It is impossible in the space allotted B. C. BEFORE CONFEDERATION. 63 to this article to discuss at any length, or prosperous communities along the coast even mention all those "forgotten worth of Northwest America. ies" who their and too often gave time, THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY AND their lives, in exploring this coast. In COLONIAL DAYS. many instances their only monuments are the names which they have left scat The history of the Great Northwest tered up and down the shores of the from Hudson's Bay to the Pacific is in- Pacific. There is much to be ad dissolubly linked to that of the powerful mired in the characters of these rug corporation, which for so many years ged old sea dogs who braved the dangers guided the destinies of this great wilder of the unknown deep in their frail ves ness. On the i6th of May, 1669, Charles sels, with scanty accommodation, and II. conferred a royal charter on the "The faulty instruments, in the vague endea Governor and Company of Adventurers vour to satisfy the restless, adventurous of England Trading into the Hudson's Government House, New Westminster, in 1860. spirit working within them. The spirit Bay." This immense concern received of the age in which they lived imbued many rights and privileges, the vast im them with a love of travel and adventure, port of which was scarcely thought of which resulted in discoveries of vast im when the grant was made. portance to all mankind. By the terms of the charter, provisions The search for the northwest passage, were made for the election of a governor, the desire for new and rich do of a deputy governor, and a committee minions by the rulers of the Old of seven members, who were to have the World covetousness for the trade in all ; the direction of voyages, sales, and other rich furs so greatly prized by all civilized business of the company for the elec nations; the thirst for gold; these were tion of new members and for holding the potent causes that led to the explor at particular periods a general court of ation of these northern waters and re the company. The first company and sulted in the establishment of free and their successors were made lords pro- 64 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. prietors of the territories which had been Majesty's plantations or colonies, in granted them, holding the lands "in fr^e America, called Rupert's land." and common socage, and not in capite, or Thus it will be seen that the Hudson's by knight's service;" and they were em Bay Company possessed by its charter powered to make laws and regulations almost sovereign powers over the for the government of their possessions, portion of America drained by rivers which may "be reasonable, and not con flowing into Hudson's Bay. This great trary or repugnant, but as near as may company gradually extended its sway be agreeable, to the laws, statutes, and until trading posts and forts were estab customs," of England. The whole trade, lished on the shores of the Pacific itself. fishery, navigation, minerals, etc., of the With the advent of the Hudson's Bay countries under their control was grante 1 Company the history of British Colum to the company exclusively, all others of bia really commences. The early history the King's subjects being forbidden to of Canada on the Pacific is, in fact, but Government Street, Victoria, in the Sixties. "visit, haunt, frequent, trade, traffic, or the story of the occupation of this west adventure," therein, under heavy penal ern land by that company. ties, and the company was, moreover, As earlv as 1842 Chief Factor James empowered "to send ships, and to build Douglas (afterwards Sir James), had re fortifications, for the defence of its pos commended the Indian village of Camo- sessions," as well as to make war or sun (now Victoria) as a very proper site peace with all nations or people, not for a trading station and fort. The sit Christian, inhabitating those territories, uation, to breakers were punished and peace and ways guided by a stern sense of duty order restored. and a love of justice. His eminent mer Governor Blanshard, while he may not its were recognized by all who lived un der his wise and beneficent administra have been exactly fitted for the difficult tion. In his as a citizen position to which he had been called, capacity private he "wore the white flower of a blameless was, undoubtedly, a very intelligent and able man. It must be borne in mind life." by his detractors, that during his The personal appearance of Governor brief sojourn in the colony he enjoyed Douglas was very striking. He was a wretched bodily health, and, therefore, fine specimen of nature's nobleman tall, was often unable to give adequate atten broad-shouldered, muscular, with a tion to public affairs. The peculiarity grave bronzed face, yet kindly withal. His of Mr. Blanshard's situation as pioneer stalwart figure was a familiar sight in the Governor necessitated that he should early days as he walked down the streets unite in himself the of Victoria followed functions of execu at a respectful dis tive and judge. In tance by his order the latter capacity ly in uniform. he was chiefly oc Many anecdotes cupied in adjusting are related of this differences between sturdy old represen the company and tative of Her Majes their servants. It ty. One at least must be added that may bear repeating the few independent here, well illustrat settlers expressed ing, as it does, his great regret at the great coolness and departure of the first readiness in mom Colonial Governor. ents of danger qualities which often SIR JAMES DOUGLAS. stood him in good There is one fig stead, when white ure who will always men were few in stand forth clearly these regions and and distinctly in the the Indians by no annals of our Prov means the harmless ince. Reference is, individuals that they of course, made to have since become. His Excellency, Sir On one occasion, James Douglas, the when in command second Colonial Gov- L: of an outlying trad ernor of Vancouver ing post, his sub Island. Endowed Sir James Douglas. ordinate officer be by nature with re came exceedingly markable administrative ability and a alarmed over the behaviour of the forceful and energetic character he Indians, who had for some time was in eveiy respect admirably past displayed symptoms of rebel fitted to perform the task of found lion. Becoming more violent than usual ing in a far distant and little known the savages forced their way into land thriving settlements and establish the enclosure itself. Rushing to Sir ing therein those principles of political James the officer reported, in a very ex liberty and religious freedom that have cited manner, that the Indians were in always distinguished British colonies. possession of the fort, and requested While, of course, it cannot be expected permission to call the men to arms to re that all his official actions were marked pel the expected attack. But to his com with the same keen insight and sagacity, plete surprise his superior officer quietly yet, it is but just to say that he was al remarked in those measured and delib- B. C. BEFORE CONFEDERATION. 67 erate tones so characteristic of the man: Finlaison, and Air. John Tod. In 1856 "Give them a little bread and treacle, in accordance with his instructions, lie Mr. Finlaison; give them a little bread called together the first Legislative As and treacle." Strange to relate this rem sembly of the colony. For this purpose edy soothed the turbulent crowd, when, the Island was divided into four elec in all probability, the entire garrison of toral districts, Victoria, Esquimalt, Na- the fort would have been unable to ac nairno and Sooke. These constituencies complish the desired end by resort to returned seven members between them, arms. Many illustrations might be viz.: J. D. Pemberton, James Yates, E. given, but space forbids. E. Lang-ford (who some time later gave Sir James Douglas received his com place to J. W.- McKay), Thomas Skin mission as Governor of Vancouver ner, Dr. J. F. Kennedy, John Muir, and Island in November, 1851. For several Dr. J. S. Helmcken. The Assembly met years, however, on account of the sparse- for the despatch of business for the first Evacuation of San Juaii Isknd, 1672. ness of the population, the labours at time in a room in the old fort, on the taching to his office were not very ardu 1 2th of August. In such manner was re ous. In 1853 the total population of the sponsible government established in the whole Island did not exceed four hun infancy of the colony by this somewhat dred and fifty settlers. primitive parliament. Governor Douglas set about the busi THE SAN JUAN AFFAIR. ness of establishing a suitable form of government with energy and despatch. In the following years the celebrated Pie was assisted by an Executive Coun San Juan boundary dispute assumed cil composed of Mr. John Wark, Mr. R. threatening proportions. Both Great 68 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. is certain Britain and the United States claimed affairs during this crisis. It that his diplomacy and tact a possession of this Island. The conten only by disaster was averted. tion respecting this strip of territory ex great GOLD tended over a period of twenty years THE DISCOVERY OF and was conducted with much bitter The existence of gold in British Col ness on both sides. For many years umbia had been known to the Hudson's the island had been occupied by the Bay Company many years before the Hudson's Bay Company, but by degrees news became generally public. The In it had become more or less populated by dians had been accustomed to offer con the citizens of the United States, chiefly siderable quantities of the precious metal miners, who had drifted thither from the at the various fur trading depots in ex Fraser River gold fields. The new change for articles of food and clothing. comers certainly did not form a very de In 1857 a party of Canadians, having sirable element, and troubles soon oc heard vague rumours on the subject, curred between the latter and the officials prospected the banks of the Thompson of the company. The Americans at last and Fraser Rivers. Their efforts were despatched an armed force to occupy and rewarded with some success. Intelligence hold the island. The excitement in Vic of their good fortune spread like wild toria on the receipt of this intelligence fire and excited in thousands the thirst to the was intense. It was entirely due for gold. In the following year vessels good judgment displayed by Governor from California began to disembark im Douglas and Captain, afterwards, Ad mense crowds of gold-seekers at Vic miral Prevost of H.M.S. "Sutlej," that toria. This peaceful hamlet, containing a collision, which would have been at the most but two or three hundred fraught with direful consequences, did inhabitants, was suddenly converted into not at once ensue. a scene of bustle and excitement. In the Admiral Baynes and Governor Doug short space of four months the popula las finally agreed to a joint military oc tion was augmented by nearly twenty cupation of the Island; and in March, thousand souls. This motley throng in 1860, a detachment of Royal Marines cluded gamblers, loafers and desper was disembarked on San Juan. After a adoes; but it must not be imagined that long diplomatic discussion between the. this class alone found its way to Victoria. Imperial authorities and the Government On the contrary among the immigrants of the United States, it was aranged that were to be found many honourable and the whole question should be submitted trustworthv men who made splendid to the arbitration and award of Emperor settlers. The rich came to speculate and William of Germany. The final award the poor in the hope of quickly amassing was not made, however, until October fortunes. One of the first consequences 2ist, 1872, when to the complete chagrin of this mad rush was a shortage in the of the British authorities, judgment was supply of food. Exorbitantly high prices of given in favour of the United States. Thi^ were asked and realized for goods decision, as might well be expected, everv description. The value of staple caused the keenest disappointment in articles reached an extravagant figure, British Columbia. However, after the and twice a famine was threatened. result of the negotiations was made The inrush was unprecedented and oc known, San Juan was immediately eva curred so suddenly that the immigrants cuated by the British garrison. It may be on their arrival were unable to secure interestino- to add that this island was the lodgings of any sort or description. In dot last piece of United States territory to be everv direction innumerable tents occupied bv British troops. Although ted the ground. As a contemporary last this disnute created much animosity be writer puts it : "Victoria had at been tween Great Britain and the United discovered, everybody was bound for Vic States, yet the greatest cordialitv existed toria, nobody could stop anywhere else, between the officers and men of both na for there, and there alone, were fortunes, made." The tions during their joint occupancy of the and large fortunes to be Island. news spread far and wide and new steam Great credit is due to Sir James Doug ers landed fresh crowds. Even sailing las for the manner in which he conducted vessels, old ships and tubs of all descrip- B. C. BEFORE CONFEDERATION. (59 tions, were actively employed in carry rise and fall of the streams, many, crest ing passengers to the new El Dorado. fallen and disappointed, returned to Vic And it is only to be wondered at that the toria. Still the arrivals were numerous number of appalling disasters at sea were and the town flourished until bad news not more numerous. commenced to arrive from the diggings, Shops, storehouses, and wooden shan when the gloomiest foreboding soon be ties of every description were now going gan to prevail among the less venture up on all sides and the din of the ham some spirits. The rumour took wing mer and saw was perpetual. In six weeks that the river would never fall, and as two hundred and twenty-five buildings placer mining could only be prosecuted Df all sorts and sizes were constructed. on bars, "the state of the river