A Late Prehistoric Site in the Lower Fraser Valley

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILL!ENT OF

THE REQUPWENEMTS FOR THE DECdEE OF MASTER QF ARTS

APE fights ~eservad. This thesis may not bs reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission oB tho author. APPROVAL

Name : David Bruce Crowe-Swords

Degree a Master of Arts Title of Thesis: The Carruthers Site; A Late Prehistoric Site in the Lower Fraser Valley.

Examining Committee t

Chairman :

Herbert L. Alexander Senior Supervisor

-fkiji-LYCaT1son E amining Committee

P~U~M.Koroscrl Examining Committee ABSTRACT

This thesis is an archaeological study of a prehistoric campsite, the Carruthers site, which lies in Katzie territory near Pitt meadows, British Columbia. Excavations in 1973 under my direction have provided new data of a late portion of lower Fkaser River prehistory. The investigations had three related objectivesa (1) excavation and analysis of archaeological materials from a little known locality; (2) testing for a discern- ible overlap between ethnographic and archaeological data; (3) detection of cultural similarities with material from the interior of British Columbia* An evaluation of previous ethnpgraphic and archaeological data was also undertaken as part of the overall study. The main part of the thesis 'consists of description and analysis of the artifacts recovered, Analysis of the tools indicates that the site was used primarily as a base for hunting and gatherbng activities, and secondarily, for / fishing. A comparison of the artifact assemblage with assemblages from other coast and interior sites ',suggests a date of A.D. 400-800 for the occupation of the Carruthers --.. --- 7 site, I Ethnographic information indicates that the Katzie Indfpns depended quite heavily on the Indian po,tato which I aboupds in the site's locality. Ground slate knives, the 1 I I I most frequent artifact type at the site, have bleen used in preparation of this foodstuff. Arguments fori the use of this knife are presented. In comparing the Carruthers site materip1 with I that from the B.C. Interior, little was gained in regard to insights into the problems of coastal-interior cultural relationships. There are some similarities, but these are of a somewhat diffuse nature. More research needs to be done in the intervening region in order to provide a decisive picture of prehistoric cultural relationships. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Graduate resoarch changes drarnaticaily tha lifo of a student. The apparent ste~ilityai most theses and how they read is rarely indicative af the author's psrs~nality~The same can be s3id of %h~ pages enclosed in this volume becausr3 it rsprasantc paoplo, placss, and things. Such ars my feulings whsn

I attempt to list those uho have givan to ma and my work same part of themselves, I sincerely I-iap@these peopla have recsiwed some measurs of reciprocity. My special thanks go to Paul ELackwelf, Clark

Closkey, Sally Johnson, Tish Moore, Nqlson Dlivsr,

David Storm, April Struthers, Thea de Vos and Richard

Youds. Withour, at: enthusiastic capable cpu~much Less

would have been accomplished. Brian and Isobell Byrnes, I members of The British Columbia Archaeological Society, were both valuable additions and brightening aspects during the many days they spent working with us. E. J,

Hickfn was most helpful and deserves a special thank you. Dr, J. BPum who graciously provided permission to work on lands under his care and Hank Tenbrink both deserve special recognition far their assistance and kindness. Brian Apland who provided his time and knowledge in photo~raphydeserves spacial recsynitivn

as well, iinda Ritehum did the maps and graphs. Typing

the Tina1 draft was dons by Janet Yamamoto,

My thanks go also to Simon Fraser University for a

graduate scholarshi:j which enabled sf~eedycomplatian oC

ths thesis, The FedsraP Governmentqs Opportunetie8 fo~

the summer of 1972, Dr. Paul MorosciZ, the external

examines an my de$enss committee, was vary keEpfwP as

My senior supervisor Dr. H. L, Alexander has

cajoled, criticized, praised, and worked with me. For this he is deserving of more than I can give, Dr. R, L.

CarPson first provided me uith the dppestunity to pursue my interests. To Dr. David Bettisen I owe my existence at university, For Rim no thank you can ever be enough,

my thanks For cont~ibutionsknown CHAPTER

B.ac;kgsaund . a * . . 9 HIT KATZIE TERRITORY2 RESOURCES A$?D ECOLOGY , , 19 Rasourc~s ., , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , 30 Summary . . , . . . , . , , . , . , 37 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION AND STRATIGRAPHY 40

Features .~,,,~,o,a.,d,,,, 44

ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS a a * 59

INTRODUCTION . e s t, e e e a e 0 , * , , 5g

Stone Endustry , . , . . , . , . a , , , , Bone Industry , , . , . . , , , . , , , Wood Industry , . . . . , , . , , , . . , LXST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

2 BimenaEono of Typa I Ground Slato Points * 3 Dimensions of' Type II Ground Slate Points .

5 $ oP Ground Slate Points by Type . . * sfans or Co~pletaGround Slate Knives

7 Ground Slate KniPs Fragmsntst Edgs Typa and Thicknasa , . a . . . , . 8 Dimenoions UP Type I Adze Blades . . . . . 9 Di~isnslonsof Type I1 Adze Blades . . . . . 10 Dimansions of Type III Adze Blades . . . . era and Whetstones Pw Each M 12 Pipa Fragmants Prom t4s ier;uihace Sita . . LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE Map sf Carruthers Site fin back pocket) . , Map Showing Location oP Carruthers Site , . 16 Distribution o? Harkomelem Groups on the Frassr River . . . . a , . , . a , , , , 25

Diagram of Pit Distributionr Mound "G" a 43 Profile Section of Maund "Am . . , , , , , 45 PrsPfPe cP Clay-Lined Dsprsssionr Mound "Aw 47 Profile oP Test Pit8 Mound "GU , . , , . , 49 Clay-tined Dspressionso Mound "Cn 5%

Profile aP Vlound "G* Showing Extant of Occupation Floor . . * , * . , 56

Small Triangular Unstemmed Points . a , El Large Contracting Stemmed Points , , , , , 55

Side Notched Points . , . , . , , a * a , 68

Small Stemmed Points , . , a . , * , , 70 Corner Notched Points , . , , . , , , , , , 72 Long, Narrow Thin Stemmed Paints, a-d Leaf Shaped Points e, f , . * . , . . a 75 Chippsd Stone Taols a, KniPe, b-e Drills, f-j Scrapers and/or Knives .....o.ae~ae,.e.e 80 Preformst a-c 8iPaces, d. Core . . . . , , 04 Ground Slate Points a-d Side Notched Points e-j Stemmed Points k-m Unstammed Points ...... , a 89 Other Ground Skate Toal camp let^ Ground Slate Knivas . . . , , , , Graph oi Slate Knife Fragments by Thick- ~~~S~~oa~eeeaas~amff%se

Type I Adze Blades , , . . , . , , , a .

TypaIIRdzeDladas * a

Type IT1 Adze Blades , . . . a , , , . a

Abraders and Saws , , , , - , , , . a Abrader Resting on Granitic Pebble . , , . fVisce?lansous Ground Objects , , , . . , , Wamm~rstones , * , , . , , . . . .

mauls .I.**....*...Is...

Pipe Fragnents ...... a . . Stone Vessels . . . . , . . . * . .

Subs~qu~ntanalysis cQ this data lead8 te csmparatfve research

with ps~iouslysxeav ted rnatsrial. Wfator eaB event8 betw \ f Lisw under ohf ch

causality can ba

past. But, this p and space Rave been produced by culidsbl uva.,iutio~, ;-J;ccQ- fore, differences betwoen cuPtures can snly bs undazstaod in terms af the intricate nuances preduesd by the relationships

for an 8ntfre discipline, Xndiwfduala must speak $or thsa3- selves, 1% is prapoasd here that by understanding man5s past we nay perhaps better Pathom the present and pradfct

the Tuture, ArchaeoPagy has a raEe to lay in this proe@ss,

d to think that the artifset is the

Early hlstsrical and ethnographic saurcss referring

to souths@stern Britleh Columbia are abundant, They begin

@Pth Russian, Spanish, sad British accounts during explora-

pP8s1 overland journoys such as Simon PraserUs have

also addad ts the published data* Studies by trained ethno-

graphers in British Columbia were initiated by Fraz Boas, Harlan

I, Smith, and the 3maLeur James HflPITout, Tsday wa1uabl.s

sources exist in flesh and blosd, Curaful scrutiny sf these published documents, in conjunction with analysis af archaeologi- caL data, providss comparative information upon whfek conch-

sions and synthesis are based. This is the direct historical

Praser dslta, This sacond period can bs characterized aa

% fntsnsfva cxcawatfsns which kontinues fnts the present, ABB this research is dw loping a elear picture of

Coast Saliah prehistory. Although suSsfantPaE, khs amount QP completed $i@fd work Haaves much to be desired in kerms oP quandifiad datas Nors PfaPd &ark must be done before urbaniza- tion erases the pos~PbfPPtysf' e lems of time and space fw Cogs% Salish pzehist 2~ ~tfH%p

ginsculvsd. I

and Fraser doPta re ions. Tho Frasea Canyon, wkere'the Pencjsst chranslagy exists, and th F~aserdslta, ara separated in spacB by only one kun d mfPs8. Hn time the gap Ss 1,700 yeaas, Earfy sites Ravs not y een found on the delta. tainly man mas tha~sconsdderabfy ba 2,588 8, Ce? the earliest date at the St. Nungo Cannery site (CaPvert P990), and probably earlier than 5,800 8, C. date at tha GPenrdas sit@, This tsmps~algap is likely due to the foci2 of' archaeological research. A IargePy unexplored area, from an excavation pesspeelive, exists between the Canyon and the delta, Evidence such as pit housesp an intsrior trait found as Par west as

Agassiz, may indicate s blend of interior and coastal traits an the Frassr delt Skudying %his p@@p@ntb$@m

germane &s un IA.%~.@@adoptatisn and

Dykes are %RE resulting in nu@ ry a$ a Per Rsr~islands in the Strafk of G I

Fmsm Lowland. The Frsaer and Georgia Low1 units, dPPf'ar in that ths hrrnf~ris d~ cifti~nalin stmetwr~while the fatter is erosianaf, FBP mflP@nnia the Fra ~p Lowland &a8 been

9 ost cf the Fras

ountains, s magor Rfc $ea%urs, ws sre variable, ~ldby Haus @r(1966) as lying within tk@ @e fock - rsst@~wre foreat, Douglas Pfr ( &ax~f:;%fr),ueatsrn asd ceder (Tguga q~~ndiaand are the principal eoolff~rr, UP ePP th:? eultrarol eulturta sad the' hytic aanife~susfarest perhaps Pit ths ePQieaBly, SukLP@@

(1962) suggest s iaP ~@letPonbetmeen th@ ougPas fir sub- efimax forest en historic distribwt

, occupied by SaPfsh speaksr ed of Katnfa terrfBsry. Sut.t3es (1 55) has diwidsd phic r@gfon treema, marshes, and timbered distinct, the rsgian providsd a bra%

lPy, Th@ lawlandt

Rfvsr ars cut by th and South Alau

the two streams, 8 num f aschaeoPsgicsP sites haws been kno@n se fs the Carruthers 1 mound which have beten Pev 9ng sf Lks harsr Fras@r Valley says,

graphs Dg. El Hickan (pers. corn, ) h8s conclud@d it hsfs b@@n Firgesra 2

Map Showing Location of Carruthers Site able archaesP gicsl dab. SutLl 8 (1955) and Jennsss (1 have both published menagrap fe, titerstupe o e more gen~ralnature by Barnett (1955)~Baas (PBSQ), DuP 1952), Hill-OOU~ (1907). me4 Smith (190 ) deaf si&h Coast

fn aummarp, this @haptor has @tap asired the physis- graphic faatures, weather pattsrws, und biotic communP&ios of the F'raser Lowland. A revfew of topographic sagions within

Katzie territory has set the stsge Pc~rr site deserfgtisn taining to site HowitSon,

Specific location of" the Carruthera sits is likely due to ths availability oP a multiplicity of edible rssources.

