of the grain, small convection currents pick up moisture and deposit Section B it in the cold areas. This can result in spoiled, crusted grain on the surface, in the middle of the bin, on top-center, or along the outside. To prevent condensation, aeration is needed to keep the grain within 15°F of the average outside temperature. Start aeration fans shortly Agronomic Crops after harvest, and run them periodically until November. In the spring, aeration should be used to raise the temperature of the grain to about 50°F.

IMPORTANT NOTICE REGARDING THE USE Inspect grain OF CHLORPYRIFOS: Inspect stored grain once a month. You can detect infestations using As of 12/20/20, the State of Oregon has adopted new a grain probe or by hand. Areas that are hot generally indicate an restrictive rules on the use of chlorpyrifos-containing infestation. Watch especially for signs of crusting near the top- products in Oregon. Please refer to Oregon Department center and outside edges. You might see live insects and damaged of Agriculture Permanent Chlorpyrifos Rule at kernels on the surface, especially at the crown. Surprisingly, large https://www.oregon.gov/oda/programs/Pesticides/ populations of these pests can develop by mid-winter. Light traps, RegulatoryIssues/Documents/Documents/2020/ pheromone kits, and other types of traps are available for collecting, ChlorpyrifosRule.pdf detecting, and monitoring many pests. Prevention Good housekeeping and rapid inventory liquidation are key to preventing infestations. Before harvest and grain storage: (1) remove grain, or else treat grain that is to remain in storage. Grain stored over 9 months is susceptible to infestation; (2) thoroughly clean with industrial vacuum the storage warehouse, floors, walls, ceilings, Farm-Stored Grain Pests cracks and crevices, and all equipment. The most common source of an insect infestation for newly stored grain is old grain residue Dale Whaley which is everywhere: in and on trucks, trailers, combines, dump pits, bins, augers, and virtually anywhere that grain passes or is stored. Latest revision—March 2021 Infestations may be introduced on pallets or in contaminated or infested bags of grain or seed, even though these may appear to be clean. Pelleted livestock feed, dry animal foods, feathers, and old In all cases, follow the instructions on the pesticide label. The PNW hides may also harbor the pests that infest stored grain. Insect Management Handbook has no legal status, whereas the pesticide label is a legal document. Read the product label before Protection making any pesticide applications. Insecticides are highly recommended for treating the interior walls and floor. Malathion products, Tempo Ultra SC and Tempo 20WP (cyfluthrin), and Storcide II (chlorpyrifos-methyl+deltamethrin) Protect pollinators: See How to Reduce are registered for surface treatments. Apply according to label Bee Poisoning from Pesticides. instructions. Bin wall and floor treatments should be made at least 1 week prior to filling.Note: No international level of tolerance Note: Products are listed in alphabetical order and not in order of has been established for cyfluthrin. Grain treated with this product preference or superiority of pest control. may not be accepted in international markets. Avoid contaminating storage areas where exported grains may be stored. Caution—Some buyers will not accept insecticide-treated grain. Check with your Stored grain pests local elevator before treating. Includes Grain to be stored 9 months or longer is often treated for protection Almond moth (Ephestia cautella) against beetles and moths when augured into storage. The possibility Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella) exists for rapid infestation as the protectant breaks down; storage Flour beetle (Tribolium spp.) longer than 18 months is not recommended. Protectants are added to Granary weevil (Sitophilus granaries) the grain as it is unloaded, or as it enters the bin for final storage. To Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) be effective, protectants must be mixed thoroughly with the grain. Rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) If subsequent surface infestations are detected, try to determine Saw-toothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) the reason (e.g., a leaky roof leading to moistening of the grain) and correct the root cause. Minor infestations can be treated by Storing grain properly incorporating a registered product into the top 8 to 10 inches of grain. Store only clean, dry grain containing less than 12 percent moisture. Management—chemical control Grain mixed with green weed seeds, broken kernels, or dirt provides conditions favorable for insect development. Direct grain treatments ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Biobit HP) at 0.5 lb in 5 to 10 gal Aerate grain of water per 500 sq ft of grain surface area, mix into top 4 inches Moisture condensation can develop in storage bins when unequal for Indian meal moth, Angoumois grain moth, and almond moth. temperatures in the grain mass cause gradual circulation of air from Mix with grain‑ when placed in storage and/or periodically apply the warm to the cold grain. As air passes through the warm center to surface of stored grain; see labels. Biobit HP is OMRI-listed for organic use.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B1 ♦♦ chlorpyrifos methyl/deltamethrin (Storcide II) at 5 gal of water final limited to spot or crack-and-crevice treatments only. spray per 1,000 bu of grain. See manufacturer’s recommendations ♦♦ malathion (Loveland Malathion 57EC) at 0.6 lb ai in 3 gal water and for use with food-grade oil. Apply 3 ppm chlorpyrifos and 0.5 apply on 1,000 sq ft to grain storage facilities. Do not apply to grain. ppm deltamethtrin to a moving grain stream headed for storage. ♦♦ piperonyl butoxide/pyrethrins (Stryker Insecticide Concentrate)— See label for specific rates. Solution should be used within 48 hr. For surface treatment dilute 1 part Stryker with 19 parts water and RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. apply at the rate of 1 to 2 gal per 1,000 sq ft. ♦♦ deltamethrin/piperonyl butoxide (Centynal Synergized ♦♦ pyrethrins/synergist (Py-75, Pyrocide 100, TurboCide Gold) as Insecticide)—For stored grain use 5 gal of dilution per 1,000 a contact spray per 1,000 sq ft and followed as a space spray per bushels to achieve a 0.5 ppm on the commodity. 1,000 cu ft. Rates vary; check label. ♦♦ deltamethrin/piperonyl butoxide/s-methoprene (Gravista ♦♦ pyriproxyfen-nylar (Turbocide Advanced Fogging Products Insecticide)—Apply solution at the rate of 3 to 5 gal of dilution per IGR)—Apply as a space spray at a rate of 0.335 oz.(9.5 grams) 1,000 bushels to achieve a 0.5 ppm concentration of deltamethrin per 1,000 cu ft of room space. and 1.2 ppm of S-methoprene on the commodity. See label for specific grain commodity recommendations. ♦♦ tetradecadienyl acetate (Cidetrak IMM)—Apply 1 dispenser per 14,124 to 42,376 cu ft. Apply maximum rate to heavily infested ♦♦ deltamethrin/s-methprene (Diacon IGR Plus)—Apply at the rate of buildings. Do not exceed 200 grams of ai per 7,063 cu ft per year. 3 to 5 gal of dilution per 1,000 bushels. See label for specific grain commodity recommendations. ♦♦ S- methoprene (Diacon IGR) may be used as a fogging concentrate. Methoprene does not kill adult insects, but rather prevents ♦♦ imidacloprid (Dyna-Shield Imidacloprid) at 1.0 fl oz per 100 lb of reproduction. seed. ♦♦ malathion (Fyfanon)—Mix 8 pints per 25 gal water. Apply 3 gal per 1000 sq ft. Fumigation ♦♦ piperonyl butoxide/pyrethrins (Stryker Insecticide Concentrate)— Badly infested grain may require fumigation (release of a poisonous For surface treatment dilute 1 part Stryker with 19 parts water and gas into the stored grain mass). Fumigation of large volume storage apply at the rate of 1 to 2 gal per 1,000 sq ft. For grain protectant facilities is a specialized and potentially hazardous procedure. dilute at the rate of 1-part concentrate to 29 parts water. Apply 4 to Contact local experts for guidance and materials. 5 gal per 1,000 bu of grain. ♦♦ pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic 5E Insecticide) at 5 lb ai/gal. For top Grain fumigants dressing treatment apply 3 fl oz in 2 gal of water per 1,000 square ♦♦ aluminum phosphide (PH3 Alp Fumigant Tablets and others)— feet of grain surface. Washington only. The tablet or pellet formulations are most suitable for farm ♦♦ pyrethrins (Evergreen Pyrethrin)—Dilute 1-part product with 14 applications; consult label for directions. parts water and apply at the rate of 2 gal per 1,000 sq ft of grain to –– Solid aluminum phosphide formulations release hydrogen a depth of 4 inches. phosphide (phosphine) gas when exposed to moisture and heat. ♦♦ s-methoprene (Diacon IGR) at 2.5 lb ai/gal. Apply 21 fl oz per ton Warm, humid air accelerates the reaction while cool, dry air of grain. slows it down. The reaction starts slowly, gradually accelerates, ♦♦ spinosad (Sensat) at 0.73 lb ai/gal. For crops typically treated per and then tapers off. ton (2,000 lb) apply 0.35 fl oz or 10.4 ml per ton to deliver 1 ppm –– Aluminum phosphide tablets and pellets may be applied to the of active ingredient. For top dressing treatments: for each 1,000 sq grain mass by probing them below the grain surface, adding them ft of surface, mix 2.6 fl oz of Sensat in 2.0 gal of water. as the grain is turned, or placing them in the aeration ducts below the grain mass. Treatment while turning the grain generally is not Storage building—residual spray or space treatment feasible in on-farm storage, and often alternative methods must be ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Tempo SC Ultra) at 0.034 to 0.067 oz ai (8 used to treat the grain in place. to 16 ml)/1,000 sq ft as surface spray for stainless steel units. No international level of tolerance has been established for –– In shallow bins, tablets may be probed into the grain using a cyfluthrin. Grain treated with this product may not be accepted in 5- to 7-foot long hollow tube, designed for this purpose. These international markets. Avoid contaminating storage areas where tubes can be purchased or made from electrical conduit or exported grains may be stored. plastic pipe, according to distributor recommendations. ♦♦ bifenthrin (Bisect L)—Apply using a 0.02 to 0.06% dilution. –– Sealing the bin is the single most important step in fumigation. Apply as a coarse, low pressure spray to areas where these pests Properly sealing grain bins before fumigation is essential for hide, i.e., cracks and crevasses. reaching and maintaining the required combination of gas concentration and exposure time necessary to kill grain pests. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos methyl/deltamethrin (Storcide II) at 0.07 to 0.4 oz ai (1.8 fl oz) in 1 gal water for treating empty grain bins. Apply –– Phosphine gas is also available in a pressurized container; 1 gal/1,000 sq ft. Bin and warehouse applications should only consult label for directions. be applied from outside the structure. Use of automated spray ♦♦ magnesium phosphide (Degesch Fumi-Cell )—Similar to equipment is mandatory when applying to empty bins. Not labeled aluminum phosphide, though the more rapid release of phosphine for corn. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. may hinder penetration as well as endanger the applicator. This ♦♦ ddvp (Max Kill Vapocide, Nuvan Aerosol)—Apply as fog or as a product must have a Fumigation Management Plan (FMP) in place ULV coarse spray at a rate of 1 to 2 grams of dichlorvos (0.5 to 1 prior to use. Consult label for directions. fl oz) per 1,000 cu ft. Do not make applications when temperatures ♦♦ methyl bromide (Methyl Bromide 100 Commodity Fumigant and are below 60°F. others)—Do not use this product when the temperature is below ♦♦ deltamethrin (Suspend SC) at 0.08 to 0.5 lb ai per 100 gal final 40°F. This product converts into a gas at temperatures above spray in grain bins and warehouses. Apply to surfaces at 1 gal per 39°F and has virtually no odor or irritating qualities to indicate 1,000 sq ft. Before storing or handling grain, apply finished spray its presence. Consult label for necessary PPE and work time to equipment, wall and floor surfaces of grain bins and warehouses restrictions when using this product. at the rate of 1 gal per 1000 sq ft. ♦♦ sulfuryl fluoride (ProFume) applied by trained staff for seeds of ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Lamdastar Ultracap) at 0.2 to 0.4 fl oz per any commodities. gal of water (0.015 to 0.03% ai). All outdoor applications must be

B2 PNW Insect Management Handbook ♦♦ flupyradifurone (Sivanto 200SL) at 0.09 to 0.14 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days forage; 21 days grain, stover or straw. REI 4 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed 0.365 lb ai/a per season. ♦♦ malathion (Fyfanon 8, Gowan Malathion 8) at 0.6 to 1 lb ai/a. Field and Silage Corn Pests PHI 7 days. REI 12 hr. Limit 2 treatments per year. Retreatment interval 7 days. Navneet Kaur and Leanna Van Slambrook ♦♦ methomyl (Lannate SP) at 0.22 to 0.45 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days for Latest revision—March 2021 ears, 3 days for forage, or 21 days for fodder. REI 2 days. Do not exceed 2.25 lb ai/a or 5 treatments per season. Retreatment interval 5 to 7 days. In all cases, follow the instructions on the pesticide label. The PNW ♦♦ sulfoxaflor (Transform WG) at 0.023 to 0.047 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days Insect Management Handbook has no legal status, whereas the for grain or straw. Do not apply more than 0.09 lb ai of sulfoxaflor pesticide label is a legal document. Read the product label before per acre per year. making any pesticide applications. ♦♦ tebuconazole/lambda-cyhalothrin (Crossover) at 0.14 to 0.16 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days fodder and silage. REI 24 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed 0.48 lb ai/a tebuconazole or 0.12 lb Note: Products are listed in alphabetical order and not in order of ai/a lambda-cyhalothrin per season. preference or superiority of pest control. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) at 0.034 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days for grain, stover and forage. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ai/a per season. Retreatment interval 3 days. Field and silage corn—Aphid Includes Bird-cherry oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) Field and silage corn—Armyworm Corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) Includes Armyworm (Pseudaletia unipuncta) Pest description and crop damage Green and black aphids suck Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) sap. They may become very abundant, especially later in the season. Large populations of aphids may reduce kernel number and size. Pest description and crop damage Mature larvae are 1.5 inches long. Color varies from brown (armyworm) to green. Moths Management—chemical control occasionally are attracted to weeds in corn fields. ♦♦ abamectin/thiamethoxam (Avicta Duo Corn)—Apply as slurry to corn seed. Consult label. Management—chemical control ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac CS) at 0.017 to 0.025 lb ai/a. REI 12 For best results, apply treatments when armyworms are small to hr. PHI 30 days grain and stover; 60 days forage. Retreatment medium size (0.25 to 0.75 inch). interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.075 lb ai/a per season. ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac CS) at 0.02 to 0.025 lb ai/a. REI 12 hr. ♦♦ azadirachtin (Aza-Direct) at 16 to 32 oz formulated product/a. PHI PHI 30 days grain and stover; 60 days forage. Retreatment interval 0 days. REI 4 hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic 3 days. Do not exceed 0.075 lb ai/a per season. use. ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis (Javelin) at 0.12 to 1.5 lb/a. PHI 0 days. Use ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol ESO) at 4 oz/acre. REI 4 hr. PHI 0 according to individual manufacturer’s label instructions. OMRI- day. OMRI-listed for organic use. listed for organic use. ♦♦ bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC) at 0.033 to 0.1 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days for ♦♦ beta cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.013 to 0.022 lb ai/a. PHI 0 harvest, grazing, or cutting for feed. REI 12 hr. Do not apply more days for green forage and 21 days for grain or fodder. REI 12 hr. than 0.3 lb ai/a per season. Do not exceed four applications or 0.088 lb ai/a per season. ♦♦ bifenthrin/zeta-cypermethrin (Hero EW) at 0.04 to 0.1 lb ai/a. PHI ♦♦ bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC, Sniper, Capture LFR) at 0.033 to 0.1 30 days grain and stover; 60 days forage. REI 12 hr. Do not graze lb ai/a foliar, 0.04 lb ai/a preemergence, or 0.047 to 0.062 lb ai/a for 30 days after treatment. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a per season. preplant incorporated. PHI 30 days for harvest, grazing, or cutting ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole/lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege) at 0.052 to 0.086 for feed. REI 12 hr. Do not apply more than 0.3 lb ai/a per season. lb ai/a (suppression only). PHI 21 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed Do not apply Capture LFR as foliar treatment. 0.12 lb ai of lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.2 lb ai of chlorantraniliprole ♦♦ bifenthrin/indol butyric acid (Empower 2) at 0.04 to 0.1 lb ai/a. per acre per growing season. Retreatment interval 7 days. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.3 lb ai/a including foliar ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced) at 0.47 to 0.8 lb ai/a. PHI 21 and at planting. days before harvest of grain or ears. Limit 3 applications. REI 24 ♦♦ bifenthrin/zeta-cypermethrin (Hero EW) at 0.04 to 0.1 lb ai/a hr. Apply as a postemergence broadcast spray or through overhead foliar or at planting. PHI 30 days grain and stover; 60 days forage. sprinklers. Do not exceed 3 lb ai/a per season for all chlorpyrifos REI 12 hr. Do not graze for 30 days after treatment. Do not exceed treatments. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. 0.4 lb ai/a per season. ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 0.6 to 0.9 lb ai/a per ♦♦ Burkholderia spp. (Venerate XC) at 1 to 4 qt/a. PHI 0 days. REI 4 100 gal. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ dimethoate (Dimethoate 400) at 0.33 to 0.5 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days ♦♦ carbaryl (Sevin 4F) at 1 to 2 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days for forage or forage; 28 days grain. REI 48 hr. Do not exceed 0.5 lb ai/a per silage grazing, and 48 days for grain harvest. REI 24 hr. Do not season. Do not apply during pollen shed if bees are foraging exceed four applications or 8 lb ai/a per season. Latex-based actively. formulations, such as Sevin XLR Plus, are less hazardous to bees. ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 0.03 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. REI ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole/lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege) at 0.052 to 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.25 lb ai/a per season. 0.08 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.12 lb ai of lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.2 lb ai of chlorantraniliprole per acre per growing season. Retreatment interval 7 days.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B3 ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) at 0.045 to 0.098 lb ai/a. PHI 14 ♦♦ tebuconazole/lambda-cyhalothrin (Crossover) at 0.14 to 0.16 days. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 4 treatments or 0.2 lb ai/a per lb ai/a. PHI 21 days fodder and silage. REI 24 hr. Retreatment season. Retreatment interval 7 days. interval 7 days. Do not exceed 0.48 lb ai/a tebuconazole or 0.12 lb ♦♦ chlorpyrifos— ai/a lambda-cyhalothrin per season. –– Lorsban 15G at 0.056 to 0.075 lb ai/1,000 row ft (post-plant). ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) at 0.04 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days PHI 21 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.15 lb ai/1,000 row ft or for grain, stover and forage. Apply no more than 0.2 lb ai/a per 3 lb ai/a per season. Apply as a band or treatment. season. Retreatment interval 3 days. –– Lorsban Advanced at 0.47 to 0.94 lb ai/a post emergence broadcast. Chemigation permitted. PHI 21 days grain, ears, Field and silage corn—Corn earworm forage or fodder. REI 24 hr. Limit 3 treatments. Do not exceed 3 Helicoverpa zea lb ai/a per season. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 0.3 to 0.9 lb ai/a per Pest description and crop damage Large green, brown, or yellow 100 gal. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. worms that feed within silk and ears. First-generation larvae may feed ♦♦ cyfluthrin (Tombstone) at 0.025 to 0.044 lb ai/a. PHI 0 days as “bud worms,” damaging leaf whorls and newly forming ears. for green forage and 21 days for grain or fodder. REI 12 hr. Management—chemical control Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed four applications or ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac CS) at 0.011 to 0.025 lb ai/a. REI 12 0.175 lb ai/a per season. hr. PHI 30 days grain and stover; 60 days forage. Retreatment ♦♦ deltamethrin (Delta Gold) at 0.018 to 0.022 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.075 lb ai/a per season. for grain or fodder, and 12 days for forage or grazing. REI 12 hr. ♦♦ beta cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.013 to 0.022 lb ai/a. PHI 0 Do not apply more than 0.095 lb ai/a per season. Retreatment interval 21 days. Limit 5 treatments per year. days for green forage and 21 days for grain or fodder. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed four applications or 0.088 lb ai/a per season. ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 0.03 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.25 lb ai/a per season. ♦♦ bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC, Sniper) at 0.033 to 0.1 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days for harvest, grazing, or cutting for feed. REI 12 hr. Do not ♦♦ gamma cyhalothrin (Declare) at 0.01 to 0.015 lb ai/a. Effective apply more than 0.3 lb ai/a per season. on first and second instar larvae only. PHI 1 day for grazing and forage, or 21 days for fodder and silage. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed ♦♦ bifenthrin/zeta-cypermethrin (Hero EW) at 0.04 to 0.1 lb ai/a. PHI 0.06 lb ai/a per season. 30 days grain and stover; 60 days forage. REI 12 hr. Do not graze for 30 days after treatment. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a per season. ♦♦ GS-omega/kappa-Hxtx-Hv1a (Spear Biological Insecticide) at 0.8 lb ai/a. PHI 0 day. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 2 lb ai/a per year. ♦♦ Burkholderia spp. (Venerate XC) at 1 to 4 qt/a. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ indoxacarb (Steward EC) at 0.059 to 0.11 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days grain, 1 day forage, fodder, silage. REI 12 hr. Limit 2 treatments. ♦♦ carbaryl (Sevin 4F) at 1 to 2 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days for forage or Do not exceed 0.22 lb ai/a per year. silage grazing, and 48 days for grain harvest. REI 24 hr. Do not ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 0.02 to 0.03 lb ai/a. PHI 21 exceed four applications or 8 lb ai/a per season. Latex-based days. REI 24 hr. Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season, formulations, such as Sevin XLR Plus, are less hazardous to bees. 0.06 lb ai/a after silk initiation, or 0.03 lb ai/a after milk stage. ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole/lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege) at 0.045 to ♦♦ methomyl (Lannate SP) at 0.22 to 0.45 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days 0.08 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.12 lb ai of for ears, 3 days for forage, 21 days for fodder. REI 48 hr. Do lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.2 lb ai of chlorantraniliprole per acre per not exceed 2.25 lb ai/a or 5 treatments per season. Retreatment growing season. Retreatment interval 7 days. interval 5 to 7 days. ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) at 0.045 to 0.098 lb ai/a. PHI 14 ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 0.06 to 0.25 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. days. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 4 treatments nor 0.2 lb ai/a per Do not exceed 1 lb ai/a per season. REI 4 hr. season. Retreatment interval 7 days. ♦♦ methoxyfenozide/spinetoram (Intrepid Edge) at 0.094 to 0.281 lb ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced) at 0.7 to 0.94 lb ai/a. PHI ai/a. PHI 28 days. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 0.625 lb ai methoxyfe- 21 days before harvest of grain or ears. REI 24 hr. Apply as nozide and 0.125 lb ai spinetoram per acre per year. Limit 3 treat- a broadcast spray. Do not exceed 3 lb ai/a per season for all ments. Retreatment interval 4 days except 2 days for silking. chlorpyrifos treatments. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ permethrin— ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 0.6 to 0.9 lb ai/a per –– Ambush 25W at 0.1 to 0.2 lb ai/a foliar or as preemergent. PHI 100 gal. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. 0 days for forage; 30 days for grain harvest or fodder. REI 12 hr. ♦♦ cyfluthrin (Tombstone) at 0.025 to 0.044 lb ai/a. PHI 0 days Allow 6 days between applications. Do not apply more than 0.6 for green forage and 21 days for grain or fodder. REI 12 hr. lb ai/a per season. Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed four applications or –– Loveland Permethrin Cutworm Bait at 0.1 to 0.15 lb ai/a. REI 0.175 lb ai/a per season. 12 hr. PHI 0 days for forage; 30 days for grain harvest or fodder. ♦♦ deltamethrin (Delta Gold) at 0.018 to 0.022 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed 0.45 lb ai/a per for grain or fodder, or 12 days for forage or grazing. REI 12 hr. Do season. not apply more than 0.095 lb ai/a per season. Retreatment interval –– Pounce 1.5G at 0.0075 to 0.015 lb ai/1,000 row ft soil or 0.1 to 21 days. Limit 5 treatments per year. 0.15 lb ai/a broadcast. PHI 0 days for forage; 30 days for grain ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 0.03 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. REI harvest or fodder (stover). REI 12 hr. Apply in furrow or as band 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.25 lb ai/a per season. at planting. Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed 0.45 lb ♦♦ gamma cyhalothrin (Declare) at 0.0075 to 0.0125 lb ai/a. Effective ai/a per season. prior to larvae entering the ear only. PHI 1 day for grazing and ♦♦ spinetoram (Radiant SC) at 0.023 to 0.047 lb ai/a. PHI 3 days forage forage, or 21 days for fodder and silage. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed or fodder; 28 days grain. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 0.125 lb ai/a per 0.06 lb ai/a per season. year. Do not exceed 3 treatments. Retreatment interval 4 days. ♦♦ HZNPV (Gemstar LC)—Insecticidal virus product. OMRI-listed ♦♦ spinosad (Success) at 0.023 to 0.094 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days grain or for organic use. fodder; 7 days forage. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 0.188 lb ai/a per ♦♦ indoxacarb (Steward EC) at 0.059 to 0.11 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days season.

B4 PNW Insect Management Handbook grain, 1 day forage, fodder, silage. REI 12 hr. Limit 2 treatments. ♦♦ Bt/Diabrotica virgifera (Smartstax Pro Enlist). Refer to label Do not exceed 0.22 lb ai/a per year. instructions. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 0.015 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 21 ♦♦ chlorethoxyfos/bifenthrin (Smart Choice 5G) at 0.2 to 0.25 oz days. REI 24 hr. Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season, ai/1,000 row ft. REI 2 days or 3 days where annual rainfall is less 0.06 lb ai/a after silk initiation, or 0.03 lb ai/a after milk stage. than 25 inches. T-band over the row or apply in-furrow. Apply ♦♦ methomyl (Lannate SP) at 0.22 to 0.45 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days for with Smartbox system. Do not exceed one application per year. ears, 3 days for forage, 21 days for fodder. Do not exceed 2.25 lb ♦♦ chlorpyrifos— ai/a or 5 treatments per season. REI 48 hr. Retreatment interval 5 –– Lorsban 15G at 0.075 lb ai/1,000 row ft. PHI 21 days. REI 24 to 7 days. hr. Do not exceed 3 lb ai/a per season. Apply at planting as a ♦♦ methoxyfenozide/spinetoram (Intrepid Edge) at 0.188 to band or at cultivation as a band or side-dress. 0.281 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 0.625 lb ai –– Lorsban Advanced at 0.94 lb ai/a post emergence broadcast. methoxyfenozide and 0.125 lb ai spinetoram per acre per year. Limit Chemigation permitted. PHI 21 days grain, ears, forage or 3 treatments. Retreatment interval 4 days except 2 days for silking. fodder. REI 24 hr. Limit 3 treatments. Do not exceed 3 lb ai/a ♦♦ permethrin (Ambush 25W) at 0.1 to 0.2 lb ai/a. PHI 0 days for per season. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. forage; 30 days for grain harvest or fodder. REI 12 hr. Allow 6 days ♦♦ ethoprop (Mocap 15G) at 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row ft. REI 48 hr or 72 between treatments. Do not apply more than 0.6 lb ai/a per season. hr where annual rainfall is less than 25 inches. One application per ♦♦ spinetoram (Radiant SC) at 0.023 to 0.047 lb ai/a. PHI 3 days forage season. Incorporate in band above seed row. or fodder; 28 days grain. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 0.125 lb ai/a per ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) at 0.0025 lb ai/1,000 row ft at year. Do not exceed 3 treatments. Retreatment interval 4 days. planting. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.045 lb ai/acre at plant and ♦♦ spinosad (Success) at 0.047 to 0.094 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days grain or 0.06 lb ai/a per season. fodder; 7 days forage. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 0.188 lb ai/a per ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 0.005 lb ai/1,000 row ft season. OMRI-listed for organic use. (planting). PHI 21 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.12 lb ai/a ♦♦ Spodoptera frugiperda MNPV-3AP2 (Fawligen, Spexit) at 1 to 2.5 from at plant and foliar applications. fl oz product per acre. PHI 0 day. REI 4 hr. Beet armyworm and ♦♦ phorate (Thimet 20G) at 0.056 to 0.075 lb ai/1,000 row ft at plant fall armyworm only. or cultivation, broadcast or banded but not in-furrow. PHI 30 days ♦♦ tebuconazole/lambda-cyhalothrin (Crossover) at 0.14 to 0.16 to cutting or forage. REI 48 hr. Use only once per season. lb ai/a. PHI 21 days fodder and silage. REI 24 hr. Retreatment ♦♦ tefluthrin (Force 3G) at 0.0075 to 0.094 lb ai/1,000 row ft. REI 0 interval 7 days. Do not exceed 0.48 lb ai/a tebuconazole or 0.12 lb hr. T-band or in-furrow at planting. Do not exceed 0.327 lb ai/a per ai/a lambda-cyhalothrin per season. year. Use only once per season. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) at 0.022 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days ♦♦ terbufos (Counter 15G) at 0.056 to 0.075 lb ai/1,000 row ft. Do for grain, stover and forage. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ai/a per season. not exceed 1.3 lb ai/a per season. REI 48 hr or 72 hr if annual REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 3 days. rainfall is less than 25 inches. May be side-dressed at cultivation time if preplant treatment was not made. To be effective, apply Field and silage corn—Corn rootworm before corn is 12 inches high. Adult treatments beetle ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac CS) at 0.017 to 0.025 lb ai/a. REI 12 Diabrotica spp. hr. PHI 30 days grain and stover; 60 days forage. Retreatment Pest description and crop damage West of the Cascades D. interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.075 lb ai/a per season. undecimpunctata is most common; east of the Cascades D. virgifera ♦♦ beta cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.013 to 0.022 lb ai/a. PHI 0 is common. Mature larva is 0.5 inch long, pale yellow, with a brown days for green forage and 21 days for grain or fodder. REI 12 hr. head and dorsal anal plate. Larvae feed on and mine into corn roots Do not exceed four applications or 0.088 lb ai/a per season. causing stunting and lodging of plants and stand reduction. ♦♦ bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC) at 0.033 to 0.1 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days for harvest, grazing, or cutting for feed. REI 12 hr. Do not apply more Management—cultural control than 0.3 lb ai/a per season. Rootworm adults only. Crop rotation helps to reduce infestations from D. virgifera as eggs ♦♦ bifenthrin/zeta-cypermethrin (Hero EW) at 0.04 to 0.1 lb ai/a. PHI overwinter in soil. The adults of D. undecimpunctata overwinter, 30 days grain and stover; 60 days forage. REI 12 hr. Do not graze therefore crop rotation is not as important in managing this species. for 30 days after treatment. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a per season. Management—chemical control ♦♦ carbaryl (Sevin 4F) at 1 to 2 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days for forage or silage, 48 days for grain or fodder. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed four Seed treatments applications or 8 lb ai/a per season. Re-treat every 14 days. Latex- ♦♦ abamectin/thiamethoxam (Avicta Duo Corn)—Requires tank mix. based formulations, such as Sevin XLR Plus, are less hazardous Apply as slurry to corn seed. Consult label. to bees. ♦♦ clothianidin (Poncho 600) at 1.25 mg ai/kernel or 0.22 lb ai/80,000 ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole/lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege) at 0.052 to seed unit. Commercial treaters only. 0.08 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.12 lb ai of ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 0.05 to 0.1 lb ai/a per lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.2 lb ai of chlorantraniliprole per acre per 1,000 row feet. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. growing season. Retreatment interval 7 days. ♦♦ imidacloprid (Gaucho 600)—Refer to label for planter box ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advantage) at 0.47 to 0.94 lb ai/a. PHI 21 treatment. REI 24 hr. days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 3 lb ai/a per season. Apply as a ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS) at 1.25mg ai/kernel. postemergence broadcast spray or through overhead sprinklers. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. Larvae treatments ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 0.6 - 0.9 lb ai/a per ♦♦ bifenthrin/indol butyric acid (Empower 2) at 0.005 to 0.006 lb 100 gal. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. ai/1,000 row ft. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.3 lb ai/a foliar and at planting. ♦♦ cyfluthrin (Tombstone) at 0.025 to 0.044 lb ai/a. PHI 0 days