became The price of land rose, too. Those who the barometer of public hopes and the had purchased land before its rise in pivot on which everybody's expectations value reaped small fortunes. Business turned." This news acted as the first was flourishing, which was greatly ow severe check to immigration, which, per ing to the fact that Victoria had been haps, was not an unmixed blessing. made a free port by Governor Douglas Thousands of miners lost all hope and in years gone by. In fact the wended their way back to California, place was in the throes of a mighty boom, broken in spirit and in purse. Victoria the reaction of which in after days WAS had fallen upon evil days, arid affairs to cause much cursing and misery. grew yet more distressing. The unem As can be readily imagined Governor ployed element became overbearing and Douglas was not an idle man during created disturbances. On one particular these feverish days. The responsibility occasion a party of disaffected citizens of his office had increased an hundred of the United States even went fold. But he was indefatigable in his so far as to rescue a prisoner from endeavours to preserve law and order 'n the hands of the police, after the rough- the land a task the magnitude of which and-ready manner in vogue in California, cannot be properly comprehended at the and actuallv had the audacity to propose present clay. The country had been that the Stars and Stripes should be flooded by a roving population, among hoisted over the fort. But a gunboat whom might be found the off-scourings from Esquimalt soon quelled the riDt of the world desperate ruffians who had and brought the pugnacious Americans been accustomed to the lawlessness of to a proper state of mind. American mining camps, and to whom It was some time ere Victoria recov the meaning- of the word "Justice" was ered from this set-back; but before long- unknown. Sir James Douglas by his firm better news arrived from the placer gold ness and impartiality during this trying- fields of newly discovered Cariboo, and time evoked the admiration and respect Victoria once again began to assume of all right-minded men, and they were importance as a rendezvous for miners. generally in the majority. Into the From this time her growth, if slower, breasts of the riotously inclined he in was more permanent. Brick buildings stilled a wholesome dread of the majesty began to replace the wooden structures of British law. so hastily built in the days of the gold ex The bubble burst at last. Owing to citement. From that time Victoria has in the melting of the snows on the hill creased in size and importance, until. ,;t tops during the summer months the bars Dresent, its suburbs stretch miles distant on the Eraser River, the Mecca of the from the site of the old fort. The old gold-hunters, are covered with water landmarks are fast disappearing and few until winter sets in. Those, therefore, would recognize in the modern city of who reached the mining region during to-day tbe rude backwoods trading post March or April succeeded in securing of fifty years ago. large quantities of gold from the bars In 1858, at the request of Lord Lytton. and sands not yet covered with water. Secretarv of State for the Colonies, Sir Unfortunately the mass of miners failed James Douglas severed his connection to arrive until a month or two later, and, with the Hudson's Bav Company, as it consequently, found the auriferous parts was deemed incompatible for him to at submerged. Ignorant of the periodic tend to the duties of both Governor and 70 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. Chief Factor, especially as it was feared of the great services which he had so that the interests of the Hudson's Bay faithfully rendered. Mr. Arthur Ken- Company and the Imperial Government ney was appointed Governor of Vancou might sometimes clash. On the 2nd of ver Island in his place. September, 1858, the Crown revoked th_> In Mr. Frederick was privileges of exclusive trade with the In 1864, Seymour to succeed Sir is dians granted to the Hudson's Bay Com appointed James Governor of the of British Col pany some twenty years previously, and Colony umbia. In the same the latter re an Act to provide for the government of year tired from and were British Columbia was passed by the public life, many the manifestations of and found House of Commons. In the same year regret on the severance of his con Sir James Douglas was appointed Gov expression nection with official affairs. Thus we take ernor of the new colony thus created. He leave of the was duly sworn in by Chief Justice Beg- strongest personality in the of our Province, to whom we are bic (afterwards Sir Matthew Baillie) at history indebted for the establishment Fort Langley. Sir James now divided peaceful of constitutional in this dis his time between the two colonies, build government tant of the Sir died ing roads and bridges and attending to part empire. James in full of and honour. other matters of importance. In spite 1867, years of his he was almost as increasing years It might be said in conclusion that U active as ever, tours making through has been altogether impossible to more the country and thereon to the reporting than refer in most general terms to a few Colonial Secretary. Lord who al Lytton, interesting points connected with the ways exhibited the liveliest interest in earlier history of British Columbia. the welfare of the two colonies on the well-known names and many im Pacific. Many portant events have been left unmen- In 1863 Sir James Douglas's commis tioned, not for lack of appreciation on sion as Governor of Vancouver Island the .part of the writer, but simply because lapsed. In that year he received the it is impossible to cover the whole ground honour of knighthood in just recognition in an article of this description. THE INDIANS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. A BRIEF REVIEW OF THEIR PROBABLE ORIGIN, HISTORY AND CUSTOMS. (By J. W. MACKAY.) // E find that in several important particulars these Indians differ widely from the race so often described by authors and travellers as the typical North American Indian. The changes consequent on the opening of the country for settle ment have largely modified their circumstances and habits, -but in their pristine condition they mostly lived in large communities on and near the sea coast, depending mainly on the products of their fisheries for their sustenance. Their abodes were substantially built of wooden dwellings, and they were industrious, active and keen traders. Although they had frequent forays and occasional wars, they seldom entered on these from motives of bravado and rarely took scalps; but for mercenary purposes they took all the captives possible, whom they sold as slaves, and many of them by such means amassed considerable wealth in kind. When they made a successful foray for revenge they decapitated their victims and brought the heads home as trophies. Sometimes, however, they were 'unsuccessful, in which event some of the attacking party would be brought home without their heads, as happened 'n the case of the Sooke chief, in 1848, who led a strong armed party to attack Tsu-hay-lam, a Ouamichan chief. The attacking party numbered about 150 armed men, comprised of contingents from the Sooke, Songhees, Clalam and Skatchet bands. Tsu-hay-lam was at the time living at his stronghold on a rocky point which juts into Cowichan Bay with a garrison of six men besides himself. The- attacking party landed at night and surrounded his premises. The Sooke chief and a young Songhees. brave, both armed and carrying material for setting Tsu-hay-lam's pali sades on fire, had nearly succeeded in igniting the material, when one of the main party displaced a stone on the hillside at the back of Tsu-hay-lam's en closure, and the stone rolling down made noise enough to disturb the garrison, one of whom ven tured to reconnoitre the enemy through a loop-hole. He was just in time to see the Sooke chief blow the smouldering embers of sil-tsip, or friction stick, into flames and shot the incendiary instanter, mortallv wounding him. Tsu-hay-lam Dromotlv sortied p.nd cut the dyine man's head off. He then hailed his now alarmed and fleeing assailants and intimated to them that they were at liberty to take away with them what was left of the slain warrior. It has been mentioned that some of the Indians in former days amassed considerable wealth by trading and by selling into slavery the captives taken in their forays on their neighbours. In those times the In dians were largely communists within the circle of ,1 each band, and but for a habit, which I shall 72 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. A fypiral^atriarch of the tribes. THE INDIANS OF B. C. 73 describe, any person holding more than Comiakans, from Cowichan, and Sush- the ordinary quantity of property was waps, from Kamloops. During fhe feast liable to be forced to divide with his a disturbance took place with two neighbours, or he might be killed and his bands who had a long-standing feud be property would then be appropriated by tween them, which now culminated his slayers. But under a long-established and ended in a fight. In the melee the habit the wealthy Indian periodically Cowichans and Sushwaps decamped: divided his surplus wealth. He would but an excited young Sushwap got into collect large quantities of food, invite a Comiakan canoe and was some dis his friends and acquaintances from other tance off shore, sweeping down the bands, give a great feast and thereat swift Fraser before the mistake was dis distribute his goods and chattels to his covered. The Comiakans, expecting the assembled guests. At these assemblies chief, suggested throwing the stranger A Group of Vancouver Island Indians, in the sixties. there was much ceremony, feasting and overboard, but the chief proposed mak speech-making; much importance being ing a slave of him. His daughter ob attached to such functions, and the In jected, however, and her father sarcas dians looked forward to attending them tically remarked that perhaps she would with great eagerness, sometimes travel like the Sushwap stranger to be her hus ling several hundred miles to reach the band. She acquiesced to the proposal objective point. About the beginning and the matter was thus arranged to the of this century the chief at Lytton gave satisfaction of all concerned. The eldest a feast of this kind, to which Indians son of the happy couple was chief of the from all parts of the Province, speaking Comiakan band until he died a few dialects of the so-called Salish language, years ago. The property divided at were invited. Among them were these meetings had to be variously ac- 74 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. counted for. Articles distributed to the Indians of this Province would appear indigent, old, and afflicted were given to be derived from three distinct lan gratis; articles distributed to the com guages, to which writers on the sub monalty were expected to be recouped ject, from want of more appropriate by service when hereafter required to terms, have given the somewhat arbi the value of the property given, with in trary names of the Salish Kuak-yohl terest added; articles given to persons and Tinneh languages. Added to these is the Haidah, a fourth and distinct language, of which only one dialect ex ists. All the Indians speaking dialects of these languages hold traditions to the effect that they pushed their way from the north southward, the Tinneh In dians, whose congeners are still to be found in the Yukon and Mackenzie val leys, being the last migration. Their legends point to their having partly destroyed and partly intermarried with tribes who had occupied the country be- A group of Victoria Indians. of consequence were to be repaid by property of equal value, plus interest, which would be reckoned according to the length of time occupied by the re cipient in reimbursing the donor. It will thus appear that this distribution of property was of great importance to Indians of all classes, as it not only affected them socially, tending to en- Thompson River Indians. fore them, and whose very names are now nearly wholly forgotten. The con sequence of these intermarriages is shewn in the wonderful modifications which their original languages have sustained, changes being observed in the words used by bands who are near neighbours. A remarkable instance of the comparatively short period in which an Indian language may be lost is ex Making Oolachan Grease, Naas River. hibited in the case of the Similkameen large their ideas by the opportunities band of Indians. About one hundred afforded for the interchange of informa and twenty years ago a party of Chil- tion, but was really the foundation of cotins, mostly young men with their their fiscal system and had a primary wives but no children, left their country influence in directing their intertribal on the war-path against the Sushwaps policy. of the Bonapare (Tluhtans). On their The several dialects spoken by the arrival at Tluhtans thev found no In- THE INDIANS OF B. C. 75 dians. The salmon season had been three generations the Chilcotin dialect earlier than usual and the Sushwaps was lost to the now named Simil-a-ka- had left for their fishing grounds on the muh, who speak the U-ka-na-kane dia Fraser at the foot of Pavilion Mountain. lect, there being only two or three of Finding no Indians the Chilotins, who the old men of the second generation were strangers to the locality, imagined from the raiders who know a few words that they had not gone far enough. They of the Chilcotin dialect. consequently extended their excursion The Haidah band is unique amongst down the Thompson and encamped op the B.C. Indians as regards their lan posite the mouth of the Nicola, near the guage, as there does not appear to be present site of Spence's Bridge on the any affinity between it and the dialects Thompson River. In the meantime the of the other tribes. Some of their Sushwaps hearing of the raid sent scouts words are said to be of the same sound on their trail, followed by the main and signification with words in some y body of their armed men, dow n the Japanese dialects, and there may Thompson to the