In particular the Indian potato (Sagittaria latifolia) may ba tha specific Pacational factor, Comprehensive analysis of" envirossrnerntaal data wlPE assi3t in ;:nders'c;ainding ccankri- buting factors to sita location, f~n: ixainple, ripening ssasons of wild Fruits and tubers plus availaaillty eP game may have been rospsnsible.

This multiple hypothesis eauld lead Lu the proposal of an srdar of resource importance by which the overall function of tha sita can bs determined. Furthermars, study- ing Katzle prehistory with the smphasls on cultural ecology will produce results and encourage a similar approach to the archaeology af other Halkomslem groups. This view implies that slrat~sgieadaptations. to differing local envircrnments will shed light an socio-economic tiss and inter-group i activity. The suggestions and problems outlined above will , be pursued in fsflswing chapters. cultur~area. HaPkbm~f nd Strala?@i'alish. $uttle~(1968; eontraPs to k Ip ensurs group surviwal, Hemcs,

tion of Kat s in pert on sv

p terri tory, 4rcRaesLagfe cwPkurs recovered Pram Katzfe sites, Cm of avaf lability and cone~ntratiansf raooureos within e eke PBSUP~ of sccio-econemie rePatfans which haw@ p~oducebless distinct

On the micro seal srchseo8agPcaS cultures from hing setiwiti fhs qusstion sP imp08 id tksy pursue Qfsh ~@&ourc@s?TG d vailabl~resources is impe~atPve, Distribution sf HaikornaZem Groups on the Frsser Rivsr

gssg~apkfcpositfan and s wide re

trawerlllng wp and down the river to their riahfng loearti For sxsaple. the Cowicksn appeared in July (Barnett 1955 ), living in summer vfffages on tR@ lower reaches sf the riv

Saanfch people reached the Fraaar Prcm summar vf%lsgsa an I would e~~%efnPybsarb new or f$Perent ideas, Far exam

Lillooet cams to Katzie tmrftsry asked for and recafved pez- 1

A haring their resources, $ha KstzPe may haws I

4 "cannot be ssparat d Pr6m %h@problems a? tribal distribution

winter being the tima sf StaXo control or dominance, ifi

group csnt~ctover the low using river trsw

The Upper Stsls traded up-rfvss rith the Fhompsons and down-riw F with tribes near the mcerth, To th~Tkompsows they .$ dugcut canoes, dried salmon, rusk m and goa t-wool 'blankets, In return they received soopaPaPie-oil, dr %ed sashtoon- berries, and Indian hemp. The canoes, I pspulatisn aPsn lo@e~river and b'tccked of

plottation pather than cultup change on the Lower Fra~er. / DfCfersnces among previously excavated as embPages occupying i/ ,i simflea time ps~iodsfn the Power mainland may ref1 presenting s uniform picturs oT Eoaat Salk h cuhm R~S~Q~Y ars due to linguistic @PfiliatSows a@ well as strategic daptstians to broadly similar environmentaf csndf tfsna.

WePstive uni.ormfly in Coast Salisk cultureo however, is n accounted $or by popuPat3an mavements alens in LRs ethns-

ried. Prec dmts must Rave @st~bPish@dinter-grrseep ties and transhwmanc~ in pr kfstoric tP=@s0AdditisnaPPys population fluidity @thnsgrapRiealBy may be due, in part, to demsgraphfe decline,

827) and may haw@ oP some groupse tsrritoriss. ithPn tks scheme sf trad , t@rr%LsrialP&y, I asanef msvermenk skstc @d above, the K@tzf@ pP greeter I role than any other Hblkonelem gsoup, On might say they were insignificant, Their ssissn d%sLre was the wild ps glttsrke latifohie) which f8ousfsh~ fn %R@~EJtsrritsry, However, as will be men bePam, both the Ka%z$e resource base and their explsfLsef~nof' .it was eon$i salmon or the f w otRer PsadstuFPs et n~grephfcelByascorded,

This portion of the thssbs w911 PSat tha sparse ethnographic date pertaining to Kstris rssources, Du@ to this Pm~uPPfciencya list of awailabls resburcss (Appsndfx

A) has baen prepared f~rcomparison with ethnographic information, Both Suttles (1955) end Jennsss (1955) recorded a Jones (1972) has compfP@d a Biat of availabls food rs-

run csntia~aPPyPram Pate February to Pate D cenb~r species overlapping. Greatest concentrations cf salmon on r River occur during August, Ssptem

Non-anadromous species spend their entire live

?rash water. Eight such species are listed In Appm Vhs Kaezfe hid, "in their lake and slew-moving slough

r-round source o"Bood in the str~ictPyfresh-water fishes"

1 sphagnum- 2 I sloughs, ponds, and frequently I flooded areas, (3) stream banks with good ex (4) dry coniCarous Corests and opsn b%u$f"s,-

raxfmately the same time peribd, HsbitatisnaP patterns in Katzfe Powlands my rePBsct harvest times, For

Asrshy lowland areas c~veringmuck cC Katzie territory

Local informants indicated that bear and deer were common Repid urban expansion hes Porcad the larger mammals to mom- tainsus terrain RE! rby, However, there is no maaon to dou that, prehf~toricafly,largo mammsl &@re abundant &ILRdn

; such as beer, Undsubtc Py, peoples

ns, one might exp~ek Kstzfe man te have little 1 h I I L Mapla Ridge (hi tsrPc Katzia k@srf$ory) 2s th~habitat I k

Por many asamals ncL mentioned in SuLtPs @ (1955) and JennessB Ir (1955) ethnographies, Jones (1972)~ has campiled a Pist ci which were edible 6s

Today, the marshy Po@Bsnd

Tng areas in the Frrssilgr Vallesy, vate clubs spsrat8

the two ethnagr pksrs do list were pr

source but certainly contributed to the Katzis meat diet during times of the yeser when they were pPenkifu1, That leist provided (~~pendixA) consists of birds that might Rewe had

eenomic fapsrtsnee, I3irds of prey, rare birds, or casual arch. Sfnee the only oeterPoaP coneidered are edible, it

. Suttlos (1955026) describes Ram bath nets and arrows @em rstssd in bird hunts, Neb @@re sfmi am" $a ps;%h

nd suspondmf from po9@~, ~rsrs about three

An abundanc of birds and their importance is indfeeted by

Ea Qthsr Resoureas

Cray fish and small frogs are abundant in sHoughs around KaLafe Pend ones 1972 ) . Fresh water mussels occur in Pftt Lake but ere not mentioned in the ethnographies Summary

contributing Psctars to KatnP @u1&urohietory & seifirally

(2) Linguistic aff'bn organitatisn wm Psctars makfn SelPak, especial y HePkomsBem, rf torial bounds seasonally fluid. (3) The preceding statem nt Pallows from ths Psoseneas aP the Coast SaHish emcia- economic systm uhen compared with that af the mare northern Waksshan, 1 (5) Marrisge provided s strong ba inter-group ties among the Co cause of prefarences 4%~ local exogamy d patrilocal residence,

\ tks Coast Sa% am, the In%@

Environment 1-factors have also afF cksd settlem@nt

distsibutism within %he Coast Salfs sma, The Cactsrs P hove sugg~stsdas bgfng sfgnSPieenL

wee, food shasring among the $fsh was common,

ssourees PPab in ethnographl snt only a por ion of food fte able and probably utilized by the Katzf~and other C~astSaHish groups. (5) Slight differences in loe P hsbitants am Coast SeffsA groups may b reflected in previously excavatexi assemblages,

(6) The aild potato abundant in Katzies territory was much des red by sther Coast SaPksh groups and m y b@ the Katmfe reisan doetre, The preceding enumeration oP ascisP snd anvirenmen&

srnan~ Halksmelem greu 9s Par an arckaeoI~gEca9 approach oriented @round cultural ecology, S cof?d, tha cam-

have presented no reason why salmon mf*r@not an integral part of the Katzie diet, 1 suggc8L that, in Tuture, an sn I

k@ inferences concerning saesonal popul tion movements by the Matnie and ather groups

I arch%eoloqical remains from the Carruthom sits will Pecus on I these suggested points in the following chapters, ARCHAEOLOGICAL %MVESTICAT%OM AND STRATICR

an a smies of seven mounds in varying sL %@fB of disrg~af~e

Figure 4 covered enough of the n~undto consider the srtiPsct sample sign if %cant.

First, it @a&~BC@S ary to detepmfna the BCt,ian, and I extent ot) c~. its which uwdsrgay the midden, s iI in ths wound,

check oP the validity oP ons method as opposed to another.

For axample, dbPference ts as a eBsult cctor. Exs: vations on elf .mouads u re by shovel @i4;k all dirt being carried to one-quarter inch mesh screens by

2 bucket, TrowePa were used when greater care %as Indica%ed. 1qi\ I I It Deposits throughout the sits consisted oP ovsrlapped. I ii I disconkinuous lenses of charcosl. ash, burned soil, derk 11 I I I I midden mat. rial, Pirs-cracksd rock, and small pockets of clay. ? i ; jl; Figure 5

Diagram a? Pit Distributfanr iQound "Gn Figure 5 ke moulds wsrs common in proCilrr8. In mound VLe,

these moulds were ubiquitaua. In aone csser, speciPfcslly

part of te8t excavst$on8. 1 ly two unbfoken units ol basal strata wr

underlying the Pir vation, mound @A@. 8 second layer,

dPrsc&By above &Re cf i~ also

order of meun

Yellow clay underlying cultural deposits

in mound @Ae was, in many excavation unitse penetrated by

nwnerous attempts at aligning into a pattern or petterns Figure 6

Profile Section oP mound "A" o metre, I 1 3 4 ------... - ~ _I_ -...._ .. ,. .. 1 . - - ...... - . .-1 . ------... .-A

burnt earth W$3 UR~UCCBSB P khssa post or stake holes taare

Pound in grsupa of trs or thrae, Frsn the surPsee, depths*

ranged Prom 50 to $0 @

wants of rotten cedo~while others csntainsd mfddgn material to a depth a$ threfe cewtirn~tsres, Tho ROT@% caverod by nofddgn etsPP psed inwardp cultural deposi@s falling ks the

bottsrw @h@iro %rrsw&lflod, With csnf'"b @nc@it can bs asfd that

tests indicate th peak OF stake moulds o not represent $ha

rernorents c~f nent plank hau

large post heSss wms uncovered and BRs n

ing in c%owi ~r x%m%ty, are not in icetiwe a? the e$Rno- Ily kncwn peinsnsnk toast Salfsh resi

proximity and numb~rof holes %Pso in fcates that structures

ach other through ths, Thus, it is likely I dbpressione repressnt re ins oP ethne-

graphfeaPLy known ham-to shelts~s,Pdsh dr

8 Such structures eauld be rebuilt each year or

season as the dte speeiff~ fwnc-

Lion of' ths holes 8 were temporary for they d align into a pettern and are tss numerou and spatially eon- fined to fn lank house,

Feature 2, Qne clay-lined pit was uacowesr8 mound @Ae, This feature 9s similar to four clay-lin~ddspres-

excav@tt@dfw mound @Ce, Several stake moulds g0ere I I slssssrvabllas TR the profile prior to excavcstifsn (~igurs71, i' I 1 1$1

I &

deep, No ehsrco 1, ash, $Bor%l, sr faunal rsm ins ~srefound

small amounts of' b snted ground slate and calcined 11 bans recoverod From both hearth srsss identifiable articulating surfaces. Hearth features are common in middens on the lower meinland and their gtmsral sp is often sfmilsr.