PNW Insect Management Handbook B5 for green forage and 21 days for grain or fodder. REI 12 hr. hr. Do not apply more than 0.3 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed four applications or Capture LFR as foliar treatment. 0.175 lb ai/a per season. ♦♦ bifenthrin/indol butyric acid (Empower 2) at 0.002 to 0.006 lb ♦♦ deltamethrin (Delta Gold) at 0.018 to 0.022 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days ai/1,000 row ft. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.3 lb ai/a for grain or fodder, or 12 days for forage or grazing. REI 12 hr. Do foliar and at planting. not apply more than 0.095 lb ai/a per season. Retreatment interval ♦♦ bifenthrin/zeta-cypermethrin (Hero EW) at 0.025 to 0.06 lb ai/a 21 days. Limit 5 treatments per year. foliar or at plant at 0.04 to 0.1 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days grain and ♦♦ dimethoate (Dimethoate 400) at 0.33 to 0.5 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days stover; 60 days forage. REI 12 hr. Do not graze for 30 days after forage; 28 days grain. REI 48 hr. Do not exceed 0.5 lb ai/a per treatment. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a per season. season. Do not apply if bees are foraging actively. ♦♦ carbaryl (Sevin 4F, Sevin 5 Bait) bait or spray at 2 lb ai/a. PHI 14 ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 0.03 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. REI days for harvest or grazing forage or silage, and 48 days for grain 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.25 lb ai/a per season. or fodder harvest. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed four applications per ♦♦ GS-omega/kappa-Hxtx-Hv1a (Spear Biological Insecticide) at 0.8 season. Early season applications when plants are 6 to 12 inches high should be directed to the lower stalk portions and soil around lb ai/a. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 2 lb ai/a per year. the plant bases. Do not use if bees are foraging actively in the field. ♦♦ indoxacarb (Steward EC) at 0.059 to 0.11 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole/lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege) at 0.045 to grain, 1 day forage, fodder, silage. REI 12 hr. Limit 2 treatments. 0.098 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.12 lb ai of Do not exceed 0.22 lb ai/a per year. lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.2 lb ai of chlorantraniliprole per acre per ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 0.02 to 0.03 lb ai/a. PHI 21 growing season. Retreatment interval 7 days. days. REI 24 hr. Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season, ♦♦ chlorethoxyfos/bifenthrin (Smart Choice 5G) at 0.15 to 0.175 oz 0.06 lb ai/a after silk initiation, or 0.03 lb ai/a after milk stage. ai/1,000 row ft. REI 2 days or 3 days where annual rainfall is less ♦♦ malathion (Gowan Malathion 8, Fyfanon 8) at 0.6 to 1 lb ai/a. than 25 inches. T-band over the row or apply in-furrow. Apply PHI 5 days. REI 12 hr. Limit 2 treatments per year. Retreatment with Smartbox system. Do not exceed one application per year. interval 7 days. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos— ♦♦ methomyl (Lannate SP) at 0.22 to 0.45 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days for –– Lorsban 15G at 0.075 lb ai/1,000 row ft banded at planting or in- ears, 3 days for forage, and 21 days for fodder. REI 48 hr. Do furrow. PHI 21 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.15 lb ai/1,000 not exceed 2.25 lb ai/a or 5 treatments per season. Retreatment row ft or 3 lb ai/a per season. interval 5 to 7 days. –– Lorsban Advanced at 0.47 to 0.94 lb ai/a pre and post emergence ♦♦ permethrin (Ambush 25W) at 0.1 to 0.2 lb ai/a. PHI 0 days for broadcast. Shallow incorporation improves control Chemigation forage, 30 days for grain harvest or fodder. REI 12 hr. Allow 6 permitted. PHI 21 days grain, ears, forage or fodder. REI 24 days between applications. Do not apply more than 0.6 lb ai/a per hr. Limit 3 treatments. Do not exceed 3 lb ai/a per season. season. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ tebuconazole/lambda-cyhalothrin (Crossover) at 0.14 to 0.16 ♦♦ cyantraniliprole (Fortenza) at 0.125 to 0.5 lb ai/seed. REI 12 hr. lb ai/a. PHI 21 days fodder and silage. REI 24 hr. Retreatment Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a of cyantraniliprole products per year. interval 7 days. Do not exceed 0.48 lb ai/a tebuconazole or 0.12 lb ai/a lambda-cyhalothrin per season. ♦♦ cyfluthrin (Tombstone) at 0.013 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 0 days for green forage and 21 days for grain or fodder. REI 12 hr. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) at 0.034 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed four applications or for grain, stover and forage. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ai/a per season. 0.175 lb ai/a per season. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 3 days. ♦♦ deltamethrin (Delta Gold) at 0.012 to 0.018 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days for grain or fodder or 12 days for forage or grazing. REI 12 hr. Field and silage corn—Cutworm Re-treatment interval is 21 days. Do not exceed 0.095 lb ai/a per season. Retreatment interval 21 days. Limit 5 treatments per year. Includes Black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 0.03 to 0.05 lb ai/a foliar or 0.0023 lb Western bean cutworm (Loxagrotis albicosta) per 1,000 row ft at plant. PHI 21 days. REI 12 hr. ♦♦ ethoprop (Mocap 15G) at 3.0 lb ai/a broadcast three days before Pest description and crop damage Brown to black larvae up to planting to planting time. REI 48 hr or 72 hr where annual rain is 1.5 inches at maturity. They clip seedlings and tunnel into the bases less than 25 inches. One application per season. Mix with the top of older plants. Larvae are usually in soil at planting. two inches of soil. Management—chemical control ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) at 0.0025 lb ai/1,000 row ft at plant; ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac CS) at 0.008 to 0.018 lb ai/a or 0.001 0.0075 to 0.0125 lb ai/a foliar application. PHI 1 day for grazing lb ai/1,000 row ft as in furrow, band or T-band. REI 12 hr. PHI 30 and forage, or 21 days for fodder or silage. REI 24 hr. Do not days grain and stover; 60 days forage. Retreatment interval 3 days. exceed 0.06 lb ai/a per season. Do not exceed 0.075 lb ai/a per season. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 0.015 to 0.025 lb ai/a foliar or ♦♦ azadirachtin (Neemix 4.5)—PHI 0 days. REI 12 hr. See label for 0.005 lb ai/1,000 row ft at planting. PHI 21 days. REI 24 hr. Do rates. Slow acting. Apply early. Thorough coverage and repeat not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a at plant and foliar applications per applications are necessary. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for season, 0.06 lb ai/a after silk initiation, or 0.03 lb ai/a after milk organic use. stage. ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.007 to 0.013 lb ai/a. PHI 0 ♦♦ methomyl (Lannate SP) at 0.45 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days for ears, 3 days for green forage and 21 days for grain or fodder. REI 12 hr. days for forage, 21 days for fodder. Do not exceed 2.25 lb ai/a or 5 Do not exceed 0.088 lb ai/a per season. treatments per season. Retreatment interval 5 to 7 days. ♦♦ bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC, Sniper, Capture LFR) at 0.033 to 0.1 lb ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 0.06 to 0.25 lb ai/a. PHI 21 ai/a foliar, 0.0023 to 0.0046 lb ai/1,000 row ft at plant, 0.047 to days. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 1 lb ai/a per season. Western bean 0.062 lb ai/a preplant incorporated, or 0.04 lb ai/a preemergence. cutworm only. PHI 30 days for harvest, grazing, or cutting for feed. REI 12

B6 PNW Insect Management Handbook ♦♦ permethrin— season. Incorporate in band above seed row. –– Ambush 25W at 0.1 to 0.2 lb ai/a foliar or as preemergent. PHI ♦♦ terbufos (Counter 15G) at 0.056 to 0.075 lb ai/1,000 row ft. REI 0 days for forage harvest or 30 days for grain harvest or fodder. 48 hr or 72 hr if annual rainfall is less than 25 inches. Do not REI 12 hr. Allow 6 days between applications. Do not apply exceed 1.3 lb ai/a per season. Band or furrow at planting. Refer to more than 0.6 lb ai/a per season. label for aquatic advisory. –– Loveland Permethrin Cutworm Bait at 0.1 to 0.15 lb ai/a. REI See also: 12 hr. PHI 0 days for forage; 30 days for grain harvest or fodder. Biology and Control of Garden Symphylan Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed 0.45 lb ai/a per season. –– Pounce 1.5G at 0.0075 to 0.015 lb ai/1,000 row ft soil or 0.1 to Field and silage corn—Grasshopper 0.15 lb ai/a broadcast. Apply in furrow or as band at planting. Several species PHI 0 days for forage harvest or 30 days for grain harvest or fodder. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed Pest description and crop damage Have caused extensive 0.45 lb ai/a per season. defoliation during some years. ♦♦ spinetoram (Radiant SC) at 0.023 to 0.047 lb ai/a. PHI 3 days Management—chemical control forage or fodder; 28 days grain. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 0.125 lb ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac CS) at 0.017 to 0.025 lb ai/a. REI 12 ai/a per year. Do not exceed 3 treatments. Retreatment interval 4 hr. PHI 30 days grain and stover; 60 days forage. Retreatment days. Western bean cutworm only. interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.075 lb ai/a per season. ♦♦ spinosad (Success) at 0.047 to 0.094 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days grain or ♦♦ azadirachtin (Neemix 4.5)—PHI 0 days. REI 12 hr. See label for fodder; 7 days forage. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 0.188 lb ai/a per rates. Slow acting. Apply early. Thorough coverage and repeat season. OMRI-listed for organic use. Western bean cutworm only. applications are necessary. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ♦♦ tebuconazole/lambda-cyhalothrin (Crossover) at 0.14 to 0.16 organic use. lb ai/a. PHI 21 days fodder and silage. REI 24 hr. Retreatment ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.017 to 0.022 lb ai/a. PHI 0 interval 7 days. Do not exceed 0.48 lb ai/a tebuconazole or 0.12 lb days for green forage and 21 days for fodder or grain. REI 12 hr. ai/a lambda-cyhalothrin per season. Do not exceed 0.088 lb ai/a per season. ♦♦ tefluthrin (Force 3G) at 0.0056 to 0.075 lb ai/1,000 row ft. T-band ♦♦ bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC) at 0.033 to 0.1 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days for or in-furrow at planting. REI 0. harvest, grazing, or cutting for feed. REI 12 hr. Do not apply more ♦♦ terbufos (Counter 15G) at 0.056 to 0.075 lb ai/1,000 row ft. REI than 0.3 lb ai/a per season. 48 hr or 72 hr if annual rainfall is less than 25 inches. Do not ♦♦ bifenthrin/zeta-cypermethrin (Hero) at 0.025 to 0.06 lb ai/a. PHI exceed 1.3 lb ai/a per season. Band or furrow at planting. 30 days grain and stover; 60 days forage. REI 12 hr. Do not graze ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) at 0.016 to 0.035 lb ai/a foliar. PHI 7 for 30 days after treatment. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a per season. days for grain, stover and forage. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ♦♦ carbaryl (Sevin 5 Bait) at 2 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days for forage or ai/a per season. silage or 48 days for grain or fodder. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed Seed treatments four applications per season. Retreatments every 14 days. ♦♦ abamectin/thiamethoxam (Avicta Duo Corn)—Apply as slurry to ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) at 0.026 to 0.065 lb ai/a. PHI 14 corn seed. Consult label. days. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 4 treatments nor 0.2 lb ai/a per ♦♦ clothianidin (Poncho)—Commercial treaters only. See label season. Retreatment interval 7 days. instructions. ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole/lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege) at 0.52 to 0.08 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.12 lb ai of lambda- ♦♦ clothianidin/Bacillus firmus (Poncho Votivo) at 0.5 mg ai/seed. Do cyhalothrin or 0.2 lb ai of chlorantraniliprole per acre per growing not exceed 0.5 mg ai/seed. season. Retreatment interval 7 days. ♦♦ thiamethoxam/abamectin/azoxystrobin (Avicta Complete). Refer ♦♦ cyfluthrin (Tombstone) at 0.033 to 0.044 lb ai/a. PHI 0 days to label instructions. for green forage and 21 days for grain or fodder. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed four applications or Field and silage corn—Garden symphylan 0.175 lb ai/a per season. Scutigerella immaculata ♦♦ deltamethrin (Delta Gold) at 0.012 to 0.018 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days for grain or fodder or 12 days for forage or grazing. REI 12 hr. Pest description and crop damage Small, white, centipede-like Retreatment interval is 21 days. Do not exceed 0.095 lb ai/a per animals with 6 to 12 pairs of legs, rapidly vibrating antennae, and season. Limit 5 treatments per year. two short projections at rear end. They prune rootlets, feed on ♦♦ dimethoate (Dimethoate 400) at 0.5 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days forage; 28 root hairs, reduce stands and plant vigor, and can delay harvest in days grain. REI 48 hr. Do not exceed 0.5 lb ai/a per season. heavily infested plant roots. ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 0.03 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. REI Management—chemical control 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.25 lb ai/a per season. ♦♦ chlorethoxyfos/bifenthrin (Smart Choice 5G) at 0.15 to 0.175 oz ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) at 0.01 to 0.015 lb ai/a. PHI 1 day ai/1,000 row ft. REI 2 days or 3 days where annual rainfall is less for grazing and forage, or 21 days for fodder and silage. REI 24 hr. than 25 inches. T-band over the row or apply in furrow. Apply Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a per season. with Smartbox system. Do not exceed one application per year. ♦♦ indoxacarb (Steward EC) at 0.059 to 0.11 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 15G) at 0.075 lb ai/1,000 row ft at planting. grain, 1 day forage, fodder, silage. REI 12 hr. Limit 2 treatments. Apply as a band treatment over the row at planting and incorporate Do not exceed 0.22 lb ai/a per year. to 0.5 to 1 inch. PHI 21 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.15 ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 0.02 to 0.03 lb ai/a. PHI 21 lb/1,000 row ft or 2 lb ai/a per season. days. REI 24 hr. Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season, RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. 0.06 lb ai/a after silk initiation, or 0.03 lb ai/a after milk stage. ♦♦ ethoprop (Mocap 15G) at 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row ft. REI 48 hr or 72 hr where annual rainfall is less than 25 inches. One application per

PNW Insect Management Handbook B7 ♦♦ malathion (Gowan Malathion 8, Fyfanon 8) at 0.6 to 1 lb ai/a. Field and silage corn—Seedcorn maggot PHI 5 days. REI 12 hr. Limit 2 treatments per year. Retreatment interval 7 days. Delia platura ♦♦ tebuconazole/lambda-cyhalothrin (Crossover) at 0.14 to 0.16 Pest description and crop damage A small white maggot that lb ai/a. PHI 21 days fodder and silage. REI 24 hr. Retreatment attacks germinating seeds. Kills seedlings and reduces stands, interval 7 days. Do not exceed 0.48 lb ai/a tebuconazole or 0.12 lb occasionally so severely that they need replanting. Damage is most ai/a lambda-cyhalothrin per season. severe when corn is planted early in the season, and germination ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) at 0.034 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days and seedling emergence are delayed. for grain, stover and forage. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ai/a Management—chemical control per season. Retreatment interval 3 days. Typically, best and most economic control is achieved with insecticide-treated seed. Field and silage corn—Mite ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.015 to 0.02 oz ai/1,000 row ft. Tetranychus spp. PHI 0 days for forage and 21 days for grain or fodder. REI 12 hr. Pest description and crop damage Tiny eight-legged animals Do not exceed 0.088 lb ai/a per season. that feed on the lower surface of leaves. They cause yellowing and ♦♦ bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC, Sniper, Capture LFR) at 0.0023 to 0.0046 silvering of plants. They may cause early maturity and reduced lb ai/1,000 row ft over open seed furrow; 0.047 to 0.062 lb ai/a pre- quality. Usually they do not cause economic damage. plant incorporated. PHI 30 days for harvest, grazing, or cutting for feed. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a per season as an at plant Management—chemical control application. Do not apply Capture LFR as foliar treatment. ♦♦ bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC) at 0.08 to 0.1 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days for ♦♦ bifenthrin/indole-3- butyric acid (Empower 2) at 0.002 to 0.006 lb grain harvest, grazing, or cutting for feed. REI 12 hr. Do not apply ai/1,000 row ft in furrow. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed more than 0.3 lb ai/a per season. 0.3 lb ai/a foliar and at planting. ♦♦ bifenthrin/zeta-cypermethrin (Hero) at 0.1 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days ♦♦ bifenthrin/zeta-cypermethrin (Hero EW) at 0.04 to 0.1 lb ai/a in grain and stover; 60 days forage. REI 12 hr. Do not graze for 30 furrow. PHI 30 days grain and stover; 60 days forage. REI 12 hr. days after treatment. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze for 30 days after treatment. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 0.6 to 0.9 lb ai/a per per season. 100 gal. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ chlorethoxyfos/bifenthrin (Smart Choice 5G) at 0.2 to 0.25 oz ♦♦ dimethoate (Dimethoate 400) at 0.33 to 0.5 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days ai/1,000 row ft. REI 2 days, or 3 days where annual rainfall is less forage; 28 days grain. REI 48 hr. Do not exceed 0.5 lb ai/a per than 25 inches. T-band over the row or apply in furrow. Apply season. Do not use during pollen shed. with Smartbox system. Do not exceed one application per year. ♦♦ etoxazole (Zeal SC) at 0.045 to 0.135 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. REI 12 ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 15G) at 0.075 lb ai/1,000 row ft at planting. hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. Limit 2 treatments per year. Do Apply as a band or an in-furrow treatment at planting. PHI 21. not exceed 0.27 lb ai/a per season. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.15 lb ai/1,000 row ft or 2 lb ai/a per ♦♦ hexythiazox (Onager) at 0.078 to 0.188 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI season. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. 12 hr. One treatment per year. ♦♦ cyantraniliprole (Fortenza) at 0.125 to 0.5 lb ai/seed. REI 12 hr. ♦♦ phorate (Thimet 20G) at 0.056 to 0.075 lb ai/1,000 row ft, Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a of cyantraniliprole products per year. broadcast or banded but not in-furrow. PHI 30 days graze or ♦♦ cyfluthrin (Tombstone) at 0.03 to 0.04 oz ai/1,000 row ft. PHI 0 forage. REI 48 hr. Limit 1 application per season. days for green forage and 21 days for grain or fodder. REI 12 hr. ♦♦ propargite (Comite) at 1.64 to 2.46 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI Do not exceed 0.175 lb ai/a per season. 13 days. Apply when corn leaves are dry. Use a minimum of 5 ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) at 0.0025 lb ai/1,000 row ft at gallons spray solution per acre. One treatment per year. planting. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a from at plant and ♦♦ propyleneglycol monolaurate (Acaritouch) at 12 to 25 oz/100 gal foliar treatments. of formulated product. PHI 1 day. REI 4 hr. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 0.005 lb/1,000 row ft. 21 days. ♦♦ spiromesifen (Oberon 2SC) at 0.09 to 0.25 lb ai/a. PHI 5 days for REI 24 hr. Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season at plant green forage and silage; 30 days for grain or stover. REI 12 hr. or foliar applications. Apply with a minimum of 10 gallons by ground or 5 gallons by ♦♦ permethrin (Loveland Permethrin) at 0.1 to 0.15 lb ai/a pre- air. Limit 2 treatments per year. Do not exceed 0.27 lb ai/a per plant incorporated, pre-emergence or at planting. PHI 0 days for season. See label for chemigation. forage, 30 days for grain harvest or fodder (stover). REI 12 hr. ♦♦ sulfur at 6 to 15 lb ai/a for spider mite suppression. REI 24 hr. As preemergent, apply from 5 days before planting up to crop emergence. Apply in furrow or as band at planting. ♦♦ phorate (Thimet 20G) 0.056 to 0.075 lb ai/1,000 row ft at planting or cultivation, broadcast or banded but not in-furrow. REI 48 hr. Limit one application. ♦♦ tefluthrin (Force 3G) at 0.0075 to 0.0094 lb ai/1,000 row ft. T-band or in-furrow at planting. REI 0 hr. Do not exceed 0.327 lb ai/a per year. Use only once per season. ♦♦ terbufos (Counter 15G) at 0.056 to 0.075 lb ai/1,000 row ft. REI 48 hr or 72 hr if annual rainfall is less than 25 inches. Band or furrow at planting. Seed treatments ♦♦ abamectin/thiamethoxam (Avicta Duo Corn)—Apply as slurry to corn seed. Consult label.

B8 PNW Insect Management Handbook ♦♦ abamectin/thiamethoxam/azoxystrobin (Avicta Complete)—Refer ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 15G) at 0.075 lb ai/1,000 row ft. PHI 21 to label for instructions. days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.15 lb ai/1,000 row ft or 2 lb ai/a ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 50W) seed treatment at 1 oz ai/100 lb seed. per season. Apply at planting either as a band treatment over the Use as slurry treatment before planting. RESTRICTED USE IN row incorporated to 1 inch or as an in-furrow treatment. OREGON. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ clothianidin (Poncho 600) at 0.25 to 0.5 mg ai/kernel. Commercial ♦♦ cyantraniliprole (Fortenza) at 0.125 to 0.5 lb ai/seed. REI 12 hr. treaters only. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a of cyantraniliprole products per year. ♦♦ clothianidin/Bacillus firmus (Poncho Votivo) at 0.5 mg ai/seed. Do ♦♦ cyfluthrin (Tombstone) at 0.03 to 0.04 oz ai/1,000 row ft. PHI 0 not exceed 0.5 mg ai/seed. days for green forage and 21 days for grain or fodder. REI 12 hr. ♦♦ imidacloprid/carboxin/metalaxyl (Latitude Seed Treatment) at 1.5 Do not exceed 0.175 lb ai/a per season oz product per 42 lb of seed. Use as a dry mixture in the planter ♦♦ ethoprop (Mocap 15G) at 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row ft. REI 48 hr or 72 box as a seed treatment prior to planting. See label for complete hr where annual rainfall is less than 25 inches. One application per instructions. REI 24 hr. season. Incorporate in band above seed row. ♦♦ imidacloprid (Gaucho 600)—Refer to label. REI 24 hr. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) at 0.0004 lb ai/1,000 row ft at plant. ♦♦ permethrin/carboxin (Kernel Guard Supreme) at 1.5 oz canister PHI 21 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a from at plant per 42 lb seed. Apply to seed at planting time with canister and foliar treatments. applicator tube system. REI 12 hr. Do not graze or feed livestock ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 0.005 lb ai/1,000 row ft on treated areas for six weeks after planting. (planting). PHI 21 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.12 lb ai/a ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS). Commercial treaters only. See label from at plant and foliar applications. instructions. ♦♦ permethrin (Loveland Permethrin) at 0.1 to 0.15 lb ai/a pre-plant or at plant. PHI 0 days for forage, 30 days for grain harvest or fodder (stover). REI 12 hr. As preemergent, apply from 5 days Field and silage corn—Slug before planting up to crop emergence. Apply in furrow or as band Gray garden slug (Deroceras reticulatum) is one of the most at planting. common species. ♦♦ phorate (Thimet 20G) 0.056 to 0.075 lb ai/1,000 row ft at planting Pest description and crop damage Land mollusks that feed on or cultivation, broadcast or banded but not in-furrow. REI 48 hr. various plants, damaging roots, crowns, leaves, and fruit. Limit one application. ♦♦ tefluthrin (Force 3G) at 0.0075 to 0.0094 lb ai/1,000 row ft. T-band Management—chemical control or in-furrow at planting. REI 0. Do not exceed 0.327 lb ai/a per ♦♦ metaldehyde baits at 1.2 to 2.4 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. year. Use only once per season. ♦♦ iron phosphate (Sluggo) at 0.5 to 1.0 lb ai/1,000 sq ft. ♦♦ terbufos (Counter 15G) at 0.056 to 0.075 lb ai/1,000 row ft. REI 48 hr or 72 hr if annual rainfall is less than 25 inches. Band or Field and silage corn—Wireworm furrow at planting. Ctenicera and Limonius spp. Seed treatments ♦♦ abamectin/thiamethoxam (Avicta Duo Corn)—Apply as slurry to Pest description and crop damage Brown, jointed larvae of corn seed. Consult label. click beetles. Wireworms cause problems most often when a corn ♦♦ abamectin/thiamethoxam/azoxystrobin (Avicta Complete)—Refer crop follows turf or pasture. Larvae attack seed, weaken and kill to label for instructions. seedlings, and reduce stands. ♦♦ clothianidin (Poncho 600) at 0.25 to 0.5 mg ai/kernel or 0.22 lb Management—cultural control ai/80,000 seed unit. Commercial treaters only. Plowing deeply and using treated seed and insecticides are ♦♦ clothianidin/Bacillus firmus(Poncho Votivo) at 0.5 mg ai/seed. Do important management tools for these pests. not exceed 0.5 mg ai/seed. ♦♦ imidacloprid/carboxin/metalaxyl (Latitude Seed Treatment) at 1.5 Management—chemical control oz product per 42 lb of seed. Use as a dry mixture in the planter ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.015 to 0.02 oz ai/1,000 row ft. box as a seed treatment prior to planting. See label for complete PHI 0 days for green forage and 21 days for grain or fodder. REI instructions. REI 24 hr. 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.088 lb ai/a per season. ♦♦ imidacloprid (Gaucho 600)—Refer to label for planter box ♦♦ bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC, Capture LFR) at 0.0023 to 0.0046 treatment. REI 24 hr. lb ai/1,000 row ft at plant; or 0.047 to 0.062 lb ai/a preplant ♦♦ permethrin/carboxin (Kernel Guard Supreme) at 1.5 oz canister incorporated. PHI 30 days for harvest, grazing, or cutting for feed. per 42 lb seed. Apply to seed at planting time with canister REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a at planting or 0.3 lb ai/a per applicator tube system. REI 12 hr. Do not graze or feed livestock season. Do not apply Capture LFR as foliar treatment. on treated areas for six weeks after planting. ♦♦ bifenthrin/indol butyric acid (Empower 2) at 0.002 to 0.006 lb ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS)—Commercial seed treaters only. See ai/1,000 row ft. PHI 30 days in furrow. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed label instructions. 0.3 lb ai/a foliar and at planting. ♦♦ bifenthrin/zeta-cypermethrin (Hero EW) at 0.04 to 0.1 lb ai/a in See also: furrow. PHI 30 days grain and stover; 60 days forage. REI 12 hr. Potato, Irish—Wireworm Do not graze for 30 days after treatment. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a per season. ♦♦ chlorethoxyfos/bifenthrin (Smart Choice 5G) at 0.2 to 0.25 oz ai/1,000 row ft. REI 2 days or 3 days where annual rainfall is less than 25 inches. T-band over the row or apply in furrow. Apply with Smartbox system. Do not exceed one application per year.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B9 ♦♦ naled (Dibrom 8E) at 0.9 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI 48 hr. Up to five applications per season at 14-day intervals. Apply in 100 to 200 gallons of water by air or 10 to 20 gallons of water by ground. Group 1B insecticide. Hop Pests ♦♦ pyrethrins/azadirachtin (Azera) at 0.013 to 0.0044 lb ai/a azadirachtin/0.014 to 0.048 lb ai/a pyrethrins. PHI 0 days. REI 12 Doug Walsh hr. Apply when pest populations first appear. Reapply every 5-7 Latest revision—March 2021 days as needed up to 10 times per season. Do not apply more than 0.050 lb ai/a pyrethrins per season. Some formulations are OMRI- listed for organic use. Group 3A insecticide. In all cases, follow the instructions on the pesticide label. The PNW ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 0.039 to 0.063 lb/ai. PHI 1 day. REI Insect Management Handbook has no legal status, whereas the 4 hr. Target eggs and small larvae. Allow at least 4 days between pesticide label is a legal document. Read the product label before applications. Do not make more than two consecutive applications of group 5 insecticides. Do not make more than 3 applications per making any pesticide applications. season. Do not apply more than 0.305 lb ai per season. Group 5 insecticide. Note: Products are listed in alphabetical order and not in order of ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust, Success) at 0.06 to 0.10 lb ai/a. PHI 1 day. REI 4 hr. Allow at least five days between applications. Do not make preference or superiority of pest control. more than two consecutive applications of group 5 insecticides. Do not make more than five applications per season. Do not apply Hop—Armyworm more than 0.47 lb ai/a per season. Some formulations are OMRI- listed for organic use. Group 5 insecticide. Includes bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata) Pest description and crop damage Caterpillars are mostly dark green to black with thin white lines down the back and a light brown Hop—Corn earworm head. A white to yellow lateral band runs the length of the body. Helicoverpa zea Management—chemical control Pest description and crop damage Caterpillars vary from green to ♦♦ abamectin/bifenthrin (Athena) by ground for armyworms except brown or reddish, with a few fine hairs or spines on the body. beet armyworm at 0.068 to 0.12 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. REI 12 hr. Management—chemical control Do not make more than two applications of Athena per season. Do ♦♦ azadirachtin (various formulations)—See label for rates. PHI 0 not make applications less than 21 days apart. Do not apply more days. REI 4 hr. Works best on early larval stages. Applications than 0.019 lb ai/a of any abamectin formulation or 0.30 lb ai/a of can be repeated every 7 days or as needed. Some formulations are any bifenthrin formulation per season. Group 6/3A insecticides. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ azadirachtin (various formulations)—See label for rates. PHI 0 ♦♦ pyrethrins/azadirachtin (Azera) at 0.013 to 0.0044 lb ai/a days. REI 4 hr. Works best on early larval stages. Applications azadirachtin/0.014 to 0.048 lb ai/a pyrethrins. PHI 0 days. REI 12 can be repeated every 7 days or as needed. Some formulations are hr. Apply when pest populations first appear. Reapply every 5-7 OMRI-listed for organic use. days as needed up to 10 times per season. Do not apply more than ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis (various formulations)—See label for rates. 0.050 lb ai/a pyrethrins per season. Some formulations are OMRI- PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Works best on early larval stages. Repeat listed for organic use. Group 3A insecticide. treatment as needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Group 11A insecticide. ♦♦ bifenthrin (various formulations) at 0.06 to 0.1 lb ai/a. PHI 14 Hop—Cutworm days. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a per application or 0.3 lb Several species ai/a per season. Minimum application interval is 21 days. Group Pest description and crop damage Soil-dwelling caterpillars. 3A insecticide. Their color varies, but mostly it is dark with distinct dorsal ♦♦ Burkholderia spp. strain A396. (Venerate XC)—See label for markings. Skin is smooth and glassy. rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Apply when pest populations are low. Repeat as needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic Management—chemical control use. ♦♦ abamectin/bifenthrin (Athena) by ground for armyworms except ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) for western yellowstriped beet armyworm at 0.068 to 0.12 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. REI 12 hr. armyworm at 0.045 to 0.098 lb ai/a. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Up to Do not make more than two applications of Athena per season. Do four applications per year at 7-day intervals. Do not exceed 15.4 not make applications less than 21 days apart. Do not apply more fl oz or 0.2 lb ai/a chlorantraniliprole-containing product per year. than 0.019 lb ai/a of any abamectin formulation or 0.30 lb ai/a of Group 28 insecticide. any bifenthrin formulation per season. Group 6/3A insecticides. ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo)—See ♦♦ azadirachtin (various formulations)—See label for rates. PHI 0 label for rates. PHI 0 days. Apply when pest populations are low. days. REI 4 hr. Works best on early larval stages. Applications Repeat as needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic can be repeated every 7 days or as needed. Some formulations are use. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ imidacloprid/bifenthrin (Brigadier, Swagger) by ground or air for ♦♦ bifenthrin (various formulations) at 0.06 to 0.1 lb ai/a. PHI 14 armyworms except beet armyworm at 0.20 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. days. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a per application or 0.3 REI 12 hr. Do not apply more than 0.1 lb ai/a of imidacloprid or lb ai/a per season. Minimum interval between applications is 21 more than 0.1 lb ai/a of bifenthrin per application. Do not apply days. Group 3A insecticide. more than 0.30 lb ai/a of any bifenthrin formulation or 0.30 lb ♦♦ imidacloprid/bifenthrin (Brigadier, Swagger) by ground or air ai/a of any imidacloprid formulation per season. Group 4A/3A at 0.06 to 0.20 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. REI 12 hr. Do not apply insecticides. more than 0.1 lb ai/a of imidacloprid or more than 0.1 lb ai/a of