encampment of the be foundation for the contention. raiders. The N-hla Kapm-uhs, of Lytton, Since this Coast has been frequented by who are friends of the Sushwaps, came white traders, three junks, manned by- up the Thompson to their assistance at Japanese crews, have been wrecked be- the same time. The Chilcotins were fween~Victoria and the mouth of Col then between two armed forces of ene umbia River. The last wreck of this kind mies with inaccessible mountains be occurred in 1858, when the "Carib hind them and the swift Thompson in bean," an English vessel from San front. Their enemies delayed the final Francisco, consigned to the Hudson's attack until night; but as soon as it was Bay Company at Victoria, and laden dark the Chilcotins tied their bow with provisions, picked up the Japanese crew of a off strings to the top knots of their hair water-logged junk Harbour. and swam the river, landing on the the coast near Gray's other side thereof before their enemies The crew, seven in number, were, at were aware of their movements. They Esquimalt Harbour, made to stand in Haidah crew of a canoe now strung their bows and prepared line with the the of the for battle, but their opponents would on quarter-deck "Caribbean/' not attack them at such disadavantage. and as they were all costumed alike, not to be Under cover of the night they moved up there did appear any physical the river and then crossed over. This difference between the members of the two races under examination. delay gave the Chilcotins the oppor tunity of moving away from them, and The Haidahs may be the des they retreated southward, keeping ap cendants of Japanese shipwrecked a running fight for several days, unril sailors and women of the so-called they reached the Allison fork of the Tlinkeet race inhabiting Alaska. The Similkameen, where, in a defile, they Haidahs are found on the Queen Char- ambushed their pursuers and defeated loHe""group of Islands in B.C. and -it Alaska. The them with great slaughter. There were Prince of Wales Island in no inhabitants in the Upper Similka Haidah and their neighbours, the meen Valley at that time and they held Tsimpsians, who are of Tinneh origin, their own there through the winter. In made neat and highly character and the spring they made common cause istic carvings in wood, ivory with the Okanagans (Ukanakane) stone. Silver and gold bracelets were also against the two tribes above men and bangles engraved uses and tioned. After a successful raid, the by them for their own Sushwaps were driven from the Okana- for sale to curiosity hunters. Their to tem - (Indian Tua-tame) are cur gan (Ukanakane) valley, which they poles as their had occupied as far south as the Mis ious representing family pedi the con sion. Then at Mission on the Okana- gree for several generations, links of or gan Lake the Chilcotins and Ukana- necting history being given the historian of the con kanes made a treaty, offensive and de ally by sept usuallv an elderlv uncle fensive. They exchanged wives, and in cerned, who is 76 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. or other near relative to the head of the states that a crow married a woman house. (whose name is probably not given) and A few words in explanation of the had progeny who became distinguished application of the so-called to-tems may for certain attributes, he means that not here be out of place. Much un some chief or other Indian, the crest of necessary obscurity has been thrown on whose family or sept represented a the meaning of Indian leg-ends which crow, mamed so and so, and so on. As have been rendered into the cultivated to intermarriages of Indians with bears, tongues, owing to the translations hav wolves, foxes and other impossible and ing been made literally, giving no con unnatural marital connections, an ap sideration to the construction and idioms preciation of this fact would render in of the Indian language. Vocabularies telligible and interesting many transla of Indian words may readily be obtained, tions of these legends, which otherwise \ Totems at Skidegate. although the spelling and pronunciation appear nonsensical and unnatural. The of such is usually very defective, but it construction of all the Indian dialects takes years of study and practice to en in this Province differs totally from that able the stranger to apply Indian words of any of the modern cultivated lan idiomatically and to give their true guages. Literal translations are there meaning when used in sentences, and fore impracticable in the way of no narratives can be more untrustworthy conveying the sense intended. The than are Indian legends which have translator to be successful must been rendered literally into writ thoroughly understand the idioir. ten languages by indifferent translators. of the dialect he is treating, then When an Indian narrator, following the he may by paraphrasing the subject words of a legend as repeated to him, matter from the Indian into the culti- THE INDIANS OF B. C. 77 vated language succeed in conveying to least $30. The young men before paying the mind of the reader or hearer the sub the fee applied to Chief John Silheetsa, stance thereof. for advice. After silently consider The important personage known as ing the subject for a few minutes he told the Indian Doctor or Medicine Man the young men that he was of opinion was certainly not a doctor in the proper that there were already liars enough in sense of the term, unless by straining the band for all practical purposes and the application of the title he might be advised them to turn their attention to called a Doctor of Duplicity, as he cer some subject that in the advancing cir tainly was the incarnation of deception. cumstances of the band would probably He neither used nor applied medicines, prove of more lasting benefit to them, and therefore could not properly be it being, moreover, very unlikely that called a medicine man. His method of the Indians would much longer sub- Manhousett Indians, at Refuge Cove, Vancouver Island. (From a photograph taken in the sixties.) curing consisted in uttering protracted mit to being deceived by such false pre howls and making violent gesticulations tenses as are exhibited by the Indian and contortions of his body over his doctor. The Indians know of herbs prostrate patient. There are compara found in the country which have valu tively few of his faculty now in exist able medicinal effects, and it would ap-. ence. A few years ago E-cha-hau, the pear important that these remedies bo Indian doctor of the Spahamin band enquired into and their properties, if offered to teach two of his nephews the valuable, scientifically demonstrated. secrets of his profession, provided they Many of the Coast Indians are good each paid him $100, he also wanted workers in wood. Their canoes are from each of them a retaining fee of one capacious and well modelled, and as good saddle horse, to be worth it hand-power craft they attain great 78 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. speed in proportion to their carrying the crew was a "Wind Maker," and was capacity. asked to invoke the Spirit of the local The B.C. Indians all believed in a ity for a fair wind. He remained silent Supreme Being, the Creator of the Uni for a few minutes and then steered for a verse, Invisible, Omniscient and Omni half-tide rock which was just awash, present, but mostly quiescent, i.e., at there being a gentle swell on. When rest, and only in times of incomprehen nearing the rock he uttered some sible danger was this great being con words of incantation and then the crew sidered by them. Every locality had its each threw an offering thereon some good or bad spirit. These were the con tobacco, bread, an old hat, and other stant objects of the Indian's fears or articles. The "Wind Maker" next favours as the case might be. Some struck the rock three times with his twenty-three or twenty-four years ago paddle, uttering the while some strange the writer when half way through the words. The crew splashed the water Stikine Canyon and at the most dan with their paddles in the direction in gerous part, in a canoe with a crew of which they wanted the wind to blow, Stikine Indians, was delayed about fif and immediately a gentle zephyr rip teen minutes, holding on to the rocky pled the water. The wind steadily in- Indian Johnnie, Queen Charlotte Island. Indian Mary, Massett, B C. walls of the gorge, on account of a sud creased and in ten minutes the crew den darkness caused, on a cloudy day, ceased paddling and sat in the bottom by a total eclipse of the sun. During of the canoe for ballast. The wind blew that interval the Indian crew bowed steadily until Cape Spencer was their heads and prayed continually. reached, the distance being from fifteen The phenomenon was beyond their to twenty miles. On inquiry it transpired comprehension, and they appealed to that the "Wind Maker" did not under the Great and Good Father of All for stand the meaning of the \vords he used, to him sounds of help. On another occasion, with a crew they were empty of Cape Fox Indians, the writer on the mighty import. way from Wrangel to Port Simpson, The Indians possessed woolly dogs, had taken the inside channel between who were periodically sheared, their Wrangel Island and the Mainland, and wool being spun by distaff and woven b\ when opening out the long reach which hand into blankets. The mountain goat leads to Cape Spencer the sea appeared wool was used for the same purpose. smooth, the weather being calm, with The inner bark of the yellow cedar was a contrary tide. The steersman of also made into a soft, warm blanket, THE INDIANS OF B. C. 79 which was sometimes fringed with fur of native nettle, a plant commonly by way of ornament. But little cloth known as tne 'firewged. and from the ing was worn in warm weather, the men fibre of the ina^r bark of the red and frequently going naked. They made yellow cedars. The long flexible stem waterproof hats and waterproof vessels of the common kelp was also used for of the roots of the black spruce, and also fishing lines : ~the~mner bark of the wil a black dye of roasted iron pyrites low was used for strapping stones for boiled with alder bark. Yellow and red sinkers in deep-sea hsning. Some wil dyes were obtained from native plants. lows yielded a stronger and much more The Indians used to paint pictures of pliable fibre than others, the present site faces, canoes and figures on the outer of Victoria, particularly that portion walls of their dwellings with red ochre. which lies between Wharf and Douglas They painted their faces also with ver- Street and in the neighbourhood of the 4 Indian Types. million, copper oxide, copper carbonate, junction of Cook Street and Belcher molybdenum sulphide, and with fine Street, yielded a wjllow with very strong ly pulverized iron glance and hydrated fibre, hence the Indian name for the city iron oxide. These colours were also of Victoria is Ku-sing-ay-las, meaning applied as pigments to their ornaments the place of the strong fibre. and dwellings. They boiled waiter by The Tamanawas dance their great means of heated stones plunged into winter function was a hideous exhibi water held in the water-tight buckets tion with no redeeming feature to re above mentioned. They produced fire commend it, excepting in the case of by the friction of one piece of wood on some of the more advanced Indians, another. They made twine for fishing who, by clever juggler) and sleight of lines and nets from the fibre of a species hand, deceived even the more knowing 80 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. ones amongst the Indians, and certainly cotic properties, and was smoked and made it appear to the new-comers from otherwise used as tobacco, its name be abroad that the evil one was either pre ing that now applied to imported to sent or was very closely connected with bacco. It is not certain when potatoes the exhibition. The ceremonies involved were introduced amongst them, but as an attempt at initiation into some my they have a native name for the vege stery named Tamana-was amongst table it is probable that they may have the Songhees and Cowichan speak obtained the plant from the south be ing bands, but beyond deceiving fore the white man made his appear themselves and deceiving others the ini ance. The kamas and other roots, tiated learned nothing, saw nothing bulbous and tuberous, were also exten and heard nothing more extraordinary sively used by them as food. They Chilarin (old man) and Tol Ramault (old woman) of Somenos Indian Village both over 100 years of age. than their own howling. They experi trapped deer and bear and caught enced a feeling of ecstasy for a short them in pits, and hunted the seal, time, more or less intense, according to killing them with bow and ar the condition of their nervous system; row and spear; they harpooned the this being induced partly by their wish whale and netted ducks and geese, to be so affected and partly by hypnotic thus their time was fully occupied in influences produced by the howling, hunting, fishing, fighting and trading. drumming and other proceedings to As they did not wear much clothing which they were exposed from day to they spent little time and means on the day during the progress of the function. fashions, though the painting of their faces bodies sometimes an In some parts of the Province the In and was dians cultivated a plant which had nar- elaborate operation, but was only done THE INDIANS OF B. C. 81 1 in times of leisure, after a return fro.. , River. The Salish border the Tinnehs a foray and when the larder had been in the north, on the south they extend far well replenished. into the United States territories, The probable origin of -the Haidah and in British Columbia from the Rocky race has already been given. The Mountains to the shores of the Gulf of Kuakyohl, Salish and Tinneh races Georgia. Three bands of Salish are found on Dean's probably^ came from the contin Canal, and at North ent of~^\sia by way of the north and South Bentick Arm they appear to ern portion of Behnng Sea, crossing have pushed the Kuakyohl races west from Asia to St. Lawrence Island, and ward to the outer sea coast on the Paci thence to the nearest point on the coast