Six two by one metre Lest pits were excavated in mound '8'. No dSPPermess in srtrsta or artifact content from ProPiPe oP Test Pito Mound "8" metres in depth.

four additferaal clay-Pined depressiont; (Figure 9) in elirec t association with hsarth area. Ddnensiongj oP the depressfans

coversd by a thin (one esnkirnetm) layer of fine sand, All

depressions sre ssucer-shaped and several Rave rims or lips I I I showing @mall shs1Paw Roles Pifled with charcoal at unequal I intervals, Thickness or the clay in these depressions ranged from three tr, Piwe centimetses. Hn slf four exampl~s, skaps i i was sfmifar to the depression uncoverad in mound @Ase ki Several other sites on the south~eeterncaast of i 1 clay-lined i British Columbia have produce dspressfsns, Qn a Callano Island, Mitchell (1971 Figures 70, 71) found a clay-

Pined depression in association with fhnkague Harbour 1 1

Ii # I i/ 11 Figure 9

Clay-Lined Dspressionst Plound "C"

Table d

Two or three famfPies gener and camped together, using sticks supporting rusk mats

t not the thicker elk ressed by tBiefr husbands), nd dried rush@ close of tha gathered salmon berries and stksr wild fruits. In this month o~ the succeading one, July ("first ecokby ovsr a pit in the ground"), ,, ,

"Pisst cooking over EI pit in in July nay ~eflectthe we of' clay-lined pits. mounds 0, E, and F,

ns by two metre test excavated in mounds @D@, and 'F', Pn 811 rthres cas g+.fBta

ferent than that Pound in preceding test m0U$3dd $ through @Cs, No 8eek;ltur~sor tdiffereness in alrLfP set

rn then in the CfrsL major test at mound @Aae

Againo this Was a c sck on sample recowspy using tkg two techs niques fop comparissn, Data Prom t eomparigon bs presented lstsr in Lhis report. , r Severs1 signif fcant features uers unearthed in mound

ough it is diPPicult to state with sb~olutscertainty the function of them festurgs some sta%emenPs are based on the archeelogicsl evidence,

Feature 6. Faaturs 6 is possibly the remnaotscr an occupation rloor. It lies in a deprsssi~nspprokinately in the middle (figure 10) of the excavation. The floor was figure 10

ProFiPe BP Mound "G" Showing Extent oP Occupation Floor Figure 10 Qf rs t encsun t red 75 cantimstsas de p and fta extent did wok

vary Prom this depth, Mads sf clay, the layar was well-de- I fined and easily dPstinguiaRabPs frok depaaits above and

below it, Und rnesth the floor, a layer sf nixad dscsmpssed humus end midden soil (~fga~rePO) can ba ssen, Ab

occupation BevsH is a

containing ek rcoal, ash, fire-cracked rocks, burn~d~ei9, I 1 and ertifacts, Approximate dimsnsions sf this occupation 1 i Plaer ales 6 tw~staes by 8 metres, The clay Psyas is level, I d some 4 to 5 c@ntimst ra~thick an Psrms a rectangular outfins, I

Attempts to fallow this fe ture at f%sB %tarn gxtremfty I 1 broken and disc ntinuous, eapecially 1

outhaastern extremity, Ssveral lepgs and partially I

Re clay floor on the n rthusstern an

northwest t s~uthsa~L i

exeavatien o? the f'800r) a 88ri~da$ b~98and amall cedar fragmsnb, most stendfng upright, wr@unesv red. ~~t~~o spermd with these wood Prsgmants were a number of &tar stakes which had been driven into the @Pay Prom the midden

on some sP these wooden artifsets. At what is / er cone~ntrstieancaf large and smaB%, Clst eircupap $LQPB~Swa~

the clay Payer ddes %end itself to bnterprstatisn, fha author was s participant during sxcavations a$ Mwakna Bay near BelPa Cosla In 1970 and k9'7l, eimilar feature, probably associated with s larger structure ch eands had been pscke dawn to craats However, the easy feature at t

Carrutho~ssite, being smell, is probably tha rsaaina sf" a

mpa~arydwelling, probably used s@ssonaPly, The

ssnee of large post hoP@s or avfdence oP heavy suppartiva st~ucturalmembers also points to the abswe suggestion, s marked mith provknience data, ring, and cataf ?uing were don classes s$ ston , and wood, the order 0% presentatisn

y, a process sf @xp

which artff' d togsther an *ha

First, a type is convenient for doscrfp%ivo purposes, Secon the establishment of' types can serve as tiwe or apes rn

Third, types rsf'lsct ts asme degrao, p ttsrns of behavior

(utilitarian standa~ds)in the minds Q &k@tool ws*ers,

TR~refor@,they pa8 sss some measure of' vsPidiLy ( Chipped Stone

s ttributss Par inclusion into sn h8 typss,Point pr

end a91 measurements given are in mfHPfa~

fyp8 1, SWIP~trf ngular unstsmsed

Corm, width, thickn~ssand Pength. Figure hl.

Triangular Unstemrned Points

to ths base, Blade aides range Prow slightly eonwox, tea

biPacialPy thinned via rsmoval sf Four ar five seal1 pressure , Cross-s~ctionsare sPaays $hfc&@stproximal to the

base and may be either plane-capsvex OF b%-pPan~~ Occasion-

sPly cortex is sswident on ons eerrffac@, Thirty-four Type I points are biPacially thinned t the bas@, nfw

Paciklly thinned at the base and six hsve no bssef thinning,

king is gen om and ds~snot

Paces sf blade wd tend to run p

Diaans~Ucsof the Type Pn the Fressr Canyon, itchell (1963 r 147, 148) hsa

st Esflao Village, Esilao is a late site in the Canyon Small, triangular, unstemmed points per ise bn the , st Cram the so-called Piarpols phaa~(450 B.C. - through lontague Harbour III (post A.D. 1,000). In the

Chippina Technique

P??hary ?l~~khit~ds random and plyexecuted, again, a result sf poor material. Pressure Flakes have been removed Prom both blade edges and both blade wrfseces, SseoRdary nguso 12

Large Contracting Stemmed Paints

Range eP mEdth fs PO to SO mf

Wgnge QP width between natchea is 6 &O 18 millfmstres II)

Side-notched paints (Figwrs 83) are small and thin

flaking tsehn fques ow r the ?$rst two types, This fs probably due do esl ~liqj used in their @anuw

Smell, thin I triangular-bladed, side-notched paints. Figura 13

Side Notched Points illustrates a ?ew Prom his Wh Pen Sf1 phase

A.D. 350-800. Stsehx (~crden19701108, Figura 33, u, x) has also produced some small side-notched points. In the Frsser Canyon, small side-notched p~int~appear prior to the Emery phase (8, ec~rding esrlson (1973 pars, cam. ) and continue through Es

1963r 147, 5, 6. 8, 9, 22, 23, 24 and p. 1 @ 3, 4, 5, 4, 18, 19, 24). Small side-notched points, then appear after A.D. 308 in both F'zasasr River

Type XV, Smell triangular bladed stemmed pofn&s,

Form snd Dimsnsions

Blades are triangular with sides ranging from slightly convex ts strsight. Cross-sections are pfano-eonvsx or bf- convex. Stem8 are atmight and short with midths being ap- Small Stemmed Points Fiqure lA 71 proximately one-hal? blad midths. Stems are short and blades are relatively wide,

Chipping Technique Primary Flaking is random and covers both blade sur-

?aces entirely. Edge retouch is bifaclal and bilateral and is generally perpendicular to the long axis of' the point.

Diagnostics of the type

Small stemmed points with triangular blades.

Geographical and Temporal Rsnqe

Small stemmed points appear on the coast at approximately 200 8. C. or slightly earlier in the marpole phase Sanger (1968). They also appear at Belcarra Park (~harlton 1973, pers. comm.) in the upper stratagraphic unit. In the Frassr Canyon, small stemmed points appear around the sane time as on the coast and persist through Skamel and Emery phases. A few examples have been excavated from ths upper deposit at Esflao Village (flitchell 19638147, 14). Small- stemmed points with triangular blades appear on the coast and in the Fraser Canyon at approximately the same In both areas. they seen to disappear around A.D. 1,200.

Type Vo Corner-notched points. Twelve complete and seven incomplete specimens con- prise the sane o? corner-notched projectile points (Figure ns). Figure 15

Corner Notched Points

73 Range oP length is 28 $0 50 mlllimetres 'Range oP width is 16 to 22 millimetres Range of thickness is 4 to I@ millinetres Range of width between notches is 4 to 13 millimetres

Form and Dimensions

corner-notihad points are short and broad with uidth between notches exceeding blade thickness. Blades are triangular with adges ranging Prom slightly convex to straight. In cross-section corner-notched paints are bi-convax or plano- convex. Blade widths, on complete specimens are always slightly greater than point length.

Chippinq Technique

Primary flaking is random and covers both blade surfaces completely. Edge retouch has been accomplished by detaching pressure flakes roughly perpendicular to the long

axis oC ths point. Basalt oP lor quality is again the common material. However, smaller points exhibit Piner chipping techniqus than the larger specimens in Types I and Xi.

Diaqnostics oP the type Short corner-notched points with broad triangular

blades.