B10 PNW Insect Management Handbook bifenthrin per application. Do not apply more than 0.30 lb ai/a per year. Do not apply to saturated soils which increases runoff of any bifenthrin formulation or 0.30 lb ai/a of any imidacloprid or to dry soils which decreases effectiveness. formulation per season. Group 4A/3A insecticides. ♦♦ pyrethrins/azadirachtin (Azera) at 0.013 to 0.0044 lb ai/a ♦♦ pyrethrins/azadirachtin (Azera) at 0.013 to 0.0044 lb ai/a azadirachtin/0.014 to 0.048 lb ai/a pyrethrins. PHI 0 days. REI 12 azadirachtin/0.014 to 0.048 lb ai/a pyrethrins. PHI 0 days. REI 12 hr. Apply when pest populations first appear. Reapply every 5-7 hr. Apply when pest populations first appear. Reapply every 5-7 days as needed up to 10 times per season. Do not apply more than days as needed up to 10 times per season. Do not apply more than 0.050 lb ai/a pyrethrins per season. Some formulations are OMRI- 0.050 lb ai/a pyrethrins per season. Some formulations are OMRI- listed for organic use. Group 3A insecticide. listed for organic use. Group 3A insecticide. ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Platinum) at 0.125 lb ai/a. PHI 65 days. REI 12 ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 0.039 to 0.063 lb ai/a. PHI 1 day. hr. Do not exceed 0.125 lb ai/a per season. Apply (1) to the soil as REI 4 hr. Target eggs and small larvae. Allow at least 4 days a band on each side of the hop row, (2) by drip irrigation into the between applications. Do not make more than two consecutive root zone, or (3) as a hill drench. Incorporate band and hill drench applications of group 5 insecticides. Do not make more than 3 applications with irrigation within 24 hr. Group 4A insecticide. applications per season. Do not apply more than 0.305 lb ai/a per See also: season. Group 5 insecticide. Biology and Control of the Garden Symphylan ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust, Success) at 0.06 to 0.10 lb ai/a. PHI 1 day. REI 4 hr. Allow at least five days between applications. Do not make more than two consecutive applications of group 5 insecticides. Hop—Hop aphid Do not make more than five applications per season. Do not apply more than 0.47 lb ai/a per season. Some formulations are OMRI- Phorodon humuli listed for organic use.. Group 5 insecticide. Pest description and crop damage Aphids overwinter as eggs on prune trees. Greenish to black, winged forms migrate to hops in May or June. Wingless forms on hops are pale yellowish green. Hop—European earwig They suck plant juices and contaminate cones. Forficula auricularia Management—chemical control Pest description and crop damage Mature forms are about ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana (Botanigard ES, Mycotrol 0)—See label for 0.6 inch long and light to dark brown. They are identified easily rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Apply when pests first appear. Repeat by the strong, movable, forceps-like cerci at the posterior tip of applications as needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for the abdomen. They don’t damage plants, but their presence can organic use. contaminate harvested crops. ♦♦ bifenthrin (various formulations) at 0.06 to 0.1 lb ai/a. PHI 14 Management—chemical control days. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a per application or 0.3 ♦♦ pyrethrins/azadirachtin (Azera) at 0.013 to 0.0044 lb ai/a lb ai/a per season. Minimum interval between applications is 21 azadirachtin/0.014 to 0.048 lb ai/a pyrethrins. PHI 0 days. REI 12 days. Group 3A insecticide. hr. Apply when pest populations first appear. Reapply every 5-7 ♦♦ Burkholderia spp. strain A396. (Venerate XC)—See label for days as needed up to 10 times per season. Do not apply more than rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Apply when pest populations are low. 0.050 lb ai/a pyrethrins per season. Some formulations are OMRI- Repeat as needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic listed for organic use. Group 3A insecticide. use. ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Apply when pest populations Hop—Garden symphylan are low. Repeat as needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Scutigerella immaculata organic use. Pest description and crop damage A pest in western Oregon. ♦♦ cyfluthrin (various formulations) at 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI Small, white-bodied, centipede-like animals. Adults have 12 pairs 12 hr. Do not apply more than five times per crop season. Do not of legs, rapidly vibrating antenna, and spinnerets on the posterior apply more than 0.125 lb ai/a per season of any formulation of of the body. They feed on roots and above-ground plant parts in cyfluthrin. Allow at least 14 days between applications. Group 3A contact with soil. insecticide. ♦♦ flonicamid (BeLeaf 50SG) at 0.062 to 0.089 lb ai/a. PHI 10 days. Management—chemical control REI 12 hr. Do not make more than three applications per season. ♦♦ ethoprop (Mocap EC) at 3 lb ai/a on baby hops (nonproducing) or Do not apply more than 0.089 lb ai/a per application or 0.267 lb producing hops. REI 72 hr. Group 1B insecticide. ai/a per season. Group 9C insecticide –– Baby hops, post-plant, pre-emergence: apply as a broadcast ♦♦ flupyradifurone (Sivanto 200 SL) at 0.09 to 0.137 lb ai/a. PHI 21 application immediately incorporated into the top 2 to 4 inches days. REI 12 hr. Apply in a minimum of 25 gal per acre (ground) of soil using a disc or rotary cultivator, or as a broadcast or band or 10 gal per acre (aerial). Do not apply more than 0.365 lb per application followed by 1 to 2 inches of overhead irrigation. If acre per year. Group 4D insecticide. applied by band, apply in band at least 2 feet wide over the row. ♦♦ imidacloprid (various formulations) to the soil at 0.1 lb ai/a to –– Baby hops, pre-plant: apply as a broadcast application and 0.3 lb ai/a. PHI 60 days. REI 12 hr. One application to the soil immediately incorporate into the top 2 to 4 inches of soil using a per season applied as (1) a drip irrigation, (2) a subsurface side disc or rotary cultivator. dress shank irrigation, or (3) a hill drench. Follow side dress and –– Producing hops: apply in the spring after pruning, but before shank applications by furrow or sprinkler irrigations to ensure stringing, or post-harvest as a broadcast application immediately incorporation into the root zone. Do not apply more than 0.3 incorporated into the top 2 to 4 inches of soil using a disc or lb ai/a per season of any imidacloprid formulation. Group 4A rotary cultivator, or as a broadcast or band application followed insecticide. by 1 to 2 inches of overhead irrigation. If applied by band, apply ♦♦ imidacloprid (various formulations) by ground or air at 0.1 lb in band at least 2 feet wide over the row. PHI 90 days. Make ai/a. PHI 28 days. REI 12 hr. Allow at least 21 days between only one application per year. Do not apply more than 3.0 lb ai/a

PNW Insect Management Handbook B11 applications. Do not apply more than 0.3 lb ai/a per season of are low. Repeat as needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for imidacloprid formulation. Group 4A insecticide. organic use. ♦♦ imidacloprid/bifenthrin (Brigadier, Swagger) by ground or air ♦♦ cyfluthrin (various formulations) at 0.25 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI at 0.06 to 0.20 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. REI 12 hr. Do not apply 12 hr. Do not apply more than five times per crop season. Do not more than 0.1 lb ai/a of imidacloprid or more than 0.1 lb ai/a of apply more than 0.25 lb ai/a per season of any formulation of bifenthrin per application. Do not apply more than 0.30 lb ai/a cyfluthrin. Allow at least 14 days between applications. Group 3A of any bifenthrin formulation or 0.30 lb ai/a of any imidacloprid insecticide. formulation per season. Group 4A/3A insecticides. ♦♦ imidacloprid/bifenthrin (Brigadier, Swagger) by ground or air at ♦♦ imidacloprid/beta-cyfluthrin (Leverage 360) by ground or air at 0.06 to 0.20 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. REI 4 hr. Do not apply more than 0.055 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. REI 12 hr. Do not apply more than 0.1 lb ai/a of imidacloprid or more than 0.1 lb ai/a of bifenthrin per 0.125 lb ai/a of any beta-cyfluthrin formulation, more than 0.250 application. Do not apply more than 0.30 lb ai/a of any bifenthrin lb ai/a of any beta-cyfluthrin/cyfluthrin formulation or more than formulation or 0.30 lb ai/a of any imidacloprid formulation per 0.30 lb ai/a of any imidacloprid formulation per season. Group season. Group 4A/3A insecticides. 4A/3A insecticides. ♦♦ imidacloprid/beta-cyfluthrin (Leverage 360) by ground or air at ♦♦ malathion (various formulations) at 0.63 to 1.89 lb ai/a. See label 0.005 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. REI 12 hr. Do not apply more than for rates. PHI 7 to 10 days; check label. REI 12 hr. Group 1B 0.125 lb ai/a of any beta-cyfluthrin formulation, more than 0.250 insecticide. lb ai/a of any beta-cyfluthrin/cyfluthrin formulation or more than ♦♦ naled (Dibrom 8E) at 0.9 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI 48 hr. Up to five 0.30 lb ai/a of any imidacloprid formulation per season. Group applications per season at 14-day intervals. Group 1B insecticide. 4A/3A insecticides. ♦♦ potassium salts of fatty acids (M-pede)—PHI 0 days. REI 12 hr. ♦♦ pyrethrins/azadirachtin (Azera) at 0.013 to 0.0044 lb ai/a Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. azadirachtin/0.014 to 0.048 lb ai/a pyrethrins. PHI 0 days. REI 12 ♦♦ pymetrozine (Fulfill) at 0.125 to 0.188 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days. Apply hr. Apply when pest populations first appear. Reapply every 5-7 before aphids reach damaging levels. Do not apply at lower than days as needed up to 10 times per season. Do not apply more than recommended rates. Do not apply by air. Do not apply more than 0.050 lb ai/a pyrethrins per season. Some formulations are OMRI- 0.188 lb ai per application. Do not exceed 0.56 lb ai per season. listed for organic use. Group 3A insecticide. Allow at least 14 days between applications. Group 9B insecticide. ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 0.039 to 0.063 lb ai/a. PHI 1 day. ♦♦ pyrethrins/azadirachtin (Azera) at 0.013 to 0.0044 lb ai/a REI 4 hr. Target eggs and small larvae. Allow at least 4 days azadirachtin/0.014 to 0.048 lb ai/a pyrethrins. PHI 0 days. REI 12 between applications. Do not make more than two consecutive hr. Apply when pest populations first appear. Reapply every 5-7 applications of group 5 insecticides. Do not make more than 3 days as needed up to 10 times per season. Do not apply more than applications per season. Do not apply more than 0.305 lb ai/a per 0.050 lb ai/a pyrethrins per season. Some formulations are OMRI- season. Group 5 insecticide. listed for organic use. Group 3A insecticide. ♦♦ spinosad (Entrust, Success) at 0.06 to 0.10 lb ai/a. PHI 1 day. REI ♦♦ spirotetramat (Movento, Ultor) at 0.08 to 0.096 lb ai/a. PHI 7 4 hr. Allow at least five days between applications. Do not make days. REI 4 hr. Allow at least 14 days between applications. Do more than two consecutive applications of group 5 insecticides. not apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a per season. Group 23 insecticide. Do not make more than five applications per season. Do not apply more than 0.47 lb ai/a per season. Some formulations are OMRI- ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Platinum) at 0.125 lb ai/a. PHI 65 days. REI 12 listed for organic use. Group 5 insecticide. hr. Apply (1) to the soil as a band on each side of the hop row, (2) by drip irrigation into the root zone, or (3) as a hill drench. Incorporate band and hill drench applications with irrigation Hop—Obliquebanded leafroller within 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.125 lb ai/a per season. Group 4A Choristoneura rosaceana insecticide. Pest description and crop damage Small caterpillars are tan. Mature caterpillars are green with black heads. In some seasons, Hop—Hop looper caterpillars web in hop cones and cause some damage. They are not Hypena humuli usually a serious pest. Pest description and crop damage Caterpillars have two white Management—chemical control lines along the back and a distinct whitish line on each side. The ♦♦ azadirachtin (various formulations)—See label for rates. PHI 0 head is green and spotted with black dots. They seldom are a days. REI 4 hr. Works best on early larval stages. Applications problem in Washington. can be repeated every 7 days or as needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—chemical control ♦♦ azadirachtin (various formulations)—See label for rates. PHI 0 ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis (various formulations)—See label for rates. days. REI 4 hr. Works best on early larval stages. Applications PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Works best on early larval stages. Repeat can be repeated every 7 days or as needed. Some formulations are treatment as needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for OMRI-listed for organic use. organic use. Group 11A insecticide. ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis (various formulations)—See label for rates. ♦♦ bifenthrin (various formulations) at 0.06 to 0.1 lb ai/a. PHI 14 PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Works best on early larval stages. Repeat days. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a per application or 0.3 lb treatment as needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for ai/a per season. Minimum application interval is 21 days. Group organic use. Group 11A insecticide. 3A insecticide. ♦♦ bifenthrin (various formulations) at 0.06 to 0.1 lb ai/a. PHI 14 ♦♦ imidacloprid/bifenthrin (Brigadier, Swagger) by ground or air days. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a per application or 0.3 at 0.06 to 0.20 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. REI 12 hr. Do not apply lb ai/a per season. Minimum interval between applications is 21 more than 0.1 lb ai/a of imidacloprid or more than 0.1 lb ai/a of days. Group 3A insecticide. bifenthrin per application. Do not apply more than 0.30 lb ai/a of any bifenthrin formulation or 0.30 lb ai/a of any imidacloprid ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo)—See formulation per season. Group 4A/3A insecticides. label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Apply when pest populations

B12 PNW Insect Management Handbook ♦♦ pyrethrins/azadirachtin (Azera) at 0.013 to 0.0044 lb ai/a –– Producing hops: apply in the spring after pruning, but before azadirachtin/0.014 to 0.048 lb ai/a pyrethrins. PHI 0 days. REI 12 stringing, or post-harvest as a broadcast application immediately hr. Apply when pest populations first appear. Reapply every 5-7 incorporated into the top 2 to 4 inches of soil using a disc or days as needed up to 10 times per season. Do not apply more than rotary cultivator, or as a broadcast or band application followed 0.050 lb ai/a pyrethrins per season. Some formulations are OMRI- by 1 to 2 inches of overhead irrigation. If applied by band, apply listed for organic use. Group 3A insecticide. in band at least 2 feet wide over the row. PHI 90 days. Make ♦♦ spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 0.039 to 0.063 lb ai/a. PHI 1 day. only one application per year. Do not apply more than 3.0 lb ai/a REI 4 hr. Target eggs and small larvae. Allow at least 4 days per year. Do not apply to saturated soil which increases runoff or between applications. Do not make more than two consecutive to dry soils which decreases effectiveness. applications of group 5 insecticides. Do not make more than 3 applications per season. Do not apply more than 0.305 lb ai/a per season. Group 5 insecticide. Hop—Root weevil Includes Black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) Hop—Omnivorous leaftier Rough strawberry root weevil (Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus) Cnephasia longana Strawberry root weevil (Otiorhynchus ovatus) Pest description and crop damage Caterpillars are up to 0.6 inch Pest description and crop damage Larvae are legless white grubs long and light cream to gray, with a light stripe on each side of the with tan heads. They overwinter 2 to 30 inches deep in the soil. back. The head is brown. They feed on terminal hop buds causing Adults generally are black but may be brown. The smallest weevil, lateral growth, which may necessitate extra training. O. ovatus, is the most injurious. Larvae feed on plant roots. Adults feed on foliage but cause no significant damage. Management—chemical control ♦♦ azadirachtin (various formulations)—See label for rates. PHI 0 Management—chemical control days. REI 4 hr. Works best on early larval stages. Applications ♦♦ azadirachtin (various formulations)—See label for rates. PHI 0 can be repeated every 7 days or as needed. Some formulations are days. REI 4 hr. Works best on early larval stages. Applications OMRI-listed for organic use. can be repeated every 7 days or as needed. Some formulations are ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis (various formulations)—See label for rates. OMRI-listed for organic use. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Works best on early larval stages. Repeat ♦♦ bifenthrin (various formulations) at 0.06 to 0.1 lb ai/a. PHI 14 treatment as needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for days. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a per application or 0.3 lb organic use. Group 11A insecticide. ai/a per season. Minimum application interval is 21 days. For best ♦♦ pyrethrins/azadirachtin (Azera) at 0.013 to 0.0044 lb ai/a results, apply as a foliar spray at night to the plant base and lower azadirachtin/0.014 to 0.048 lb ai/a pyrethrins. PHI 0 days. REI 12 3 feet of vine. Group 3A insecticide. hr. Apply when pest populations first appear. Reapply every 5-7 ♦♦ imidacloprid/bifenthrin (Brigadier, Swagger) by ground or air days as needed up to 10 times per season. Do not apply more than at 0.06 to 0.20 lb ai/a. REI 12 hr. PHI 28 days. Do not apply 0.050 lb ai/a pyrethrins per season. Some formulations are OMRI- more than 0.1 lb ai/a of imidacloprid or more than 0.1 lb ai/a of listed for organic use. Group 3 insecticide. bifenthrin per application. Do not apply more than 0.30 lb ai/a of any bifenthrin formulation or 0.30 lb ai/a of any imidacloprid formulation per season. Group 4A/3A insecticides. Hop—Prionus beetle ♦♦ pyrethrins/azadirachtin (Azera) at 0.013 to 0.0044 lb ai/a Prionus californicus azadirachtin/0.014 to 0.048 lb ai/a pyrethrins. PHI 0 days. REI 12 Pest description and crop damage Adult beetles are brown, hr. Apply when pest populations first appear. Reapply every 5-7 1.5 to 3.5 inches long and 0.75 inch wide. Antennae are long and days as needed up to 10 times per season. Do not apply more than sweeping and may be saw-like. Larvae are legless white grubs 0.050 lb ai/ a pyrethrins per season. Some formulations are OMRI- 0.25 to 3 inches long. The head is brown with strong protruding listed for organic use. Group 3 insecticide. jaws. Adults emerge in July and lay eggs near the base of the hop ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Platinum) at 0.125 lb ai/a. PHI 60 days. REI 12 plant. Adults live about 4 weeks, and do not feed. Larvae live hr. Do not exceed 0.266 lb ai/a per season. Apply (1) to the soil in the soil for 3 to 5 years, feeding on hop roots. Larvae feeding a band on each side of the hop row, (2) by drip irrigation into the results in decreased nutrient uptake, water stress, and reduced plant root zone, or (3) as a hill drench. Incorporate band and hill drench growth, and heavy infestations will cause wilting, yellowing, and applications with irrigation within 24 hr. Group 4A insecticide. the death of one or more vines, or the entire plant. Adult males are strongly attracted to a female-produced mating pheromone that is commercially available for monitoring presence of adult beetles. Hop—Spider mite Twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) Management—chemical control Pest description and crop damage Adults are small, eight-legged, ♦♦ ethoprop (Mocap EC) at 3 lb ai/a on baby hops (nonproducing) or spider-like animals. They are pale green to yellowish to reddish, producing hops. REI 72 hr. Group 1B insecticide. often with a dark spot on each side of the body. They suck plant –– Baby hops, post-plant, pre-emergence: apply as a broadcast juices from leaves and hop cones. application immediately incorporated into the top 2 to 4 inches of soil using a disc or rotary cultivator, or as a broadcast or band Management—chemical control application followed by 1 to 2 inches of overhead irrigation. If ♦♦ abamectin (various formulations) at 0.009 to 0.019 lb ai/a. PHI applied by band, apply in band at least 2 feet wide over the row. 28 days. REI 12 hr. No more than two applications per season; –– Baby hops, pre-plant: apply as a broadcast application and do not apply second application within 21 days of first. Another immediately incorporate into the top 2 to 4 inches of soil using a compound must be used between abamectin applications. Do not disc or rotary cultivator. apply more than 0.038 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply in less than 40 gal/a of water. Do not apply by air. Group 6 insecticide.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B13 ♦♦ acequinocyl (Kanemite 15 SC) at 0.3 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI 21 ♦♦ propargite (Comite, Comite II, Omite 6E) at 1.5 to 2.5 lb ai/a. See hr. Do not apply by air or in less than 100 gals of water per acre. label for rates. PHI 14 days. REI 21 days. Before applying, check Allow at least 21 days between treatments. Do not make more current label for re-entry rules, tank-mix limitations, and other than two treatments per season. Do not apply more than 0.6 lb restrictions. Do not apply propargite during, with, or following ai/a per season. Do not use adjuvants or surfactants. Group 20B an oil spray. Do not apply more than twice a season. Do not use insecticide. propargite with nutrient sprays or when daytime temperatures ♦♦ bifenazate (Acramite 50WS) at 0.38 to 0.75 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days. are expected to exceed 95°F. Do not apply in combination with REI 12 hr. Do not apply in less than 50 gal/a. Do not make more petroleum-based foliar sprays. Application with alkaline materials than one application per season. Do not apply by air. REI 12 hr. such as lime sulfur or Bordeaux mixture reduces effectiveness. Group 20D insecticide. Group 12C insecticide. ♦♦ bifenthrin (various formulations) at 0.06 to 0.1 lb ai/a. PHI 14 ♦♦ spirodiclofen (Envidor 2SC) at 0.28 to 0.386 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. days. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a per application or 0.3 REI 12 hr. No more than one application per season. No more than lb ai/a per season. Minimum application interval is 21 days. For 0.386 lb ai/a per season. Minimum application volume 100 gpa by late-season control by air, apply at least 0.1 lb ai/a in at least 10 gal conventional air blast sprayers or 30 gpa using high velocity, low water/a. Group 3A insecticide. volume sprayers. Group 23 insecticide. ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo)—See ♦♦ spirotetramat (Movento, Ultor) at 0.08 to 0.096 lb ai/a. PHI 7 label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Apply when pest populations days. REI 4 hr. Allow at least 14 days between applications. Do are low. Repeat as needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for not apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a per season. Group 23 insecticide. organic use. ♦♦ sulfur (various formulations) at 3 to 45 lb ai/a; see label for rates. ♦♦ crop/horticultural/stylet oils (various formulations) at 1 to 2 gal REI 24 hr. Do not apply in combination with or within 2 weeks per 100 gal water. PHI 0 days. Follow label directions. Local of an oil - or petroleum-based foliar spray, such as emulsifiable SLN registrations may apply; verify label is in effect before use. concentrates. Sulfur may burn foliage, flowers, or cones if applied Apply as needed. Thorough coverage is essential. Do not apply when temperatures are high. Use when temperature is above 85º F propargite (Omite) along with, or for 30 days following, an oil is not recommended. spray, or when temperatures exceed 90°F. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Hop—Western spotted cucumber beetle ♦♦ etoxazole (Zeal) at 0.135 to 0.180 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI 12 hr. Do not make more than one application per season. Do not apply Diabrotica undecimpunctata more than 4 oz per season. Group 10B insecticide. Pest description and crop damage Yellowish green, black-spotted ♦♦ fenazaquin (Magister SC) at 0.42 to 0.48 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI beetles. They feed on foliage and growing tips and occasionally 12 hr. Apply only once per year. Do not apply more than 0.48 lb feed on hop cones. A pest in western Oregon and western ai/a per year. Do not apply by air or through any type of irrigation Washington. system. Group 21 insecticide. Management—chemical control ♦♦ fenpyroximate (Fujimite 5EC) at 0.105 to 0.158 lb ai/a. PHI 15 ♦♦ pyrethrins/azadirachtin (Azera) at 0.013 to 0.0044 lb ai/a days. REI 12 hr. Apply before mite populations exceed 5 per azadirachtin/0.014 to 0.048 lb ai/a pyrethrins. PHI 0 days. REI 12 leaf. Use in sufficient volume to ensure adequate coverage. Spray hr. Apply when pest populations first appear. Reapply every 5-7 concentrations above 100 ppm are recommended; see label. Do days as needed up to 10 times per season. Do not apply more than not make more than one application per season. Do not exceed 0.050 lb ai/a pyrethrins per season. Some formulations are OMRI- 0.158 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply by air or through any type listed for organic use. Group 3A insecticide. of irrigation system. Rotate at least two other miticides between fenpyroximate applications. Group 21A insecticide. ♦♦ hexythiazox (Savey 50DF) at 0.125 to 0.187 lb ai/a. PHI Apply up to burr formation. REI 12 hr. Apply only once per season. Savey controls mites through activity on eggs and immature stages. Although it doesn’t directly control mite adults, it renders eggs laid by treated female adults nonviable. Complete coverage of leaf surface is essential for effective control. Group 10A insecticide ♦♦ imidacloprid/bifenthrin (Brigadier, Swagger) by ground or air at 0.06 to 0.20 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. PHI 12 hr. Do not apply more than 0.1 lb ai/a of imidacloprid or more than 0.1 lb ai/a of bifenthrin per application. Do not apply more than 0.30 lb ai/a of any bifenthrin formulation or 0.30 lb ai/a of any imidacloprid formulation per season. Group 4A/3A insecticides. ♦♦ malathion (various formulations) at 0.63 to 1.89 lb ai/a. See label for rates. PHI 7 or 10 days; check label. REI 12 hr. Group 1B insecticide. ♦♦ naled (Dibrom 8E) at 0.94 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI 48 hr. Up to five applications per season at 14-day intervals. A legal pesticide use not found on the pesticide label and not recommended by University of Idaho personnel. Group 1B insecticide. ♦♦ potassium salts of fatty acids (M-pede)—Check label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use.