fic Ocean. In this part of the Province of this continent, thence they probably these three bands of Salish are separ ascended the Yukon and tributary val ated from their congeners to the south leys and extended southwards and by the Tinnehs of Chilcotin and kin eastward, following the streams to and dred bands. The Kuakyohl bands oc from the several water sheds. The cupy the country beginning a little Indian Passion Play, St. Mary's Mission. Tinnehs were the last migration, their north of Milbank Sound and extending affiliated bands to this day covering the southward immediately on the sea northern portion of the continent coast to Campbell River on the east side south of the Innuits on the (Eskimo) of Vancouver Island to Port San Juan, coast of the Arctic Ocean and extend on the south after following the from Chesterfield Inlet on the east ing whole we^t coast of that island; to the mouth of the nearly Yukon in the on the Mainland they reach to west. Of these the Chilcotin and kin the neighbourhood of Bute Inlet. dred bands reach the Fraser River as There are evidences that other races oc far south as the mouth of the Chilcotin cupied British Columbia prior to the 82 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. advent of the tribes or races under con many respects exist under better condi sideration, some of these older bands tions than do the poorer people in older being mound-builders; but so far noth civilized countries. Their circumstances ing tangible regarding their history has have in every respect been vastly im been developed. Much active inter-tribal proved under the beneficent system or intercourse existed amongst the B.C. ganized for their care and advantage by Indians before the white man discov the Government, and in some districts ered the country. Pee-la-ku-mu-la-uh. their numbers are steadily increasing. a Spokane chief who guided the two The interior Indians, who in early Canadian hunters, Finnan McDonald days lived or more correctly, starved and Pierre Lagace from Hell's Gate in during the winter in filthy underground Masoula to Colvile, about the bepin- dwellings, wearing the scantiest cloth ning of this century, was known from ing, and often having little else besides Masoula, in Montana, to Lillooet, in frozen cactus and inferior species of fish B.C. He was slain at the latter place for their sustenance, are now owners of by an Indian from Anderson Lake. large herds of horses and cattle, culti Marine shells are found in old Indian vate extensive fields and live in the graves as far into the interior as Kam- style of the prosperous and civilized loops. The native intercourse between white man. the tribes on the east coast of Asia and The Indians did not quietly acquiesce those about the mouth of the Yukon by in the appropriation of their unoccupied way of St. Lawrence Island still con lands by the Government and at first tinues, parkies (leather shirts) made of showed ill-will on the -slightest provo the skin of the tame reindeer being cation. Such as lived near the Hud found amongst the Indians of the Yu son's Bay Company's trading posts had kon Valley to this day. by frequent intercourse with the traders learned to regard the whites as their The changes in habits and ideas de superiors in every way and their best veloped amongst the Indians conse friends, but in the outlying districts con quent on the influx of civilized people siderable friction at times prevailed be are truly remarkable. Previous to that tween them and the settlers. period the B.C. Indian on the Coast incoming In the winter of two In wore little clothing, went bare-footed, 1852-3 young dians, a Cowichan and a Nanaimo, lived in dirty, smoky, ill-lighted, ill- shot and killed a Scotch shep ventilated dwellings, and any Indian wantonly Peter at Lake Hill. outside of his band might be his enemy herd, Brown, They were with the assistance of a and might at any time kill him or sell captured detachment of marines and blue jackets him into slavery. He was imposed upon from H.M.S. Thetis and were hanged by the so-called medicine men, who in on the south of Protection Island their turn were liable to prompt execu point to the town of Nanai tion if an influential died whilst opposite present patient mo. Much was under their treatment. He was haunted difficulty experienced in the Nanaimo Indian, a constant dread of evil spirits and arresting young by but he was hounded out of the Nanaimo was frequently afflicted by epidemics, constant raids made under which diseases hundreds died. village by being thereon his pursuers and took to the Now he and his family are well clothed by woods. A few inches of snow had fal and well fed. Many of our Indians to len and his traced to day are well-to-do' farmers. Schools footprints being where he had descended to Chase are established for the education of their River to his thirst at the stream, children. They have learned to culti allay his trail was followed to a heap of vate the soil with great success where driftwood which crossed the bed of the the land is fertile; they own cattle, little river. Here the scout Basil Bot- horses, sheep, pigs and poultry. Their on the Indian's track, wives dress in imported fabrics made tineau, who was found himself at fault, and as it was af into by themselves on sewing garments and dark would machines. Many of them live in frame ter sunset getting abandoned the search had not the built houses, well warmed, well lighted have who was in under the and well ventilated. They travel on the Indian, hiding and in driftwood, his revolver at him. public roads in spring waggons, snapped THE INDIANS OF B. C. 83 The cap and gunpowder in the charge other Indians. The chief's gun were damp and neither exploded. The had been discharged and he had no scout followed the direction of the time to reload, but he cut a sergeant of sound, but in the gloaming could not marines badly with his dagger knife and distinguish the object of his search. In wounded two of the officers before he the meantime, the latter tried a second was finally captured. As soon as it was shot, when the cap only exploded, the known that he was taken his followers flash thereof indicating his hiding place. disappeared like magic and the day was The Indian was disicovered, knocked won. The scene whilst it lasted was ex down and handcuffed in an instant, and tremely picturesque. The chief was the next morning he and the young Co- caught a little before noon, when wichan Squeis, who had been arrested the forces were piped to dinner. at Cowichan by the party on their w-ay At i p.m. his trial began. He up to Nanainio, were tried for murder was convicted at 2 p.m. and sen on the quarter-deck of the steamer tenced to be hanged. The execu Beaver, found guilty and executed, tion took place at 3 p.m., the these events happening between the was hanged to the bough of an oak tree hours of 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. on a frosty in his war-paint and feathers, and met day in January, 1853. his death with stoical indifference. He In 1856 a white settler in the Cowich was an active, well-proportioned, mus an Valley was shot by the Somenos cular young man and had only lately chief. An armed party from H.M.S. assumed the duties and responsibilities "Monarch" and "Trincomalee" was of chief of his band. When a boy he had sent in the latter vessel, towed by the been betrothed, according to Indian cus steamer "Otter," to investigate the mat tom, to a Comiakan girl. When he ter. The party numbered about 500 succeeded his father as chief he claimed blue jackets and marines, fully equipped his promised bride, wr ho was now a with small arms and two 12-pounder young woman. She, though not fair, brass field pieces. The force landed at was false, and had listened to the wiles the mouth of the Cowichan River, near of the white settler. The chief then the Comiakan village, on a Sunday acted according to his lights and .-e- afternoon 'and encamped there. During venged himself on his rival, but in do the night a friendly scout passed the ing so he outraged the law of the white sentries and reaching the tent occupied man and lost his life in consequence. by the Governor's staff communicated In 1858, during the rush to the Fraser to Governor Douglas some important gold diggings, many encounters occur information, which determined his red between the miners and Indians course of action. The next day the and a number of lives were lost on both forces moved to the plain beyond sides. In time, however, matters quiet Quamichan. After passing through the ed down, the laws were extended Quamichan village about one thousand through the settlements, the Indians Indians came forward to meet them ac soon learned to appreciate the advant cording to their mode of warfare, naked ages of law and order, and excepting and painted, armed with smooth-bore when occasionally under the influence guns, bows and arrows and spears, and of intoxicants they are remarkably well taking advantage of each tree for cover behaved. their For as they advanced firing guns. The following list shows the approxi tunately their aim was high, and the mate number of the different races in and did no execu whooping veiling this Province : forces were tion. The naval ranged ^in several detachments over the plain with Tiaidah 625 for service. Tinneh 7-OOO artillery in position ready As soon as the Somenos chief was recog Salish io,735 2 nised a detachment of marines were Kuakyohl 5- 3i so manoeuvered as to surround him with his body-guard of several Total 23,691 THE LAST INDIAN BATTLE. A TRUE STORY BY G. SHELDON-WILLIAMS. ILLUSTRATED BY T. BAMFORD. (All rights reserved.) ND it happened healthy adults, taken in moderate doses, last January. it is not very harmful. To be correct, A partially wrecked clock behind the the bed-plates bar chimed half-past eleven. The Trader, of the awe-in who was about to deal, laid down his spiring trage cards. dy were laid "Getting on for time, boys, I guess," the 3 i s t of he observed. "We can go on with the D e ce mber, game next year, eh? Let's all have a 1898. The drink now. Say, Pete, how are the fire first flurry of arms fixed. Is there lots of cartridges snow was be- all right?" ginn in g to "You bet," answered the personage fall; a precur addressed, a lean, sunburnt individual sor of the big storm which ushered in with a tow-coloured moustache. "An' January of this year of grace, 1899. The three sticks of powder tied together an' dashing of the night-tide on the rock and ready fixed as well. We won't do a shingle beach mingled with the howling thing to-night." of the wind to form a most soul-harrow "Well, you'd best be careful with that ing and depressing dirge for the dying dynamite," remarked the Trader, indif year. In the little frame building at the ferently. "I'm not fit to go to Heaven head of the bay, a building which com in a chariot of fire, not yet, and I'm too bined the qualities of saloon, hotel and poor a man to be able to afford to have store, the sense of depression did not, my place blown to the other place, where however, seem to be strongly in evi it's no good sueing the Devil for dam dence. True, the store was closed, but ages. You're too reckless, Pete." the saloon half of the building shed The other man laughed. He was fore through its windows a cheery light on man contractor-inspector of that prom the dreary scene outside. In the warm, ising copper-gold proposition, the "Sab well-lighted bar sat some half dozen bath Joy," some miles down the Coast. men. On the rough deal bar-counter It was owned by four poor Jews and one lay a miscellaneous assortment of fire rich Englishman, and salaries were not arms and cartridge-boxes; also several paid the employees with that regularity tumblers, and several bottles with labels they should have been. of more or less startling hues pasted on The Trader got up and went to the their fat sides. A half-empty box of door. The view outside was distinctly cigars completed the arrangement. dismal. Far down at the entrance of the The gentlemanly inhabitants of this bay, a few lights still twinkled in the Palace of Ease were engaged in the sin Indian rancherie, visible for a moment, ful and seductive game known as "Black then swept out by fresh gusts of driving Jack." It is a game which a slight ac snow. The small house of Jamie Mc- quaintance with will cause you to lose Pherson, half-way down the bay, was half your monthly salary; but if you not visible either from the store or the know it thoroughly, or think you do, rancherie, as it lay at the end of a small you stand a good chance of losing your cove. Jamie held the responsible posi entire salary, your job, and sometimes tion of postmaster. He was a strict your liberty as well. I do not recom Presbyterian, who would not drink, and mend it for Sunday Schools, but for had vigorous opinions of his own re- THE LAST INDIAN BATTLE. 