Geoqraphical and Temporal Ranqe Small corner-notched points appear in both coast and

Fraser Canyon sequences. They appear first in the larpole phase (Bordsn 19701102, Figure 31, t, u) and later in Whalen 11 (8orden 1970t106, Figure 32, u). Charlton (1973 pers. has excavated some examples from the upper stratigraphic slightly and rta approximately twice a@ w$ds as blade thick..

lend PtaeB? to the chipping method of manufacture, Except Por one s119L6) point, both blade awrfPacss asre coapPs8;ely racial, and p@rpendfculer to the Bong axis of the

Long, thin points with convex edges and contracting Figure Bh

Long, Marrow, Thin, Stemmed Points, a-d Leaf Shaped Paints 0,f

Chipped slate points are net common on the coast or

in the Freser Canyon, Their preparation fa Pi ebmncsr a? more suitable martsrfal, inelude them, however, @o being

Type Vltf, Leaf-shaped points,

Thrwa Isjar$-shaped points were @xeavsted from the a sm91 portfon of the base missing, Renge sf Length is 54 to 57 millimetres Range af' width fs 18 ts 24 aoillimetrea

Lea?-shaped points have cow@%edger and are plsno-c

the point, which is made Prom vitrious basalt, is probably

I I intrusivs. That Is, it may have been picked up and trans- i ported to the Carruthers site, 1 Q k 8 sr a

&a lil (Da a. . (D 01 6 8) -4 4 24 rT a 4 PI e (a- a

x Q) $4 r-i Q 4 E cr H 61 k a a -a D 0 J.c c e, x u +, B) 4 a. 3 Q k ID Q) 0 I Q B- 9. a k 6) 3 4 &a 4 B]c aUJ Q 8 a 0 3 Q A) 'E z 4 Bn 4 €5 c al 8 P 0 B P 1 (lerge contracting stsmmed painkc) occur in mound @We and not in msund @Gee Corner and aid -notched p inks occur together end am lIret@rtype8 on th@ coast and in the Fresaa 1I I Csnyon, fhe~inchsfon sf lerge contr

1'1 site @auld place it mithin the sphere oP influence 1 interior and coast traditions, Secondo a mixture of prajec- tile poht types may represent e etrategie adaptation to a

One deFS~itsprojectile point stem was excavated,

Made from basalt it is reminiscent of an early stemmed typs faun$ cm the coast. Tkrse paint bases, one of which has one side-notch, are also of local besalt. I TwePve progectf 1s oink tips, all thin and short, ere basalt trenty-four praj@ctfle point frsgrnen b mentioned above d99-

Piable, Although some my hewe been tos9so they are either poorly made or bedly broken. Thus, these ton artifacts are

not pPaesd in &kc4 df+xx aion of tool type,

Othcp Chipped Stme fools Ten additional chipped stone implements deserve sepsrste dtztacriptisns,

ure 17 b, e,) rtons drills were recowore Carslo the rs

Length 53 millSme&res Width 16 mS1Himetres

This is a 8ingPe shouldered drill with steep retouch on both surPsces, It has 8 diamond-shaped cross-section and rear on the edges near the tip and on the tip itself,

Width is 16 millimstr

Thickness is 7 millisettres, Part of the base is Figure 17

Chipped Stone Tools a, KnPTe b-a. Drills . Scrapers and/or knives missing, but this tab1 is double-shouldered and rslade from basalt, A long narrow bit is thick, diamond-shaped in @roesu

near the %fpand on the top itself.

(3) A 436 (Piguse 17c) is ma @ from fins grained tss~elt, Pt edg., This tool is $7 miflinetres long. 21 nilllmatrss wide primary end ercamdary ekipe, having been removed, The sth surfam kss steep pressure flake scars an both edges with

tool Rwing s hinge fracture. Both edgss adJacenL to the tip and th@ tf lf dieplay use asar.

I has iffustrsted a drill very much Pike the First two specimens prgsente , Addi tionally, (~ilson 9973 psrs, conme ) has two similar examplss Crcm axcawations at a pit houss vlZElsge st KamPoopa in the interior or British CsPumbis,

dge e

(2) 8 37 (Ffguk@ 179) ks 8 large bas o rkfeh has $&an seetouched do form a Beraper or knife, he surface is almost

thick,

(3) G 107 (Figure BSJ) ia an end scraper Termed on s besalt

ewers battering,

long me edg@ opposite the bulb of pmcussion, 83

(5) G 649 (~igure17f) Is a macro blade 65 millimetres long,

berssft, nat esnnman in then Kstrffe area,

oat baswe hinge O)rac%ur@sand nsnsa dfs3pPey any deviation from

the random primary flake pattern, All but a Tew Rave no cortex, These, artifacts warere tools in the process af menu-

$ the total, ten are short and thick hgvfng Figure 18

Prefsrms ale. f3iFaces d. Core

85 pofntad or eonvex ends, S@vm are %hick medial fragmants and tm sthers are short, pointed and thick,

-Cares Six essss were exca d, Piwe are basalt and ens ir milky qusrtf, The large It core (cfgure 1~d)is ba- I polar, sharp at one end t a-eha othep, Long

exhibit randem removal oP hert thick flak~s, The milky quartz core he% been iscpiminstsly,

mast appear to have been severePy battered and display no ping pattern,

Six lerge %rimming CP kes are thick, broad and Rave 1 been struek Prom basaft cores of low quality, No intentional

i es sere not abundant at the Carrutheps I I eating little stone toor manuPaeture took place I there, A total aP twenty-two were catalogued. Alf waste =! 1 f3akes have been struck Pram basalt cores and are sho~t, 1 I thick, and brc d, None display any fntenkisnal or use retouch. I aii unifecfallg and bilatersfly retouched st a very steep The naterfal f agate, Another agate artifact f~ biQaePalPy retouchad speefmsn with s hinge Praeture. Ht may

~$2flakes and fr gmants were al

d along with one quartz cryatale NOR@ B them have been remarked, Tre other Pra rt, sns a flake and

rt~csP both urQeces have bean ground to form an apparsnt cutting edgg, Grinding is minimal and th length of the ground edge is only 27 miPlfmetres, The second ground and chipped abject i8 slate, Both auffaeffis Rave been chipped, one entirely, The other surfecs, is coverred met8tPy $9 b Plat ground swrQnc8, This abject may have been an attempt at

remaining pertian has been ground, is convex, and 1ikely is a Ground shte points, knbws~ constitute thsf ~g~e~tpartfan of t~ fate grinding indu~~rye

Points, how~var,are not abundant, a rePlectim perhaps of' de-

I I ominsnee of ground slat@knivrss and knil" ents a problem in interprets tion given the paucity of lieh remains (me salmon vsrtebrs).

Grmun d Slate Pain ts

Three distinct types of' ground slate pcfnta (Figure

19) are present in the assemblage recovsr wiously described. , Many ground slate points were, recavered Pn broken condition, In addition, many unclsssffiab%e point &Dregmesnts

thinning, a ch racteristfe suitable for insertion into a corn-

of Type I points ~96thany previously sxcavtsted assemblages in the lersr main1 nd of' British Columbia, However, this may simply be a PsesP stylistic variable st the Carruthers site, ly more arehae~lsgfcalrssaarch st Katzie sites wIPP tablfsk similarities or differencss among ground slate Figure 19

Ground Slate Points a-d. Side Notched Points s-J, Stemmed Paints k-rn, Unaternmed Points

DHMEMSImS OF TYPE I GROUND SLATE POINTS toola Par Fishing then for fsnd mamma2 hunting,

81Py triangular, only one 9 TABLE J

DHmERISPONS OF TYPE If GROUND SLATE POINTS

A 62 broken 11 3 tfp

broken t ltp St~mmedground slats points occur in other excavated asssnblsges on the Pamsr main%and, However, their hrna vary cons9derably. It is not unreessbnabPe to suggest that stemmed slate points are rtylietic parallels to their chipped stone accoun% For dlff rasncprga in style of stemmed slats

es in Typ~1 and Type PI paints, being mop@ straight or' slight% $Pe 4 give nent dimensions af Type PIX points, Average width between TABLE 4

DIMENSPONS OF TYPE 1x1 GROUND SLATE POINTS not, at this tims, pernit any suggestions as to their spseiPSc us@. how eve^, their sirnil

points, largsr than the mes describsd here, have been $ in Locarno Beach haso components (norden 1970 r P69, Figure

38, p, q, 8, t). Other coasts1 ges do no& Rave signfPicmL numbers aP Type Iff growad SP occurrence eL the CarruLhrdre sit@ an ce the f~ck,at certain tima, oP suf

To tar f

uppea Pevela of' tk~sf te, thc heaviest esncen tratian vertically being PPO~ten to Party centimstr I

I i A total 01 58 unclsssifisble slats point fragments I were recowred ?ram the tarruthers sfte. Theae Prsgmen ts i

ground owar both surfacs., srs thin, sveraging approxima t~ly

a right triangle, I

me dulled by um, This may b@ sn incising

I sr woad, The length of this slate object is 31 mPBPE- trers, the width fs 27 nsillfwretres, ernel the thick- i ss is 4 mfllfmetres, I (~igur. 20b) s (2 1 C 545 This is long, narrow, straight /.I frm alate by grinding, APP surfac~s Figure 20

surfaces sre tapered lqngitudfnally to Pcrm s straight but ahsrp tip. Part of the base is missing but thclrs is evidenccl of longitudinal bswalling , perhaps sc-

described above, this object may have bsen some type

the Carruthers sits. Howevsr, it may be of signiPicancs to future resesrehors to note the condition oP them artifacts. That is, there are only twelve complete or clearly recon- structeble (8s to shape) knivss in the assenblags. Over ments without cutting edges constitute the totality of' ground slate knives, Attempts at r@constresetingknives from thcs

larger fregmmta with cutting edges %as fruithss, However, warking with the material, I have discsvsred six types of grinding that forms thef useful edges OR these terafs, Theea

PJPce 0

Edge Type PI8 Both surfaces have been ground in a curved or rsu~dsdfashion,

Edg@ Typo Vo have been bewellsd to BP~ei cutting edge.

hss bsm bgvellgd and ather ground $Pa& ts Term cutting edga, ..

Complete Kofvess Vssy few cewplste or, at Peast, typologi-

tinct, slat@kn iwes were FICOV~P~B~, The specimens (Figure 21) are coapPetely ground over both sur-

millfm@tws. Sev~ralstylistic variables can be seen, BOP

~xsmpls,cutting edges range From straight to very convex,

In many eases, knives have been backed by chipping Pollswed by grinding a Plat surface. Ends and backs of knives are Slate Knf ves most often dullad via grinding but occasionally ends are sharpened, These larger specimens dfs Pay very =hips along cutting adges. All the pertinent dimensions and edge trs are provided in TabP8 6. In cases whe te the knit. has been broken an estimstsd length is given on the

psund slate knife (Figure 2Ph) merits

iptfnr. This artifact has s crescent-shaped

type 1). This edg Is joinad by tao straight TABLE 6

DIMENSIONS Of COMPLETE GROUND SLATE KM IUES GROUND SLATE KNIFE F EDGE TYPE WMD THICKNESS grinding both seflriP@c@snear the edges in a alight curve, Secondly, ahost 86 psr csnt sf ground slate knife Pragmsnta

PP chips mfaafng along their cutting

that prsund slate knives were a multi-purpose

Pwtherr %act in this respeet is dea~rvingof' note, fhst is, the extremaly fragssnttxi condition of ground 5 i ration a? fabds more BB$icwl$ %o deal with (i,@,wild 1 tom) than fish, they wsuld tend to iracture more

vations. N nc?, of these

sad aPP are relakiwely smaPP in cemp@~ison

caum of th number and condition of struetion me . Hawswar, the

mounds which produc

8 c~mpletean

18 tip Frsgm@ntso19 butt Qragmsnta, Figure 22

Graph sf Slate Knife Fragmants by Thickness

(semi-log graph) ctategorie. will be described separately.