B14 PNW Insect Management Handbook Oregon, is usually confined to those leaves that appear in the spring on the first regrowth nodes. The great majority of these leaves will become shaded out, senesce, and fall well before harvest. Thus, treating fields with an insecticide specifically for loopers at Mint Pests this stage is generally uneconomical and may reduce potential for biological control by killing beneficial insects. Navneet Kaur and Leanna Van Slambrook Management—chemical control Latest revision—March 2021 ♦♦ acephate (Acephate 90WDG) at 1 lb/ ai/a. PHI 14 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 2 lb ai/a. per season. Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not feed spent mint hay to animals. Limit 2 treatments per season. In all cases, follow the instructions on the pesticide label. The PNW ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis at 0.12 to 1.5 lb/a. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Insect Management Handbook has no legal status, whereas the Treat mint when larvae are small. OMRI-listed for organic use. pesticide label is a legal document. Read the product label before ♦♦ Burkholderia spp. (Venerate XC) at 1 to 4 qt/a. PHI 0 days. REI 4 making any pesticide applications. hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) at 0.045 to 0.098 lb ai/a. PHI 3 days. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ai/a or 4 applications per season. Note: Products are listed in alphabetical order and not in order of Retreatment interval 14 days. May be applied by chemigation. preference or superiority of pest control. ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole/thiamethoxam (Voliam Flexi) at 0.1 to 0.125 We have tried to include OMRI-listed products for pests when lb ai/a. Do not use adjuvants. Retreatment interval 14 days. PHI available. Be aware also that there are other products not mentioned 7 days. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 15oz/a Voliam Flexi or 0.188 lb here that are available. Many of these are based on mineral or ai/a (thiamethoxam) or 0.2 lb ai/a (chlorantraniliprole) per season. horticultural oils, as well as oils from sesame, garlic, clove, thyme, Apply in at least 10 gal water/a. rosemary and other herbs/spices that list various pests controlled ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 0.3 to 0.9 lb ai/a per when used on mint. Some of these products are acceptable for use 100 gal. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Apply in at least 10 gal water/a. in the production of “organically grown” mint. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ indoxacarb (Avaunt) at 0.065 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.26 lb ai/a per season. Mint—Alfalfa looper and cabbage looper Apply in at least 20 gal water/a. May be applied by chemigation. Includes ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 0.16 to 0.25 lb ai/a. PHI 14 Alfalfa looper (Autographa californica) days. REI 4 hr. Time applications to small larvae and egg masses. Cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed 0.25 lb ai/a per Pest description and crop damage Larvae of both species are pale application, nor more than 1.0 lb ai/a per year. green with white lines on backs and sides. Larvae have three pairs ♦♦ methomyl (Lannate SP) at 0.9 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days. REI 48 hr. of abdominal prolegs, whereas cutworms and armyworms have Apply in at least 10 gal water/a. Do not apply more than 1.8 lb ai/a five pair. Larvae of loopers move in a “looping” manner similar per growing season or 4 applications. to inchworms. Moths are gray-brown with a silvery oval and a ♦♦ spinetoram (Radiant SC) at 0.031 to 0.094 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI U-shaped spot on forewings. 4 hr. Do not make more than 4 applications per year. Retreatment interval 4 days. Target eggs and small larvae. Do not make more In the Willamette Valley of Oregon, damage during the early than 2 successive applications of this or other group 5 insecticides season (May and early June) may appear serious. However, the (spinosad). Do not exceed 0.305 lb ai/a per season. plant almost always repairs the damage by harvest. This generation ♦♦ spinosad (Success, Entrust SC) at 0.063 to 0.156 lb ai/a. PHI is usually heavily parasitized, greatly reducing potential for late- 7 days. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 0.45 lb ai/a per crop year. season damage from this pest. Retreatment interval 4 days. Target eggs and small larvae. Do not Scouting and thresholds Inspect fields in June and early July apply more than three times per crop year. Entrust SC is OMRI- when scouting for the more serious pests such as mint root borer, listed for organic use. variegated cutworm, and Bertha armyworm. Count loopers the ♦♦ tebufenozide (Confirm 2F) at 0.09 to 0.12 lb ai/a early season same as these pests when doing ground searches for larvae and and 0.12 to 0.25 lb ai/a mid to late season. PHI 14 days. REI 4 hr. tallying numbers for each sq ft sample. Treatment levels, which Retreatment interval 10 days. Apply in at least 8 gal water/a to vary with vigor and age of field and the price of mint oil, usually small plants and 10 gal water/a to dense stands. Do not exceed 1 lb are from one to four larvae (total of all worm species per sq ft). ai/a per season. Addition of a spreader-binder is recommended. Management—biological control Warning: Do not use Lannate or Orthene if bees are foraging on mint or weeds during bloom. Use Confirm only in late evening if Naturally occurring insect viruses are often very effective at bees are present. May be applied during bloom. keeping looper levels below the economic threshold. Off-color, flaccid and slow moving larvae are indicative of viral infection. Parasitic wasps and flies usually minimize summer generation Mint—Aphid damage by killing larvae in May and June. Look for small black Includes mint aphid (Ovatus crataegarius) blotches on otherwise pale green and white larvae of loopers, as Pest description and crop damage Wingless forms are apple green these usually indicate parasitization. This insect can be controlled to yellow-green sometimes with mottled, darker markings. Winged with Bacillus thuringiensis formulations when larvae are small and forms have a dark brown head and thorax. Large populations stunt leaf coverage is complete. and distort stems and leaves, make plants more susceptible toSee Management—cultural control water stress, and secrete honeydew, which can help to sunburn leaves or cover them with black, sooty mold. Larval feeding damage in May and June, particularly in western

PNW Insect Management Handbook B15 Management—chemical control Management—chemical control ♦♦ acephate (Acephate 90WDG) at 1 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days. REI 24 hr. Warning: Do not apply if bees are working in blooming mint. Do not exceed 2 lb ai/a per season. Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not feed mint hay to animals. ♦♦ acephate (Acephate 90WDG) at 1 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days. REI 24 hr. Limit 2 treatments. Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed 2 ♦♦ azadirachtin (Neemix 4.5 IGR) at 0.015 to 0.021 lb ai/acre. Some lb ai/a per season. Do not feed spent mint hay to animals. formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ Burkholderia spp. (Venerate XC) at 1 to 4 quarts/a. PHI 0 days. ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol ESO) at 0.5 to 1 quart/100 gal REI 4 hr. Armyworms only. OMRI-listed for organic use. when pests first appear. REI 4 hr. Most effective when used at first detection. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) at 0.045 to 0.098 lb ai/a. PHI 3 days. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ai/a or 4 applications per season. ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole/thiamethoxam (Voliam Flexi) at 0.05 to 0.1 lb Retreatment interval 14 days. May be applied by chemigation. ai/a. Do not use an adjuvant. Retreatment interval is 14 days. PHI 7 days. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 15 oz/a Voliam Flexi or 0.188 lb ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole/thiamethoxam (Voliam Flexi) at 0.1 to 0.125 ai/a (thiamethoxam) or 0.2 lb ai/a (chlorantraniliprole) per season. lb ai/a. Do not use adjuvants. Retreatment interval 14 days. PHI Apply in at least 10 gal water/a. 7 days. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 15oz/a Voliam Flexi or 0.188 lb ai/a (thiamethoxam) or 0.2 lb ai/a (chlorantraniliprole) per season. ♦♦ flonicamid (Beleaf 50SG) at 0.062 to 0.089 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. Apply in at least 10 gal water/a. Cutworms only. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 14 day. Best control is achieved when applied before large populations develop. Limit 3 treatments ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced) at 0.94 to 1.88 lb ai/a. PHI 90 per season. Do not exceed 0.267 lb ai/a per season. days. REI 24 hr. Use the lower rate when larvae are less than 0.75 inch long; use the higher rate if larvae are longer than 0.75 inch. ♦♦ malathion (Gowan Malathion 8) at 0.94 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI May be applied through a specified sprinkler irrigation system 12 hr. Limit 3 applications per year. Retreatment interval 7 days. or with ground spray equipment in at least 10 gal water/a. Only ♦♦ pyrethrins—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. one application is permitted during growing season and one post- ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara) at 0.023 to 0.047 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. harvest. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. REI 12 hr. Do not apply more than 0.188 lb ai/a per season. ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 0.3 to 0.9 lb ai/a per Retreatment interval 14 days. 100 gal. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Armyworms only. Apply in at least Note: Actara, Malathion and Orthene are toxic to bees. Do not apply 10 gal water/a. OMRI-listed for organic use. if mint or weeds in field are in bloom. ♦♦ indoxacarb (Avaunt) at 0.065 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.26 lb ai/a per season. Apply in at least 20 gal water/a. May be applied by chemigation. Mint—Armyworm and cutworm ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 0.16 to 0.25 lb ai/a. PHI 14 Bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata) days. REI 4 hr. Time applications to small larvae and egg masses. Mint cutworm (Heliothis phloxiphaga) Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed 0.25 lb ai/a per Spotted cutworm (Xestia c-nigrum) application, nor more than 1.0 lb ai/a per year. Variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia) ♦♦ methomyl (Lannate SP) at 0.9 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days. REI 48 hr. See also: Most effective on larvae smaller than 0.5 inch. Do not exceed 1.8 Mint—Redbacked cutworm lb ai/a nor 4 applications per season. ♦♦ spinetoram (Radiant SC) at 0.031 to 0.094 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI Pest description and crop damage Variegated cutworm larvae are 4 hr. Do not apply more than 0.305 lb ai/a per crop. Do not make brown to tan usually with a series of white or yellowish “keyhole” more than 4 applications per year. Retreatment interval 4 days. marks on each dorsal (top) abdominal segment, though may Target eggs and small larvae. Do not make more than 2 successive not always be visible on all segments. Bertha armyworm larvae applications of this or other group 5 insecticides (e.g. Spinosad). are highly variable, from uniform pale green to black with fine ♦♦ spinosad (Success, Entrust SC) at 0.063 to 0.156 lb ai/a. PHI longitudinal yellow lines. 7 days. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 0.45 lb ai/a per crop year. Retreatment interval 4 days. Target eggs and small larvae. Do not Mint cutworm are large, yellow, tan, or green larvae with black apply more than three times per crop year. Entrust SC is OMRI- spots over the body, similar to corn earworm. Damage is similar listed for organic use. to that of the variegated cutworm and alfalfa looper, but this insect seldom is a problem of economic importance on mint. Spotted ♦♦ tebufenozide (Confirm 2F) at 0.09 to 0.12 lb ai/a early season cutworm larvae vary in color, but most are dark brown to black, and 0.12 to 0.25 lb ai/a mid to late season. PHI 14 days. REI 4 hr. with distinct, triangular markings on the back. Apply in at least 8 gal water/a to small plants and 10 gal water/a to dense stands. Do not exceed 1 lb ai/a per season. Addition of a Scouting and thresholds Scout for larvae beginning in late June spreader-binder is recommended. to determine the need for insecticide application to prevent oil yield loss. Inspect surface of the soil under the mint canopy after shaking stems to dislodge larvae. Do this in a number of sites throughout Mint— European Cranefly the field. Carefully look for larvae in soil cracks, under leaves, and Tipula paludosa in old, brown, curled leaves. Record the number of larvae per sq ft. Pest description and crop damage Larvae are called leatherjackets Treatment levels can vary from one to four larvae per sq ft depending because of the leathery appearance of the cuticle. They feed on on time to harvest, biological controls observed, and price of oil. roots and underground rhizomes from fall through spring months. In Management—biological control western Oregon, T. paludosa larvae feed on and topple upright stems in April and May. In the Columbia Basin, large populations of the Bacillus thuringiensis formulations have not been effective on these larvae of Nephrotoma ferruginea, have been noticed in late October pests infesting peppermint. Neither do insect viruses, important and November feeding on small roots. natural controls of loopers, help in reducing these pests Note: It is questionable whether spring damage to stems by T. paludosa justifies insecticide application.

B16 PNW Insect Management Handbook Biology and life history Adult T. paludosa emerge from incorporate to a depth of 2 to 4 inches using rotary tiller or hoe, overwintering third-instar larvae from late July through October. harrow, double disk or with 1 to 2 inches of irrigation water Upon emergence, adults do not feed but instead quickly mate followed by another 1 to 2 inches when the soil becomes moist and begin laying eggs for 2-14 days. Often described as a large but not dry. Make only one application whether pre-plant or post- mosquito, cranefly adults are approx.1 inch in length with long harvest per growing season. wings and legs. Oviposition sites are typical moist soil areas to Post-harvest protect eggs from dessication prior to hatching in about 14 days. ♦♦ ethoprop (Mocap EC or 15G) at 3 lb ai/a (6 lb ai/a if nematodes Larvae can be found in the soil profile from October through June. also a problem). PHI 225 days. REI 48 to 72 hr. Use as pre-plant Following the overwintering period in the third instar, larvae molt or after last harvest. evenly broadcast 15G or EC over soil surface to the fourth instar in April and feed before pupation in July and and immediately incorporate to a depth of 2 to 4 inches using August. This species has one generation per year. rotary tiller or hoe, harrow, double disk or with 1 to 2 inches of Scouting and thresholds Look for the large adults of T. paludosa irrigation water followed by another 1 to 2 inches when the soil flying in fields in August and September. Take soil samples and becomes moist but not dry. Make only one application whether screen soil to a depth of 2 to 4 inches from mid to late October pre-plant or post-harvest per growing season. through June in order to determine larval populations. In spring, See also: look for clipped uprights and locate larvae in soil nearby. Larval Biology and Control of the Garden Symphylan numbers in excess of 10 per sq ft may injure mint. Insecticidal control is most economical when applied in the fall, when larvae are small and before significant damage occurs. Mint—Grasshopper Management—chemical control Includes ♦♦ chlorpyrfos (Lorsban Advanced) at 0.47 to 0.94 lb ai/a. PHI 90 Clearwinged grasshopper (Camnula pellucida) days. REI 24 hr. Apply in fall or spring through irrigation or ground Pest description and crop damage Both young and adults feed on application in the rain (for optimal effectiveness). Lorsban may be leaves. Leaf loss can be significant in years with warm, dry spring- applied only once postharvest and once during the growing season. time conditions. Lorsban is not labeled for cranefly control in mint but is registered to control other pests on the crop. Research and field use in Oregon Biology and Life History Grasshoppers damage mint grown indicate it is effective against European cranefly T.( paludosa). on both sides of the Cascade mountains. Grasshoppers have one generation per year. In late summer adult grasshoppers deposit pods into the soil from one to two inches deep. These pods contain Mint—Garden symphylan several eggs each. Eggs hatch in the spring (around May). Small Scutigerella immaculata hoppers disperse to crops and feed through the spring and summer. Pest description and crop damage Small (less than 0.25 inch), Management—chemical control white, centipede-like animals that feed on hairs and meristematic ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole/thiamethoxam (Voliam Flexi) at 0.1 to 0.125 tissue of roots and underground stems. Heavy feeding causes plant lb ai/a. Do not use adjuvants. Retreatment interval 14 days. PHI stunting, poor stem elongation, and small, chlorotic leaves. This 7 days. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 15oz/a Voliam Flexi or 0.188 lb arthropod is a severe pest of many crops in western Oregon. ai/a (thiamethoxam) or 0.2 lb ai/a (chlorantraniliprole) per season. Biology and life history Populations build rapidly in spring Apply in at least 10 gal water/a. and summer, and usually migrate downward from late summer ♦♦ malathion (Gowan Malathion 8) at 1 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI 12 through fall as soil temperatures rise and moisture content drops. hr. Malathion is registered for use on mint to control other pests. Populations migrate up toward soil surface in the fall as soil Field use indicates it controls grasshoppers effectively. Note: moisture increases with the onset of rain. They may damage roots Summer cutworm sprays help control grasshoppers. during mild winters. ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara) at 0.047 to 0.063 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI 12 hr. Do not apply more than 0.188 lb ai/a per season. Scouting and thresholds Take soil samples roughly a standard Retreatment interval 14 days. shovel width (roughly 1 cubic ft) to a depth of 8 to 12 inches. Symphylans usually are sampled in April, May, and June shortly after irrigation or rain when soil is moist. Soil should be nearly at Mint—Ligurian Leafhopper carrying capacity, but sufficiently dry so it fractures or crumbles Ligurian Leafhopper (Eupteryx decemnotata) easily, exposing symphylans in natural tunnels, crevices, worm Pest description and crop damage Adults are tiny, less than 0.12 holes, etc. Damage to mint likely occurs at densities of five to ten inches, yellowish-green with a characteristic pattern of spots on per cubic ft of soil. the head and the wings. The Ligurian leafhopper is an important Management—chemical control pest in cultivations of plants in the family Lamiaceae (mint). Just like other leafhoppers, they are sap-feeding insects causing damage Pre-plant by puncturing cells and removing the contents. The characteristic ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced) at 1.88 lb ai/a. PHI 90 days. stippling is produced when pest density is high. The damage can be Broadcast and incorporate at planting. Do not use in conjunction mistaken for thrips or mite injury. with a foliar application of chlorpyrifos. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. Biology and Life History This is a new species first detected in ♦♦ 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone II) at 18 to 35 gal/a only as a Oregon in 2020. Leafhoppers typically lay their eggs in stems and broadcast treatment. See labels for use rate and application petioles, so they are nearly impossible to detect. Leafhoppers will methods. pass through five nymphal instars ♦♦ ethoprop (Mocap EC or 15G) at 3 lb ai/a (6 lb ai/a if nematodes Management Since pest status is unknown, no information exists. also a problem). PHI 225 days. REI 48 to 72 hr. Prior to planting evenly broadcast 15G or EC over soil surface and immediately

PNW Insect Management Handbook B17 Mint—Mint flea beetle Mint—Mint root borer Longitarsus waterhousei Fumibotys fumalis Pest description and crop damage Small, pale brown to Pest description and crop damage Early instar larvae are light brownish-yellow flea beetles feed on mint foliage producing “shot- green/yellow with dark stripes down the back; older larvae can be holed leaves.” These usually are noticed first in late June, July. The up to 0.75 inch long and are yellow/tan with a brown head. They main damage is by the larvae, which feed on and severely damage feed inside mint rhizomes and on mint roots, from late July through roots in late April, May, and June. September and early October in some years. This pest can severely reduce stands in most mint-producing areas. Biology and life history Eggs overwinter in the soil and hatch from early April through May. Larvae feed on roots and tunnel rhizomes Biology and life history This pest overwinters in the soil around through early June. Adults emerge in late June and July and feed, mint roots as a pre-pupa in a cocoon, pupates in the spring, and mate, and deposit eggs in or on the soil in July and August. There is emerges as a moth May through July. There is one generation per a two to three week pre-ovipositional phase before females lay eggs. year. Insecticides applied to control adults should be used at this time to prevent larval infestations. There is one generation per year. Scouting and thresholds Sample mint after harvest in late August through mid-September, when most larvae are large enough to Scouting and thresholds Larvae can be seen tunneling in roots detect, but have not caused much damage. and underground stems in late April, May, and June. Screen and inspect roots and associated soil for larvae and damage. Inspect Screen square-foot soil samples taken at the depth of the rhizomes. leaves for adult “shot-holing” from late June through early August. Record larval numbers, and treat when larvae number from two to Use a sweep net to collect adults in early morning hours when four per sq ft depending on age and vigor of the field, other pests or beetles easily are swept from foliage (below 60°F). stresses, and oil price. Infestations usually begin at field margins. Inspect the entire field Adult moths can be sampled using sweep nets and/or pheromone- for larval and adult damage. Generally, adult populations are spotty baited sticky traps. Although economic thresholds for adult moth and localized. Because of the potential for damage, they usually are numbers do not exist, sampling can be used in combination with treated when detected (early July). known issues in previous years to plan for in-season control of mint root borer eggs and caterpillars before damage occurs. For adult control, the idea is to apply an insecticide after most adults have emerged but before females have commenced egg laying. Management—chemical control Management—cultural control ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Coragen, Coragen 2ee) at 0.045 to 0.098 lb ai/a. PHI 3 days. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ai/a or 4 This insect is moved from field to field primarily in infested applications per season. Retreatment interval 14 days. May be rootstock, usually as eggs in the soil. Plant rootstock from fields applied by chemigation. free of this pest. ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole/thiamethoxam (Voliam Flexi) at 0.1 to 0.125 Management—biological control lb ai/a. Do not use an adjuvant. Retreatment interval 14 days. PHI ♦♦ parasitic nematodes (BioNem-C, Becker Underwood) at 3 billion 7 days. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 15oz/a Voliam Flexi or 0.188 lb per acre. Apply between April and June after larvae hatch from ai/a (thiamethoxam) or 0.2 lb ai/a (chlorantraniliprole) per season. overwintering eggs and are active. Be sure that soil temperature Apply in at least 10 gal water/a. is warm enough for nematodes to be active. Application with ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced) at 1.9 lb ai/a (postharvest). PHI irrigation water is essential for nematodes to be effective. 90 days. REI 24 hr. Most effective when applied as chemigation Unfortunately, this precludes effective timing in most of central treatment in late August through early September. Pre-irrigation Oregon. OMRI-listed for organic use of dry soils is essential to control. If you apply Lorsban as a broadcast spray, immediately follow with overhead irrigation Management—chemical control (1 acre inch). Dry soil, strawload, organic matter, and charcoal These are directed at the adult stage. residue greatly reduce Lorsban’s effectiveness. One postharvest ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole/thiamethoxam (Voliam Flexi) at 0.05 to 0.1lb application allowed per season. RESTRICTED USE IN ai/a. Do not use an adjuvant. Retreatment interval 14 days. PHI 7 OREGON. days. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 15oz/a Voliam Flexi or 0.188 lb ♦♦ ethoprop (Mocap EC or 15G) at 3 lb ai/a (6 lb ai/a if nematodes ai/a (thiamethoxam) or 0.2 lb ai/a (chlorantraniliprole) per season. also a problem). PHI 225 days. REI 48 to 72 hr. After last harvest, Apply in at least 10 gal water/a. evenly broadcast 15G or EC over soil surface and immediately ♦♦ malathion (Gowan Malathion 8) at 0.94 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. incorporate to a depth of 2 to 4 inches using rotary tiller or hoe, REI 12 hr. Apply malathion as a full coverage spray after adults harrow, double disk or with 1 to 2 inches of irrigation water emerge, usually in early July. Time sprays for early morning hours followed by another 1 to 2 inches when the soil becomes moist when beetles are on foliage and easiest to kill. Limit 3 applications but not dry. Make only one application whether pre-plant or post- per year. Retreatment interval 7 days. harvest per growing season. Warning: Malathion is toxic to bees. Use malathion only during ♦♦ parasitic nematodes (BioNem-C, Becker Underwood) at 1 to 1.5 late evenings if mint or weed bloom is present and bees are billion per acre. Apply in late August or early September when foraging. larvae are small. Application with irrigation water is essential for ♦♦ methomyl (Lannate SP) at 0.68 to 0.9 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days. REI nematodes to be effective. OMRI-listed for organic use 48 hr. Apply Lannate as a full coverage spray after adults emerge, usually in early July. Do not apply more than 1.8 lb ai/a per crop season. Warning: Lannate is toxic to bees. ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara) at 0.023 to 0.047 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI 12 hr. Do not apply more than 0.188 lb ai/a per season. Retreatment interval 14 days.

B18 PNW Insect Management Handbook Mint—Mint stem borer Management—chemical control ♦♦ acephate (Acephate 90WDG) at 1 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days. REI 24 Pseudobaris nigrina hr. Late evening or night applications are most effective. Apply Pest description and crop damage A small white grub, 0.08 to through a specified sprinkler irrigation system or with ground 0.16 inch long, with a brown head and no legs. Damage is to the spray equipment in at least 10 gal/a water. Do not apply more than main root, causing injury or death to the central stalk, which usually twice per season. OR-090026. breaks off. It is found in eastern Oregon and Idaho. . It can infest ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) at 0.045 to 0.098 lb ai/a. PHI 3 days. mint rootstock for export. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ai/a or 4 applications per season. Management—chemical control Retreatment interval 14 days. May be applied by chemigation. ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole/thiamethoxam (Voliam Flexi) at 0.1 to 0.125 lb No insecticides are registered. However, aphid or looper sprays ai/a. Do not use an adjuvant. Retreatment interval 14 days. PHI is applied in mid- to late May generally reduce stem borer populations. 7 days. REI 12 hr. Do not exceed 15oz/a Voliam Flexi or 0.188 lb ai/a (thiamethoxam) or 0.2 lb ai/a (chlorantraniliprole) per season. Mint—Painted lady or thistle butterfly Apply in at least 10 gal water/a. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced) at 0.94 to 1.9 lb ai/a. REI 24 hr. Vanessa cardui Use the lower rate when larvae are less than 0.75 inch long; use Pest description and crop damage Spiny, dark caterpillars with the higher rate if larvae are longer than 0.75 inch. Late evening or pale yellow stripes on sides. Larvae feed communally, associated night applications are most effective. Apply through a specified with webbing and black frass. sprinkler irrigation system or with ground spray equipment in at least 10 gal water/a. One application only during growing season. Biology and life history Butterflies migrate into Oregon from Do not apply within 90 days of harvest. RESTRICTED USE IN California during springs following mild winters and lay eggs OREGON. on thistle weeds in mint and other crops beginning in late spring. ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) at 0.16 to 0.25 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days. Larvae may migrate to and readily feed on leaves of mint and other REI 4 hr. Time applications to small larvae and egg masses. Do crops or weeds in years of abundance. This insect is beneficial when not apply more than 0.25 lb ai/a per application, nor more than 1.0 feeding on thistle. lb ai/a per year. Scouting and thresholds Note that treatable field populations are rare. However economic injury may occur if larvae defoliate mint leaves from July through harvest and reach numbers given for Mint—Root weevil cutworms and armyworms above. Black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) Strawberry root weevil (O. ovatus) Management—chemical control Pest description and crop damage Larvae are legless white grubs Insecticides timed for looper or early season cutworm control will with tan heads. They overwinter 2 to 8 inches deep in the soil. provide adequate control. Adults generally are black but may be brown or chocolate brown. Larvae feed on mint roots, and adults feed on foliage. Mint—Redbacked cutworm Scouting and thresholds Sweep fields for adults on a calm, warm Euxoa ochrogaster night (above 70°F) beginning in late May, June. A few weevils (five or more) in the net after 10 sweeps at various sites within the field Pest description and crop damage Redbacked cutworm (RBC) may need control. An infestation of from five to eight larvae per 1 is a key pest of mint east of the Cascades. As mint begins to send sq ft soil sample the depth of the mint roots usually signals need for up aerial growth in the spring, larvae feed underground by day, control. Sample for larvae in April/May. clipping off new spring shoots at or below ground level. At night, larvae feed on and above the soil surface. In some years, damage to Management—biological control mint during May and early June in central Oregon has been severe ♦♦ parasitic nematodes (BioNem-C, Becker Underwood) at 3 billion enough to result in extensive stand loss in absence of larval control. per acre. Apply post-harvest in SEP to pre-moistened soil in It is more a problem in sandier, non-compacted soils. irrigation water. Application with irrigation water is essential for nematodes to be effective. OMRI-listed for organic use. Biology and life history Beginning in mid-April, larvae hatch from eggs laid by moths the previous summer. Larvae feed through Management—chemical control June, pupate, and emerge as moths in late June and early July. ♦♦ acephate (Acephate 90WDG) at 1 lb ai/a. For control of adult Moths are active during the summer and deposit the overwintering weevils. PHI 14 days. Apply late May through early June after eggs on the soil beneath plants or debris through early fall. There is adults emerge but before egg laying. Apply when weevils are one generation a year. feeding actively on foliage. Apply on warm, still evenings, usually between 10 p.m and 2 a.m. Two applications 10 to 14 days apart Scouting and thresholds About mid-May, walk fields, looking may be necessary to reduce large infestations, particularly in closely at new growth above ground. Wilted, clipped-off shoots central Oregon. Do not use Orthene more than twice per season. indicate RBC feeding. Confirm by taking soil samples to a depth of about 2 inches, screen the soil, and record numbers of larvae ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol-O, Emerald Bioagriculture, Laverlam Int.)—OMRI-listed for organic use. observed per sq ft. An average of from two to six larvae per sq ft sample can result in economic damage and oil loss (most severe in new mint and old, poor-vigor stands). Management—cultural control Heavier soils often escape injury from this pest. Fall plowing destroys eggs and almost always reduces larval infestations to noneconomic levels.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B19 Mint—Slug Management—chemical control ♦♦ abamectin (ABBA, Agri-Mek 0.15EC) at 0.009 to 0.014 lb Includes ai/a. PHI 28 days. REI 12 hr. Do not apply more than twice European black slug (Arion ater) consecutively or within 7 days of the first. Do not apply more than Gray garden slug (Deroceras reticulatum) three times per crop season nor exceed 0.042 lb ai/a per season. Great gray garden slug (Limax maximus) An organosilicone surfactant increases efficacy. Marsh slug (Deroceras laeve) ♦♦ bifenazate (Acramite 4SC) at 0.375 to 0.75 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. See also: REI 12 hr. One application per year only. May be applied through Slug Control chemigation. ♦♦ dicofol (Dicofol 4E) at 0.875 to 1.25 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 32 The use of metaldehyde formulations and baits and iron phosphate days. Do not feed treated hay or spent hay to livestock. Very toxic baits are discussed. Economic injury levels and thresholds for to predator mites. One application per season. Washington only. controlling slugs infesting mint have not been determined. ♦♦ etoxazole (Zeal) at 0.09 to 0.18 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI 12 hr. Do Management—chemical control not exceed 0.18 lb ai/a per season. Limit 1 treatment per year. ♦♦ iron phosphate/spinosad (Bug-N-Sluggo) at 0.2 to 0.44 lb ai/a. ♦♦ fenpyroximate (FujiMite 5EC) at 0.625 to 1.25 lb ai/a. PHI 1 day. PHI 7 days. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 3 applications. Retreatment REI 12 hr. Limit 2 applications per season. Do not exceed 2.5 lb/a interval 4 days. OMRI-listed for organic use. per season. Retreatment interval 7 days. ♦♦ metaldehyde products including liquids, sand coated granules and ♦♦ hexythiazox (Onager Optek) at 0.094 to 0.156 ai/a. PHI 30 days. baits as labeled for mint until depleted. REI 12 hr. One application per year. SLN OR-170009; ID-170003; WA-170005. ♦♦ malathion (Gowan Malation 8) at 0.94 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI 12 Mint—Spider mite hr. Limit 3 applications per year. Retreatment interval 7 days. Includes spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) ♦♦ propargite (Omite 6E, Comite) at 1.5 to 2.0 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days. Pest description and crop damage Spider mite adults are small, REI 7 days. Limit 2 applications per year. Retreatment interval 7 eight-legged, spiderlike animals associated with webbing and round days. Ground and aerial applications are allowed. Do not exceed eggs on the underside of leaves. They are pale green, yellowish 4.1 lb ai/a per season. Do not feed treated mint to livestock. to reddish, with two large, dark spots on each side of their bodies. ♦♦ spiromesifen (Oberon) at 0.125 to 0.25 lb ai/a. PHI 7 They suck plant juices, causing leaves to yellow, dry, and fall under days. Maximum rate per application 0.25 ai/a. Do not apply more heavy infestations. They reduce oil yield and probably quality. than 3 times per season and do not exceed 0.75 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply while mint is in flower. Do not apply when bees are Biology and life history Mites overwinter as mature females found foraging on mint. SLN OR-200013; WA-170012. at the bases of mint stems and underground. In spring, feeding begins on new growth soon after emergence from soil. Populations Note: Use of carbamate and some OP insecticides may stimulate or are delayed a few weeks in fields flamed for rust in the spring. increase spider mite populations by killing predator mites or even Females lay eggs associated with silk webbing. Egg to adult may stimulating spider mite reproduction. Certain miticides, even though take as little as 14 days during the hot part of summer. There are they initially control spider mites, may result in a subsequent multiple generations each year. rapid increase in numbers due to the effect on predator mites that contribute to biological control. Scouting and thresholds Average numbers of mites per leaf are determined throughout a field on a weekly basis. Take 45 Note: Utility of malathion as miticides has diminished through the leaf samples (three leaves per stem, 15 stems per site), and use years with development of tolerance and/or resistance in some mite the presence or absence of mites on leaves to estimate a mean populations. number of mites per leaf at a site in a field. Stable and increasing populations of spider mites beginning at levels of five mites per leaf can reduce oil yields if not controlled. Mint—Thrips Frankliniella spp. Management—cultural control Pest description and crop damage Small yellowish insects < 1 Fall plowing and fall and spring flaming tend to delay spider mm long. Feeding on undersides of leaves injures cells. Damage mite buildup early in the season. These practices can also reduce appears as stippling, silvering, and/or yellowing of leaves. predator populations whose absence sometimes allows for a more Generally, thrips are a localized problem in drought-stressed areas rapid spider mite population build-up in the spring than would of fields or portions of fields adjacent to a crop just harvested. otherwise occur. Seldom a problem requiring insecticide. Management—biological control Management—cultural control Predator mites naturally occurring in the field as well as those Avoid water stress with proper irrigation regime. bought from suppliers and released into fields early in the season before spider mites reach damaging levels can maintain spider mite Management—chemical control levels sufficiently low to avoid miticide applications. This assumes ♦♦ spinetoram (Radiant SC) at 0.031 to 0.094 lb ai/a. Suppression that production practices that reduce predator mites can be avoided only. PHI 7 days. REI 4 hr. Do not apply more than 0.305 lb ai/a or timed so as to reduce their negative effects. per crop. Do not make more than 4 applications per calendar year. Do not make applications less than 4 days apart. Do not make more than 2 successive applications of this or other group 5 insecticides (spinosad). ♦♦ spinosad (Success, Entrust SC) at 0.063 to 0.156 lb ai/a. Suppression only. PHI 7 days. REI 4 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed 0.45 lb ai/a per crop year. Do not apply