85 garding the vexed question of prohibi principles on New Year's Eve. But tion. "That moder-ren ceety of the it will be rather a lonesome New Year that plain, Sodom and Gomorrah, for the old man, I'm thinking, and he not Veectoria," he would observe, "shall yet a year from the East." in sackcloth repent and ashes her r-re- "Jamie McPherson don't drink, Jim," jection of proheebeetion last fall." Jamie said a small, sandy-haired man, who had had a and a collie mouth-organ dog, just emptied a pretty stiff horn of rye and he and the dog and the mouth-or whiskey with an air of satisfaction that used to handle the gan ancient hymns plainly showed his superiority to Jamie of the Scottish Covenanters in such a in that line, at all events. "He'd want fashion that neither man, beast or devil to fast and pray; and just look at that durst approach Her Majesty's Post-Of- feed in there!" fice while Jamie was at his devotions. Jim, the Trader, glanced with a com Withal, he was a good fellow, and did placent air at the vista of the room be- The Sinful and Seductive Game. not meddle with the affairs of his few yond the bar, where stood a table heaped neighbours; even when, as sometimes with cold wild goose, deer meat, bear happened, they slightly transgressed the meat, dried salmon, cold grouse, and all law. that could tempt hungry men. The Trader stepped back inside and "Well, Doc," he observed, "you're closed the door. about right there, 1 guess. And it is a "I wish old McPherson could have pretty good spread, too, though I say it come to-night," he said. "I asked him, as shouldn't, seeing I got it up myself. but he refused. Said it was against his Still, I feel kinder sorry for the old man, 86 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. reddened and it his first new year here and all." snow was by burning powder driven aside The "Doc" only grinned. He had been and the cruel winter wind fiercer hell-blast than its own. The in the district several years, and was a by a three sticks of well-known character. His qualifica reckless Pete's powder with tion for the medical profession consisted exploded on the beach great effect, their roar was followed the of an unfailing belief in Perry Davis' and by whip- Painkiller and Epsom Salts as remedies like spang of Winchesters, the tubercu for all known ailments our frail flesh is lous cough of superannuated Snider the of lo-bore Greeners and heir to, and the possession of a set of rities, bang Lancaster and the crack-cr- lancets, which he used unsparingly on the pistols, rack of Colt's revolvers. man and beast, with perfect impartiality. Interspersed were the howls and of the cele He had done fairly well at first, but a yells snow melted on the prolonged carouse on the proceeds of a brants. The biting fire-hot and trickled down in successful operation led to a slight ob barrels, streams to hands scurity in the "Doc's" mind as to the re on powder-blackened that stock and but lative merits of quinine and strychnine. gripped lever, with The drugs are much alike in appearance, the joyous exiles kept things up and and till the last and, in the full belief that he was pre laugh yell gun-shot shell was fired and the New Year scribing the former, he prescribed the nearly latter. The results were disastrous and half an hour old. "Best New Year's salute in this God cannot be printed; but they still say in that district that the unfortunate victim forsaken place since the Lord made it," the the lever of of "Doc's" mistake was so acted upon opined "Doc," closing by the strychnine that his heels beat the his empty rifle. "Come now for tune of "God Save the Queen" on the on, boys, supper," said the Trader, and the piazza, and back of his head. Be that as it may, the beach were left once more to the howl "Doc's reputation as a healer of human storm. ills was thenceforward at a discount in ing his locality. ******* "Well, "boys," said the Trader, "I That snowstorm was a good one. So guess it's close on another year. Get was the celebration inside a good one. the guns ready. Fill up the magazines It was not till 9 a.m. on the morning of of the Winchesters, and you chaps with the 2nd of January that a figure loomed the shot-guns just mind where you're up on. the little piazza, and surveyed the pointing them when you're re-loading. waste of snow, water and pine-trees. It Pete, you get down along the beach was the Trader. His voice was hoarse with your blamed dynamite, and set the with singing "Auld Lang Syne," and fuse for five minutes. Wait a sec., boys, every other national and patriotic song we'll uncork this demi-john and give the he could recall from his varied experi old year a 'deoch an doruis,' as the Scot- ences by aid of a retentive memory. He ties call it." surveyed the scene with only one eye, The dram was disposed of, the reck I must admit. That eye was of a fiery less Pete dispatched on his dangerous red, but the other was closed and of a mission, and the motley crowd lined up funereal black. This was the result of a on the little piazza, outside the bar-room brief but animated discussion among his door. guests as to the respective merits of Irish "All set, boys?" asked the Trader, who and Scotch whiskey. bore in each hand one of those lengthy After a prolonged inspection of the four-barrelled pistols which are the pecu wintry scene, the Trader re-entered the liar invention of Messrs. Charles Lan bar, helped himself generously from a caster & Son, of London, England. bottle, and remarked to his still somno "All set, Jim," came the reply, and at lent guests: "Boys, guess I'll row over the same moment, the decrepit clock in and see how old Jamie McPherson is. the bar struck the knell of the departing I feel pretty tough, and I guess a pull year. across will do me good. Any of you "Fire, boys. Happy New Year, and fellows like to come?" God save the Queen!" and the driving From the floor arose a dishevelled fig- THE LAST INDIAN BATTLE. 87 ure. It was Pete, the reckless. A fly ishmcnt. The house had an odd unac ing bit of shingle when he exploded the customed look. In front of it was prop dynamite had scarified his forehead, and ped upon a sugar barrel a lengthy sap the blood from the honourable wound ling, roughly trimmed of its branches. had trickled down his face and mingled From said sapling, half-way up, floated a with his tow-coloured moustache. large red bandana handkerchief, a pit "I'm with you, Jim," he remarked, eous appeal for aid from the chance laconically, and made for the bottle out passer-by. of which his host had just quenched his "What in blazes can be up?" said thirst. The remainder of the guests gave Pete. "I hope the old man ain't frozen no sign of acquiescence or refusal. To to death." quote the Wizard of the North: " Deep-slumbering on the hostel floor Oppressed with toil and ale, they snore." And they did snore, too. Frozen, nothing," quoth the trad er. "Can't you see the smoke coming f r o m the chimney the reek frae the lum, he'd call it. But some thing must be wrong. Come " on." What in blazes can be up. A few strokes The Trader and Pete waded through ran the boat up to the little beach, and the snow on the beach to a make-shift the two men jumped out. boathouse some twenty yards away. "What in old Sam Hill has Jamie been therefrom Dragging a small double- doing with his windows?" said the ender and launching her, they proceeded Trader. "Looks as if he had all the to down the towards the domi pull bay driftwood in the bay piled behind 'em." cile of the devout of descendant the They advanced to the door, and Pete Covenanters. dealt it a thunderous kick. An outburst of from the collie The wind had dropped, and they were indignation dog inside was the first a soon in sight of the little cove, at the result, then spoke quav voice: head of which stood the building which ering was at once McPherson's home and Her "In the name of the Lor-rd, wr ha gaes Britannic Majesty's Post-OrBce. there? Speak, or I fire." Arrived at this point, however, the And before the astounded couple two rested on their oars in utter aston- could reply, the roar of Jamie's sole wea- 88 THE B. C. MINING EECORD. pon of offense, an antiquated muzzle- to the guileless and unwashed siwash. loading shot-gun, was heard inside the "I've heard of no trouble among the In house. A round, home-made bullet dians. What the devil are you giving splintered the frail wood-work of the us?" door, and passed between the heads of ".Mon, Jim," said the Scot, "did you the two visitors. no hear the soond o' the awfu' fecht on Year's Eve? no hear the This was past a joke. "You old New Did ye and the and Scotch fool," roared the Trader, "is this guns screaming yelling? but auld McPherson heard the way you welcome your friends on Eh, Jamie it, a New Year's call?" and he barricaded the hoose, an' called in the bit collie and commended his An exclamation was heard inside, then dog, 1 soul to the care o' the an' the sound oi many barricades and ob Almichty, waited in sore treebulation o' the flesh structions being removed. Finally, the (whilk is weak, ken) till this blessed door flew open, and the descendant of ye an' But what dae see to the Convenanters stood upon the thres mor-rn, ye sinners?" hold. The sweat of mental anguish was laugh at, ye graceless For two visitors had collapsed on his wrinkled forehead, and from his Jamie's in a heap in the snow, and after eyes the big tears hopped down his peal peal of uproarious merriment echoed cheeks, over his grey moustache, and round the and was returned ten lost themselves in the stubble of bay, wintry ' fold the hills. a three-w^eks beard. by everlasting "Jamie McPherson," gasped the Trad He made a plunge forward and grasp er, "you'll be the death of me yet. This ed the hands of his and some mystified is twice you've near killed me and Pete what indignant visitors. in ten minutes. Man alive, the firing dear laddies," he "Eh, my gasped, and yelling was at my place, not at the "the Lord be are praised ye presairved. rancherie. We were just saluting the I had no thocht to see in the ye again New Year. And you thought it was an flesh. But a you, mon, Jim," pointing Indian uprising? Oh, Lord, oh, Lord!" at the denunciatory finger Trader, "mon, and Jim again rolled on the snow. I hae winked at and the muckle, maybe Well, it took some time to get the o' the last twa nichts speeritual agony rights of the matter into Jamie's head, an' a is day my punishment, but this sel- after which he proceeded to dismantle lin' o' liquor to them Indian deevils must his fortifications. He then besought be stoppit richt here. Ye mind? It's Jim and Pete to mention no word to McPherson tells Jamie ye." the other boys. "The laddies micht "What the blazes are you talking laugh at me," he observed. The laddies about, anyway?" demanded the Trader, did. Either Pete or the Trader must whose conscience was not quite clear on have blabbed, and that is how the tale the subject of selling liquid damnation came to my ears. VICTORIA -ITS NATURAL ADVANTAGES By C. H. GIBBONS, City Editor of the Daily Colonist. IFTY years ago, before im The mad search for riches in "the migration to the shores of sixties" made the village a city -and the Pacific was attracted by one, while the excitement was at its the discovery of gold in height, of considerable population and California. Fort Victoria constantly changing character. After had an existence. The gold- the fever came the re-action, which even seekers were preceded by more tried the young and struggling fur-dealers, and the first house in what city. Its citizens knew its worth, how is now the queenly capital of British ever, and Victoria passed the crisis Columbia was that of.one of the adven safely, and commenced the persistent, turous traders of the Hudson's Bay substantial growth which has led to its Company. As years rolled on, the im recognition to-day as the wealthiest portance of the post at the southern ex city, for its size on the American con tremity of Vancouver Island became tinent. more defined and recognized. Popula Located at the southern end of Van tion increased; the Hudson's Bay Com couver Island, the situation of Victoria pany, with its storekeepers, trappers and is remarkable alike for its beauty and traders, forming one important class, its adaptability to the purposes of com while another, drawn from the ships of merce. The city rises gradually from the Royal Navy, which paid frequent the Straits of Juan de Fuca and from visits to the shores of the Island, more the land-locked harbour in which its ex gradually became a noticeable feature of tensive shipping, not forgetting the seal its society. ing fleet, which is the greatest in the lies in Then came the news of gold discover world, safety. An elaborate scheme of harbour im ies in various parts of the country tribu to the of which tary to the struggling settlement provement, perfection Mr. Thomas C. has devoted the Leech River, only about ten or twelve Sorby best of a life, is miles from Victoria being one of the years busy professional now on the eve of and will earliest of the placer mining camps of inauguration harbour and facilities the Pacific Coast and then the influx make the shipping the continent over. By of the army of the Argonauts. From unsurpassed the of hundreds of thous California, where they had tasted the expenditure of has sweet and the bitter of the search for ands dollars, private enterprise constructed at the entrance of gold, these treasure-seekers with pick already the harbour docks capable of and shovel poured into Victoria, equip proper, and in the ped themselves, and passed on in hun accommodating sheltering that blows the dreds and in thousands to Leech River, roughest gale largest steamships and sailing vessels to be the mighty Fraser, golden Cariboo, or found on the waters of the Pacific more distant Cassiar. The history of docks, the equal of which cannot be Victoria's life during "the sixties" is the found elsewhere on the Coast, not even history of many places in the wonderful in San Francisco. A few miles out West which gold-finds -have made fam from the city, a magnificently equipped ous in a day. It was then, too, that her quarantine station safeguards the health pioneer business men laid the sure of this province, and, in fact, all Canada. foundation of their and ex knowledge At the outer dock, for the construc perience in the selection and packing tion of which Mr. R. P. Rithet deserves of the necessities of a miner's an life, the lasting gratitude of Victorians, abun experience that enables them to this day dant water and excellent wharfage are to compete at an advantage in the equip afforded for shipping of any draught. ment of miners destined for the North The shore line of Victoria harbour, ern treasure lands. which is entirely protected by the natur- 90 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. al conformation of the land, is about anything in steel or iron from a poker to seven miles in length, good anchorage a steamship may be turned out. being found in many places, while well- Victoria's business streets are wide appointed wharves extend for a mile or and handsome. The policy of the people more in almost unbroken succession. has been not to concentrate the business Here it is that dozens of steamers, in life of the city upon any one street. cluding the fine fleet of the Canadian hence, Government, Fort, Yates, Doug Pacific ^Navigation Company, and sail las, Broad, and Johnson Streets are ing craft are to be found at all seasons all busy thoroughfares, while a vast of the year receiving or discharging amount of substantial business is trans- freight. The majority of the wharves acted daily with very little show on are lighted by electricity, and all are Wharf street, the mart of the whole- victoria City, B. C., Looking North. provided with the most approved ap salers. Government Street being the pliances for the quick dispatch of busi first avenue, still retains its primary ness. Along the waterfront, too, are importance; while for substantial struc found many of the manufacturers that tures of brick, stone and plate glass, are doing their part towards advancing Douglas Street is rapidly attaining Victoria's commercial importance the prominence. All of the business streets Brackman & Ker mills, the Chemical boast buildings of imposing design, but works, the Weiler Bros, furniture fac the city differs materially from any in tory, the paint factory, the Pendray the neighbouring States, in that it is far soap works, and the Albion Iron Works, from being built to meet prospective foundries and machine-shops, in which rather than existing demands. Four VICTORIA ITS NATURAL ADVANTAGES. 