CampPete Adze Blades

specimens haws bsen graund ccngPeLsf y on a low-grad Cutting edges are steep, bevelled an one aide and rounded on the sther, The hgavy almost crud8 appearance ef' Typo I Figure 23

Type I Adze Blades

Average thickness is l4,l millimtres

1 Adze blades in the second type (Figure 26) tatal : nine, Their side8 ares straight Prom tip to butt and tars :i ground to a slight convex curve gfwfng almast an sxact ,oval 1;h cross-section. Type I1 adze blades ars farmed on ~elptively !I I Pine quality nephrite, are completely gram il

@xc@ption,~@CBU y have $sen re-

harper than the specirnesns in Lhs ypa, b~inghi- ', 4I facially bevelled, relativ Py shallo~,and slightly convex, I mesnts $or each specimen are given in Table 9,

Typfe PII, A t~tsHsf six adze spgeimens (Figure 25) are fncPuded i in the third type, Them examples are rectangular in cress- I 1 1 1 section, have flat miges, are ground csmpletePy over ell sur- I f Paees and have straight sides contracting slightly to the I butt. These adzes havs been formed on a medium quality i TABLE 8 DIMENSIONS OP TYPE I1 ADZE BLADES

Average width is 22 mfllinetrea

Average thickness fa 114, B miPlfmetres Type I1 Adze Blades nephrite and all have battering an the butt, Cutting edgers are sharpo slightly canvex* and are Cosnsd by a shallow beverll or rounded aetrf%c@, Dimmsisns ere given in Tablo PO. 1 I

Average length is 50.8 millimetres

werage width is 23.8 millfmetres I / Avsrags thickness is 10.1 mi1limstres

Ttase, atypical objects are included fn the class sQ metres wide, an 18 millfmetres thick, This object is ground cempletsaly over three surfaces, the fourth showing the scar or ridge caused by sawing, It is formed on a hard material, . )I, probably low-~rade nephrite, mRPeR &as $@en burned, It is

The second atypical object is also formed on lew- grade nephrite. I1 3s 59 milliraetrss long, widest rat the cutting edge (25 millfmstres), and 12 millfrnetres thick.

is sub-triangular ahile in cross-section it is sub-rec- tanguhr, Th@ cutting edge id9 BIICP~I~, straight and shallow, Eighteen adze tip Pragments were recovered Pram the

on nephrite, of varying quality end sears are evident on SBVEWI apecinens, lthough some appear to have been efficient- carving toaBs tA ros~-breakage pattern is worthy of note,

tool may hsw been firmly lodged in a piem EQP woad, On thes other hand, breakage of this type may be due to the fraeture prsference af the material,

N fneteen butt Pragman%s were &ifso excavated, Seven display the groave or sear cawemd by sawing, These Prag- mmCs hev8 variab9e dimen~ionswith no definite patterti.

Sosc are portions oP large, thick, splitting tasls, sthers PI4 are fragments af ctiirvhg implsmentre, Shape, in ssonr~a 68$~3e~~ is atypical, being oblong, rdkh crms-sections aPss being akypfcal, The mast common material used is nephrite which

Some eight medial adz@ fragments were recovered,

Na pattern as to form or cross-tmctisn is O~V%OWSdue to the fragmm tary ns ture of the speciems, \

A ta&al of forty-Pour uncPassSff ble adze freg.wcsn ts, all having one or mare polished surf C~SWare $110 F@CQVBPB~~ Thase have been split from various p %ts of an i determinate number of adze blades.

Additional m&wtisn must alas be mid .of a large pebble of nephrite, e en4 oP this obJe~Lhens been batbred, it is water worn, and shows no vidence of purposeful- sawing ar grinding in preparation sf an adze,

abraders. Most archaeological asssmb%ages from the Fs

Canyon to the coast contain pn slignff'icant percentage aF grinding or abrading ispleaen ts. Ths material most cornmanly utilized fa sandstens, the coarseness of which depends, ft appears, an the ermeunt and type of grinding ts be done. PI5 Accordingly, I have divided all abrasive stonas, into three groups1 coarse. msdiun, and Pine. Arbitrarily I have decided ta term the coarse and medium specimens abradere and the fine-grained exampf es wh~tstoaes, Very few ab~adersexeavst~d Prow tks Cesruthers site

Pire and, as a result, badly Practured. A Piat of combina- facts, Analysis wasi based on length, thiekn@sse ai number of surfacee? utilized, depth of dsprsssian caused by

~nfythree (~fcjure26, b, c, e) shaped grinding or abrasive stones w@re excsvaled. None are complete but require

(11 G 463 (Figura 26e), This is a large shape stone made Prom sandstone. It is broken across

the grain and has Tour utilized surfaces. 8 SUE-

fence is very convex and the surface opposite is vary concave, Both sides or edge$ are cenvex and have been used as well. The material is Cine-graingd

sandstone, This object, then, is probably a Figure 25

Type 111 Adze Blades

Figure 26

Abpadsrs and Saws

118

whcrrtstone and could Punlctian very welf ~OPpolish-

ing Q$Z@ bladas~~The width and depth of the smooth I 1 concavl depiessian certainly rite comf'o~tably with I The length of many of the ~ediunwidth adzes. this iI

(2 1 C 51'9, Thi~brasfwe stone (Figure 26~)has shaped purposefully as well. It is broken 451

milliaetres iwg), broad 4 it,and thin (12 mif limetres). Four surfaces have been ground by use or Bos shaping, Che3 edges is straight - the other eurv@de both forming an asymmetrical butt,

by sha~penfnga ban@ i~pPsment, material is Pins- i grained sandstone,

(3 A 246, This abrasive stone (~igurs26b). is the butt end of' ar shaped implement, In cross-section it is not unlike, some adze blades. It is broken (41 * miPlimet~eslong), 42 millimtrss in width, and 14

strict slightly ts farm a convex butt. Both htge - surPacss ere concave and ths sandstone m

Abrader Resting on Granitic Pebble

ABRADERS AND

roximatoly 76 pre cent esP el9 speci-

I rJlents, bath oP sandstone were recoveied from culture depobfta; an$ Prim mound @Ag and Qns Prom mound Gee Ih addition, as previously noted, a number of ground nts with smoothly blunted cutting edgas may hava been us as saws, Mitehell (1963t96) kes made I this suggestion as well, A 3317 (Figure 26s). This is a small sandstone sesw of' saw mrterfsl and, using sawing @ation, incise the nephrite frmi bath sides. When this prseess was csmplsted a

At the Csrruther8 siteo bgcause sf th@ lack cf raw material and saall amount QF detritus, little edge prepare- tion occurred, This opens the possibility thet either the adze blades were preper~din the winter village and brought to the site or the ram matssis8 was traded Lo the Kattie an \ I ~lsewhers. idea ?'aPls comfortable into processed This Pins II , with the earlier conclusion that little stone tool prepaaa- I tion occurred at the Carruthers sika, Mere evidence, then,

is painting to a saasonal rathor than a permanent occupa- I' tion oP the site. I/

Five sandstone objects fa91 in:a a misc@llaneous Il category, Each will be described separately,

A 230 (Figum 2Bc) ia a graphite object which has been used as an abraddr. One surface hsa a series of grooves dfrscted /I/ down the long axis of' the object. It is sub-rectangular and

I I has only one side which shows cultural activity. 11 I s G 252 (Figurs 288) is reminiscent of' one shaped abgader (G 11/I/ 517) described above. This object has only two facots at- If atributable to man's work. It is Blat, thin (8 miIPim?trss)

and broken. The facets are at One end, At this time, P can propose no Punction for this object. 11 I I 1 i 11 A 878 (Figure 284) is a graphite object &hich is thick (7 I I 111 milliwetres) and has been broken. One edge has been ground I Plat and on8 surface bears the marks oF narrow short grooves. I/I These incisions are definitely not decorative. 1,;1,

I / A 334 (~fgure28a) is another, graphite object, In shape it I 1/11 is oval and in ersss4section rectangular, The entire cir- /I/ I /Ib figure 28

Pliscellaneaus Ground Ob jscts created by soma hard obJec% being pushed do~n

Pike a morn out facsimile of $he previous ob3ect. EC tos fs grtaphfte and very similar in shaps Le the preen ing 8bj@e&, Ha@~v@rtq2"

the Pour previously d~~cribedobJects,

Stenr~ Bcaadaa Only ane tone bead Qra me* was rsc~vereddur- , It cake fkom m~e~nd@GQ and is 3.4 mP1BI- mSll%meGresthick, wf &R s hale diameter

%angitudfn@Hlyand %B definitely greun at both gads, It

context sf what is eert PnPy a small part sf th& KattSe tool kit which has been excavated 8% the Carruthers site, Wow- mar, since no trads beads were found a law spec&tive

not hews been important at a campsite, Second, the Back of being more likely,

is flat and str %ght ft ie 2 millimekze end it is widest (9 millfmetms) and canvex, Two nillf- metre8 from the m rrow end is e gresv which encPre%@sths obj~~t.EE~ven millimetrss $ram th n@rro@ and ansther wider

es, This object i~ un-

ere large, unshaped, grsnit~,cobbles with bi-polar pitting, The third ha8 $ciaen shaped by pecking is conical in shape and is similar to one SPluatratsd by Smith (1903,155, Figure 22c) +?sow Pert Hamasnd. A11 three sp ciwene were excavated Prom Figure 29

Hammerston~s

Mauls Figure 30 circa AOO, 18188, One arpecimesn fPPus.$~at by Borden (1990r

102, Figure 31 aa) elesely ressm @ complete example \ described hare and, it comes C~sm of@Phas@, ChsrYtsn

and are bsttsr finfah~dby polfshing, One specimen @as found in the Power levrls "i P the tspprer cermponent, this other in the f ponent post data. thi marpole see That is, after A,D, 400, I

I during sxcava time. 1 only one can be censidered corple ta snough Par typolagfc P distinction, fR rast include two stern fragment. and 11 bowl fragments. However. the sample gives no fndfc tion 4h.t these pi ees srs the remnants of elbow pipes, Therefqre, in tks Qolla~ingdescription, f have assumed that all are !fragments oC trumpet or tubular pipes. ly one spe d hen (Figure Slk) deserves special sttention. Split lodgitudinally, this pipe is almost exactly one-half of a tonpfste specimen. It is unpolished, still Pipe Fragments

1 indieaCltng this w431 the ClstaP length ajf' th cowplske epeci- n, The stem eontrects slightly, tk~1 niflfaetres) at junekfsn ~ikkthe bomB and t smal%s@tdlm&n-

was almost certainly b~on during tha faa% stsgee sf pr@-

lengths and aidths, &skim mte~mas ealcuPaQed by

placing ths bowl rE on a circle of knoan diamster. This,

I OQ C(BUISB(, saumss the complete bowl w~uldba symmetrical. ff the estimated dia~etersare to bs censldered as I rspresenkatiwe (given the small psrtiona of pipes) then these I outside and long fneisions an ths kn- side. rim, a ~slbpePfsRed extsrior, and interior, This 4% a bawl par- tdsn wi%h s w~fl rim is visible due to fractures.