B20 PNW Insect Management Handbook more than three times per crop year. Do not make more than two successive applications of this or other group 5 insecticides (spinosad). Entrust SC is OMRI-listed for organic use. Small Grain Pests Mint—Wireworm Limonius spp. Arash Rashed and Christy Tanner Pest description and crop damage Brown, jointed, wiry, yellow Latest revision—March 2021 to brown larvae of click beetles that feed on roots and underground stems of mint plants. Adults are brown elongate beetles from 0.33 to 0.75 inch long. Wireworms are a problem mainly when mint In all cases, follow the instructions on the pesticide label. The PNW is planted into soil that is already infested. They do not become a Insect Management Handbook has no legal status, whereas the problem in well managed and watered established mint. pesticide label is a legal document. Read the product label before Management—chemical control making any pesticide applications. ♦♦ 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone II, C-17, or C-35) at 20 GPA. Evenly broadcast by soil injection to a depth of 14 inches. For preplant fumigation to be successful, soils need to be warm and moist. Note: Products are listed in alphabetical order and not in order of preference or superiority of pest control. Note: When ethoprop (MOCAP) is used pre-plant at rates to control garden symphylan or nematodes, wireworms are often suppressed. Small grain—Aphid See also: Includes Potato, Irish—Wireworm Bird-cherry oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) Cereal grass aphid (Metopolophium festucae cerealium) Corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) Greenbug (Schizaphis graminum) Rose-grass aphid (Metopolophium dirhodum) Pest description and crop damage Aphids are of various colors—green, yellow, reddish. They frequently show black on portions of the body such as legs, antennae, or base of cornicles (tube-like structures on the posterior abdomen). Some species are important as vectors of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), which can negatively impact yield and quality of small grains, especially winter wheat and winter barley. Attempts to reduce incidence of BYDV by controlling established populations of aphids have not been successful. Seed treatment insecticides of the neonicotinoid group have reduced BYDV incidence especially when used in combination with delayed fall planting. Sampling and thresholds To control aphids, insecticide application may be considered when aphids average from 5 (early growth) to ten per tiller, per stem, or per head, prior to boot and > 25 after boot. However, there is rarely need to spray for aphids in small grains. Insecticide applications after grain is in the milk stage of ripening are of no value. In rare instances, foliar insecticide may need to be applied prior to harvest if the honeydew produced by heavy aphid presence could interfere with combine function. Management—biological control Occasionally aphids have been sufficiently abundant to cause localized damage to grain prior to grain fill, but usually they are held in check by predators and parasitoids. Aphid predators and parasitoid wasps are important. Do not apply broad-spectrum foliar insecticides until you have examined the field for the presence of predators or parasitized aphids (a.k.a “mummified” aphids). Syrphid fly larvae and ladybird beetle larvae are common predators of value that reduce aphid populations, therefore it is important to familiarize yourself with all developmental stages of these beneficial insects. The wasp Diaeretiella rapae is a common and effective parasitoid of Russian wheat aphid in intermediate rainfall in southeast Washington.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B21 Management—chemical control interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.076 lb ai/a per season. Wheat only. Some success has been achieved with systemic granules drilled in at fall seeding time for winter wheat. This practice helps prevent in-field ♦♦ dimethoate (Dimethoate 400) at 0.25 to 0.375 lb ai/a, PHI 35 days. multiplication and spread of aphids that may transmit BYDV. It does REI 48 hr. Do not exceed 0.5 lb ai/a per season. Wheat only. not prevent aphids from migrating into the wheat from other areas. ♦♦ flupyradifurone (Sivanto 200SL) at 0.09 to 0.14 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days forage; 21 days grain, stover or straw. Retreatment interval 7 days. Some aphids such as bird cherry-oat aphid, English grain aphid and Do not exceed 0.365 lb ai/a per year. the Russian wheat aphid produce rolling on the leaves. Best control ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) at 0.01 to 0.015 lb ai/a. PHI 30 with insecticides is obtained before aphids begin to roll leaves. days. REI 24 hr. Maximum 0.03 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze Seed treatment or forage within 7 days of application. Do not feed straw within 30 days. Seed treatments used on wheat and barley seed may provide some ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Silencer, Warrior II) at 0.02 to 0.03 lb ai/a. control of aphids: PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not graze or forage within 7 days of ♦♦ clothianidin (NipsIt Inside) at 0.75 to 1.79 fl oz (0.029 to 0.07 lb application. Do not feed straw within 30 days. Do not exceed 0.06 ai) /100 lb seed on-farm application. lb ai/a per season. ♦♦ imidacloprid (Gaucho 600F) slurry seed treatment at 0.8 to 2.4 ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/tebuconazole (Crossover) at 0.14 lb ai/a. PHI fl oz (0.031 to 0.094 lb ai) /100 lb seed. Do not graze or feed 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.11 lb ai/a tebuconazole or livestock on treated areas within 45 days after planting. 0.06 lb ai/a lambda cyhalothrin per season. Feeding restrictions ♦♦ imidacloprid/captan/carboxin (Enhance AW) at 4 oz per 100 lb apply. Do not exceed 8 fl oz/a or 0.14 lb ai/a per season. Barley, seed. Wheat, oats, barley. triticale and wheat. ♦♦ imidacloprid/metalaxyl/tebuconazole (GauchoXT) as seed ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/chlorantraniliprole (Besiege) at 0.059 to treatment at 3.4 to 4.5 fl oz (0.031 to 0.041 lb ai) /100 lb seed; 0.098 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 7 early season protection. Groundwater advisory: metalaxyl is days. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.2 lb ai known to leach through soil into groundwater under certain chlorantraniliprole per year. Feeding restrictions. conditions as a result of agricultural use. Do not graze or feed ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/thiamethoxam (Endigo ZC) at 0.056 to 0.072 livestock on treated areas within 45 days after planting. Wheat, lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. oats and barley only. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.125 lb ai/a ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS, Warden Cereals 360) at 0.75 to 1.33 thiamethoxam per season. Barley only. fl oz (0.029 to 0.052 lb ai) /100 lb seed; (Crusier Vibrance Quattro) ♦♦ malathion (Malathion 8) at 1 to 1.25 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI 12 at 0.02 to 0.032 lb ai/100 lb seed. CruiserMaxx for cereals has hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed 2 applications per a groundwater advisory for Washington. Do not graze or feed season. Barley, oat, rye and wheat. livestock within 45 days of application. ♦♦ methomyl (Lannate SP) at 0.225 to 0.45 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI Foliar spray 48 hr. Do not exceed 1.8 lb ai/a per season. Do not exceed 4 applications per season. Wheat only. Aphid control with foliar sprays is more successful when materials ♦♦ pyrethrin—There are several pesticides containing various are applied during the warmer part of the day. Adequate coverage amounts of pyrethrins. Check each label for the use and amount also is necessary: 5 gal water/a increases spray coverage and needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. effectiveness. ♦♦ sulfoxaflor (Transform WG) at 0.023 to 0.047 lb ai/a. REI 24 hr. ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac EC) at 0.02 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 14 PHI 14 days grain or straw, 7 days grazing, forage, fodder, hay days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not exceed harvest. Retreatment interval 14 days. Limit 2 treatment per crop. 0.075 lb ai/a per season. Wheat and triticale. Do not exceed 0.09 lb ai/a per year. Barley, triticale and wheat ♦♦ azadirachtin (Aza-Direct, Ecozin 3EC) at 0.43 lb ai/a. PHI 1 day. only. REI 4 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. OMRI-listed for organic ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara) at 0.0625 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. REI 12 hr. use. Allow at least 7 days between applications. Do not exceed 0.125 ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana GHA (Mycotrol ESO) at 0.5 to 2 pint/a. PHI lb ai/a per season. Barley only. 0 days. Do not apply more than 6 pints/a. OMRI-listed for organic ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) at 0.04 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days, use. also for forage and hay. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.014 to 0.019 lb ai/a. PHI Do not apply more than 0.25 lb ai/a per year. 30 days. REI 12 hr. Do not forage or graze within 3 days of ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin/chlorpyrifos (Stallion) at 0.12 to 0.28 lb ai/a. application. Retreatment interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.038 lb PHI for forage or hay 14 days; grain and straw 28 days. REI 24 hr. ai/a per season. Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not allow meat or dairy animals ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced) at 0.23 to 0.47 lb ai/a. PHI to graze within 28 days of application. Do not exceed 0.05 lb ai/a 14 days forage and hay; 28 days grain and straw. REI 24 hr. zeta-cypermethrin or 0.5 lb ai/a chlorpyrifos per season. Wheat Do not exceed 2 treatments per acre per year. Wheat only. only. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/gamma cyhalothrin (Cobalt) at 0.14 to 0.26 lb ai/a as foliar or chemigation application. REI 24 hr. PHI 14 days Small grain—Russian wheat aphid forage and hay, 30 days grain and straw. Do not exceed 1 lb ai/a Diuraphis noxia chlorpyrifos per season. Limit 2 treatments per year. Wheat only. Pest description and crop damage The Russian wheat aphid RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. is relatively easy to identify. The aphid is light green, elongated, ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 0.6 to 0.9 lb ai/a. PHI and spindle-shaped. Antennae are very short. It has a wart-like 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. projection above the tail that gives it a two-tail appearance. Dorsal ♦♦ cyfluthrin (Tombstone) at 0.028 to 0.038 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. tubes (cornicles) are very short and not obvious. Pre-grazing or foraging interval 3 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment

B22 PNW Insect Management Handbook Russian wheat aphid damage to grain is easy to recognize. The ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.014 to 0.019 lb ai/a. For best aphids secrete a toxin that causes leaf rolling and white (warm control, applications must be made before aphids damage the weather) or purple (cool weather) streaking on the leaves. Heavily plants. PHI 30 days. REI 12 hr. Do not forage or graze within 3 infested plants are stunted severely and sometimes flattened. Heads days of application. Retreatment interval 3 days. Do not exceed of infested plants may become twisted and distorted and sometimes 0.038 lb ai/a per season. fail to emerge properly. Sometimes a large colony inside the flat leaf ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced) at 0.23 to 0.47 lb ai/a. PHI sheath can kill the head while leaving the rest of the tiller green. 14 days forage and hay; 28 days grain and straw. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 2 treatments per acre per year. Wheat only. Damage in the field appears first as patches of stunted or discolored RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. plants which resemble drought-stressed areas. Whole fields can ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/gamma-cyhalothrin (Cobalt) at 0.14 to 0.26 lb be lost if infestations are not detected and controlled early. Early ai/a (wheat only). PHI 14 days forage and hay, 30 days grain detection is difficult because the pest tends to hide in the plant. and straw. REI 24 hr. Not more than 2 applications per year. Colonies are found most often in tightly rolled leaves near the base Do not exceed 1 lb ai/a chlorpyrifos per season. Wheat only. of the leaf, in leaf whorls, or concealed on the stem inside the flag RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. leaf sheath. The easiest way to detect Russian wheat aphids is to look for the characteristic damage. Thoroughly inspect plants from ♦♦ cyfluthrin (Tombstone) at 0.028 to 0.038 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. several areas of the field for symptoms of aphid infestation. Pre-grazing or foraging interval 3 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.076 lb ai/a per season. Wheat Sampling and thresholds Economic thresholds for the Russian only. wheat aphid are: ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) at 0.01 to 0.015 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. Fall—seedlings (1 tiller); 10% of plants infested. REI 24 hr. Do not apply more than 0.03 lb ai/a per season. Do not Fall—larger plants; treat if plants are stressed or there is danger of graze or forage within 7 days of application. Do not feed straw winter kill. within 30 days. Spring—winter grain green-up to appearance of first node; 5% of ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Silencer, Warrior II) at 0.02 to 0.03 lb ai/a. plants with reproducing populations and fresh damage. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not graze or forage within 7 days of Spring—winter grain appearance of first node to head emergence; application. Do not feed straw within 30 days. Do not exceed 0.06 10% of tillers infested. lb ai/a per season. Spring—spring grain emergence to head emergence; 10% of ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/chlorantraniliprole (Besiege) at 0.059 to tillers infested. 0.098 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.2 lb ai Spring—head emergence to soft dough; treat only if heavy chlorantraniliprole per year. Feeding restrictions. populations (i.e., more than 20 aphids per plant) develop on 10 to 20% of flagleaves or stems. After the soft dough stage, ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/tebuconazole (Crossover) at 0.14 lb ai/a. PHI insecticide treatment will have little or no benefit. 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.11 lb ai/a tebuconazole or 0.06 lb ai/a lambda cyhalothrin per season. Feeding restrictions Management—chemical control apply. Do not exceed 8 fl oz/a or 0.139 lb ai/a per season. Seed treatment ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/thiamethoxam (Endigo ZC) at 0.056 to 0.072 Seed treatments used on wheat and barley seed may provide some lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. control of aphids. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.125 lb ai/a thiamethoxam per season. Barley only. ♦♦ clothianidin (NipsIt Inside) at 0.75 to 1.79 fl oz (0.029 to 0.07 lb ♦♦ methomyl (Lannate SP) at 0.225 to 0.45 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI ai) /100 lb seed on-farm application. 48 hr. Do not exceed 1.8 lb ai/a per season. Do not exceed 4 ♦♦ imidacloprid (Gaucho 600F) seed treatment at 0.8 to 2.4 fl oz applications per season. Wheat only. (0.031 to 0.094 lb ai) /100 lb seed. Do not graze or feed livestock ♦♦ sulfoxaflor (Transform WG) at 0.023 to 0.047 lb ai/a. REI 24 hr. on treated areas within 45 days after planting (wheat and barley). PHI 14 days grain or straw, 7 days grazing, forage, fodder, hay ♦♦ imidacloprid/metalaxyl/tebuconazole (GauchoXT) as seed harvest. Retreatment interval 14 days. Limit 2 treatment per crop. treatment at 3.4 to 4.5 fl oz (0.031 to 0.041 lb ai) /100 lb seed; Do not exceed 0.09 lb ai/a per year. Barley, triticale and wheat early season protection. Groundwater advisory: metalaxyl is only. known to leach through soil into groundwater under certain ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Actara) 0.0625 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. Do not exceed conditions as a result of agricultural use. Do not graze or feed 0.125 lb ai/a per season. Wait 5 days before placing beehives in a livestock on treated areas within 45 days after planting. Wheat, treated field. Barley only. oats and barley only. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin/chlorpyrifos (Stallion) at 0.22 to 0.28 lb ai/a. ♦♦ imidacloprid/captan/carboxin (Enhance AW) at 4 oz per 100 lb PHI for forage or hay 14 days; grain and straw 28 days. REI 24 hr. seed. Wheat, oats, barley. Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not allow meat or dairy animals to ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS) at 0.75 to 1.33 fl oz (0.029 to 0.052 graze within 28 days of application. Do not exceed 0.05 lb ai/a zeta- lb ai) /100 lb seed. Do not graze or feed livestock within 45 days cypermethrin or 0.5 lb ai/a chlopyrifos per season. Wheat only. of application. Foliar spray Small grain—Barley thrips Aphid control with foliar sprays is more successful when materials Limothrips denticornis are applied during the warmer part of the day. Adequate coverage also is necessary: 5 gal water/a increases spray coverage and Pest description and crop damage Black, yellowish, or reddish, effectiveness. winged or wingless, small insects between 0.03 and 0.0625 inch long. Thrips feed on the cell contents of the plant foliage which ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana GHA (Mycotrol ESO) at 0.5 to 2 pints/a. PHI would result in whitish/silverish look of the infested plants and 0 days. Do not apply more than 6 pints/a. OMRI-listed for organic fields. When abundant, they may injure flowers and reduce yields. use.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B23 Management—chemical control brown with a dark mass of slimy fecal material on their backs, which Foliar spray makes them look like dark, shiny, and round objects on the leaves. ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac EC) at 0.02 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 14 Both adults and larvae feed on leaves. Feeding causes a days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not exceed characteristic stripping of the leaves. 0.075 lb ai/a per season. Wheat and triticale. ♦♦ azadirachtin (Aza-Direct, Ecozin 3EC) at 0.43 lb ai/a. PHI 1 day. Sampling and thresholds Treat when there are three larvae or REI 4 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Some formulations are eggs per plant up to the boot stage. After boot, treat at one larva per OMRI-listed for organic use. flag leaf. ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 0.6 to 0.9 lb ai/a. PHI Management—biological control 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. These insects are controlled easily by introduced parasitoids. The ♦♦ pyrethrin—There are several pesticides containing various primary biocontrol agents (parasitoids) are two wasp species; amounts of pyrethrins. Check each label for the use and amount Tetrastichus julis (a larval parasitoid) and Anaphes flavipes (an egg needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. parasitoid). ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) at 0.04 to 0.05 lb ai/a (wheat and triticale only). PHI 14 days also for forage and hay. REI 12 hr. Management—chemical control Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not apply more than 0.25 lb ai/a Foliar spray per year. ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac EC) at 0.012 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin/chlorpyrifos (Stallion) at 0.22 to 0.28 lb ai/a. 14 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not exceed PHI for forage or hay 14 days; grain and straw 28 days. REI 24 hr. 0.075 lb ai/a per season. Wheat and triticale. Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not allow meat or dairy animals ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana GHA (Mycotrol ESO) at 0.5 to 2 pints/a. PHI to graze within 28 days of application. Do not exceed 0.05 lb ai/a 0 days. Do not apply more than 6 pints/a. Some formulations are zeta-cypermethrin or 0.5 lb ai/a chlorpyrifos per season. Wheat OMRI-listed for organic use. only. ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.008 to 0.014 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 12 hr. Do not forage or graze within 3 days of Small grain—Brown wheat mite application. Retreatment interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.038 lb Petrobia latens ai/a per season ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced) at 0.47 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days Pest description and crop damage Young mites are red-orange; forage and hay; 28 days grain and straw. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed later, they become dark brown. Feeding gives foliage a mottled 2 treatments per acre per year. Wheat only. RESTRICTED USE appearance and stunts plants. It has been a problem primarily IN OREGON. in barley, but it could also attack wheat and other small grains, ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/gamma-cyhalothrin (Cobalt) at 0.26 to 0.5 lb ai/a. ryegrass, some legumes, onions, and carrots. REI 24 hr. PHI 14 days forage and hay, 30 days grain and straw. Management—chemical control Not more than 2 applications per year. Do not exceed 1 lb ai/a chlorpyrifos per season. Wheat only. RESTRICTED USE IN Foliar spray OREGON. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced) at 0.23 to 0.47 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days forage and hay; 28 days grain and straw. REI 24 hr. ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo WDG) at 0.6 to 0.9 lb Do not exceed 2 treatments per acre per year. Wheat only. ai/a. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ cyfluthrin (Tombstone) at 0.016 to 0.028 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. Pre- ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/gamma-cyhalothrin (Cobalt) at 0.14 to 0.26 lb ai/a. grazing or foraging interval 3 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval REI 24 hr. PHI: 14 days forage and hay, 30 days grain and straw. 3 days. Do not exceed 0.076 lb ai/a per season. Wheat only. Not more than 2 applications per year. Do not exceed 1 lb ai/a ♦♦ diflubenzuron (Dimilin 2L) at 0.0625 lb ai/a. PHI for grain chlorpyrifos per season. Wheat only. RESTRICTED USE IN and straw 50 days; forage 3 days; hay 15 days. REI 12 hr. One OREGON. treatment per season. Barley, oats, triticale, and wheat. ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 0.6 to 0.9 lb ai/a. PHI ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) at 0.01 to 0.015 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. REI 24 hr. Do not apply more than 0.03 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze or forage within 7 days of application. Do not feed straw ♦♦ dimethoate (Dimethoate 400) at 0.16 to 0.25 lb ai/a, PHI 35 days. within 30 days. REI 48 hr. Do not exceed 0.5 lb ai/a per season. Wheat only. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Silencer, Warrior II) at 0.02 to 0.03 lb ai/a. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) at 0.015 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not graze or forage within 7 days of 24 hr. Maximum 0.03 lb ai/a per season. Suppression only. Do application. Do not feed straw within 30 days of last treatment. Do not graze or forage within 7 days of application. Do not feed straw not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a per season. within 30 days. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/tebuconazole (Crossover) at 0.14 lb ai/a. PHI ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Silencer, Warrior II) at 0.03 lb ai/a. 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.11 lb ai/a tebuconazole or Suppression only. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not graze or forage 0.06 lb ai/a lambda cyhalothrin per season. Feeding restrictions within 7 days of application. Do not feed straw within 30 days of apply. Do not exceed 8 fl oz/a or 0.139 lb ai/a per season. Barley, last treatment. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a per season. triticale and wheat. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/chlorantraniliprole (Besiege) at 0.059 to Small grain—Cereal leaf beetle 0.098 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 7 Oulema melanopus days. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.2 lb ai chlorantraniliprole per year. Feeding restrictions. Pest description and crop damage Adults are small beetles about ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/thiamethoxam (Endigo ZC) at 0.056 to 0.072 0.25 to 0.375 inch, with a metallic-blue head and wing covers, red lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. pronotum, and yellow-orange legs. Larvae are yellow to yellow- Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.125 lb ai/a

B24 PNW Insect Management Handbook thiamethoxam per season. Barley only. within 30 days. ♦♦ methomyl (Lannate SP) at 0.225 to 0.45 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Silencer, Warrior II) at 0.03 lb ai/a. PHI 48 hr. Do not exceed 1.8 lb ai/a per season. Do not exceed 4 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not graze or forage within 7 days of applications per season. Wheat only. application. Retreatment interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ♦♦ pyrethrin—There are several pesticides containing various ai/a per season. Do not feed straw to meat or dairy animals within amounts of pyrethrins. Check each label for the use and amount 30 days after last treatment. needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/tebuconazole (Crossover) at 0.14 lb ai/a. PHI ♦♦ spinetoram (Radiant SC) at 0.0156 to 0.047 lb ai/a. PHI 21 day of 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.11 lb ai/a tebuconazole or grain or straw harvest; 3 days of forage, fodder or hay harvest. REI 0.06 lb ai/a lambda cyhalothrin per season. Feeding restrictions 4 hr. Do not exceed 0.141 lb ai/a per year. Limit 3 applications per apply. Do not exceed 8 fl oz/a or 0.139 lb ai/a per season. Barley, year. Retreatment interval 4 days. triticale and wheat. ♦♦ spinosad (Success, Entrust SC) at 0.031 to 0.094 lb ai/a. PHI 21 ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/chlorantraniliprole (Besiege) at 0.098 days for grain and straw; 3 days for forage, fodder or hay. REI 4 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. hr. Do not exceed 0.28 lb ai/a per year. Limit 3 treatments per year. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.2 lb ai Entrust SC is OMRI-listed for organic use. chlorantraniliprole per year. Feeding restrictions. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) at 0.022 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days, ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/thiamethoxam (Endigo ZC) at 0.072 lb also for forage and hay. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Do Do not apply more than 0.25 lb ai/a per year. not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.125 lb ai/a ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin/chlorpyrifos (Stallion) at 0.12 to 0.28 lb ai/a. thiamethoxam per season. Barley only. PHI 14 days for forage or hay; 28 days for grain and straw. REI ♦♦ pyrethrin—There are several pesticides containing various 24 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not allow meat or dairy amounts of pyrethrins. Check each label for the use and amount animals to graze within 28 days of application. Do not exceed 0.05 needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. lb ai/a zeta-cypermethrin or 0.5 lb ai/a chlorpyrifos per season. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) at 0.04 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days, Wheat only. also for forage and hay. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not apply more than 0.25 lb ai/a per year. Small grain—Chinch bug Blissus spp. Small grain—Cutworm and armyworm Pest description and crop damage A small black bug, 0.18 inch Includes long, with a conspicuous black triangle on the outer margin of white Army cutworm (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) wings. The nymphs have a white band that transverses the body. As Black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) the nymphs mature, their reddish bodies become darker. Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugipedra) Variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia and Euxoa spp.) Bugs cause damage through direct feeding. Removal of nutrients Wheat head armyworm (Faronta diffusa) and obstruction of water transportation system causes the plant to become yellow and wilt. Initial injury occurs at or just below the Pest description and crop damage Young plants often are soil level where the insect is most abundant. However, economic damaged in early spring. Grain damaged by this insect was reported losses almost never occur in healthy grain fields. in recent years by barley and wheat growers in Washington and Chinch bug damage to cereal grains is most evident in May through Idaho. Unfortunately, the damaged kernels were only detected July. Adults move from their overwintering sites in bunchgrasses to after harvest. Infestations are usually too sporadic and isolated to wheat and barley. The first generation chinch bug nymphs proceed justify any type of scouting or treatment program. Winter wheat to feed and develop on the cereal grains until these plants dry down. infestations by fall armyworms have also been reported in south and The nymphs then migrate to other suitable summer hosts. southeastern Idaho in fall. Management—chemical control Management—chemical control Foliar sprays Foliar sprays ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac EC) at 0.02 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 14 ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac EC) at 0.008 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not exceed 14 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not exceed 0.075 lb ai/a per season. Wheat and triticale. 0.075 lb ai/a per season. Wheat and triticale. ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana GHA (Mycotrol ESO) at 0.5 to 2 pints/a. PHI ♦♦ azadirachtin (Aza-Direct, Ecozin 3EC) at 0.43 lb ai/a. PHI 1 day. 0 days. Do not apply more than 6 pints/a. OMRI-listed for organic REI 4 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Some formulations are use. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.019 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Javelin) at 0.85 to 1.28 lb ai/a. REI 12 hr. Do not forage or graze within 3 days of application. OMRI-listed for organic use. Retreatment interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.038 lb ai/a per ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.008 to 0.019 lb ai/a. REI 12 hr. season PHI 30 days. Do not forage or graze within 3 days of application. ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 0.6 to 0.9 lb ai/a. PHI Retreatment interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.038 lb ai/a per 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. season. ♦♦ cyfluthrin (Tombstone) at 0.038 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. Pre-grazing ♦♦ Burkholderia spp. (Venerate XC) at 1 to 4 qt per acre. PHI 0 days. or foraging interval 3 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 3 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. Do not exceed 0.076 lb ai/a per season. Wheat only. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced) at 0.47 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) at 0.015 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI forage and hay; 28 days grain and straw. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 24 hr. Do not apply more than 0.03 lb ai/a per season. Do not 2 treatments per acre per year (wheat only). RESTRICTED USE graze or forage within 7 days of application. Do not feed straw IN OREGON.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B25 ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/gamma-cyhalothrin (Cobalt) at 0.26 to 0.5 lb Small grain—Grass bug ai/a (wheat only). REI 24 hr. PHI 14 days forage and hay, 30 days grain and straw. Not more than 2 applications per year. Includes Do not exceed 1 lb ai/a chlorpyrifos per season. Wheat only. Black grass bug (Labops hesperius) RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. Pacific grass bug(Irbisia pacifica) ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo) at 0.3 to 0.9 lb ai/a. PHI Pest description and crop damage Bug is grayish black, about 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. 0.25 inch long, and somewhat pear-shape. Feeding causes pale spots ♦♦ cyfluthrin (Tombstone) at 0.016 to 0.038 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. Pre- on the leaves of cereals and, when severe, gives leaves a general grazing or foraging interval 3 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval yellowish, stippled appearance. 3 days. Do not exceed 0.076 lb ai/a per season. Wheat only. Infestations of this insect occasionally occur in volunteer grain ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) at 0.0075 to 0.015 lb ai/a. PHI 30 or grain growing under poor soil or moisture conditions. It has days. REI 24 hr. Do not apply more than 0.03 lb ai/a per season. not been a common problem in grain-growing areas. For more Do not graze or forage within 7 days of application. Do not feed information about black grass bugs, look at University of Idaho CIS straw within 30 days. 1128 publication, available online: http://info.ag.uidaho.edu/PDF/ ♦♦ GS-omega/kappa-Hxtx-Hv1a (Spear Biological Insecticide) at CIS/CIS1128.pdf 0.8 lb ai/a. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 2 lb ai/a per year. Armyworms only. Management—chemical control ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Silencer, Warrior II) at 0.015 to 0.03 lb ai/a. Foliar sprays PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not graze or forage within 7 days of ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) at 0.022 to 0.05 lb ai/a (wheat application. Do not feed straw within 30 days of last treatment. Do and barley). PHI 14 days – also for forage and hay. REI 12 hr. not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a per season. Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not apply more than 0.25 lb ai/a ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/tebuconazole (Crossover) at 0.14 lb ai/a. PHI per year. 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.33 lb ai/a per season. Feeding restrictions apply. Do not exceed 8 fl oz/a or 0.139 lb ai/a per season. Barley, triticale and wheat. Small grain—Grass sheathminer ♦♦ methomyl (Lannate SP) at 0.225 to 0.45 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI Cerodontha dorsalis and C. occidentalis 48 hr. Do not exceed 1.8 lb ai/a per season. Do not exceed 4 Pest description and crop damage Adult is a tiny fly, 0.18 inch applications per season. long, dark with yellow on the head, body, and legs. Adults make ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/chlorantraniliprole (Besiege) at 0.049 to feeding punctures on leaves. Larvae mine in leaves. 0.078 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.2 lb ai This insect has been found in wheat and barley and is reported to chlorantraniliprole per year. Feeding restrictions. feed on a wide variety of grasses. This insect is not known to cause ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/thiamethoxam (Endigo ZC) at 0.056 to 0.072 injury to wheat or barley. lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Management—chemical control Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.125 lb ai/a thiamethoxam per season. Barley only. Insecticides are not recommended. ♦♦ malathion (Gowan Malathion 8) at 1 to 1.25 lb ai/a. PHI 7 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Limit 2 treatments per Small grain—Grasshopper year. Barley, oat, rye and wheat. ♦♦ pyrethrin—There are several pesticides containing various Includes amounts of pyrethrins. Check each label for the use and amount Clearwinged grasshopper (Camnula pellucida) needed. Migratory grasshopper (Melanoplus sanguinipes) ♦♦ spinetoram (Radiant SC) at 0.023 to 0.047 lb ai/a. Do not exceed Pest description and crop damage Both young and adults do 0.141 lb ai/a per year. Limit 3 applications per year. Retreatment damage. They feed on foliage, heads, or often on stems just beneath interval 4 days. PHI 21 days for grain and straw; 3 days for forage, the heads, causing them to drop. They may attack any of the cereal fodder, or hay harvest. REI 12 hr. crops. ♦♦ spinosad (Success, Entrust SC) at 0.047 to 0.094 lb ai/a. PHI 21 Management—chemical control days for grain and straw; 3 days for forage, fodder or hay. REI 4 hr. Do not exceed 0.28 lb ai/a per year. Limit 3 treatments per year. Seed treatment Armyworms only. Entrust SC is OMRI-listed for organic use. Seed treatment used on wheat and barley may provide early season ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) at 0.016 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days protection from grasshoppers. for grain, forage, and hay. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. ♦♦ imidacloprid (Gaucho 600F) at 1.2 to 2.4 fl oz per (0.047 to 0.094 Do not apply more than 0.25 lb ai/a per year. lb ai) /100 lb seed to provide early-season protection. Do not graze ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin/chlorpyrifos (Stallion) at 0.089 to 0.28 lb ai/a. or feed livestock on treated areas within 45 days after planting. To PHI for forage or hay 14 days; grain and straw 28 days. REI 24 hr. reduce early season damage caused by grasshoppers, Gaucho 600 Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not allow meat or dairy animals to treated seed may be planted as a 50 to 60 foot border around the graze within 28 days of application. Do not exceed 0.05 lb ai/a zeta- edges of the field. cypermethrin or 0.5 lb ai/a chlorpyrfos per season. Wheat only. ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS) at 0.75 to 1.33 fl oz (0.03 to 0.052 lb ai) /100 lb seed. Do not graze or feed livestock within 45 days of application. Foliar sprays ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac EC) at 0.02 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 14