91 of the war in the Transvaal an even and five story blocks are uncommon, have been made, but every foot of accommodation pro better bargain might vided is utilized. while it is worthy of note and signifi seen an Victoria busi In this particular point will be cant of the character of illustration of the conservative policy ness men, that the purchasers were a that has made the city's credit what it home financial organization the Brit to the is; the boom policy so common ish Columbia Land and Investment cities of the West is thoroughly lacking Agency. here; the business atmosphere is differ From the heights upon which many ent; credits are maintained, and Eastern of the wealthiest residents have merchants express a preference for Vic built their homes, the scene presented is toria orders over any others in the West. Government Street, Victoria, B C. the a one. The well ordered, So high indeed is the credit of truly majestic in the foreground; be which naturally takes its colour picturesque city city, the harbour and from the credit of the individual citizens, yond, shimmering straits, the deep blue of the that when a consolidation of various out reflecting across this grand body of water, standing municipal loans was brought sky; the Straits of Juan de Fuca, is seen about only a few weeks ago, the Council the snow-capped, uneven line was able to place the new debentures, glittering, of of the extend to with a life ->f peaks Olympic range, amounting $210,000, the State cent, ing over the westerly part of only twenty years, bearing 4 per Had of 'Washington; to their East, on the interest, at i per cent, above par. other side of Puget Sound, the forest- it not been for the disturbing influences THE B. c. MINING RECORD. covered foot-hills, and then the moun clamations of the visitor is, "Why, how tains themselves of the Cascade range many handsome homes you have." towering into sight, and presided over And so there are. Probably no other by the great snow sentinels, Mount avenue in Canada possesses more costly Baker, Mount Hood, the Sisters, and and magnificent yet home-like mansions Mount Rainier, the pride of Washington. than does Belcher Street; and besides Further to the North loom up the white Belcher Street there are the Gorge saw-tooth peaks of the great ranges of Road, Rockland Avenue, Oak Bay British Columbia the Eraser and the Avenue, Cadboro' Bay Road, Esquimalt SelHrks while between them and the Road, and hall a dozen others of similar point of vision extend the Straits of attractiveness. Each resident of Vic- - Parliament Buildings, Victoria, B. C. Georgia, dotted with innumerable toria aims to own his own home, the islands. percentage of householders who are the Such continuous scenic splendour owners of their premises being greater can be viewed at no other in the place here than in any other city of the Do Northwest; every variety of scenery is minion. familiar to Victorians from the calm Each residence is set like a jewel in and to the stern im pleasing pastoral its own well-appointed and well-cared- and of posing majestic panorama moun for grounds, and the taste of the owners tain or of sea. is apparent in the beauty of their home ***** as well as in the architec surroundings One of the first and most ex- natural ture of the houses themselves. In park* VICTORIA ITS NATURAL ADVANTAGES. 93 and drives, too, the same love of beauty ten to the excellent music furnished by is apparent. Beacon Hill Park has few the local bands. rivals on the continent. It comprises The establishment of a second park two or three hundred acres, well-wooded in the city's western suburb is now while a in part, and intersected with carriage- under consideration; strong syn Mr. drives, lined by royal old oaks, over dicate, represented locally by Henry whose heads centuries have passed. Croft, has secured an option that will Two or three miniature lakes, bordered probably be taken up within a very few by green lawns and pebbly beaches, are days, for the transformation of what arc the home of a choice collection of known as the James Bay tide flats, a waterfowl; while in the deer park and tract of thirteen acres or thereabouts in Scene in Beacon Hill Park, Victoria, B. C. the bear-pit are to be found specimens the very heart of the city, into a most of many of the animals and birds native complete and handsomely equipped to the Province. general recreation park. Its attrac The sides of Beacon Hill pro tions will include a magnificent theatre; per afford a recreation ground a cinder track for cycle and foot for the city, unsurpassed for cricket, racing; a large green for lacrosse and baseball, lacrosse and kindred sports, kindred sports, and provided with the which are in progress almost finest grand stand and club house ac every afternoon nine months out of the commodation; bowling alleys, bath year. In the summer time thousands houses, horticultural gardens, etc. This meet under the spreading trees and lis- park will extend from the new Post 94 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. Office to the Parliament Buildings, a fortifications and the barracks of the substantial steel and stone causeway, Royal Artillery; here are the marine replacing the present bridge between the railways, provided by private enterprise points mentioned. for the accommodation of merchant The Gorge, formed by the outgoing shipping; and here, in Esquimalt proper, and incoming tides, on Victoria Arm. the naval yard and dry dock, the latter which runs inland from the sea for four built of huge blocks of stone and capable or live miles is another attractive natural of accommodating the largest ships jf park, which is popular with Victorians. war that visit the Pacific Ocean. Here it is that the regattas take place Oak Bay is still another popular sea each 24th of May, for Victoria is an side suburb connected by the busy elec- " The Gorge," Victoria, B. C. eminently loyal city and its celebrations trie road. This is rapidly becoming the of the 's are far Queen Birthday famous summer resort of many wealthy citizens, and wide. Beautiful drives extend from its charming surroundings, attractive the city in all directions to Goldstream, beach and facilities for every form of to various the points on sea coast, and seaside enjoyment bringing it into con to three miles Esquimalt, away, and also stantly growing favour. There is a connected by electric railway. Here is thoroughly first-class tourist hotel here the most perfect harbour on the Coast, also, which commands the patronage of in which the of Britain warships are the best classes of visitors from all parts constantly to be found. Here, too, and of America. in the near are the vicinity, Esquimalt The city possesses an extensive sys- VICTORIA ITS NATURAL ADVANTAGES. 95 teni of water works, operated by the minster is .promised for 1900. The C. corporation, and which, with the well- P. R. and the G. N. W. telegraph com equipped and admirably disciplined fire panies the former operating in con department reduce the fire risk to a junction with the Postal Telegraph minimum. The water supply is drawn Company's system and the latter with from a succession of spring-fed lakes, the Western Union maintain tele and passing- over the filter-beds is dis graphic connection with all the world. tributed through steel mains to steel By steamboats of elegance and speed, mains, purity being thus assured. Im the city has daily connection with the provements to the system have been Canadian Pacific Railway at Vancou constantly in progress in years past and ver; the Northern Pacific and Great it may now be classed in consequence Northern at Seattle and Tacoma; and as approaching very closely to perfec the Union Pacific and Southern sys tion. The receipts under waterworks' tems at Portland; \vhile a regular ser account form one of the principal items vice is also maintained with San Fran in the civic revenue. cisco and other Coast points to the direct steamers between Vic Sewerage is upon the separate sys south, toria and San tem, the general scheme being as re Francisco, sailing every five Alaska and the Northern commended by the eminent engineer, days. the to the At- Mr. Rudolph Hering, of New York, the way ports, keys Klondike, lin and Cassiar fields, are served sewage of the city being carried far gold by another first-class out to sea by the tide. fleet of steamers, many of which are owned locally; the The paving of the principal city rapidly growing trade of the West streets is also under way, Fort Street Coast of Vancouver Island demands the being at the present time the model fleet still service of another ; others (and business thoroughfare of the Province, among them the handsomest steamers and a sample of what all will be at a afloat), are required for the maintenance very early date probably within the of connection with China and next twelve months. regular Japan, Hawaii and Australia, and Cape In the matter of electric the railways Nome, Victoria enjoying the proud is the city again specialty favoured, sys position of first port of call and last of tem of the British Columbia Electric departure for practically all trans-Paci under the efficient Railway Company, fic lines, as well as all Northern lines. local of Mr. A. T. Coward, management Two railway systems at present en and communication giving quick cheap ter the city; the Esquimalt and Nanaimo between all of the as well as parts city, road connecting Victoria with the cen to the suburbs of Oak Bay, Esquimalt, tres of the coal mining districts, the Victoria West, Spring Ridge, Oakland, promising gold-copper mines of Mount Beacon etc. Hill, Sicker, and the outlet cf the Alberni A loop is also projected to accom road; while the Victoria and Sidney modate the residents of the Gorge road traverses the rich agricultural dis'- Road, and enable holiday-makers and trict cf the Saanich peninsula having its picnickers to reach The Gorge at a terminus at Sidney, from which point a merely nominal cost, and expeditiously. railway ferry connection with some The system has been in operation since point on the Mainland is looked for in 1890, and was the third electrical road the near future. established west of the Mississippi the A number of projects are at the second in the Dominion of Canada. The pre sent time receiving attention, having for tramway company also supplies light to their object the securing of direct con private consumers, while the streets are nection with the trans-continental illuminated by means of an independent sys tems to the North and South, either system owned and operated directly by by cars over the corporation. railway ferries, transferring the which narrow to An excellent telephonic service is pro Straits, but nine in vided for the city and suburban towns; miles width at one point; or by exten while a long-distance line to the cities sion to the Northern end of rail and of Nanaimo, Vancouver and New West ferry to the south and all rail to the 96 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. North to connect with the trans-contin Parliament block is beyond doubt the ental lines. most magnificent architectural pile in all Meanwhile the steamer service in con the West. Besides, there may be men nection with the various through-roads tioned the new Post Office, Custom practically makes Victoria one of the House, the Provincial Jail, and Refor termini of these lines, and places her matory, the Law Courts, the City Hall, upon the same footing- and with the the Drill Hall, Jubilee Hospital, St. same trans-continental freight and pas Joseph's Hospital, St. Ann's Convent, senger rates as are now enjoyed by and many others, all of which reflect in cities having rails laid to their doors al a manner the solidity that is character ready. The Esquimalt and Nanaimo istic of the city. Railway will be continued very shortly The number of churches has, within to the Northern end of the island, open the last few years, been increased by the ing up a large area of agricultural, min erection of several whose superiors in eral, and timber land; and enabling the tasteful architecture cannot be found on gold-seekers to and from the far North the Coast. Prominent among these may to reduce their journey by days. be named St. Andrew's (R.C.) Cathe With this north-of-the-island connec dra), the Metropolitan Methodist and St. tion, Victoria merchants will unques Andrew's Presbyterian churches, while tionably command practically all of the the erection is also contemplated of a Northern outfitting and supply trade, magnificent structure to crown Church their past experience in the selection of Hill, replacing the present Anglican stocks and in the packing of goods giv Cathedral there. The city schools, too, ing them so appreciable advantage in are substantial, thoroughly modern, and the race for this trade that the Sound well-arranged buildings, in which every cities are no longer m the running. The detail of a liberal education is provided experienced miner well knows that Vic for. toria is the best outfitting city and the In conclusion, Victoria offers peculiar inexperienced miner wisely prefers to advantages to the capitalist, the com defer to the better judgment of his mercial man, the