~d snd, Exterior

'I fhfs is e! b

tian, Near %ha rim, a groove hes been cut by a sharp using a motion the long axis a artlf'act, This is a stem ?reg- ment, well polished inside and out, with one end having been polished. this is certainly the end of the stem portion. This fragment is not as well Qinished inside as outside, It is also a bawl fragment having a portion of the rim in tact, Thi% is certainly a bowl PmQment with no rim evident because of fractures, It ie not as well polishsd inside or out as ass mast of the other spec imams,

is en remarkabler similarity in diameters 03' bowls, around 39 miIlimtre However. such fragmentary remains do not permit an attempt at typology,

Stans VeseeLar Two stone vessels (Figure 32), one decorated and the other undecsrated, were found in mound 'A',

A 870 (Figure 32b) is a large cobble mortar made on a- granite sub-triangles in shape, This bowl has at the thickest Figure 32

Stone Vessels

138 part, and has a hollow pecked into one surface, Almost circular, the ~QI~QWis 85 millimetres across and 27 millb- metres deep, Tws blackened areas sit opposite P~omeach other on the depre~aion, Apparently the praduct of burning this stained areas are rectangular and extend aver the lip and Into the hallow. This artifact has been burned and is beginning to exfoliate. The two blackened aceds nsy bs, caused, thererare, by a large stick hiving burned rhile lying across the object, No decoration is visible, Mitchell (1971 8122, Figwre 54%) found a similar specimen in the earliert phase (lontague Harbour I) daposits on Galiano Island, Percy (pers, camm,) reports similar epecimens from I Crmacsnt Bssch. H. f. Smith (1907~339, Figure 127b) reports I oval cobble mortars ;Prom North Saanich and Qron Port Hammond (smith 19038158, Figure 24a), These artifacts are also knswn from Locarno @each, Whalsn II9 and Marpole Phaises on ths lower mainland,

A 810 (~igure3%) is a smaller and better finished vessel then the one described above, It is oval in shape Raving a length of 107 nillimstres, s width of 82 millfmetres, and a mexinum height of 42 millimetrfm, The bottom is rubbed flat and bears the narks of several small, narrow, and short incfsiohs, The hollow is oval, conforming tb the overall shape of the artifact and is 70 millimetres l~ngand 62 millimetres aide, The hollcu 16 32 milliietres deep, For thrae-quarters OP the rim ar edge of the depression avareg- ing 3 millimetres Pram the stesp sides of' the depression, is an incised line, Attached to this line are a series of small incised isaseeles triangles, These geometric designs are all approximately 8 millira~tresin length. The remain.. bng one fourth of the edge or rim has been obliterated, a large chip hawing been PorkuiLeualy rcmovsd, The geometric designs encampass only one half the holloulS ciccumFerence, The hollow itself is steep sided and bears the marks of grinding in a cfrclslar motion, The entire bowl has been burned and it was froa,nd in a thick (7 centimstre) lens of I chca8coa1, I Ar. tarruthds, the initial discoverer of the site, 1 has several zoomorphic atone bawls which came Prom the site l! r I 'I arm, Sketchy reparts from other informants indicate others, I i complete end fragmentary, have also been recovered from cul- ' 1 Cural deposits near the Carruthers site. i Stone bowls are a striking and important Ceature of , the asrchaeology sf the Lower Fraser River, Duff (1952861) \ \ i reports that his informants knew very little about them. Found in the form of human and animal figures, stone bowls are ubiquitous on the mainland having come from Marpole (~orden1950~14, 19) and port Hawnond (smith '1903rl04, 185# 186). Orucker (1943: 54-55) also refers to their abundance on the NortRwest Coast, Rlitchell (1963r109, Figure 15) 140 excavated an wndecorated bowl from Esllao Village. And recently Seymour (per.. comm. ) recovered a portion of a zoomorphic bowl from Point Roberts. In plateau sites, bowls I or mortars are not common. They are reported from Chase (banger 1962 r27), Kamloops (Smith 1900 84x3). Lytton (smith l89!hl39). the Upper Columbia (Collien et al. 1942 $751, the lcNar y Roservuir (Osboms 1957863) and the Dallss (cressman 1960 156-57). At the least, mention must be made of the most abundant artifact (not tool) type found at the Carruthers site, firs-cracked rack. Although they are found in most archaeological sites on the coast, their numbers at this site i1 further suggest s heavy emphasis on caoklng, most certainly I 1 ths mild potato. Together with steaming pit$ and ground slate 11 knives for prepsrltion of wild potstoss, Pire-cracked rocks a in such abundance certainly point to cooking st the site. \

Bone Industry As previously mentioned, bone has not been well preserved at the Carruthers site. The little faunal material recovered was too Pragmented and burned for species identi- Pication. Sixteen fragmentary bone artifacts, all very calcined and in poor condition,rsre recovered. Three fragments of unilaterally barbed points, 12 bone point f'ragments and one ground tooth make up the sample. Since no burials were dxeavated from the Carruthers site, this tooth is the only skeletal evidence. Barhod Point Fraqments: All three barb.g3d point fragments are unilaterally barbed and are medial sections. One has two barbe, is eircuiar in crass-section; and aurved lat- I

erally. A second medial seetion has an aval cross-section, I four small but distinct barbs, and remnants of two others at the broken portions. The largest barbed point fragment has an oval cross-se~tion, only one barb, and is curved laterally. This is the only antler artifact in the entire sample. The remaining 12 bone artifacts, all fragments oP either points or awls, are not sufficiently complete to type, The majority of them Ptagments are oval in cross-

section with flattened surfaces and curved edges. The

single tooth, a human inci~or,has a deep groove at the base of the crown and is undoubtedly a pendant. Smith (1903) recovered a number of bone implements \ from Port Hammond. Included among these tools are awls, harpoons, valves, and fish hook barbs. All but three harpoons (smith 1905: 152 Fig, 10, a, b, c.) are unilaterally barbed. Suttlss (1955f 22, 23) describes the use of harpoons by the Katmie. It is not surprising to find little direct archaeological ~videncefar fishing at the Carruthers site since specific site location was not related to this activity. However, ethnographic evidence points to a developed CIaRing technology for Halkamelem speakers and certainly th@ Katzie, On the basis af evidence from tho Carruthers site no new data can be offered wfth respect to Katzie fishing technology.

'Ge. Several were fwnd nsaz the occupation floor described in Chapter IV, The rsmaindes aese spruad throughswt the sxcavation wfth no dstectable pattern, In all Instances woad artifacts mere vertically imbedded in sterile clay, a

Pact which has conteibuted to their unique preservation,

s posts or stakes have been partially burngd and ratted sn the partions which projectsd into the cultural daposits, Shortly a$tw sxcavation the wood artifacts weko placed in preservativa solutions, Description of mathods

\ e~np8oycs.d is provid d in Appendix II,

Preservation of wood is rare En prehistoric sites on the Northweat Coast. Usually, small, badly decayed, unclassifiabPe fragments ara recovered. Notable dis- coveries of preserved wood haws been at Kwatna near BePla

CooPa and Reak Bay in the state of Washington,

At the Carruthers site, particularly in the lower PewsPs oP moplnds qAband 'G', fragments sf rotted cedar were Fsund. Such remains are quite common in arehaeologicaf sites on the British Columbia coast. indeed, wocdaorking has 1 been a significant part sf Morthwsat Coast culture far some antiquity. The occurrence of wasd at tha Carruthers site 1 does oPPsr suggestions as to speciFI~.~ijsdurorking activities. i

1 For example, ths prasencs of adza hlacas for hsavy woodwork-

1 ing, specifically splitting, euggests tho preparation of

I firewood. Canoe construction csnnet bs excBudsd as a

possibility sither. Logs suitable for canoes cauld be 11 I I easily Pleated to the site Pram nearby Bssested araas, I Ij Final preparation of the water craft could then be completed I ! at tha site. suttlsa (1955) does document ths use of canocs 111'1 for transportation and gathering Indfen potatoes in the arms 1 I in which the Carruthers site is situated. Additionally, I the large amount o$ Pfre cracked rock prasent at the afte I# may indfoate canoe bufBdPng via the know steam method. i 11 Ancther suggestian for the presence of ~aodPragnents is the remnants 06 shelters or shelter eonotruction. !11 '1 in PV, &PI, Wood A~tkfaetss As mentioned CRapte~ 88 wood arti- /j facts were recov rnd Prom mound ,Gw, Sewan of the LO show k ,I definite scars at one end. Th~seseven have been purpose- ,

I I fully sharpensd with some tsal, Likely an adme. Pertinent !dl il measurements far the 10 artibacts are provided in the 'I foEBowing deseriptionsr F /j (I) G 650 Length, 49 centimetres. IYIaxirnum diametsr, 44 millinetres. This object has been sharpened at the thicksat I/I -1ill11 fi I end which was in sterlS@clay. much oP the length shows :L has bean severely burned. The thin and projected into culture deposits and has rotted considerably,

(2) G 651 Length, 58 centimetres, maximum diameter, 39 miP1Pmstres. This obJsct is the best ~xamplaof uoub earv- ing Prom the site. It appears to haws a handle formed by tapering the thick e~dand leaving a knob, Thuss an oPPsckPv~ hand grip has been eonstructsd, Parts of this artiPack show evidence of burning,

(3) G 652. Length, 45 centimelras. maximum diamzter, 44 millirnetres, This object Raa been seversPy burned and shows, at the thick end, evidence af purpossful reshaping,

The worked end has been blunted and frayed, probably because of' striking a stone @hen it was drive:? into the clay,,

(4) G 653 Length, 42 centfmlreu,, flaxfmum dbamstar, 39 mffPimet~ss, Only one cutting scar is visible on the thick end sf this object. Its entfrs length has been severely burnad, abliterating almsst all daffnkts features,

(5) G 556, length, 84 emtfmstrss, Maximum diametero 65 milhirnetres. This i$ the largest and, perhaps, best example of a worked post or stake at the site, It is the largest and thickest, has been burned, and a well defined series oP cutting scars can be observed at the thickest end.

(6) G 655. Length, 28 centimetrss. aximum diameter, 55 mfllimetres. This object has no definite cutting scars but its proximity to several other worked specimens suggest it 945 uas 01s worked. Tt has been very saverely burned, hence, cutting scars that likely existed have+ been obliterated,

(7) G 656. Length, 31 centimetrss. maximum diameter, 54 millimotres. This object is very similar in all aspects to tho piecs oP woad (G 655) dascribed above. It has no cutting scars, having bean sevsrsly burnad. Howevsr, its proximkt;? to othe~worked sp~cfmensspeaks aP probable human altasa-

(8) G 657. Length, 50 centirnetras. maximum dianater, 52 millimetres. This stake or post has cutting scars at ths thick end which was in sterile claye Tha altered end has been blunted in the sams,Pa~hionas previously noted, It I too, probably struck s rack when bsing driven into ths earth.

(9) G 658. Length. 51 centimetres. maximum diameter. 67 millimetres. This object has also Sean severely burnad and, as a T~ISUS~,cutting scgtrs have b~snobliterat thick end is bluntad and Prayed suggesting interception with a rock when it was driven into the sterile clay. (10) G 659. Length, 45 centimtres. maximum diameter. 07 mi11fmetres. Dua to burning this objsct has only a sup gestion of' alteration. The thick end is sharp and was in sterile clay like the others, It has also been rotted.