B26 PNW Insect Management Handbook days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not exceed ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin/chlorpyrifos (Stallion) at 0.12 to 0.28 lb ai/a. 0.075 lb ai/a per season. Wheat and triticale. PHI for forage or hay 14 days; grain and straw 28 days. REI 24 hr. ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana GHA (Mycotrol ESO) at 0.5 to 2 pints/a. PHI Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not allow meat or dairy animals 0 days. Do not apply more than 6 pints/a. OMRI-listed for organic to graze within 28 days of application. Do not exceed 0.05 lb ai/a use. zeta-cypermethrin or 0.5 lb ai/a chlorpyrifos per season. Wheat ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.014 to 0.019 lb ai/a. PHI only. 30 days. REI 12 hr. Do not forage or graze within 3 days of application. Retreatment interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.038 lb Small grain—Haanchen barley mealybug ai/a per season. Trionymus haancheni ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced) at 0.23 to 0.47 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days forage and hay; 28 days grain and straw. REI 24 hr. Pest description and crop damage Adult females are small (0.2 Do not exceed 2 treatments per acre per year. Wheat only. inch long), elongate, oval, segmented insects often covered with RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. white, waxy secretions that extend as filaments along the edges of ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/gamma-cyhalothrin (Cobalt) at 0.14 to 0.26 lb the body. Nymphs resemble small adults. Eggs are laid in cottony ai/a (wheat only). REI 24 hr. PHI 14 days forage and hay, 30 sacs usually in the lower part of the plants and close to the soil days grain and straw. Not more than 2 applications per year. surface. Adult males are the only winged instar. All stages occur Do not exceed 1 lb ai/a chlorpyrifos per season. Wheat only. around the soil surface or under the leaf sheaths surrounding the RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. stems. As plant start to mature, Haanchen barley mealybugs move ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) at 0.026 to 0.065 lb ai/a. REI 4 hr. higher up the stem to feed on the relatively more succulent tissues. PHI 1 day. Limit 4 treatments. Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not Mealybugs harm plants through feeding damage, honeydew exceed 0.2 lb ai of chlorantraniliprole per acre per year. accumulation, and possibly toxin injection. Mealybug feeding ♦♦ cyfluthrin (Tombstone) at 0.028 to 0.038 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. causes yellowing and browning of foliage. Economic damage has Pre-grazing or foraging interval 3 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment been observed in barley and wheat. interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.076 lb ai/a per season. Wheat only. Haanchen barley mealybug has only been documented conclusively ♦♦ diflubenzuron (Dimilin 2L) at 0.015 to 0.031 lb ai/a. PHI for grain in California in the 1960s, Idaho since 2003, and Montana and and straw 50 days; forage 3 days; hay 15 days. REI 12 hr. One Washington since 2005. It was also recently reported causing treatment per season. Barley, oats, triticale, and wheat. damage in barley fields of Alberta in Canada. Many aspects of this insect’s biology still need to be understood before an effective ♦♦ dimethoate (Dimethoate 400) at 0.375 lb ai/a, PHI 35 days. REI 48 hr. Do not exceed 0.5 lb ai/a per season. Wheat only. management plan can be implemented. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) at 0.01 to 0.015 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. Management—chemical control REI 24 hr. Do not apply more than 0.03 lb ai/a per season. Do not Insecticides are not currently registered for control of these pests. graze or forage within 7 days of application. Do not feed straw within 30 days. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Silencer, Warrior II) at 0.02 to 0.03 lb ai/a. Small grain—Harvester ant PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not graze or forage within 7 days of Pogonomyrmex spp. application. Do not feed straw within 30 days of last treatment. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a per season. Pest description and crop damage Large reddish ants found east ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/tebuconazole (Crossover) at 0.14 lb ai/a. PHI of the Cascades. They build soil and pebble mounds and destroy 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.11 lb ai/a tebuconazole or vegetation around the mounds. May sting viciously when disturbed. 0.06 lb ai/a lambda cyhalothrin per season. Feeding restrictions Management—chemical control apply. Do not exceed 8 fl oz/a or 0.139 lb ai/a per season. Barley, triticale and wheat. Insecticide control is not recommended ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/chlorantraniliprole (Besiege) at 0.059 to 0.098 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 7 Small grain—Hessian fly days. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.2 lb ai Mayetiola destructor chlorantraniliprole per year. Feeding restrictions. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/thiamethoxam (Endigo ZC) at 0.056 to 0.072 Pest description and crop damage Adult is a delicate, mosquito- lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. like fly with a reddish brown to dusky black body. Insects Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.125 lb ai/a overwinter in puparial “flaxseed” stage in stubble, volunteer wheat, thiamethoxam per season. Barley only. and fields seeded before mid-October. ♦♦ malathion (Gowan Malathion 8) at 1.0 to 1.25 lb ai/a. PHI 7 Larval feeding at or near the crown stunts plants and reduces yield. days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed 2 Greatest damage is usually to wheat, but barley and rye also are applications per season. Barley, oat, rye and wheat. attacked. Oats are free of this pest. ♦♦ pyrethrin—There are several pesticides containing various amounts of pyrethrins. Check each label for the use and amount Management—cultural control needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Planting resistant cultivars is the most effective approach to ♦♦ spinosad (Success, Entrust SC) at 0.047 to 0.094 lb ai/a. PHI 21 minimize losses to this pest. Consult your crop advisor, extension days for grain and straw; 3 days for forage, fodder or hay. REI 4 educator, or specialist to select recommended varieties for planting hr. Do not exceed 0.28 lb ai/a per year. Limit 3 treatments per year. in your region. Entrust SC is OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) at 0.04 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days Deep plowing soon after harvest is helpful if soil conditions permit also for forage and hay. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. this practice. Direct seeding systems in the drylands of Washington Do not apply more than 0.25 lb ai/a per year. and Idaho prevent deep plowing. Follow cultural practices that lead

PNW Insect Management Handbook B27 to optimum production. Winter wheat seeded after mid-October is Small grain—Omnivorous leaftier usually free of this pest. Spring wheat seeded behind failed fall- Cnephasia longana seeded wheat is especially prone to attack. Pest description and crop damage Larvae are about 0.625 inch Management—chemical control long when mature, with a tan head; the body is yellowish or gray Seed treatments with a lighter stripe on each side of the back. Seed treatments applied to wheat and barley seed may help control This is a pest of vetch; occasionally it attacks wheat heads in fields Hessian fly. where vetch grows. It is most common west of the Cascades. ♦♦ clothianidin (NipsIt Inside) at 0.07 lb ai/100 lb seed on-farm Management—chemical control application. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ai/a clothianidin per year. Wheat only. Damage rarely is enough to justify chemical control, except in the ♦♦ imidacloprid (Gaucho 600F) at 0.8 to 2.4 fl oz (0.031 to 0.094 lb Willamette Valley of Oregon. Some insecticides are registered in ai) per 100 lb seed. Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas Oregon to control this pest; see labels for rates. within 45 days after planting. ♦♦ imidacloprid/metalaxyl/tebuconazole (GauchoXT) as seed treatment at 3.4 to 4.5 fl oz (0.031 to 0.041 lb ai) /100 lb seed; early season Small grain—Sawfly protection. Groundwater advisory: metalaxyl is known to leach Pachynematus spp. through soil into groundwater under certain conditions as a result Pest description and crop damage Green, caterpillar-like larvae of agricultural use. Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas feed on foliage and developing heads. They have been found within 45 days after planting. Wheat, and oats. only on wheat, but they may attack other cereals. They rarely are ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS) at 0.75 to 1.33 fl oz (0.029 to 0.052 lb sufficiently abundant to require control. ai) per 100 lb seed. Do not graze or feed livestock within 45 days. Management—chemical control Foliar sprays Foliar sprays ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) at 0.01 to 0.015 lb ai/. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Maximum 0.03 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze or ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac EC) at 0.02 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 14 forage within 7 days of application. Do not feed straw within 30 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not exceed days. Apply when adults emerge. 0.075 lb ai/a per season. Wheat and triticale. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Silencer, Warrior II) at 0.02 to 0.03 lb ai/a. ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.014 to 0.019 lb ai/a. PHI PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Apply when adults emerge. Do not graze 30 days. REI 12 hr. Do not forage within 3 days of application. or forage within 7 days of application. Do not feed straw within 30 Retreatment interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.038 lb ai/a per days of last treatment. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a per season. season. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin+tebuconazole (Crossover) at 0.14 lb ai/a. PHI ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/gamma-cyhalothrin (Cobalt) at 0.26 to 0.5 lb ai/a 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.11 lb ai/a tebuconazole or (wheat only). PHI 14 days forage and hay, 30 days grain and straw. 0.06 lb ai/a lambda cyhalothrin per season. Feeding restrictions REI 24 hr. Not more than 2 applications per year. Do not exceed 1 apply. Do not exceed 8 fl oz/a or 0.139 lb ai/a per season. Barley, lb ai/a chlorpyrifos per season. Wheat only. RESTRICTED USE triticale and wheat. IN OREGON. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/thiamethoxam (Endigo ZC) at 0.056 to 0.072 ♦♦ cyfluthrin (Tombstone) at 0.028 to 0.038 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Pre-grazing or foraging interval 3 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.125 lb ai/a interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.076 lb ai/a per season. Wheat thiamethoxam per season. Make applications when adults emerge. only. Barley only. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) at 0.0125 to 0.015 lb ai/a. PHI 30 ♦♦ pyrethrin—There are several pesticides containing various days. REI 24 hr. Do not apply more than 0.03 lb ai/a per season. amounts of pyrethrins. Check each label for the use and amount Do not graze or forage within 7 days of application. Do not feed needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. straw within 30 days. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Silencer, Warrior II) at 0.025 to 0.03 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not graze or forage within 7 days of Small grain—Leafminer application. Do not feed straw within 30 days of last treatment. Do Phytomyza nigra not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a per season. Pest description and crop damage Larvae mine the lower leaves ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/thiamethoxam (Endigo ZC) at 0.056 to 0.072 of fall-seeded wheat, barley, and rye during the spring following lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.125 lb ai/a seeding. New spring growth appears to mask injury these larvae thiamethoxam per season. Barley only. may cause. The larvae are heavily parasitized by other insects, and this may aid in keeping this insect at relatively low numbers. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) at 0.04 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days also for forage and hay. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. Management—chemical control Do not apply more than 0.25 lb ai/a per year. Insecticide control is rarely needed. Foliar sprays Small grain—Slug ♦♦ azadirachtin (Aza-Direct, Ecozin 3EC) at 0.43 lb ai/a. PHI 1 day. Management—chemical control REI 4 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Some formulations are ♦♦ iron phosphate (Sluggo Maxx) at 0.12 to 0.75 lb ai/a. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ metaldehyde baits (Deadline M-Ps) at 0.4 – 1.6 lb ai/a. ♦♦ pyrethrin—There are several pesticides containing various amounts of pyrethrins. Check each label for the use and amount ♦♦ sodium ferric EDTA (Ferroxx) at 0.25 to 1 lb ai/a. needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use.

B28 PNW Insect Management Handbook Small grain—Stink bug Small grain—Wheat curl mite Eriophyes tulipae Pest description and crop damage Green or brown shield-shaped bugs feeding on developing grain heads. Pest description and crop damage Tiny eriophyid mite, cigar- shaped but not visible to the naked eye, which causes proliferation Management—chemical control of florets and distortion of wheat heads. The pest is a vector of Foliar sprays wheat streak mosaic virus. Late-planted spring and early-planted ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac EC) at 0.02 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 14 fall grains are susceptible to damage. days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not exceed 0.075 lb ai/a per season. Wheat and triticale. Management—chemical control ♦♦ azadirachtin (Aza-Direct, Ecozin 3EC) at 0.43 lb ai/a. PHI 1 day. Insecticide control is not recommended. REI 4 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana GHA (Mycotrol ESO) at 0.5 to 2 pints/a. PHI Small grain—Wheat jointworm 0 days. Do not apply more than 6 pints/a. OMRI-listed for organic Harmolita tritici use. Pest description and crop damage Jointworm is the larva of a ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.014 to 0.019 lb ai/a. PHI wasp resembling a small, winged black ant. Larvae live in stems 30 days. REI 12 hr. Do not forage or graze within 3 days of and feed on sap, causing hard, woody galls usually above the application. Retreatment interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.038 lb second or third joints. They attack only wheat. They have not been ai/a per season. observed as a pest for many years. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/gamma-cyhalothrin (Cobalt) at 0.38 to 0.5 lb ai/a Management—cultural control (wheat only). PHI 14 days forage and hay, 30 days grain and straw. REI 24 hr. Not more than 2 applications per year. Do not exceed 1 Follow practices which lead to vigorously growing, strong stands lb ai/a chlorpyrifos per season. Wheat only. RESTRICTED USE of wheat. Deep plowing in late summer or early fall is suggested in IN OREGON. situations where this practice can be followed. ♦♦ cyfluthrin (Tombstone) at 0.028 to 0.038 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. Management—chemical control Pre-grazing or foraging interval 3 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 3 days. Do not exceed 0.076 lb ai/a per season. Wheat Insecticides have not been effective against this insect. Insecticide only. control is not recommended. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) at 0.01 to 0.015 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not apply more than 0.03 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze or forage within 7 days of application. Do not feed straw Small grain—Wheat stem maggot within 30 days. Meromyza pratorum and Meromyza saltatrix ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Silencer, Warrior II) at 0.02 to 0.03 lb ai/a. Pest description and crop damage The adult fly is light to dark PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not graze or forage within 7 days of green or green-yellow with a dark stripe on the dorsum of thorax. application. Do not feed straw within 30 days of last treatment. Do This insect’s presence is recognized most easily by larval damage: not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a per season. white heads on headed culms. Larvae sometimes attack young ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/tebuconazole (Crossover) at 0.14 lb ai/a. PHI tillers, cutting off the central shoot. Occasionally, larvae attack 30 days. REI 24 hr. Do not exceed 0.11 lb ai/a tebuconazole or heads and destroy floral parts or developing seed. 0.06 lb ai/a lambda cyhalothrin per season. Feeding restrictions apply. Do not exceed 8 fl oz/a or 0.139 lb ai/a per season. Barley, They are seen most often on wheat but also attack barley, rye, and triticale and wheat. oats. These insects have severely damaged spring barley in Klamath Falls, OR. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/chlorantraniliprole (Besiege) at 0.059 to 0.098 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 7 Management—chemical control days. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.2 lb ai Insecticides are not currently labeled for control of these pests. chlorantraniliprole per year. Feeding restrictions. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/thiamethoxam (Endigo ZC) at 0.056 to 0.072 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. REI 24 hr. Retreatment interval 7 days. Small grain—Wheat stem sawfly Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a lambda-cyhalothrin or 0.125 lb ai/a Cephus cinctus thiamethoxam per season. Barley only. ♦♦ pyrethrin—There are several pesticides containing various Pest description and crop damage Primarily a pest in Montana amounts of pyrethrins. Check each label for the use and amount and southeastern Idaho. Adults are wasp-like black-and-yellow needed. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. insects with smoky dark wings. They typically rest on wheat stems facing the ground. The larvae feeds inside the stem and through the ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) at 0.04 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days, process fill the hollowed stem with frass. This symptom is visible also for forage and hay. REI 12 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not exceed 0.25 lb ai/a per year. when stems are split open. The larva typically stays in an “S-shaped ” position when removed from the stem. The larva overwinters in ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin/chlorpyrifos (Stallion) at 0.22 to 0.28 lb ai/a. protective thin cover at the very base of the crown stubs. Lodging is PHI 14 days for forage and hay; 28 days for grain and straw. REI the most visible damage by the larval feeding, which could result in 24 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not allow meat or dairy considerable yield loss. animals to graze within 28 days of application. Do not exceed 0.05 lb ai/a zeta-cypermethrin or 0.5 lb ai/a chlorpyrfos per season. Management- cultural control Wheat only. Tillage is expected to reduce the survival of the larvae as it would result in desiccation and interfere with overwintering. Barley, oat and rye can be planted as trap crops along the edges. While oat is

PNW Insect Management Handbook B29 a nonhost to the pest, wheat stem sawflies are unable to complete Seed treatments their development in barley and rye. ♦♦ broflanilide (Terraxa) at 0.26 oz/100 lbs seed (0.005lb ai/100lbs of seed). Do not apply more than 0.0445 lb ai/acre per application Solid stem wheat cultivars are effective in reducing losses to wheat and/or per year total, including seed treatment (when applicable) stem sawflies. Consult your crop advisor, extension educator, or and soil application. WA only. specialist to select recommended varieties for planting in your ♦♦ clothianidin/metalaxyl/metconazole (NipsIt Suite) at 5 to 7.5 region. fl oz (0.01 to 0.015 lb ai) /cwt seed. Do not exceed 6.4 oz ai/a Management—chemical control clothianidin per season. Barley, oats and wheat only. Foliar sprays ♦♦ clothianidin (NipsIt Inside) at 0.01 to 0.07 lb ai/100 lb seed on- ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) at 0.04 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 14 days, farm application. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ai/a clothianidin per year. also for forage and hay. REI 12 hr. Use for adults. Retreatment ♦♦ imidacloprid (Gaucho 600F, Sativa IM RTU) at 0.005 to 0.01 lb interval 14 days. Do not exceed 0.25 lb ai/a per year. ai/100 lb seed (0.13 to 0.26 fl oz). Do not graze or feed livestock ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin/chlorpyrifos (Stallion) at 0.22 to 0.28 lb ai/a. on treated areas within 45 days after planting. Wheat, barley, oats, PHI 14 days for forage or hay; 28 days for grain and straw. REI rye and triticale. 24 hr. Retreatment interval 14 days. Do not allow meat or dairy ♦♦ imidacloprid/metalaxyl/tebuconazole (GauchoXT) as seed animals to graze within 28 days of application. Do not exceed 0.05 treatment at 3.4 to 4.5 fl oz (0.031 to 0.041 lb ai) /100 lb seed; lb ai/a zeta-cypermethrin or 0.5 lb ai/a chlorpyrifos per season. early season protection. Do not graze or feed livestock on treated Wheat only. areas within 45 days after planting. Wheat, oats and barley only. ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5 FS, Warden Cereals 360) at 0.19 to 0.25 fl oz (0.007 to 0.01 lb ai) per 100 lb seed (wheat and barley). Do Small grain—Wheat strawworm not graze or feed livestock with 45 days of application. Other Harmolita grandis seed protectants containing thiamethoxam as the only insecticide Pest description and crop damage Overwinters in straw and include: Cruiser Maxx and Cruiser Vibrance Quattro. emerges in February or March as a shiny, black, wingless insect. Eggs ♦♦ thiamethoxam/difenoconazole/mefenoxam/fludioxonil/sedaxane are laid in or near the developing wheat head. The wall of the short (Cruiser Vibrance Quattro) at 0.02 to 0.032 lb ai/100 lb seed. stem around the larvae enlarges and hardens to form a gall. Second- Feeding restrictions apply. generation adults are winged and lay eggs in wheat stems about the time wheat is in boot stage. Larvae develop in the center or in the wall of the stem, which usually shows no external evidence of injury. Management—cultural control This insect is throughout most of the Pacific Northwest but has not been a serious pest. Apparently, only wheat is damaged. Adults may lay eggs in barley, oats, and rye, but larvae can complete development only on wheat. Avoid growing wheat within 125 ft of wheat straw or stubble of previous season, because the spring form is wingless and does not migrate any distance. Thoroughly plowing under stubble and clean summer fallow reduce insect populations. Management—chemical control Insecticide control is not recommended.

Small grain—Wireworm Includes: Sugar beet wireworm (Limonius californicus) Western field wireworm (Limonius infuscatus) Great Basin wireworm (Selatosomus pruinina) Pest description and crop damage Larvae (wireworms) are up to 0.75 inch long, yellowish, hard-bodied, and shiny. In the case of fall-sown wheat, larvae burrow into kernels or leaf whorl above seed. In spring seedlings, larvae attack kernels or underground portions of plant after sprouting. Damage is more severe in cool, wet spring weather. Management—chemical control Wireworms are usually a localized problem. However, in recent years they resurged as significant pests of small grains in the PNW. Be sure to use seed treatments for wheat and barley. While wireworms can cause damage in both wheat and barley, studies have indicated that barley is relatively more tolerant of the damage. Warning: Treated seed must not be used for food or livestock feed. If a proprietary seed dressing is used, follow manufacturer’s directions.