manufacturer, the emi veteran brother. grant of moderate private means, who Of course the duty that has to be paid has a family to bring up and educate, on American goods going into the Klon and last but not least, the tourist, to dike or other Northern Canadian gold whom the fine scenery, the magnificent districts gives the Canadian cities a great opportunities for sport in the near advantage and constitutes another nail neighbourhood, including excellent in the cofnn of the Puget Sound out trout fishing and both small and big fitting trade. game shooting, lend to Vancouver The climate of Victoria compares very Island extraordinary attractions. On favourably with that of California, and the west coast of the Island are situated has been more generally contrasted with the mining camps of San Juan, Al- the south of England. It is temperate berni. Clayoquot, Bear River and Quat- at all seasons, the summer heat bein^ sino, where many exceedingly promising softened by breezes from mountain or copper-gold prospects, largely owned by sea; it is never oppressive and the hot Victorians, are being developed; and on test days of the summer are invariably the East Coast the Mount Sicker mines followed by cool and delightful even give eyerv indication of great things in ings. the future. Thus at a not very distant In the matter of public buildings, as date Victoria should become the supply well as residential structures, Victoria point and centre of a very important leads the Pacific Northwest, for the new mining field. THE INTRODUCTION OF CAPITAL INTO NEW COUNTRIES. (By D. B. BOGLE.) O subject is more canvassed for considerable periods, unless outside and very few are less under capital is offered inducements as goo counteracting influences, such as im inducing capital to come into a new provements in production, which in country is the problem of enabling that crease profits and thus allow the utili country to offer a higher rate of profit zation of more capital without diminish than any other new country, and also ing its returns, drafts made on the coun the most important matter of bringing try for foreign investment, with which to the knowledge of investors the fact this paper is mostly concerned, and that it can offer the highest rate of T periods of over-speculation, w hich are profit. The two main considerations always periods of enormous unproduc that affect the mind of the investor in tive consumption, and are followed by conection with the rate o? profit are the the reactions known as commercial time delay in realizing a profit and the panics. The last of these destroys the security offered of not losing any of the surplus capital, the two others merely capital. The first of these elements, f hat allow of its profitable use in larger of time, is largely affected in new coun quantities, either within the country it tries by the means of communication af self or in some other country. It may forded to and from the world's market; be noted here that during periods in and the collective credit of the country which improvements in production and can be very beneficially used in improv distribution have caused a "boom in in ing this. In this respect British Colum dustrials," as it is called, it is hopeless bia has shown itself far-sighted and cour to attempt to attract capital to foreign ageous. Too little care has, perlnps, countries. A very good instance of this been shown in avoiding the dangerous was the late industrial boom in Great expedient of large grants of land, but to Britain, of which the cause was not any a large extent these were dictated by particular improvement, such as the 'n- necessity rather than by want of appre troduction of machinery or railways, hension of the dangers involved. But but simply a refinement of the business this element of time is also affected by mechanism by the consolidation of rival the business expedient of stock specu concerns into joint stock companies, or lation, which enables the individual in what are known in America as trusts. vestor to realize at any time, taking that A similar movement has been going on portion of the profit represented by the in the United States during the present less time remaining before the invest year. ment becomes profitable. This is the The surplus capital of a country rationale of trading in non-productive seeks investment in new countries shares, and this trading performs one of when there is no longer room for it in the most important and salutary eco its native country without its employ nomic functions in the development of ment reducing the returns to capital be new countries. The invincible conser low what the man of business is con vatism of ignorance, however, leads tented with. There is one peculiarity many people to look upon this feature about the action of this obvious prin of modern industrial life with suspicion ciple that the capital is not distributed and distrust; while governments, as a amongst all countries which can show rule, tend to place vexatious restrictions a higher rate of profit, but it all goes into upon the freedom of joint stock enter the country which can show the highest, prise, forgetting that these restrictions or hopes of the highest, rate of profit. have their exact parallel in the foolish That is to say, a new country desiring and disastrous restrictions upon trade to attract capital must compete against enforced by mediaeval governments. every other new country and will receive Joint stock speculation has the effect of none until it is able to offer better in so far eliminating the time risk to the ducements than any other; but as soon individual, and spreading it over an in as it is in that position it will receive all definite chain of investors, willing to ac the available surplus capital until the cept it at a greater or a lesser price, that rate of profit is lowered by the action of it is of the greatest importance in facili that capital itself, and some other coun tating the introduction of capital, be try takes its place as the lodestone to cause, however the variation of risk in capital. It is evident that the problem of volved may be the subject of specula- 100 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. tion, the country has the benefit of the contemplated in the country. Th ADVERTISEMENTS. MINING Investors, Brokers and Company Pro moters can obtain reliable information by ^writing us. Orders by -wire promptly SNARES filled. THEGUTHBERT BROWNE Ld, Gold, Silver - CO., fllso Telegrams, Cuthbert, Victoria.. (All Codes used. cooper Mines Mining ...FOR SALE,.., The Pioneer Drug Store of Victoria. Established 1862. Co. Seattle, Wash. MINE HOISTS. AIR AND HAND DRILLS. AIR COMPRESSORS. PIPE AND TUBULAR BOILERS. PUMPS, PIPES, ETC. THOZMAS SHOTBOL1, Ttfining and TTfill Ttfachi'nery and CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST, Supplies. 59 Johnson Street, VICTORIA, B.C. xxvin ADVERTISEMENTS. Rolledats Large white flakes, no hulls, no black specks. Very nutritious. Our Brands are so far ahead of all others that we have no competitors. If you require Oats, Wheat, Hay, Mill-Feed, Seeds, or anything in the Cereal line, DON'T buy without first getting our prices. We want to get your business. The Brackman - Ker Milling Co., Ltd. NATIONAL MILLS: VICTORIA. VANCOUVER. WESTMINSTER. NELSON. EDMONTON, ADVERTISEMENTS. XXIX In plain Chocolates, equally good for eating or drink ing, we carry among other lines the goods of such well-known English firms as 79 Government St., Cor, Trounce Ave, In addition to the plain Chocolate we have imported for trie Christmas trade a fine line of Caiibury's Choc olate Bon Bons, and we can give you nice boxes of these choice goods at 20c., 25c. and 40c. each. If you want something finer ior a gift we have them up to ?1 VICTORIA TEA HOUSE. Stationery. British Columbia Stationery Co.. Limited. The only legitimate WHOLESALE STATIONERY in British Columbia. PRINTERS SUPPLIES. WRAPPING PAPER and PAPER BAGS. WHOLESALE TO THE TRADE ONLY. 407 Cordova St., W., Vancouver, B. C. FFICE: SMYTHE ST., Bet. Cambie and Beatty Sts., Vancouver. Tel. 509. ust Doering & MarstrancTs Brewing Co,, Ltd. Ly. Eager Beer and Porter. Sold all over the Province XXX ADVERTISEMENTS. TYYTinnnnr HAMILTON POWDER CO. INCORPORATED 1861. Manufacturers of HIGH EXPLOSIVES, Blasting, Mi^g an d Spring Powder, Sole Licensees Manufacturing Agents for SMITH'S ELECTRIC BATTERIES & FUZES SAFETY FUSE DETONATORS, &c, Branch Office: VICTORIA, B,C, Works: NANAIMO, B,C, LOCAL OFFICES AT VANCOUVER, NELSON, ROSSLAND, [GREENWOOD, .JLSLSLJULSUULSLSUUL^ Limited.... R. P. Rilfot * Co Liability...... VICTORIA, B.C.. WHOLESALE MERCHANTS, SHIPPING & INSURANCE AGENTS. AGENTS FOR: 'Victoria Lumber & Manufacturing Co., Proprietors: Enderby & Vernon Chemainus. Flour Mills. Victoria Canning Co. of B. C. , Ltd. English and American Fire and Marine Insurance Go's. Staple and Fancy Groceries. Seagram's Whiskies Distillers Co. Ltd. Whiskies Anheuser Busch Brewing Wine and Liquors, Havana and Association. Domestic Veuve Cliquot Champagnes. Cigars. WRITE FOR PRICE LIST. ADVERTISEMENTS. VALUE OF TURKISH BATHS. nrmnnnnr A Turkish Bath opens the pores and lets out the impurities. It causes poison-laden fluid to flow from five million openings at once. The effect is to help Nature's methods. This help is Hastie's Fair. made necessary by modern methods of living. We accumulate impurities faster than Xature intended. There is one other for the only way purifying blood, 77 Government St. and that is the But the be Virinrla R C through kidneys. kidneys opp. Bank of Monreal. VIC Wild, D.V^. come overworked. They get weary and lax. They clog up and break down, simply from lack of help irom the pores. For everything you want. This help should come regularly, for impurities are them and constant. About all our illnesses result from ; it is far easier to eliminate them before they cause a disease, than to cure the disease they cause. GRANITEWARE, STOPPING COLDS. A cold need never get started if you take a Turkish Bath soon enough. Catching STATIONERY, cold means the stopping up of the pores. Then the blood becomes conjected and trouble ensues. By open SCHOOL ing the pores, about as soon as you feel the first symp SUPPLIES, toms, all these after-effects are avoided. If you used the Turkish Bath only for the saving CROCKERY and of colds, it would be worth a hundred times what the facilities cost you. GLASSWARE, COMPLEXION. In countries where the Turkish Bath is commonly used, the personal charms of their women are especially noted. The hair is peculiarly lux COMBS and BRUSHES, uriant, the complexion is delicate, the eyes brilliant. The Vapor Bath used in disease, has been attended TOILET SOAPS. with immense success. Especially is this true when used in Nervous Disorders, Rheumatic and Skin troubles . CONFECTIONERY, Heretofore Turkish Baths were available only to people of means. Now, however, rich and poor alike and may share in the boon at small expense in their own DOLLS TOYS. homes. We invite all to inspect our portable Vapor Bath AT BOTTOM PRICES. Cabinets, when we will be glad to explain their merits more fully. CYRUS H. BOWES, Chemist, Your inspection is invited whether you or not. 100 GOVERNMENT ST., buy Telephone 425. Near Yates Street. B. Williams & Co., BROS. CLOTHIERS, HATTERS Noted for high-class Bakery and Confec and tionery. OUTFITTERS. We use nothing but the best and purest materials. REnOVING TO YATES ST. SATISFACTION Slaughter Sale GUARANTEED. before moving. Give us a trial order. Overcoats, flacintoshes and Suits at half price for Cash. 84 Yates St., Victoria, B.C. ADVERTISEMENTS. .THE British Columbia Mining Record ILLUSTRATED. Is admittedly the leading mining and technical periodical published in Western Canada. Numerous commendatory letters have been received from the principal mine managers and engin eers in British Columbia testifying to this fact. Special effort is made to publish information which can be and the has depended upon ; consequently MINING RECORD earned a reputation for reliability and honest criticism. The subscription price is $2 per annum for Canada and the United States, and $2.50 for other countries. The circulation of the publication is very wide, and fully covers all the mining districts of British Columbia and the Northwest. The circulation in Europe and the United States is very creditable, and consequently as an advertising medium for the use of machinery manufacturers, wholesale dealers, brokers and others, the British Columbia MINING RECORD offers ex ceptional opportunities. The B. C. Mining Record. o o o ADVERTISEMENTS. xxxi IMITATION THE SINCEREST FORM OF FLATTERY. Like all Standard Goods, GIANT PQWDER is imitated, but as a reliable EXPLOSIVE, with the least possible FUMES consistent with FULL STRENGTH, GIANT POWDER easil} takes the lead, and has done so for nearly forty years. As above stated there are imitations, but, after all is said and done they are but imitations. The following named firms carry stocks of GIANT and will be pleased to serve you: HUNTER BROS., ROSSLAND. H. BYERS & Co., NELSON. ' H. GIEGERICH, SANDON. RUSSELL HDW. Co., GREENWOOD. " KASLO. THE WYNKOOP-STEPHENS Co., PHCENLT. AINSWORTH. W. K. C. MANLEY. GRAND FORKS. WM. HUNTER Co., LD., SILVERTON. EHOLT TRADING Co., EHOLT. " THREE FORKS. B. C. MINING & MERCANTILE SYND., CASCADE. " " ALAMO. " " " GLADSTONE. T. D. WOODCOCK & Co., SLOGAN CITY. CARLIN & DDRICK, FORT STEELE. C. B.HUME & Co., REVELSTOKE. FORT STEELE MERCANTILE Co., CRANBROOK. " THOMPSON'S LDG. F. W. FOSTER, ASHCROFT. E. G. PRIOR & Co., KAMLOOPS. T. J. TRAPP & Co., NEW WESTMINSTER. MCLENNAN, MCFEELEY &Co., VANCOUVER. C. A. WARREN, GOLDEN. STOCKHAM & DAWLEY, CLAYOQUOT. CHATTERTON & COLEMAN, TRAIL. " " AHUUSET. VICTORIA LUMBER & MFG. Co., CHEMAINUS. W. P. JAYNES, DUNCANS. ALBERNI TRADING STORE, ALBERNI. The Giant Powder Co., Consolidated. VICTORIA, British Columbia. XXXII ADVERTISEMENTS. SOLE AGEHTS FOR . . , PEACH CIGARETTE TOBACCO. THE GLOUCESTER PIPE CO. Wholesale Dealers in CIGARS, TOBACCOS, CIGARETTES, SMOKERS' SUPPLIES, CONFECTIONERY, AC, u m^> 0> 1 O o i ^ 2- o o' DCD o Q. ~0' Call and see us for Show O CO Christmas T. Window Dis WATSON, plays,we will make a Douglas 'St., Vernon Block. spe- (7Q Displays. cialtyfor the Christmas Goods. CO next few davs of getting up something nice for'showing off your Established 1885. Paisley Steam Dye Klerks, W. JAMES ALLISON, JONES, AUCTIONEER jt jfc jt HE only fully equipped Dye Works in the City. All kinds of Fancy Dyeing APPRAISER jk jt jk jk and Cleaning. Ladies' and Gents' Cloth Etc. ing Cleaned, Dyed and Repaired. Mackin ESTATE AGENT, toshes Cleaned and Dyed. HATS A SPECIALTY. French and Dry Cleaning are our Specialties. 