Several problems surface in an attempt to interpret the function of these 10 stakes or posts. First, their distribution, having no pattern, leaves no clues. Second, their actual length is unknown because many of them, which projected into the culture depasits, disintegrated with time,

Dns artiPact (G 650) has a carved snd, much Pike a handle,

However, all of this worked portion mas buried in clay, I cannot suggest any reasan for this. Finally, an aPP specimens, only a small portion of the length (5-SO centimetres) was projwting above the surface of sterlP@ clay,

Worked ~oadof the typs described hers has been re- covsred at excavations at a watar legged midden in the 8elLa Caola vicinity, Yhsw ware wndsubtedPy the rsmnants of a fish tmia, Tn ths ease of the Carruthers sits, topographical evidence suggests that a ~Lssamor streams have migrated through the site area in the past. However, ainee the stakes or posts are in the oecupatian area of the site it is assumed that they were not part of' a Pish trap for the simple reason that the clay mounds mre occupied becams lhay were drier

than the surrounding Pow marshy lands, Therefore, 1 suggest that the wood artif'acts are the remnants of small camp shelters which are known ethnographically Por the Coast Salish area. In addition, the ubiquity of' stake or post moulds in wound 'Aw ofTers supportive evidanee for the small shelter argumllent, These, as prcsvisersly notedoformed no pattern and were likafy associated with camp structure,

However, it is impsratfve to note that numsrous other pos- sibilities can be put foruard in explanation of the wood remains, At this $%me, such speculation is beyond the scope 147 oP this rspart. The question must awnit solution through mare ~islbrasearch. CHAPTER VI

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

This study reflects a current trand in New World archaeologyg implementation of' the ~~ltu~alecological approach. With particular reference to Katzie culture history new data and dimensions, hitherto untapped, have been dfered toward eventual solution of problems of' cultural historical reconstruction, To undetstand the contri- I bution of our approach me must assess the present inquiry on two levels: theoretical orientation and summarization of the findings. First, a restatement of the objectives oP the study is necessary. The primary objective has been the description and analysis or archaeological materials Prom an area which,

up until now, has been known tminly from surface collections, Since Harlan I, Smith's (1903) report, excavations at the Carruthers site have been the only erehaaological investigations in Katzie territory, Some 20 miles west of the Carruthers site my friend and colleague Art Charlton has excavated a coastal site at Belcarra Park, To the east Esilao Village in the Fraser Canyon is the only later prehistoric site for which a published report is available, Other published raparts havs provided data on external relationships but other than Smith's report no internal archaeological rglationships exist for ths Katzie. Hence, the present study begins to fill a huge gap in archaeologfca~ knowledge on the Fraser River above its mouth. A second objective has been a comparison of ethnographic and archaeological data for the' Katzie. Each has aided in analysis of the other and, as has been seen, some averlap, particularly concerning ssasonal movement, exists. The final objective was to determine if coast and interior relationships could 1 bedetected in materrial culture at the Carruthers site, Ethnographic data points to relation~hipsalong lines af kinship and resource sharing. Archaeological evidence is not as clear though suggesting some ties. In retrospect, parts of all three objectives were well met, Turning First to the descriptive objective a summary of activities associated with materials excavated from the Carruthers sita will flesh out raw archaeological data. Analysis of cultural material has shown that Carruthers is a single component sits. That is, no in situ development of artifact types can be observed through time, The series of chipped stone projectile points suggests some emphasis on land mammal hunting thus car- roborating ethnographic data. Smaller point styles, side- notched, corner notched, and small stemmed triangular types have been traditionally regarded as arrow points, Larger contracting stemmed and leaf shaped varieties asre likely spear or lance points. Later prehistoric points, particularly

151 also painted to the ethnographically documented technology of shelter construction. Evidence from the Carruthers site suggests shelters were small and temporary dwellings which were probably re-erected anew each year, Stona drills r~coveredfrom sxcavations are likely associatad with woodworking activities, Rore commonly associaied with interior than coastal assemblages, drills may have functioned as perforators and/or carving or decorat- ing implements. Several small incising or carving tools oP sl+te can also be connected with wood teohnolcgy. . Stone preforms, cores, and flake waste are uncommon at the Carruthers site thus strongly suggesting that the manufacture of chipped tools was primarily conducted else- whers and complete tools were brought ta the site. This statement adds to evidencs painting towards non-permanent occupation. In addition, few hammerstones, often closely associated with stone chipping industries, were recovered. By Par the most common industry represented at the Carruthers site is stone grinding, Ground slate knives and points as well as many abraders provide the largest percentage of tool types. The presence of ground slate points is not necessarily cbrrelative with fishing at the sits, 1 I However, ethnographic data and the presence of a variety of I Fish species near the site suggest fishing took place. It , is possible, due to the specific reason Tor site location I (wild potatoes) to s8y that fishing occupied a minor role in I

I the rescurci exploitation pattern during masooal utilization of the Carruthers site, Ground slate knives and knife Pragments, commonly connected with fishing on the coast, are the most abundant tool type in the assemblage, Earlier suggestions in this study have pointed to a multi-puxpose fuflctioh for these tools, The amount and pattern oC breakage on slate knives certainly suggests a use other than Por fish preparation, One suggestion is that slate knives were used in preparation of the wild or Indian potato. This suggestion hinges on how Indian potatoes were readied Por user Suttlea (1955t27) states,

The roots were taken hame raw and unwashed, and in this condition would keap Por several months, They were cooked as needed by baking in hot ashes.

We must question,the ePficfency of baking Indian potatoes in hot ashes. I doubt that hot ashes would cook anything unless the quotation really means Rot coals,

Using preheated stones and water to create steam in an enclosure mould be much more efficient than hot ashes, For example, clams cook very well using the enclosed steam method, The preponderance of fire-cracked rock at the

Carruthers sits, the most numerous artifact type, strongly suggests cooking with hot stones and water was prevalent. The clay-lined cooking pits described in Chapter IV provide additional weight to the eagumant that steam not hot ashes was used in cooking. I repeat the auqgestion that this steam method was used in cooking the Indian potato, Since the Indian potato is so important to the location of the Carruthers site, a review of the plant's reproductive potential and harvesting techniques is pertinent,

Indian potatoes grow in colonies in marshes such as surrounded the Carruthers site prshistorically. Since they reproduce vegetatively, intensive utilization of the plant's fruits does not inhibit propagation. In the fall, Indian potatoes develop thick fleshy tubers of stared foode They can be harvested by either pulling them Prom a canoe or trampling and collecting the larger plants when they float ta the surface (Suttles 1955). Rather than being hindered the colony's propagation is assisted since smaller tubers left alone will float a short distance, sink to the bottom, and start another colony whicfi can be used in future years. Hence, an Indian potato colony which has been exploited has, in a sense, been thinned or cultivated and will produce a better yield the following year. With reference to ground slate knives, the suggestion is that they were used in scraping the starch from the Indian potato and were, because of the resistance of the material, more easily fractured than if the knives had been used in preparing Pi+h. Abrasive stones are also common at the Carruthers site. With the amount of ground slate this is predictable. l 54

Abraders have bsen used to hone slate knives, sharpen bone points, and polish adze blades. Some specimens suggest the grinding of pigments. Examples of c6111tural embellishmsnt are present at the Carrothers site. Stone pipes, albeit fragmentary, Bere used with wild tobacco in all likelihood. Articles o? personal adornment are present but few. These are small ground stone and tooth objects. Either personal adornment was unimportant

or impractical in view of day to day subsistence activities.

The presance of' stone bowls suggests more than a very short stay by Katzie Indians at the site. Decorated and

permanent objects, such as these, point to occupations of certainly more then a week or two. Bacause of poor preservation at the Carruthers site, bone artifacts are rare and what exisits is fragmentary.

Several portions of' barbed bone points suggest some fishing activity. Other fragments may have been tips for arrows used in bird hunting, Undoubtedly, the Katzie tool kit held various types of bone implements which are found in other sites on the lower mainland. The preceding-discussion has summarized archaeological data recovered Prom the Carruthers site. The single caaponent has been reconstructed and fleshed out with ethnographic data. Now we shall turn to the theoretical orientation of the study, cultural ecology. In the third chapter site location and the particular 155

resource base were emphasized. As has been seen, the

I Carruthers site $as surrounded by an ideal-habitat for Indian potatoes. Given the plant's reproductive pstential, it is not in the least surprising to find a midden, which can be returned to year after year, where this plant proliferates. As previously stated, there is no ethnographic evidence concerning the specifies of preparing Indian potatoes or what tools were used. Earlier statements concerning slate knives

as being the tool used are supported by the large proportion that slate knives are of the assemblage. Such a large per-

centage certainly suggests that the site mas occupied for one main purpose. Caution is necessary at this juncture becausg a ceip site certainly does not reflect the total tool kit of a group. At this point ethnographic data aids in reconstruction of Katzie seasonal transhumance. Like thsir Coast Salish contemporaries, the Katzie moved in a seasonal pattern of resource exploitation. Jenness (1955) has encapsuled this pattern. Briefly, the Katzie recognized twelve months, counted ten, and had two uhich wcr,e supernumerary. The first supernumerary month coincides with our June. At this period, Port Hammond land also the old village at Pitt Lake was often half deserted; A some families had gone away to hunk deer, elk, goats, and other game, while others were fishing for sturgeon, trout and spring salmon. Two or three families generally travelled and camped together, using shelters of sticks supporting rush mats. (Jenness 195587)

During the second supernumerary month (~robabl~ July) all the Katzie Indians gathered at Port Hammond to catch sockeye salmon, a fish critical to an abundant winter's

food supply. About August other salmon species were netted and preserved while some women gathered wild frtiits. In the fall, roughly October, cranberries and crab-apples were gathered along with Indian potatoes* Cooler weather saw

the Katzie returning to the permanent villages, performing minter dances and taking occasional hunting forays near the villages. In IQaech, families again joined together and moved Prom the villages to hunt, fish and gather. In April, the eulachon run in the Fraser brought the people back for several weeks. In May, spring salmon were caught in nearby

. streams. The pattern oC life flowed smoothly. There .as an abundant food supply and plenty of time to indulge in activities not related to survivala I The preceding summary of the second objective, comparing ethnographic data for the Katzie and archaeological data from the carruthers site has provided supportive evidence

for seasonal transhumance. We shall turn now to the third objective, detection of coast and interior relationships at the Carruthers site. Archaeologically, the Carruthers site aligns mare closaly with previously excavated coastal assemblages than it does with the intqrior, Ethnoghphic data supported by archaeological data, in this stwdy, point to this conclud sion, But before summariiing the secure evidence for Katzie coastal relationships, I will brieFly summarize interior aspects OF material culture at the Carruthers site. Drills and flaked scrapers are not cornmanly found in late coastal assemblages. Such tools found at the Carruthers site are stylistically very close to specimens reported Prom Esilao Village in the Fraser Canyon. Projectile I point styles, notably the side-notched type, fit comfortably with the same type recovered from Esflao as well, Ground slate is not as plentiful at Esilao as at ths Carruthers site but specimens from both sites compare favorably,