B30 PNW Insect Management Handbook –– At planting (or within 1 week before planting)—Drill granules 1 to 3 inches below seedline. Granules can be placed into the seed furrow if rate does not exceed 1.05 lb ai/a. Repeat applications may be required for continued protection against aphids Sugar Beet Pests vectoring viruses. –– Postemergence—Granules may be applied to both sides of plant Erik J. Wenninger row and immediately worked into the soil or covered with soil. Latest revision—March 2021 Furrow irrigation is another method: side-dress granules 4 to 8 inches to water-furrow side of plant row and at furrow depth. Irrigate soon after application. Apply within 60 days of planting. Repeat applications may be required for continued protection In all cases, follow the instructions on the pesticide label. The PNW against aphids vectoring viruses. Do not apply postemergence Insect Management Handbook has no legal status, whereas the if 4.05 to 4.95 lb ai/a was applied at time of planting or 1 week pesticide label is a legal document. Read the product label before prior to planting. Washington only. making any pesticide applications. ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac CS) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days. REI 12 hr. Apply by air or ground equipment using sufficient water to obtain full coverage of foliage (minimum of 2 gallons per Note: Products are listed in alphabetical order and not in order of acre by air and 10 gal per acre by ground). Apply no more than preference or superiority of pest control. 0.075 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze or harvest treated sugar beet tops for livestock feed. Sugar beet—Aphid ♦♦ azadirachtin—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) –– (Azatin XL) at 0.021 to 0.033 lb ai/a. For suppression only. –– (Aza-Direct) at 0.0123 to 0.024 lb ai/a and up to 0.0432 lb ai/a Pest description and crop damage The black bean aphid is a dark- under extremely heavy infestation. bodied aphid, 0.0625 inch long, that sporadically reaches damaging –– (Debug Trés) at 0.0375 to 0.1054 lb ai/a levels, most often late in the season. Infestations usually occur as scattered hot spots or along edges rather than uniformly across the –– (Ecozin Plus) at 0.012 to 0.023 lb ai/acre. Spray when pests first entire field. Colonies can produce massive amounts of honeydew, appear and repeat after 7-10 days. which causes a black, sooty mold to cover the leaves. Black bean ♦♦ azadirachtin/pyrethrins (Azera, Azera Pro) at 0.0125 to 0.025 lb aphids can also vector virus diseases, but they are less important as ai/a, and up to 0.044 lb ai/a under extremely heavy infestation. virus vectors than green peach aphids. Dilute in a minimum of 30 gal of water per acre. May be applied by air at 0.0125 to 0.025 lb ai/a in a minimum of 25 gal of water. The green peach aphid is yellowish green and teardrop-shaped. Its Do not repeat more than every 5 to 7 days. OMRI-listed for economic impact is primarily as a vector of virus diseases rather organic use. than by feeding injury through sucking sap. ♦♦ Burkholderia spp. (Venerate XC – heat-killed insecticidal Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist for bacteria)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed green peach aphid insecticide treatment decisions. If natural enemies for organic use. are absent, consider an insecticide application if bean aphids are on ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Drexel Chlorpyrifos 4E AG, Govern 4E, Lorsban most leaves and if colonies cover 20 to 40 percent of leaf surface. 4E, Warhawk, and others) at 0.5 to 1 lb ai/a broadcast –or– Lorsban Advanced, Vulcan at 0.469 to 0.939 lb ai/a broadcast. PHI Management—biological control 30 days. Do not allow livestock to graze in treated areas or harvest Aphids are attacked by a large variety of predatory and parasitic treated beet tops as feed for meat or dairy animals within 30 insects as well as by fungal diseases. We do not yet know enough days after last treatment. FIFRA Section 2(ee) recommendation. about arthropod natural enemies to suggest practical ways of RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. manipulating and enhancing their effects other than avoiding any ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Govern 4E, Lorsban 4E, Warhawk, and others) at unnecessary insecticide applications. 0.33 to 0.67 lb ai/a –or– Lorsban Advanced at 0.313 to 0.626 lb ai/a. Apply as a 5- to 7-inch band, lightly incorporating ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard 22WP, BotaniGard ES, Mycotrol mechanically or with irrigation. FIFRA Section 2(ee) ESO, Mycotrol O, Mycotrol WPO, and others – live spores of an recommendation. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. insect-killing fungus; various strains)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. Typically requires 7 to 10 days after first spray for signs of ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/zeta-cypermethrin (Stallion Brand) at 0.219 to 0.278 effectiveness. Begin treatment at first appearance of pest. Reapply lb ai/a as post emergence broadcast or banded foliar spray. Do not as necessary. OMRI-listed for organic use. apply as an in-furrow treatment. PHI 50 days. REI 24 hr. Do not allow livestock to graze in treated areas or harvest treated beet ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo, Grandevo PTO, tops as feed for meat or dairy animals within 50 days after last Grandevo WDG – insect-killing bacterium) at 0.6 to 0.9 lb ai/a. treatment. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. REI 4 hr. Must be mixed with water and applied as a foliar spray with ground or aerial equipment for conventional spraying or by ♦♦ clothianidin (NipsIt INSIDE, Lumisure)—For black bean aphid. chemigation. OMRI-listed for organic use. Application only by commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed- treatment application. Management—chemical control ♦♦ clothianidin/Bacillus firmus I-1582 (Poncho/Votivo)—Application ♦♦ aldicarb (AgLogic 15G, AgLogic 15GG) at 1.05 to 2.1 lb ai/a. PHI only by commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment 90 days, or 120 days if tops are fed to livestock. Do not use tops as application. food for humans. Do not make more than one at-planting and two ♦♦ clothianidin/beta-cyfluthrin (Poncho Beta)—Application only by postemergence applications per crop. Do not exceed a total of 4.95 commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application. lb ai/a per season. Immediately deep-disk any spills at row ends or elsewhere to ensure the granules are covered with a layer of soil.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B31 ♦♦ imidacloprid (Agrisolutions Nitro Shield, Agristar Macho 600 ♦♦ terbufos (Counter CR Lock’n Load, Counter 20G Lock’n Load, ST, Attendant 480 FS, Axcess Insecticide Seed Treatment, Counter Smartbox 20G, Counter 15G Lock’n Load, Counter 15G Dyna-Shield Imidacloprid 5, Gaucho 480 Flowable, Gaucho 600 Smartbox)—One application per year. Do not place granules in Flowable, Senator 600FS, Sharda 5SC, and others)—Application direct contact with the seed. Do not exceed 2 lb ai/a. PHI 110 days only by commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment for at planting banded, at planting in-furrow, or postemergence application. applications; PHI 150 days for at planting knifed-in application. ♦♦ methomyl (Annihilate LV, Annihilate SP, Lannate LV, Lannate SP, –– At planting (several methods)—Apply at 0.6 to 1.2 oz ai/1,000 M1 LV, M1 SP, Nudrin LV, Nudrin SP) at 0.225 to 0.9 lb ai/a. PHI row feet, in 5- to 7-inch band over the row, and lightly for roots 21 days or 30 days if tops are fed to livestock. REI 48 hr. incorporate. Do not apply more than 4.5 lb ai/a per crop. Do not apply more * Apply at 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row feet, modified in-furrow, 2 than 10 times per crop. May be applied by overhead sprinkler to 3 inches behind seed drop zone (after some soil has chemigation to control aphids, in which case highest listed rate covered the seed). should be used with 0.1 to 0.2 inches of water per acre. * Apply at 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row feet, knifed-in: drill ♦♦ mineral oil (470 Supreme Spray Oil, BioCover, and others)—See granules 2 inches to the side of the seed and 2 to 4 inches label for rates. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic below the seed. use. –– Postemergence—Apply at 0.6 to 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row feet, in 5- ♦♦ naled (Dibrom 8 Emulsive) at 0.94 lb ai/a. REI 48 hr. PHI 2 days. to 7-inch band over the row, and lightly incorporate. Recommendation as permitted under FIFRA Section 2(ee). Do not ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin— apply more than 4.7 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply more than five times per season. –– (Mustang) at 0.028 to 0.05 lb ai/a. Variable control depending on aphid species. PHI 50 days. Do not apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a ♦♦ neem oil (Terraneem EC, Ecoworks EC)—See label for rates. per season (at planting/foliar applications). Apply with ground OMRI-listed for organic use. or air equipment using enough water to fully cover foliage. ♦♦ phorate (Thimet 20G and others)—as follows: –– (Mustang Maxx) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. 50 day PHI for tops or –– At planting—Apply at 0.68 to 0.9 oz ai/1,000 row feet. PHI 30 roots. Do not apply more than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. REI 12 days. Do not feed tops or silage to dairy cattle. Do not place hr. Apply by air or ground using minimum of 2 gal per acre by granules in direct contact with seed. Drill to side of seed or band air and 10 gal per acre by ground. Aphid control may be variable over seed. Only one application per cropping season. depending on species present and host-plant relationships. –– Postemergence—Apply at 0.98 to 1.5 lb ai/a. Apply to foliage when plants are dry. Only one postemergence treatment per season. PHI 30 days. Sugar beet—Armyworm ♦♦ potassium salts of fatty acids (Des-X, Kopa, and M-Pede)—See Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) label for rates. For green peach aphid, apply M-Pede only in tank Bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata) mix with labeled companion insecticide; see label about tank Western yellowstriped armyworm (Spodoptera praefica) mixing. PHI 0 days. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for Pest description and crop damage Armyworms occasionally are organic use. severe defoliators, especially in western Idaho. Damage appears –– potassium silicate (Sil-Matrix) at 1.5 to 3 lb ai/a—For as skeletonized leaves with only leaf veins and petioles remaining. suppression only. Do not apply more than 21 lb ai/a per seaon. Armyworms are related closely to cutworms but generally are PHI 0 days. OMRI-listed for organic use. slightly larger, more brightly colored, and actively feed on plants ♦♦ pyrethrins (Lynx EC 1.4, Lynx EC 5.0, PyGanic EC 1.4, Tersus)— during the day. When infestations become dense and crowded, See label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 12 hr. Some formulations are larvae migrate together from field to field; sugar beets adjoining OMRI-listed for organic use. infested alfalfa hay fields or cereals may be completely defoliated ♦♦ pyrethrins/Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard Maxx, and Xpectro by migrating armyworms. OD)—See label for rates. Do not reapply for at least 3 days. In Beet armyworms are dull green caterpillars with a dark, broad stripe case of extreme pest pressure, wait a minimum of 24 hr before along each side and many smaller, light wavy lines down the back. reapplying. Do not harvest until spray has dried. They are about 1.25 inches long when mature. ♦♦ pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (Evergreen Crop Protection EC 60-6, Pyrenone, Pyronyl Crop Spray, and others)—See label for Bertha armyworms are highly variable, from light yellow-green to rates. gray-black, with a yellow-orange stripe along the side that divides ♦♦ sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-Am) applied as a the caterpillar body into a dark upper half and a pale bottom half. 0.8% solution, 40 to 50 gal per acre. Spray every 7 to 10 days as They are about 1.25 inches long when mature. necessary. REI 24 hr. Western yellowstriped armyworms have wide, velvety black stripes ♦♦ spirotetramat (Movento and Movento HL) at 0.07 to 0.14 lb ai/a. along the back with many narrower, bright yellow stripes along the For black bean aphid control only. PHI 28 days. Maximum 0.28 lb sides. They are about 1.5 inches long when mature. ai/a per crop season. ♦♦ sulfoxaflor (Transform WG) at 0.023 to 0.047 lb ai/a. Do not apply Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist for more than 0.266 lb ai/a per year. PHI 7 days. armyworm insecticide treatment decisions in sugar beets. Consider insecticide application if field scouting shows that infestations average one armyworm larva per plant early in the season. Older plants can tolerate considerable defoliation without any economic loss of root yield or sucrose content. Management—biological control Armyworms commonly are attacked by parasitic wasps and flies that can help keep infestations in check. We do not yet know

B32 PNW Insect Management Handbook enough about arthropod natural enemies to suggest practical ways ♦♦ chlorpyrifos— of manipulating and enhancing their effects other than avoiding any –– For yellowstriped armyworm (several methods): unnecessary insecticide applications. * (Eraser, Govern 4E, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75 WG, Nufos ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (Agree WG, XenTari – live spores 4E, Pilot 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma 4E, and others) of an insect-killing bacterium)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. at 0.5 to 1 lb ai/a broadcast –or– Lorsban Advanced, Biological insecticide most effective against small, newly hatched Vulcan at 0.469 to 0.939 lb ai/a broadcast. PHI 30 days. larvae. No contact action; larvae must eat treated leaves. Use a Do not allow livestock to graze in treated areas or harvest spreader–sticker. REI 4 hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for treated beet tops as feed for meat or dairy animals within organic use. 30 days after last treatment. ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Biobit HP, Crymax, Deliver, Dipel * (Eraser, Hatchet, Govern 4E, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75 DF, Javelin WG, and others – live spores of an insect-killing WG, Nufos 4E, Pilot 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma bacterium)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Biological 4E, and others) at 0.33 to 0.67 lb ai/a band –or– Lorsban insecticide most effective against small, newly hatched larvae. Advanced, Vulcan at 0.313 to 0.626 lb ai/a band. Apply No contact action; larvae must eat treated leaves. Use a spreader- as a 5- to 7-inch band, lightly incorporating mechanically sticker. Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic use. or with irrigation. ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo, Grandevo PTO, –– For beet armyworm (several methods): Grandevo WDG – insect-killing bacterium) at 0.3 to 0.9 lb ai/a. * (Chlorpyrifos 4E, Eraser, Govern 4E, Lorsban 4E, REI 4 hr. Must be mixed with water and applied as a foliar spray Lorsban 75 WG, Nufos 4E, Pilot 4E, Warhawk, with ground or aerial equipment for conventional spraying or by Whirlwind, Yuma 4E, and others) at 0.75 to 1 lb ai/a chemigation. OMRI-listed for organic use. broadcast –or– Lorsban Advanced, Vulcan at 0.704 to ♦♦ GS-omega/kappa-Hxtx-Hv1a (Spear LEP – peptide derived from 0.939 lb ai/a broadcast. spider venom)— See label for rates. Tank mix with Bacillus * (Eraser, Hatchet, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75 WG, Nufos 4E, thuringiensis products (Bts) to enhance control. PHI 0 days. Pilot 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma 4E, and others) ♦♦ Spodoptera exigua multinucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) strain at 0.5 to 0.67 lb ai/a –or– Lorsban Advanced, Vulcan BV-0004 (Spexit) for control of beet armyworm at 0.11 to 0.28 lb at 0.469 to 0.626 lb ai/a. Apply as a 5- to 7-inch band, ai/a. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. lightly incorporating mechanically or with irrigation. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. Management—chemical control ♦♦ azadirachtin—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL, S-fenvaloStar, Zyrate) at 0.03 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. Aids in control. Apply as necessary but do –– (Azatin XL) at 0.01 to 0.033 lb ai/a. Foliar application against no more than 0.15 lb ai/a per season. Apply with ground or air larvae. equipment using enough water to cover uniformly (at least 2 gal/a –– (Aza-Direct) at 0.0123 to 0.024 lb ai/a and up to 0.0432 lb ai/a water). under extremely heavy pest infestation. ♦♦ garlic oil (Garlic Barrier AG+)—See label for rates. Apply as –– (Debug Trés) at 0.0375 to 0.1054 lb ai/a preventive repellent treatment prior to insect infestation. Make –– (Ecozin Plus) at 0.012 to 0.023 lb ai/acre. Spray when pests first first application at crop emergence and repeat on a 10- to 14-day appear and repeat after 7-10 days. schedule to maintain repellency effect. ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac CS) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 50 ♦♦ methomyl (Annihilate LV, Annihilate SP, Lannate LV, Lannate SP, days. REI 12 hr. Apply by air or ground equipment using sufficient M1 LV, M1 SP, Nudrin LV, Nudrin SP) at 0.225 to 0.9 lb ai/a. PHI water to obtain full coverage of foliage (minimum of 2 gallons per for roots 21 days or 30 days if tops are fed to livestock. REI 48 hr. acre by air and 10 gal per acre by ground). Apply no more than Do not apply more than 4.5 lb ai/a per crop. Do not apply more 0.075 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze or harvest treated sugar beet than 10 times per crop. May be applied by overhead sprinkler tops for livestock feed. chemigation to control beet armyworm and western yellowstriped ♦♦ azadirachtin/pyrethrins (Azera, Azera Pro) at 0.0125 to 0.025 lb ai/a, armyworm, in which case highest listed rate should be used with and up to 0.044 lb ai/a under extremely heavy infestation. Dilution 0.1 to 0.2 inches of water per acre. in a minimum of 30 gal of water per acre is recommended for ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Inspirato 2F, Intrepid 2F, Invertid 2F, conventional equipment. May be applied by air at the rate of 0.0125 Troubadour, Withstand, Zylo) at 0.12 to 0.25 lb ai/a. Apply at egg to 0.025 lb ai/a in a minimum of 25 gal of water. Do not repeat more hatch or when signs of feeding occur. PHI 7 days. than every 5 to 7 days. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ methoxyfenozide and spinetoram (Intrepid Edge) at 0.11 to 0.28 lb ♦♦ Burkholderia spp. (Venerate XC – heat-killed insecticidal ai/a. Apply at egg hatch or first signs of feeding. PHI 7 days. bacteria)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed ♦♦ mineral oil (470 Supreme Spray Oil, BioCover, and others)—See for organic use. label for rates. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 4L, Sevin 4F, Sevin 5 Bait, Sevin XLR Plus, use. Sevin 80 Solupak, Bran For Grasshoppers, and others) at 0.6 to ♦♦ naled (Dibrom 8 Emulsive) at 0.94 lb ai/a. PHI 2 days. REI 48 hr. 1.5 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. For Carbaryl 4L, Sevin 4F, Sevin 5 Bait, Recommendation as permitted under FIFRA Section 2(ee). Do not and Sevin XLR Plus, do not apply more than a total of 3 lb ai/a per apply more than 4.7 lb ai/a per season. crop. For Sevin 80 Solupak, do not apply more than 4 lb ai/a per ♦♦ neem oil (NimBioSys, Terraneem EC, and others)—See label for crop. For Bran for Grasshoppers, do not apply more than 1.2 lbs rates. OMRI-listed for organic use. ai/a per crop. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ pyrethrins (Lynx EC 1.4, Lynx EC 5.0, PyGanic EC 1.4, Tersus)— ♦♦ canola oil/garlic oil/capsicum oleoresin extract (Captiva Prime)—See See label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 12 hr. Some formulations are label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) at 0.045 to 0.065 lb ai/a. PHI 1 ♦♦ pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (Evergreen Crop Protection EC day. REI 4 hr. Apply no more than 4 applications per crop, no 60-6, Pyrenone, Pyronyl Crop Spray, and others)—See label for more than 0.2 lb ai per acre per year. Minimum interval between rates. treatments is 3 days.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B33 ♦♦ sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-Am) applied as a 0.4% Management—chemical control solution for beet armyworm only, 40-50 gal/a. Spray every 7 to 10 ♦♦ aldicarb (AgLogic 15G, AgLogic 15GG) at 2.1 to 3 lb ai/a. PHI days as necessary. REI 24 hr. 90 days, 120 days if tops are fed to livestock. Do not use tops as ♦♦ soybean oil/garlic oil/capsicum oleoresin extract (Captiva)—See food for humans. Do not make more than one at-planting and two label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. postemergence applications per crop. Do not exceed a total of 4.95 ♦♦ spinosad lb ai/a per season. Immediately deep-disk any spills at row ends or elsewhere to ensure the granules are covered with a layer of soil. –– (Blackhawk) at 0.051 to 0.079 lb ai/a. Do not apply fewer than Washington only. 7 days apart. Do not apply more than 0.33 lb ai per crop. PHI 3 days. –– At planting (or within 1 week prior)—Drill granules 1 to 3 inches below seed line. Granules can be placed into the seed –– (Entrust, Entrust SC) at 0.075 to 0.15 lb ai/a. Do not apply fewer furrow if rate does not exceed 1.05 lb ai/a. Repeat applications than 7 days apart. Do not apply more than four times per crop or may be required for continued protection against leafhoppers apply more than 0.33 lb ai/a per crop. PHI 3 days. OMRI-listed vectoring viruses. for organic use. –– Postemergence (multiple methods)—a) Apply granules to both –– (Radiant SC) at 0.05 to 0.0625 lb ai/a, excluding western sides of plant row and immediately work into the soil or cover yellowstriped armyworm. Do not apply more than 0.25 lb ai/a with soil; b) For furrow irrigation, side-dress granules 4 to 8 per crop. PHI 7 days. inches to water-furrow side of plant row and at furrow depth. –– (Success) at 0.025 to 0.05 lb ai/a. Do not apply more than four Irrigate soon after application. Apply within 60 days after times per crop or 0.45 lb ai/a per crop. PHI 3 days. planting. Repeat applications may be required for continued ♦♦ triphenyltin-hydroxide (Agri Tin)—See label for rates. For protection against leafhoppers vectoring viruses. Do not make suppression only. PHI 21 days. REI 48 hr. any postemergence applications if 4.05 to 4.95 lb ai/a was ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin— applied at planting or within 1 week prior to planting. –– (Mustang) at 0.028 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days. Do not ♦♦ azadirachtin—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a per season (at planting/foliar use. applications). Apply with ground or air equipment using enough –– (Aza-Direct) at 0.0123 to 0.024 lb ai/a and up to 0.0432 lb ai/a water to fully cover foliage. under extremely heavy infestation. –– (Mustang Maxx) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. 50 day PHI for tops or –– (Debug Trés) at 0.0375 to 0.1054 lb ai/a roots. Do not apply more than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. REI 12 –– (Ecozin Plus) at 0.012 to 0.023 lb ai/acre. Spray when pests first hr. Apply by air or ground using minimum of 2 gal per acre by appear and repeat after 7-10 days air and 10 gal per acre by ground. ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 4L, Sevin 4F, Sevin XLR Plus, Sevin 80 Solupak, and others) at 1 to 1.5 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. For Carbaryl Sugar beet—Beet leafhopper 4L, Sevin 4F, and Sevin XLR Plus, do not apply more than a total of 3 lb ai/a per crop. For and Sevin 80 Solupak, do not apply more Circullifer tenellus than 4 lb ai/a per crop. Pest description and crop damage Light yellow-green to gray- ♦♦ canola oil/garlic oil/capsicum oleoresin extract (Captiva Prime)— brown wedge-shaped body about 0.125 inch long. These readily See label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic crawl and jump as nymphs or jump and fly as adults. They are most use. important as a vector of curly top virus; they are seldom numerous ♦♦ clothianidin (NipsIt INSIDE, Lumisure)—Application only by enough to cause feeding injury through sap sucking. Not all commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application. leafhoppers found in sugar beets are the true beet leafhopper. ♦♦ clothianidin/Bacillus firmus I-1582 (Poncho/Votivo)—Application Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist for only by commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment beet leafhopper insecticide treatment decisions. application. ♦♦ clothianidin/beta-cyfluthrin (Poncho Beta)—Application only by Management—cultural control commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application. Manage curly top by planting approved resistant varieties rather ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/zeta-cypermethrin (Stallion Brand) at 0.118 to 0.278 than solely attempting to kill the highly mobile, winged adult. lb ai/a as post emergence broadcast or banded foliar spray. Do not apply as an in-furrow treatment. PHI 50 days. REI 24 hr. Do not Management—biological control allow livestock to graze in treated areas or harvest treated beet ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard 22WP, BotaniGard ES, Mycotrol tops as feed for meat or dairy animals within 50 days after last ESO, Mycotrol O, Mycotrol WPO – live spores of an insect- treatment. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. killing fungus; various strains)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. Typically requires 7 to 10 days after first spray for signs of ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL, S-fenvaloStar, Zyrate) at 0.03 to 0.05 effectiveness. Begin treatment at first appearance of pest. Reapply lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. Apply as necessary but no more than 0.15 lb as necessary. OMRI-listed for organic use. ai/a per season. ♦♦ garlic oil (Garlic Barrier AG+)—See label for rates. Apply as preventive repellent treatment prior to insect infestation. Make first application at crop emergence and repeat on a 10- to 14-day schedule to maintain repellency effect. ♦♦ imidacloprid (Agrisolutions Nitro Shield, Agristar Macho 600 ST, Attendant 480 FS, Axcess Insecticide Seed Treatment, Dyna-Shield Imidacloprid 5, Gaucho 480 Flowable, Gaucho 600 Flowable, Senator 600FS, Sharda 5SC, and others)—Application only by commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application.

B34 PNW Insect Management Handbook ♦♦ kaolin—For suppression only. Product forms a barrier film that Sugar beet—Blister beetle acts as a protectant; apply before infestations develop and continue on a 7- to 14-day schedule for the duration of the infestation. Epicauta spp. and others ♦♦ (Surround CF) at 5.94 to 11.88 lb ai/a Pest description and crop damage Gray, black, spotted, or striped ♦♦ (Surround WP) at 23.75 to 47.5 lb ai/a. OMRI-listed for organic use. beetles 0.5 to 1 inch long, with conspicuous necks and soft, rounded wing covers that leave the tip of the abdomen exposed. Larvae are ♦♦ (Actimin FE) at 6.25 to 12.5 lb ai/a. beneficial predators of grasshopper eggs; damaging populations of ♦♦ mineral oil (JMS Stylet Oil and PureSpray Green)—See label for leaf-feeding adult blister beetles are most likely where sugar beet rates. PHI 0 days. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic fields immediately border grasshopper breeding areas. use. ♦♦ naled (Dibrom 8 Emulsive) at 0.94 lb ai/a by air or on the ground. Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist for PHI 2 days. REI 48 hr. Do not apply more than 4.7 lb ai/a per year. blister beetle insecticide treatment decisions. They seldom are an ♦♦ phorate— economic problem. –– At planting (Thimet 20G and others)—Apply at 0.68 to 0.9 oz Management—chemical control ai/1,000 row ft. PHI 30 days. Do not feed tops or silage to dairy ♦♦ azadirachtin/pyrethrins (Azera and Azera Pro) at 0.0125 to cattle. Do not place granules in direct contact with seed. Drill to 0.025 lb ai/a, and up to 0.044 lb ai/a under extremely heavy side of seed or band over seed. No more than one application per infestation. Dilution in a minimum of 30 gal of water per acre cropping season. is recommended for conventional equipment. May be applied ♦♦ potassium salts of fatty acids (M-Pede)—See label for rates. PHI 0 by air at the rate of 0.0125 to 0.025 lb ai/a in a minimum of 25 days. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. gal of water. Do not repeat more than every 5 to 7 days. Some ♦♦ pyrethrins (Lynx EC 1.4, Lynx EC 5.0, PyGanic EC 1.4, Tersus)— formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. See label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 12 hr. Some formulations are ♦♦ pyrethrins (Lynx EC 1.4, Lynx EC 5.0, PyGanic EC 1.4, Tersus)— OMRI-listed for organic use. See label for rates. REI 12 hr. PHI 0 days. Some formulations are ♦♦ pyrethrins/Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard Maxx, Xpectro OMRI-listed for organic use. OD)—See label for rates. Do not reapply for at least 3 days. In ♦♦ pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (Evergreen Crop Protection EC case of extreme pest pressure, wait a minimum of 24 hr before 60-6, Pyrenone, Pyronyl Crop Spray, and others)—See label for reapplying. Do not harvest until spray has dried. rates. ♦♦ pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (Evergreen Crop Protection EC ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin— 60-6, Pyrenone, Pyronyl Crop Spray, and others)–See label for rates. –– (Mustang) at 0.028 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days. Do not ♦♦ sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-Am) applied as a apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a per season (at planting/foliar 0.8% solution, 40 to 50 gal per acre. Spray every 7 to 10 days as applications). Apply with ground or air equipment using enough necessary. REI 24 hr. water to fully cover foliage. ♦♦ soybean oil/garlic oil/capsicum oleoresin extract (Captiva)—See –– (Mustang Maxx) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. 50 day PHI for tops or label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. roots. Do not apply more than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. REI 12 ♦♦ sulfoxaflor (Transform WG)—at 0.047 to 0.086 lb ai/a. Do not hr. Apply by air or ground using minimum of 2 gal per acre by apply more than 0.266 lb ai/a per year. PHI 7 days. air and 10 gal per acre by ground. ♦♦ terbufos (Counter CR Lock’n Load, Counter 20G Lock’n Load, Counter 20G Smartbox, Counter 15G Lock’n Load, Counter 15G Smartbox)—One application per year. Do not place granules in Sugar beet—Carrion beetle direct contact with the seed. Do not exceed 2 lb ai/a. PHI 110 days Silpha bituberosa for at planting banded, at planting in-furrow, or postemergence Pest description and crop damage Flattened, shiny black larva applications; PHI 150 days for at planting knifed-in application. has a distinctly segmented body that tapers from head to abdomen. –– At planting (several methods)— Adults are dull black, flattened, oblong-oval shaped, with ridges * Apply at 0.6 to 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row, in 5- to 7-inch band running lengthwise down wing covers. Feeding by larvae and adults over the row and lightly incorporate to 1 inch. appears as ragged or crushed leaf edges, especially on plants along * Apply at 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row feet, modified in-furrow, field margins where adults overwinter. 2 to 3 inches behind seed drop zone after some soil has Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist for covered the seed. carrion beetle insecticide treatment decisions. They rarely cause * Apply at 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row feet knifed-in. Drill economic injury. granules 2 inches to the side of the seed and 2 to 4 inches below the seed. Management—cultural control –– Postemergence—Apply at 0.6 to 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row feet, in 5- Prevent buildup by eliminating weedy host plants (commonly to 7-inch band over the row, and lightly incorporate. lambsquarters and pigweed). ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS)—Application only by commercial Management—chemical control seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application. ♦♦ methomyl (Annihilate LV, Annihilate SP, Lannate LV, Lannate SP, ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin— M1 LV, M1 SP, Nudrin LV, Nudrin SP) at 0.225 to 0.9 lb ai/a. PHI –– (Mustang) at 0.028 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days. Do not for roots 21 days or 30 days if tops are fed to livestock. REI 48 hr. apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a per season (at planting/foliar Do not apply more than 4.5 lb ai/a per crop or apply more than 10 applications). Apply with ground or air equipment using enough times per crop. water to fully cover foliage. –– (Mustang Maxx) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days for tops or roots. Do not apply more than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. REI 12 hr. Apply by air or ground using minimum of 2 gal per acre by air and 10 gal per acre by ground.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B35 Sugar beet—Cutworm –– (Aza-Direct) at 0.0123 to 0.024 lb ai/a and up to 0.0432 lb ai/a under extremely heavy pest infestation. Subterranean species include Black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) –– (Debug Trés) at 0.0375 to 0.1054 lb ai/a Glassy cutworm (Apamea devastator) –– (Ecozin Plus) at 0.012 to 0.023 lb ai/acre. Spray when pests first Redbacked cutworm (Euxoa ochrogaster) appear and repeat after 7-10 days. ♦♦ azadirachtin/pyrethrins (Azera and Azera Pro) at 0.0125 to Climbing species include 0.025 lb ai/a, and up to 0.044 lb ai/a under extremely heavy Army cutworm (Euxoa auxiliaris) infestation. Dilution in a minimum of 30 gal of water per acre is Spotted cutworm (Xestia c-nigrum) recommended for conventional equipment. May be applied by air Variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia) at the rate of 0.0125 to 0.025 lb ai/a in a minimum of 25 gal of Pest description and crop damage Several species can cause water. Do not repeat more than every 5 to 7 days. OMRI-listed for significant damage to seedling-stage sugar beets, especially in fields organic use. where weedy spots or plant debris on the soil surface serve as sites ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 4L, Sevin 4F, Sevin 5 Bait, Sevin XLR Plus, for cutworm overwintering or early-season egg laying. Cutworms Sevin 80 Solupak, Bran For Grasshoppers, and others) at 0.6 to generally are nocturnal, remaining by day just under the soil 1.5 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. For Carbaryl 4L, Sevin 4F, Sevin 5 Bait, surface; so, often they are not seen until after the plant already has and Sevin XLR Plus, do not apply more than a total of 3 lb ai/a per been damaged. crop. For Sevin 80 Solupak, do not apply more than 4 lb ai/a per Cutworm larvae are about 1 inch when mature and vary in color crop. For Bran for Grasshoppers, do not apply more than 1.2 lbs from light gray to dark brown, with faint stripes or fine mottles ai/a per crop. on their smooth, hairless, soft bodies. They curl into a motionless ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Eraser, Govern 4E, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75WG, C-shape when disturbed. Nufos 4E, Pilot 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma 4E, and others) –– Preplant or at planting—Apply at 0.5 lb ai/a incorporated in Subterranean species feed on roots and stems, cutting off plants 10-inch band over row. PHI 30 days. Do not allow livestock at the soil surface. Climbing species hide during the day in soil to graze in treated areas or harvest treated beet tops as feed and either cut off plants at the soil surface or feed in the crown on for meat or dairy animals within 30 days after last treatment. newest leaves and stems. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist for ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced, Vulcan) at 0.939 lb ai/a cutworm insecticide treatment decisions in sugar beets. Infestations broadcast application. typically are very spotty, usually occurring near weedy patches or –– Preplant or at planting—Apply at 0.469 lb ai/a incorporated along field borders. Consider spot treating infested sites rather than in 10-inch band over row. PHI 30 days. Do not allow livestock the entire field. to graze in treated areas or harvest treated beet tops as feed for meat or dairy animals within 30 days after last treatment. Management—biological control RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari – live spores of an insect- killing bacterium)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. Biological ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 15G, Lorsban 15G Smartbox, Pilot 15G, insecticide most effective against small, newly hatched larvae. Saurus)—Apply at 1.5 to 2 lb ai/a in 4- to 5- inch band at planting. No contact action; larvae must eat treated leaves. Use a spreader– REI 24 hr. Do not apply granules in direct contact with seeds. Do sticker. REI 4 hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic not apply more than once per year. Incorporate into the top 0.5 to 1 use. inch of soil. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Biobit HP, Deliver, Dipel ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Chlorpyrifos 4E, Eraser, Govern 4E, Lorsban 4E, DF, Javelin WG, and others – live spores of an insect-killing Lorsban 75WG, Nufos 4E, Pilot 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma bacterium)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Biological 4E, and others) Postemergence—Apply at 1 lb ai/a broadcast, or insecticide most effective against small, newly hatched larvae of at 0.67 lb ai/a in a 5- to 7-inch band. PHI 30 days. Do not allow climbing cutworms. No contact action; larvae must eat treated livestock to graze in treated areas or use harvest treated beet tops as leaves. Use a spreader-sticker. Some formulations are OMRI-listed feed for meat or dairy animals within 30 days after last treatment. for organic use. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ GS-omega/kappa-Hxtx-Hv1a (Spear LEP – peptide derived ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced,Vulcan) at 0.625 lb ai/a band from spider venom)—See label for rates. Tank mix with Bacillus application. Apply as 5- to 7-inch band, lightly incorporate thuringiensis products (Bts) to enhance control. PHI 0 days mechanically or with irrigation. –– Postemergence—Apply at 0.939 lb ai/a broadcast, or at 0.626 lb Management—chemical control ai/a in a 5- to 7-inch band. PHI 30 days. Do not allow livestock ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin— to graze in treated areas or use harvest treated beet tops as feed ♦♦ Postemergence—(Fastac EC, Fastac CS) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. for meat or dairy animals within 30 days after last treatment. PHI 50 days. REI 12 hr. Apply by air or ground equipment using RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. sufficient water to obtain full coverage of foliage (minimum of 2 ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/zeta-cypermethrin (Stallion Brand) at 0.118 to 0.278 gallons per acre by air and 10 gal per acre by ground). Apply no lb ai/a as post emergence broadcast or banded foliar spray. Do not more than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. For Fastac CS, do not graze or apply as an in-furrow treatment. PHI 50 days. REI 24 hr. Do not harvest treated sugar beet tops for livestock feed. allow livestock to graze in treated areas or harvest treated beet ♦♦ At planting—(Fastac CS) at 0.025 lb ai/a. Apply on the soil tops as feed for meat or dairy animals within 50 days after last surface in a 5- to 7-inch band or broadcast in a minimum of 3 to treatment. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. 5 gal/acre of water. PHI 50 days. Do not graze or harvest treated ♦♦ clothianidin (NipsIt INSIDE, Lumisure)—Application only by sugar beet tops for livestock feed. commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application. ♦♦ azadirachtin—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ clothianidin/Bacillus firmus I-1582 (Poncho/Votivo)—Application –– (Azatin XL) at 0.01 to 0.02 lb ai/a. Foliar application against only by commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment larvae. application.