73 and 73^ The City All work guaranteed. Yates Street, Auction Mart. VICTORIA, B.C. j Yates St., VICTORIA, B. C. Auction Sales of every description conducted at our spacious rooms, or at Vendor's own premises, highest prices obtained, satisfaction guaranteed before disposing of your goods. You will find it greatly to your interest to The Excelsior consult us. 3. i 3 3 3 3 Highest of References from past and present clients. Tel 254. Houses, etc., to rent and for sale in all BiscuitCo. parts. List your properties with us, good clients Manufacturers of all kinds of always waiting. All business entrusted with us receives PLAIN AND FANCY BISCUITS AND strict and personal attention. CAKES. MONEY TO LOAN IN LARGE OR SMALL AMOUNTS. B.C. OPEN EVENINGS. VICTORIA, j ADVERTISEMENTS. XXXIII Late Jamieson's. THE VICTORIA T BOOK AND STATIONERY 61 Government Street, VICTORIA, B. C. COMP/\ A/ V, Carry one of the largest stocks in Canada of General and Office Stationery, also splendid line Leather Goods for Presentation purposes. Agents for Smith's Typewriter. Webster's Multikopy Carbon. Webster's Star Ribbons. Special attention paid to Little's Cobweb Carbon. Stephens & Sandford's Inks. Whiting's Fine Note Paper. mail orders. SANITARY ENGINEER DEALER IN ... AND PRACTICAL PLUMBER. Crockery. Glassware, GAS and HOT WATER Graniteware and FITTER. House Furnishing Goods. ALL KINDS OF SHIPPING & SHIP WORK A SPECIALTY. 88i Douglas St., VICTORIA, B.C. The B. C. Cold Storage Telephone icm 172. and Ice Works. A Bonded and ordinary warehouse cold storage. Ice manufacturers from distilled water. Hydrox re-distilled water for Table use. White Labour Advances on Warehouse receipts. Only. Cable Address: "HYDROX" Victoria P. 0. Box 329. Tel. 44. 26 and 28 Store Street, 152 YATES STREET. VICTORIA, B.C. Tel. 113. P. O. Box 93. Produce and Gtiarles ttaoh Commission Merchants. Manufacturer of and Dealer in DEALERS IN Furniture, Upholstery, Mattresses, Window Blinds, Carpets, Crockery Flour,. Feed, Hay, Grain, Batter, Eggs and Glassware, and Poultry, Hams, Bacon, eic. Warehouse and Store : A yonrmn/prVanCOUVer, D,R U. 3 and 5 Store St., VICTORIA, B.C. 5* to 59 Cordova St., XXXIV ADVERTISEMENTS. i/ictoria ItJest HITT'53 CITY PRICES- LEWIS HALL, Prescription Drug Store. Surgery, Or. Dental EXCELLENCY. ACCURACY. PROMPTNESS. Corner Yates and Douglas Streets, VICTORIA, B.C. Attendance Day or Night. Jnvalid and icJc Room Requisites. A for Breakfast. Thorough Delight BLYTH, CROWN Scientific Optician, 67 Fort St., Victoria, B. C. Every form of defective eye- sight accurately diagnosed and corrected. Exa.mina.iion arid Consultation Free. 15 years practical experience. BRAND O. Jeweler, Watchmaker lewclery Repairing and COFFEE. a Specialty. Pioneer Steam Coffee and Watch Repairs Carefully Attended to. Spice Mills. STEMLER & EARLE, Props., Eyesight Tested with Latest Appliances Free of VICTORIA, B.C. Charge. ADVERTISEMENTS. XXXV PlTHER LEISER. Direct of the JAPANESE importers leading brands of FANCY GOODS.** Wines and Liquors. Large stock always on hand. Agents in British Columbia for the celebrated G. H. Mumm's Extra Dry, Lemps St. Louis Beer and other leading brands of Wines and Liquors. Kilmarnock Scotch, the finest on earth. 90 Douglas Street. Havana Main Branch: 152 Government St. Cigars. A. WANIBE & CO FITHER & LEISER, Tares 5r., JOHN PAWSON, FRED. S. WHITESIDE, Pres. Sec. HENRY REIFEL, Manager. Brewingm* Etv. MANUFACTURERS OF Lager and Steam Beer Porter and Ice. E. F. GEIGER, Drawer 45. Gas and Water Sanitary Plumbing, F it |Ji Cor. Pandora and Douglas Sts. NANAIMO, B.C. p. 0.60x122. VICTORIA R Telephone 226. V 1^ I Wl\l/A, D. L XXXVI ADVERTISEMENTS. Incorporated by Special Act of Parliament, 1883. Contractors to H. Ikf. Army. Victoria Transfer Co., Ltd., 19, 21 and 23 Broughton Street, foot of Broad. This Company has the largest and finest stock of Horses, carriages, Bugsies and Phaetons in the Province. Two, four and six-hor^e om nibuses furnished for parties on short notice. Baggage trnnsferred to all parts or stored. Furniture and freight moved, etc. Telephone 129. BRITISH COLUMBIA POTTERY CO., Ltd. Manufacturers of All kinds of Sanitary Fittings, Agricultural Drain Tile.Flow- er Pots, Fire Roofing Tile, Terra Cotta, Chimney and Flue ltriTied\lr\f.nr4 O-U n~. ~.*t C. . t>:~. . Pipe bait-blazed beWCr Pipes. Lining, Chimney Tops, Fire Brick, Fire Clay. All kindsof Fire Clay Goods, Assayers' Furnaces, etc., made to order. Repressed Bricks. Ornamental Garden Border Tiles, Vases, etc. Cement, Plaster of Paris, Lime, and all kinds of Ornamental Plaster Work. VICTORIA, B.C. J. LEMON. B. GONNASON. A. GONNASON Capital Planing Orchard St., Rock Bay, VICTORIA, B.C. ; Manufacturers of Doors, Sash, Blinds, Window and Door Frames. Mouldings, Brackets, Balusters, Mantels, Stair Railings, Newel Posts, etc. ADVERTISEMENTS. XXXVII I. 101. * Charles Budden 39 (Late Artist with Mendelssohn, Fort Street. London). Caterers. I Old Post Office, Government Street, Call and inspect our dainty and elegant * Bon Bons and Confectionery. VICTORIA, B.C. From "SL. v Choice * $ ^ London, 'Photographs enlarged and artist finished in Water T Christmas 3? M ically VV y/ New York, * Colours or Crayon. Goods. ;J| \'fc fi Toronto. MINIATURES FOR LOCKETS, Etc., Etc. We are noted for the excellence of our V OLD MINIATURES RESTORED. Christmas Cakes and Plum Puddings. 3. Christmas Presentation Cakes a specialty. | Canadian Bank of Commerce Stationery Company, Capital Paid Up, - $6,000,000. (Six million dollar".) //9 Sovernment Street. ji HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO. fi HON. G. A. Cox, B. E. WALKER, President. Gen. Mgr. SB/an* Office In Yukon : DAWSON. In Alaska : SKAGWAY. Gold Dust and Amalgam Purchased. 0. drawer 665. H. H. MORRIS, i Office and Factory : J03 Johnson Street, VICTORIA, B.C. Ragstad & Oldershaw, and Diamond Setters, Yates St., B.C. Victoria, All Work Guaranteed to give Perfect Satisfaction. David Importer and Dealer in Lindsay, '-made Clothing, Hats and Caps, Gents' Furnishings and Staple Goods. Cor. Johnson and Store Streets, i i i i VICTORIA, B.C. CLOTHING MADE TO ORDER. S|&&&sfi^^ A. 5TEW/1RT. Erskine, Wall & Co., The Leading Grocers of British Columbia, New Building being erected for them. Full line ot Staple and Fancy Groceries. nOMUHEMTflL QRflNITE * HflRBLE WORKS Letter Orders for specialties always receive prompt attention. Stone-yard: VlCT^DI/f R f COT. Yates and Blanchard SU. ff IV. I VxlvlH. D. V.. P. 0. Box 520. ADVERTISEMENTS. XXXIX Trading jfjj Stamps. 4 The Golden Rule Supply Hillside Avenue Stores anc* Cash First Street. Grocery VICTORIA, B.C. Store. Deaville, Sons & Co,, GROCERS and 165 Douglas Street, PROVISION presf) and complete stocK always MERCHANTS. or) harjd. Canned pull line of Teas. Coffees. Spices, Fruits, Canned Meats, Flour, Corn Dried Raislos, Nuts, etc. fruits, Feed, Potatoes, Teas, Coffees, * 5 fill Kir) of Xmas Goods of the Spices, etc. very best quality and Lowest Cash Prices. Give us a trial. We are importers of Hritish-madc Goods. Washing, and Horoe-made PicK'es a specialty. Mangling: Sewing Machines, Iron and Brass Bedsteads, Carpet Sweepers, REMEMBER we give Trading Brass Fenders, Fire Sets, etc. Stamps or 5 per cent, off for cash at Above goods will be found exceptional both 165 Douglas St. in style and price. WRITE FOR PRICES AND LIST of the Manufactures of tf The OKELL & MORRIS * Victoria Chemical MT jp. Fruit Preserving 4? ^ and Confectionery 4? Company, Our goods are the f -*),, most popular in thewO V Limited. W miniug districts. Miners want the best and they get it, if it is labelled VICTORIA, B. C. Okell & Morris. Our Pre serves, Marmalade, Pickles, ^P* Manufacturers of Sauces, Ketchups, Vinegars, have been awarded more first prizes than all the other man ufacturers in West'n Canada. If you are a miner ask for the Sulphuric Acid, Okell & Morris brands. If <$? you are a merchant sell them and treble your business. Nitric Acid, <$? 4? Muriatic Acid. * Okell Chemical Manures, & Morris. Quotations on Application. XL. ADVERTISEMENTS. Bank of British Columbia. Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1862. CAPITAL, (with power to increase) 600,000 $2,920,000 RESERVE, 100,000 486,666 Head Office, 6O Lombard St., London, England. BRANCHES: IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. Victoria, Vancouver, New Westminster, Nanaimo, Kamloops, Nelson, Sandon, Rossland. IN THE UNITED STATES. San Francisco and Portland. AGENTS AND CORRESPONDENTS. IN CANADA. Canadian Bank of Commerce, Merchants' Bank of Canada, The Mol- sons Bank, Imperial Bank of Canada, Bank of Nova Scotia and Union Bank of Canada. York Bank IN UNITED STATES. Canadian Bank of Commerce (Agency), New ; of Nova Scotia, Chicago. IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND, Bank of Austral asia. IN HONOLULU. Bishop & Co. YUKON AND ATLIN GOLD FIELDS. Drafts, Letters of Credit, etc., issued direct on Dawson City, Atlin City and Skagway. SAVINGS BANK DEPARTMENT. Deposits received from $i and upwards, and interest allowed thereon. Gold dust purchased and every description of bank business transacted. GEORGE GILLESPIE, Manager. The Union Steamship Co. of British Columbia, Ld. GUTThe well-known and first-classOHsteamer Sails every 10 days from VANCOUVER to SKAGUAY DIRECT, Without stop, connecting atSkaguay with trains and river boats to ATLIN and DAWSON, Carrying passengers with SPEED, SAFETY, COMFORT, Freight, Machinery, Cattle, carried in steam-cargo boats at through rates. Regular weekly passenger line to all British Columbia Coast Mining Camps, For rates, fares and sailing dates apply at Company's Wharf, - - - VANCOUVER, B. C. ADVERTISEMENTS. XLI SPENCER'S VICTORIA'S BIG STORE Fronts on Two Streets. Ground Floor, 80x240 feet SOME OF THE STOCKS SHOWN : CARPETS AND FLOOR CLOTHS. - English Axministers - $1 50 English Body Brussels 85 to $i 25 - English Tapestries 35 to 85 - - - Scotch Linoleums - - - - - 65 to I 25 - - Oilcloths 25 to 50 STAPLE DRY GOODS. Table Linens and Napkins, best Irish and Scotch make. Sheetings and Cottons, best Canadian and English qualities. Blankets and Quilts. DRESS GOODS AND SILK. The finest stock in Western Canada. All the most fashionable materials shown. Samples sent on request. GLOVES French made for women. English made for men. Wear guaranteed. HOSIERY. Best English makes stocked. HEN'S OUTFITTING LADIES' OUTFITTING. Very large stocks of fashionable goods shown; prices as low as consistent with good qualities. BOOTS AND SHOES. Laird. Schober & Co.'s Ladies' Shoes. Strong & Garfield's Men's Shoes. We consider these makers the best in the world. OTHER DEPARTHENTS. Ladies' Jackets and Costumes, Men's Furnishings, Art Goods, Laces, Embroideries, Handkerchiefs are the most complete and fash ionable in the West. Toys by the thousands at Xmas time. Can satisfactorily fill all or ders whether for single articles or school treat. D. SPENCER^ Government and Broad Sts. XLII ADVERTISEMENTS. Cable Address: "GOLD PROP." Mining Code used: Bedford-McNeill's. Motto: Risk Minimum, Proft Maximum." The British Pacific Gold Property Incorporated March 1897. Company, Ltd. Lty. CAPITALIZATION, $5,000,000. Divided into 5,000,000 shares at $1.00 each issued fully paid and non-assessable. Provision made for the issuance of the second block of Treasury Stock at 10 cents per share. Head Office, Williams' Building, \ /I/^T/^PI A 28 Broad Street, V \^ I WI\IA, OFFICERS: PRESIDENT: ALEX. J. MCLKLLAN, ESQ., President of the Kimberley Mining Company and Vice-President of the San Jauquin Mining Company; VICE-PRESIDENT: R. T. WILLIAMS, Esq., Alderman, Publisher of William's Directory of the Province. ON THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS ARE: HON. T. R. MclNNEs, Victoria, B. C. I FRANK HALL, ESQ., M. D., Victoria, B. C. \\. II. B. AIKINS, M. D., Toronto, Ont. CHAS. HAYWARD, ESQ., Alderman, Victoria, B. C. B. M. BRITTON.ESQ., Q. C., M. P., Kingston, Ont. LAWRENCE GOODACRE, ESQ., Victoria, B. C. A. T. WATT, ESQ., M. I)., Victoria, B. <;. JAMES MUIRHEAD, ESQ., Victoria, B. C. CONSULTING MINING ENGINEER : W. M. BREWER, ESQ., M.N.E.I.M.E..M.A.I.M.E. ASSAYER AND METALLURGIST: W. F. BEST., ESQ., (Heidelberg & Leipsic),68 Broad Street, Victoria, B. C. CONSULTING CIVIL ENGINEER: H. P. BELL, ESQ., C. E., M. I. C.E. SOLICITORS: FOR BRITISH COLL-MBI A -.MESSRS. TUPPER, PETERS The Largest Producers on Coal the Pacific Coast* NANAIMO COAL. Mining Used principnlly for Gas and Domestic purposes. SOUTHFIELD COAL. Steam Fuel. Protection Island Coal and New Wellington Coal. House and Steam Coal, are mined by this Company Land Co. exclusively. Limited. Formerly the Vancouver Coal Co. THE NANAIMO COAL gives a large percentage of gas, a high illuminating power, unequalled by any other bituminous coal in the world, and a superior quality of coke. THE SOUTHFIELD COAL is now used by all the f ding steamship lines on the Pacific. THE NEW WELLINGTON COAL, which was intro duced in 1890, has already become a favourite fuel for domestic purposes. It is a clean, hard coal, makes a bright and cheerful fire, and its lasting qualities make it the most economical fuel in the market: THE PROTECTION ISLAND COAL is similar to the New Wellington Coal. This coal is raised from the submarine workings under the Gulf of Georgia and is shipped from wharves both at Protection Island and Nanaimo. The several mines of the Company are connected with their wharves at Nanaimo, Departure Bay and Protection Island, where ships of the largest tonnage are loaded at all stages of the tide. Special despatch given to mail and ocean steamers. SAMUEL M. ROBINS, Superintendent. NANAIMO, B. C. 4r?F*3?S5"$^$^ WHAH REET,VICTORIA, BRITISH COLUMBIA, RKUURSTEAMERS LEAVEVICJORIAASFOLLOWS: DAILY FOR' VANCOUVER. _ ***+* CONNECTING WITHTHE , , tm __ ^.^^^ ._ . u/3 *** YUKON TERRITORY All "*^* CARRY HER MAJESTY'S MAILS.