On the basis of' archaeological data pressnted in this study little, definite or comprehensive, can be stated about coast-interior relationships, The view from Katzie territory suggests ties especially during ethnographic times, Such cultural ties can be best put into perspective by review- ing ethnographic data presented in Chapter 111. Ethnographic evidence points to the use of Katzie resources by an interior group, the Dauglas Lillooet, Such sharing, although certainly not reflected in the archaeology of the Carruthers site, has supportive evidence in the ethnographic view of territorial fluidity and resource sharing among the Halkomelem thamselves. As has been sean by Suttlesganalysis of Wakashan and Coast Salivh cultural ecology, the absence of distinct ownership and permission granting among the Katzie permitted resource exploitation by outside groups. Additional contributing factors were a history of intense population movement on the Fraser River as well as the geographic location OF Katzie territory. Therefore, before discussing the value of the cultural ecological approach used in this study we can now agree with ethnographic information in one important respect. "The Katzie ware a rather insignificant group, probably important to the others mainly as the proprietors of the most famous source of Indian potatoes..* (~uttles195583, 4). Using an approach oriented around cultural ecology has enabled the presentation of environmental data directly related to the specific location of the Carruthers site. That is, the presence of a uide range of edible plants, Pruita, and animals in the site area offers additional r reasons, besides the Indian potato, far specific site location. Many fruits ripen concurrently or approximately at the same time as Indian potatoes. Undoubtedly, exploitation of all took place using the site as a base. The presence of clay-lined depressions also indicates that some foods were prepared at the site, perhaps for preservation or perhaps for immediate consumption. 159 Analysis of' ethnographic and archaeological.data, in this report, has demonstrated that the direct historical approach is applicable. Reconstructiun of the single excavated component suggests a variety of activities can be associated with the site. Csrtainly gathering took place in Fall when the wild potatoes were ready. Hunting, at this time, for dear, elk, bear, and goat ahPch would be congregating to mats would be relatively easy. Fishing was likely practiced, although of minor importance in such a location. Birds were hunted. ~thnographicinformation points to occupation of the site during the fall, perhaps Por a month at a time every year. We come now to establish- ing a date for the sits. Comparative analysis of archaeological data Prom the Carruthers site and other excavated assemblages on the coast suggest a post A.D. 400 date estimate. Similarities with material from components of Marpole, Uhalen 11, and Stelax phases suggast some cultural similarities for the Katzie with other coast assemblages. In this light a time period

I between A.D. 400 and A.D. 1200 is suggested. However, after working with the material Prom the Carruthers site I estimate a date of A.D. 800 with seasonal occupations Palling 100 years on either side of the estimate. This approximation is reasonable because of'extrssite com- parisons presented in the study and the absence of a developmental sequence of artifact types at the site. I The reasons behind cultural alignments on the coast are beyond the scope of inquiry, Specifics related to

Halkomelem antiquity an the Fraser are, as yet, obscure. However, we should expect greater homogeneity with greater antiquity. In addition interpretive problems created by the direction of previous research cannot be unduly dealt with in the context of understanding the late prehistoric period on the Lower Fraser. On the lower mainland of British Columbia we have yet to sea two stratified archaeological sites produce identical single components which can be assigned to a phase, Therefore, no incontrovertible evidence exists that, an the basis of' available data, can permit defini- tion of a phase or phases, The interpretive orientation which has been developmental is similar to the McKsrn taxonomic system$ a construct which may not work auto- matically everywhere, Furthermore, there will not be a comprehensive synthesis of archaeological data on the Lower Fraser until several factors other than the development of artifact types are considered. Specifically, ethnographic data on seasonal transhumance has not been sufficiently incorporated into archaeological interpretations. Also, little attention has been given to local environmental considerations involved in specific site locations. I can state, therefare, that this study has accomplished two significant things, First, partial archaeological defini- tion of a previously unknown territory has been put for- ward. Second, the applicability of a cultural ecological approach based on ethnographic-data has been tested in the arena of empiricism and proved satisfactory. ProQPems for Future Investigations: ~hfsinvestigation has suggested several important problems which must go unsolved in this inquiry. First, there is the problem of specific adaptations to differing local envfrorimental conditions within Halkomelsm territory, It can be predicted that different types of sites will be found in different environ-' m~ntsfor different reasons. The Carruthers site is an example through which we have seen that archaeological data can be analyzed in conjunction with ethnographic data ta dembnstrats, at ?east, a portion of the seasonal exploitation picture. To Purther aid in solving the specific adaptation problem I can propose a research suggestion. Halkomelem territories should be divided into specific environmental zones. A11 known sites and their types sh6uld be mapped in these zones, Negt, archaeological surveys shbuld be conducted in zones where Pew or no sites are presently recorded, Subsequently, intensive tests should be conducted in sites within each zone. Ardhaeo- logical samples will then enable researchers to determine if they are dealing with cultural differences or seasonal population movements. In addition hopefully this approach will provide evidence concerning cultural identity with particular zones. Hence, ethnographic data can be expanded, modified, and improved by such an approach. On the basis of evidence from the Carruthers site several predictions can be made. First, many prehistoric sites situated near but not on rivers of the Fraser delta were utilized seasanally. Second, local distribution OF sites in particular enviran- mental zones will reflect the resources used. Third, it may be possible to correlate Halkomelem seasonal transhumance within the context of territoriality. Finally, archaeological evidence will, in conjunction with ethnographic data, confirm ssasonal population fluidity on the Lower APPENDIX A

FOOD RESOURCES Appendix A r Food Redaurce~

The Pollowing lists are comprised of species speeiri- celly mentioned in Suttles' (1955) and Jennesse (1955) ethnographies as being used by the Katzie, hn,d and Ssa Mammals Coast deer, elk, black bear, grizzly bear, mountain 90s t, raccoon, marten, fishe~,beaver, hair seal.

-Fish Whits sturgeon, trout, steelhead, thd f fve species of Pacific selmon, eulachon, fresh water mussels,

Swans, ducks,

Vegetables and ~sets

Fresh shoats of salmonberries, stems of water parsnips, possibly fresh-water mussels, wapato, water plantain, bracken, lily.

-Fruits Hazelnuts, manberries, bag blueberries, straw- berries, black berries, blackcaps, thirnbleber2ies,

red and blue huckleberries, saskatoons, sala 1 berries, crab apples, Indian plums, black haw. Lists in this section consis% of available resources uithin K8tzPs territory. Obsls~vstionsextracted from ths data are prascsnted in Chapter III. Sources for the PoPfow- ing' data are: James (1972) r Carl et a1 (1967).

Ansdromous Species

~am&n Neme Spawn$ Steelhead late December to Aprf l Cutthroat Trout Fabrwsry ta May Dolly Varden in fall Chinook or late rebru&ry to Silver Salmon September late July to September

Rink or Hump- early September to back Seslmon late October

Coho or Silver late August Lo mid- Salmon Afovemb43r Churn or Dug late September to late Salmon December April and may

White Sturgeon in spring

Green Sturgeon 3 (uncommon in Fraser system)

Species mountain White November fish Common Name Large-sea led early April Sucker Fine-sealad Sucker Northern or May to early July Columbia SquarPlsh Peamouth Chub

Bur.bot or Ling Prickly ScuSpin Starry Flounder

Family: Ericaceae

Species Common Name, Rjpns Bog Cranberry Sep tembsr to October

Vaccfn ium Oval-leafed 81ua- September to mid- ~if'oluim berry Oc tabe r Vbccin Lwm Wed Hucklebe~ry ga~viP~a']l@Im mid-August to end of' October

Famflp~ Rosaceae

Fr@Wri@v@sM Wild strawberry early July sr witainana I -mRwbua mscta- Salmon berry June and July Rubus par- Thimbleberry July and August vi?lortm 166 Specf es Common Name Ripens Blackbsbrry July and August

Blackcaps July and August

Saskatoon or August to September Service berry

Crs bapple July to October

Indian Plum mid-June to July

Black Haw mid-July to mid- Sep tembsr

Corylus spp. HatrePnut mid-August to mid- October

C. Roots and Vegetables Familyr Alismsceae

Sagf ttaria Wspato or Indian October and November Etffof i~ potato Aflisma Ua t e.r Plan tain October and November Plantsro - aqua tiea

Family r Polypodiaceae Ptelridium backen Fern Spring or Fall (7) aquilinum

Family r Lilieceae Fritillerie Chocolate Lily or Spring or Fall (3) lencsollata Rice Root The following list co mpiled by Jones (1972) includes birds residing or breeding in Kattis territory.

Cammon Name

Red-necked Grebe Great Blue Heron Amsr Pcan bitter^ Canada Goose mrsllerd Wood Duck Harlequin duck Ruddy Duck Hooded Merganser Common Merganser Blue Grouse Spruce Grouse or Fool Hen Ruffed Grouse White-tailed Ptarmigan Sandhi11 Crane American Coot Common Snipe Band-tailed Pigeon Passenger Pigeon

The following list. also compiled f'rom Jones (1972) includes all bird specles migrating through or wintering in the Katzie area.

SPSC~ESS Common Name Olor calumbianus Whistling Swan TfS %uccinstor Trumpeter Swan st8b~rnicla Bran e walbifious White-fron ted Goass -Chen caecrulescen Snow Goose Common Nsme Pintail Green-winged Taal Blue-winged Teal Cinnamon Teal Barrow's Goldeneye Shoveler Redhead Rink-necked Duck Canvasback Buck Grea ksr Seaup Lasser Scawp Common Coldeneye Buf fl8h88d Old Squaw Ihlts-win ged Scoter Surf Scoter Common Scater Red- breasted Merganser APPENDIX B

PRESERVATION OF WOOD ARTIFACTS Appendix B Preservation of Wood Artifacts

Shortly after excavation the 10 wood artifacts were mashed in warm water and gently cleaned with a soft vegetable brush. All were then left to dry overnight for 12 hours. They were then immersed in 99.9 per cent ethanol for four hours to destroy bac f: eria. Drying was accomplished over several hours at room temperature. Five wood artifacts were then submerged in a solution of two parts water to one part white glue. The remaining five were placed in a solution ol three parts polyethelene glycol to one part of water. The experiment, designed to test the efPectiveness of one solution over the other lasted For two months. Artifacts were turned every few dayq to snsure maximum penetration and I complete coverage of'each solution. After two months had elapsed the containads were opened and the wood artifacts removed. They ware dried at room temperature for several days. In the months following the test periodic observa- tions showed that no bacterial activity had recoamenced on either set of five specimens. However, those preserved in polyethelene glycol have more closely retained their original appearance, APPENDIX C

HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF ARTIFACT TYPES APPENDIX C

HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF ARTIFACT TYPES

ARTIFACT MOUNDS TOTALS

TYPE

PP-Chi ed Stone I

Type 1 * I1 " 111 " ' IV V " VI * VII Proj, Pt, Fretgs. Unclassif, . Chipped Stone OrflXs Scraper - Knives Bifbaces BiPace Frags, Cores Cora Frags, Trimming Flakes Waste Flakes Blades Quartz Flakes Miac. Chipped and Ground Stone --Ground Stone Slate Pts, TYW 1 " TI - ARTIFACT IROIJIVDS TOTALS TYPE A •’3 C D E F G

Slate Pt. Frags. Nisc. Ground Slate Slate Knives Knife Frags, Slate Fraqs.

" II . " I11 Atypf cal Tip Frags. Butt Frags. Medial Frags. Useless Frags. Abrader 755Gzr Medium Fine Shaped Abrader & Pebble Saws Misc. Ground Stone Stone Bsads Pendants Hammarstones Pipe Frager. stone Ve8sels Bone 'CFnTTattrally Barbed ~ra~s. Point Frags. Teeth -Wood BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY

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