B36 PNW Insect Management Handbook ♦♦ clothianidin/beta-cyfluthrin (Poncho Beta)—Application only by most severe when abnormally cool spring weather retards sugar commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application. beet plant growth. ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL, S-fenvaloStar, Zyrate) at 0.03 to 0.05 Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist for lb ai/a as seedling spray. PHI 21 days. Apply as necessary, but do flea beetle insecticide treatment decisions. not apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a per season. Apply with ground or air equipment using enough water (at least 2 gal/a) to coverage Management—biological control uniformly. ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard ES, Mycotrol ESO, Mycotrol ♦♦ methomyl (Annihilate LV, Annihilate SP, Lannate LV, Lannate O– live spores of an insect-killing fungus; various strains)—See SP, M1 LV, M1 SP, Nudrin LV, Nudrin SP) at 0.45 lb ai/a for label for rates. PHI 0 days. Typically requires 7 to 10 days after variegated cutworm. PHI for roots 21 days or 30 days if tops are first spray for signs of effectiveness. Begin treatment at first fed to livestock. REI 48 hr. Do not apply more than 4.5 lb ai/a per appearance of pest. Reapply as necessary. Some formulations are crop or apply more than 10 times per crop. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Inspirato 2F, Intrepid 2F, Invertid 2F, Management—chemical control Troubadour, Withstand, Zylo) at 0.12 to 0.25 lb ai/a. For ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac EC, Fastac CS) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb suppression only. Apply at egg hatch or when signs of feeding ai/a. PHI 50 days. REI 12 hr. Apply by air or ground equipment occur. PHI 7 days. using sufficient water to obtain full coverage of foliage (minimum ♦♦ methoxyfenozide/spinetoram (Intrepid Edge) at 0.11 to 0.28 lb of 2 gallons per acre by air and 10 gal per acre by ground). Apply ai/a. For suppression only. Apply at egg hatch or first signs of no more than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. For Fastac CS, do not graze feeding. PHI 7 days. or harvest treated sugar beet tops for livestock feed. ♦♦ neem oil (Terraneem EC and Ecoworks EC)—See label for rates. ♦♦ azadirachtin—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. OMRI-listed for organic use. –– (Azatin XL) at 0.01 to 0.033 lb ai/a. ♦♦ pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (Pyrenone, Pyronyl Crop –– (Debug Trés) at 0.0375 to 0.1054 lb ai/a Spray)—See label for rates. –– (Ecozin Plus) at 0.012 to 0.023 lb ai/acre. Spray when pests first ♦♦ spinosad (Seduce) at 0.014 to 0.031 lb ai/a. Soil-applied appear and repeat after 7 to 10 days. insecticidal bait that attracts and kills insects; use standard broadcast spreader for broadcast application or standard granular ♦♦ azadirachtin/pyrethrins (Azera, Azera Pro) at 0.0125 to spreader for row application. Do not apply more than four times 0.025 lb ai/a, and up to 0.044 lb ai/a under extremely heavy per crop (more than 0.33 lb ai/a per crop) or less than seven days infestation. Dilution in a minimum of 30 gal of water per acre is apart or more than three times in any 30-day period. PHI 3 days. recommended for conventional equipment. May be applied by air Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. at the rate of 0.0125 to 0.025 lb ai/a in a minimum of 25 gal of water. Do not repeat more than every 5 to 7 days. OMRI-listed for ♦♦ terbufos (Counter CR Lock’n Load, Counter 20G Lock’n Load, organic use. Counter 20G Smartbox, Counter 15G Lock’n Load, Counter 15G Smartbox) at 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row feet—for suppression only. ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 4L, Sevin 4F, Sevin XLR Plus, Sevin 80 Apply at planting in a 5- to 7-inch band over the row and lightly Solupak, and others) at 1 to 1.5 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. For Carbaryl incorporate. Do not allow granules to contact seed. Only one 4L, Sevin 4F, and Sevin XLR Plus, do not apply more than a total application per year. Do not exceed 2 lb ai/a. PHI 150 days. of 3 lb ai/a per crop. For Sevin 80 Solupak, do not apply more than 4 lb ai/a per crop. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin— ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Eraser, Govern 4E, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75WG, –– (Mustang) PHI 50 days. Do not apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a per Nufos 4E, Pilot 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma 4E, and others) season (at planting/foliar applications). at 1 lb ai/a broadcast application –or– Lorsban Advanced, Vulcan * At planting application—Apply at 0.05 lb ai/a on soil at 0.939 lb ai/a broadcast application. PHI 30 days. Do not let surface in a 5- to 7-inch band, or broadcast in at least 3 to livestock graze in treated areas or harvest treated beet tops as 5 gal/a water. feed for meat or dairy animals within 30 days after last treatment. * Foliar application—Apply at 0.028 to 0.05 lb ai/a with RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. equipment for ground or air application, using enough ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Eraser, Govern 4E, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75WG, water to fully cover foliage. Nufos 4E, Pilot 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma 4E, and others) –– (Mustang Maxx) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. 50 day PHI for tops or at 0.67 lb ai/a band application –or– Lorsban Advanced, Vulcan at roots. Do not apply more than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. REI 12 0.625 lb ai/a band application. Apply as 5- to 7-inch band, lightly hr. Apply by air or ground using minimum of 2 gal per acre by incorporate mechanically or with irrigation. RESTRICTED USE air and 10 gal per acre by ground. IN OREGON. * At planting—Apply at 0.025 lb/ai/a. Apply on the soil ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/zeta-cypermethrin (Stallion Brand) at 0.118 to 0.278 surface in a 5- to 7-inch band or broadcast In a minimum lb ai/a as post emergence broadcast or banded foliar spray. Do not of 3 to 5 gal per acre. apply as an in-furrow treatment. PHI 50 days. REI 24 hr. Do not allow livestock to graze in treated areas or harvest treated beet tops as feed for meat or dairy animals within 50 days after last treatment. Sugar beet—Flea beetle (adult) RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. Includes ♦♦ clothianidin (NipsIt INSIDE, Lumisure)—Application only by Pale striped flea beetle (Systena elongate) commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application. Three-spotted flea beetle (Disconycha triangularis) ♦♦ clothianidin/Bacillus firmus I-1582 (Poncho/Votivo)—Application Tuber flea beetle (Epitrix tuberis) only by commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment Western potato flea beetle (E. subcrinita) application. Pest description and crop damage Pinhead-sized, metallic green- ♦♦ clothianidin/beta cyfluthrin (Poncho Beta)—Application only by black jumping beetles chew small “shotholes” in cotyledons and commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application. first true leaves of seedling sugar beets, especially plants along ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL, S-fenvaloStar, Zyrate) at 0.03 to 0.05 lb ditchbanks and fencerows where beetles overwinter. Damage is ai/a. PHI 21 days. Do not apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a per season.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B37 Apply with ground or air equipment using enough water (at least 2 first application at crop emergence and repeat on a 10- to 14-day gal/a) to cover uniformly. schedule to maintain repellency effect. ♦♦ kaolin—For suppression only. Product forms a barrier film that ♦♦ pyrethrins (Lynx EC 1.4, Lynx EC 5.0, PyGanic EC 1.4, Tersus)— acts as a protectant; apply before infestations develop and continue See label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 12 hr. Some formulations are on a 7- to 14-day schedule for the duration of the infestation. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ (Surround CF) at 5.94 to 11.88 lb ai/a See also: ♦♦ (Surround WP) at 23.75 to 47.5 lb ai/a. OMRI-listed for organic use. Biology and Control of the Garden Symphylan ♦♦ (Actimin FE) at 6.25 to 12.5 lb ai/a. ♦♦ methomyl (Annihilate LV, Annihilate SP, Lannate LV, Lannate SP, M1 LV, M1 SP, Nudrin LV, Nudrin SP) at 0.225 to 0.9 lb ai/a. PHI Sugar beet—Grasshopper for roots 21 days or 30 days if tops are fed to livestock. REI 48 hr. Includes Do not apply more than 4.5 lb ai/a per crop. Do not apply more Migratory grasshopper (Melanoplus sanguinipes) than 10 times per crop. Red-legged grasshopper (Melanoplus femurrubrum) ♦♦ neem oil (Terraneem EC and Ecoworks EC)—See label for rates. Pest description and crop damage Infestations are most OMRI-listed for organic use. likely where sugar beet fields immediately adjoin grasshopper ♦♦ pyrethrins (Lynx EC 1.4, Lynx EC 5.0, PyGanic EC 1.4, Tersus)— breeding sites in uncultivated grassy rangelands and desert areas. See label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 12 hr. Some formulations are Grasshoppers are problems especially when rangeland vegetation OMRI-listed for organic use. dries earlier than normal and they move to still-green field crops. ♦♦ pyrethrins/Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard Maxx, and Xpectro OD)—See label for rates. Do not reapply for at least 3 days. In Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist for case of extreme pest pressure, wait a minimum of 24 hr before grasshopper insecticide treatment decisions. Consider treating field reapplying. Do not harvest until spray has dried. edges where grasshoppers are advancing rather than entire fields. ♦♦ pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (Evergreen Crop Protection EC Management—biological control 60-6, Pyrenone,Pyronyl Crop Spray, and others)–See label for rates. ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana (BontaniGard 22WP, BotaniGard ES, ♦♦ spinosad (Radiant SC) at 0.05 to 0.0625 lb ai/a. For suppression Mycotrol ESO, Mycotrol O – live spores of an insect-killing only. Do not apply more than 0.25 lb ai/a per crop. PHI 7 days. fungus; various strains)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. Typically Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. requires 7 to 10 days after first spray to see control. Begin ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin— treatment at first appearance of pest. Reapply as necessary. OMRI- –– (Mustang) at 0.028 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days. Do not listed for organic use. apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a per season (at planting/foliar Management—chemical control applications). Apply with ground or air equipment using enough ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac EC, Fastac CS) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb water to fully cover foliage. ai/a. PHI 50 days. REI 12 hr. Apply by air or ground equipment –– (Mustang Maxx) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days for tops using sufficient water to obtain full coverage of foliage (minimum or roots. Do not apply more than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. REI of 2 gal per acre by air and 10 gal per acre by ground). Apply no 12 hr. Apply by air or ground using minimum of 2 gal per acre more than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. For Fastac CS do not graze or by air and 10 gal per acre by ground. harvest sugar beet tops for livestock feed. ♦♦ azadirachtin (Debug Trés) at 0.0375 to 0.1054 lb ai/a. Sugar beet—Garden symphylan ♦♦ azadirachtin/pyrethrins (Azera, Azera Pro) at 0.0125 to Scutigerella immaculata 0.025 lb ai/a, and up to 0.044 lb ai/a under extremely heavy infestation. Dilution in a minimum of 30 gal of water per acre Pest description and crop damage Active, white, fragile, is recommended for conventional equipment. May be applied centipede-like, soil-borne relatives of insects, 0.25 inch long, with by air at the rate of 0.0125 to 0.025 lb ai/a in a minimum of 25 12 or more pairs of legs. They primarily damage sugar beets early gal of water. Do not repeat more than every 5 to 7 days. Some in the season by feeding on germinating seed or on small roots of formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. seedling plants. ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 5% Bait, Carbaryl Cutworm Bait, Sevin 5 Bait, Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist and Bran For Grasshoppers) at 0.6 to 1.5 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. Do for symphylan insecticide treatment decisions. They occur in not apply more than 3 lb ai/a per crop; for Bran for Grasshoppers, unpredictably spotty infestations and generally are considered do not apply more than 1.2 lbs ai/a per crop. minor pests. There are no effective “rescue” treatments that can be ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Chlorpyrifos 4E, Eraser, Govern 4E, Lorsban 4E, applied postemergence in sugar beets for symphylans. Lorsban 75WG, Nufos 4E, Pilot 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma 4E, and others) at 0.25 to 0.5 lb ai/a broadcast OR Lorsban Management—chemical control Advanced, Vulcan at 0.235 to 0.469 lb ai/a broadcast application. ♦♦ 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone II) and 1,3-dichloropropene/ PHI 30 days. Do not let livestock graze in treated areas or harvest chloropicrin (Telone C-17, Telone C-35)—Preplant soil fumigants. treated beet tops as feed for meat or dairy animals within 30 days ♦♦ azadirachtin/pyrethrins (Azera, Azera Pro) at 0.0125 to after last treatment. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. 0.025 lb ai/a, and up to 0.044 lb ai/a under extremely heavy ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/zeta-cypermethrin (Stallion Brand) at 0.278 lb ai/a infestation. Dilution in a minimum of 30 gal of water per acre is as post emergence broadcast or banded foliar spray. Do not apply recommended for conventional equipment. May be applied by air as an in-furrow treatment. PHI 50 days. REI 24 hr. Do not allow at the rate of 0.0125 to 0.025 lb ai/a in a minimum of 25 gal of livestock to graze in treated areas or harvest treated beet tops as water. Do not repeat more than every 5 to 7 days. OMRI-listed for feed for meat or dairy animals within 50 days after last treatment. organic use. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ garlic oil (Garlic Barrier AG+)—See label for rates. Apply as ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL, S-fenvaloStar, Zyrate) at 0.03 to 0.05 preventive repellent treatment prior to insect infestation. Make lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. Apply as necessary, but no more than 0.15 lb

B38 PNW Insect Management Handbook ai/a per season. Apply with ground or air equipment using enough inches below seedline. Granules can be placed into the seed water to cover uniformly (at least 2 gal/a of water). furrow if rate does not exceed 1.05 lb ai/a. ♦♦ garlic oil (Garlic Barrier AG+)—See label for rates. Apply as –– Postemergence—Apply granules to both sides of plant row and preventive repellent treatment prior to insect infestation. Make immediately work into the soil or cover with soil, or, for furrow first application at crop emergence and repeat on a 10- to 14-day irrigation, side-dress granules 4 to 8 inches to water furrow side schedule to maintain repellency effect. of plant row and at furrow depth. Irrigate soon after application. ♦♦ kaolin (Surround WP) at 23.75 to 47.5 lb ai/a. For suppression Apply within 60 days after planting. Do not make any only. Product forms a barrier film that acts as a protectant; apply postemergence applications if 4.05 to 4.95 lb ai/a was applied at before infestations develop and continue on a 7- to 14-day planting or within 1 week prior to planting. schedule for the duration of the infestation. OMRI-listed for ♦♦ azadirachtin—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. organic use. –– (Aza-Direct) at 0.0123 to 0.024 lb ai/a and up to 0.0432 lb ai/a ♦♦ naled (Dibrom 8 Emulsive) at 0.94 lb ai/a. REI 48 hr. PHI 2 days. under extremely heavy infestation. Recommendation as permitted under FIFRA Section 2(ee). Do not –– (Debug Trés) at 0.0375 to 0.1054 lb ai/a apply more than 4.7 lb ai/a per season. –– (Ecozin Plus) at 0.012 to 0.023 lb ai/acre. Spray when pests first ♦♦ pyrethrins (Lynx EC 1.4, Lynx EC 5.0, PyGanic EC 1.4, Tersus) appear and repeat after 7-10 days. See label for rates. REI 12 hr. PHI 0 days. Some formulations are ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Eraser, Govern 4E, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75WG, OMRI-listed for organic use. Nufos 4E, Pilot 4E, Warhawk, Yuma 4E, and others) at 0.5 lb ai/a ♦♦ pyrethrins/Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard Maxx, Xpectro OD) broadcast application –or– Lorsban Advanced, Vulcan at 0.469 lb See label for rates. Do not reapply for at least 3 days. In case of ai/a broadcast application. PHI 30 days. Do not let livestock graze extreme pest pressure, wait a minimum of 24 hr before reapplying. in treated areas or harvest treated beet tops as feed for meat or Do not harvest until spray has dried. dairy animals within 30 days after last treatment. RESTRICTED ♦♦ pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (Evergreen Crop Protection EC USE IN OREGON. 60-6, Pyrenone, Pyronyl Crop Spray, and others)—See label for ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Eraser, Govern 4E, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75WG, rates. Nufos 4E, Pilot 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma 4E, and others) at ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin— 0.335 lb ai/a band application –or– Lorsban Advanced, Vulcan at –– (Mustang) at 0.028 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days. Do not 0.313 lb ai/a band application. Apply as 5- to 7-inch band, lightly apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a per season (at planting/foliar incorporated mechanically or with irrigation. RESTRICTED applications). Apply with ground or air equipment using enough USE IN OREGON. water to fully cover foliage. ♦♦ clothianidin (NipsIt INSIDE, Lumisure)—Application only by –– (Mustang Maxx) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days for tops commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application. or roots. Do not apply more than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. REI ♦♦ clothianidin/Bacillus firmus I-1582 (Poncho/Votivo)—Application 12 hr. Apply by air or ground using minimum of 2 gal/a by air only by commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment and 10 gal/a by ground. application. ♦♦ clothianidin/beta-cyfluthrin (Poncho Beta)—Application only by Sugar beet—Leafminer commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application. ♦♦ garlic oil (Garlic Barrier AG+)—See label for rates. Apply as Beet leafminer (Pegomya betae) preventive repellent treatment prior to insect infestation. Make Spinach leafminer (Pegomya hyoscyami) first application at crop emergence and repeat on a 10- to 14-day Pest description and crop damage Legless maggots, 0.5 schedule to maintain repellency effect. inch long when mature, feed between the upper and lower leaf ♦♦ mineral oil (470 Supreme Spray Oil, BioCover, JMS Stylet Oil, surfaces, leaving irregular transparent windows, blotches, and SunSpray, and others)—See label for rates. Some formulations are winding tunnels. Historically a common pest that rarely reached OMRI-listed for organic use. economically damaging levels, it is now an increasingly important ♦♦ phorate—(Thimet 20G and others)—Apply at planting 0.68 to 0.9 pest in some local areas. Damage is of more concern early in the oz ai/1,000 row ft. PHI 30 days. Do not feed tops or silage to dairy season during stand establishment; older plants should be able to cattle. Do not place granules in direct contact with seed. Drill to tolerate more leafminer damage. side of seed or band over seed. No more than one application per Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist for cropping season. leafminer insecticide treatment decisions. ♦♦ potassium salts of fatty acids (M-Pede)—See label for rates. Apply only in tank mix with labeled companion insecticide; see label Management—biological control about tank mixing. PHI 0 days. Larvae often are highly parasitized. We do not yet know enough ♦♦ pyrethrins (Lynx EC 1.4, Lynx EC 5.0, PyGanic EC 1.4, Tersus)— about arthropod natural enemies to suggest practical ways of See label for rates. REI 12 hr. PHI 0 days. Some formulations are manipulating and enhancing their effects other than avoiding any OMRI-listed for organic use. unnecessary insecticide applications. ♦♦ pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (Pyronyl Crop Spray and Pyrenone)—See label for rates. Management—chemical control ♦♦ spinosad ♦♦ aldicarb (AgLogic 15G, AgLogic 15GG) at 2.1 to 3 lb ai/a. PHI 90 days, 120 days if tops are fed to livestock. Do not use tops as –– (Blackhawk) at 0.051 to 0.079 lb ai/a. Do not apply fewer than food for humans. Do not make more than one at-planting and two 7 days apart. Do not apply more than 0.33 lb ai per crop. PHI 3 postemergence applications per crop. Do not exceed a total of 4.95 days. lb ai/a per season. Immediately deep-disk any spills at row ends or –– (Entrust, Entrust SC) at 0.07 to 0.16 lb ai/a. Do not apply fewer elsewhere to ensure the granules are covered with a layer of soil. than 7 days apart. Do not apply more than four times per crop or Washington only. apply more than 0.33 lb ai/a per crop. PHI 3 days. OMRI-listed –– At planting (or within 1 week prior)—Drill granules 1 to 3 for organic use.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B39 –– (Radiant SC) at 0.05 to 0.0625 lb ai/a. For suppression only. Do acre by air and 10 gal per acre by ground). Apply no more than not apply more than 0.25 lb ai/a per crop. PHI 7 days. 0.075 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze or harvest treated sugar beet –– (Success) at 0.025 to 0.05 lb ai/a. Do not apply more than four tops for livestock feed. times per crop or apply more than 0.45 lb ai/a per crop. PHI 3 ♦♦ azadirachtin—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. days. Use of a penetrating surfactant oil is critical for optimal –– (Azatin XL) at 0.01 to 0.02 lb ai/a. Foliar application against control of leafminers. larvae. ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS)—Application only by commercial –– (Aza-Direct) at 0.01234 to 0.024 lb ai/a and up to 0.0432 lb ai/a seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application. under extremely heavy pest infestation. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin— –– (Debug Trés) at 0.0375 to 0.1054 lb ai/a –– (Mustang) at 0.028 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days. Adult control –– (Ecozin Plus) at 0.012 to 0.023 lb ai/acre. Spray nymphs early only. Do not apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a per season (at planting/ and repeat application after 7 days. foliar applications). Apply with ground or air equipment using ♦♦ azadirachtin/pyrethrins (Azera and Azera Pro) at 0.0125 to enough water to fully cover foliage. 0.025 lb ai/a, and up to 0.044 lb ai/a under extremely heavy –– (Mustang Maxx) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. 50 day PHI for tops or infestation. Dilution in a minimum of 30 gal of water per acre is roots. Adult control only. Do not apply more than 0.075 lb ai/a recommended for conventional equipment. May be applied by air per season. REI 12 hr. Apply by air or ground using minimum of at the rate of 0.0125 to 0.025 lb ai/a in a minimum of 25 gal of 2 gal per acre by air and 10 gal per acre by ground. water. Do not repeat more than every 5 to 7 days. OMRI-listed for organic use. Sugar beet—Looper ♦♦ Burkholderia spp. (Venerate XC – heat-killed insecticidal bacteria)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed

Alfalfa looper (Autographa californica) for organic use Cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/zeta-cypermethrin (Stallion Brand) at 0.278 lb ai/a Pest description and crop damage This is a minor leaf-feeding as post emergence broadcast or banded foliar spray. Do not apply pest of sugar beets, most commonly seen late in the season in sugar as an in-furrow treatment. PHI 50 days. REI 24 hr. Do not allow beets that border alfalfa fields. Mature larvae are up to 1.5 inches livestock to graze in treated areas or harvest treated beet tops as long and light to dark green with a thin white stripe along each side. feed for meat or dairy animals within 50 days after last treatment. Loopers differ from all other sugar beet caterpillars in that they RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. have only three pairs of fleshy prolegs—on abdominal segments 5, ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL, S-fenvaloStar, Zyrate) at 0.03 to 0.05 6, and 10—and crawl in a characteristic looping motion; all other lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. Apply as necessary but no more than 0.15 lb sugar beet caterpillars have five pairs of prolegs—on abdominal ai/a per season. Apply with ground or air equipment using enough segments 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10. water (at least 2 gal/a) to cover uniformly. Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Inspirato 2F, Intrepid 2F, Invertid 2F, for looper insecticide treatment decisions in sugar beets. Troubadour, Withstand, Zylo) at 0.12 to 0.25 ai/a. Apply at egg hatch or when signs of feeding occur. PHI 7 days. Management—biological control ♦♦ methoxyfenozide and spinetoram (Intrepid Edge) at 0.11 to 0.28 lb ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (Agree WG, XenTari – live spores ai/a. Apply at egg hatch or first signs of feeding. PHI 7 days. of an insect-killing bacterium)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. ♦♦ neem oil (Terraneem EC, Ecoworks EC)—See label for rates. Biological insecticide most effective against small, newly hatched OMRI-listed for organic use. larvae. No contact action; larvae must eat treated leaves. Use a ♦♦ pyrethrins (Lynx EC 1.4, Lynx EC 5.0, PyGanic EC 1.4, Tersus)— spreader-sticker. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic See label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 12 hr. Some formulations are use. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Biobit HP, Crymax, Deliver, Dipel ♦♦ pyrethrins/Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard Maxx, Xpectro DF, Javelin WG, and others – live spores of an insect-killing OD)—See label for rates. Do not reapply for at least 3 days. In bacterium)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Biological case of extreme pest pressure, wait a minimum of 24 hr before insecticide most effective against small, newly hatched larvae. reapplying. Do not harvest until spray has dried. No contact action; larvae must eat treated leaves. Use a spreader- sticker. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (Evergreen Crop Protection EC 60-6, Pyrenone, Pyronyl Crop Spray, and others)—See label for ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard ES, Mycotrol ESO, Mycotrol rates. O – live spores of an insect-killing fungus; various strains)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. Typically requires 7 to 10 days after ♦♦ sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM) applied as a first spray to see control. Begin treatment at first appearance of 0.4% solution for cabbage looper, 40-50 gal per acre. Spray every pest. Reapply as necessary. OMRI-listed for organic use. 7 to 10 days as necessary. REI 24 hr. ♦♦ Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo, Grandevo PTO, ♦♦ spinosad— Grandevo WDG – insect-killing bacterium) at 0.3 to 0.9 lb ai/a. –– (Blackhawk) at 0.051 to 0.079 lb ai/a. Do not apply fewer than REI 4 hr. Must be mixed with water and applied as a foliar spray 7 days apart. Do not apply more than 0.33 lb ai per crop. PHI 3 with ground or aerial equipment for conventional spraying or by days. chemigation. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. –– (Entrust, Entrust SC) at 0.075 to 0.15 lb ai/a. Do not apply less ♦♦ GS-omega/kappa-Hxtx-Hv1a (Spear LEP – peptide derived than 7 days apart. Do not apply more than four times per crop or from spider venom)—See label for rates. Tank mix with Bacillus apply more than 0.33 lb ai/a per crop. PHI 3 days. OMRI-listed thuringiensis products (Bts) to enhance control. PHI 0 days for organic use. Management—chemical control –– (Radiant SC) at 0.05 to 0.0625 lb ai/a. Do not apply more than 0.25 lb ai/a per crop. PHI 7 days. ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac CS) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days. REI 12 hr. Apply by air or ground equipment using sufficient –– (Success) at 0.025 to 0.05 lb ai/a. Do not apply more than four times water to obtain full coverage of foliage (minimum of 2 gallons per per crop or apply more than 0.45 lb ai/a per crop. PHI 3 days.

B40 PNW Insect Management Handbook ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin— ♦♦ neem oil (Terraneem EC and Ecoworks EC)—See label for rates. –– (Mustang) at 0.028 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days. Do not OMRI-listed for organic use. apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a per season (at planting/foliar ♦♦ pyrethrins (Lynx EC 1.4, Lynx EC 5.0, PyGanic EC 1.4, Tersus)— applications). Apply with ground or air equipment using enough See label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 12 hr. Some formulations are water to fully cover foliage. OMRI-listed for organic use. –– (Mustang Maxx) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days for tops ♦♦ pyrethrins/Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard Maxx, Xpectro or roots. Do not apply more than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. REI OD)—See label for rates. Do not reapply for at least 3 days. In 12 hr. Apply by air or ground using minimum of 2 gal per acre case of extreme pest pressure, wait a minimum of 24 hr before by air and 10 gal per acre by ground. reapplying. Do not harvest until spray has dried. ♦♦ pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (Evergreen Crop Protection EC 60- Sugar beet—Lygus bug 6, Pyrenone, Pyronyl Crop Spray, and others)—See label for rates. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin— Lygus spp. –– (Mustang) at 0.028 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days. Do not Pest description and crop damage Pale green to red-brown sap- apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a per season (at planting/foliar sucking bugs, 0.25 inch long when mature; the wings of adults fold applications). Apply with ground or air equipment using enough flat over the back producing a light-color, V-shaped mark behind the water to fully cover foliage. thorax. Lygus bugs are primarily seed feeders, so usually they are –– (Mustang Maxx) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days for tops inconsequential pests except in sugar beet seed fields. or roots. Do not apply more than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. REI Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist for 12 hr. Apply by air or ground using minimum of 2 gal per acre by air and 10 gal per acre by ground. lygus bug insecticide treatment decisions in sugar beets. Management—biological control ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard ES, Mycotrol ESO, Mycotrol Sugar beet—Saltmarsh caterpillar O – live spores of an insect-killing fungus; various strains)—See Estigmene acrea label for rates. PHI 0 days. Typically requires 7 to 10 days after Pest description and crop damage “Woolly bear” caterpillars up first spray to see control. Begin treatment at first appearance of to 2 inches long, covered by long, red-brown hairs. They are seen pest. Reapply as necessary. especially in late season but rarely are an economic problem. Management—chemical control Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist for ♦♦ azadirachtin—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic saltmarsh caterpillar insecticide treatment decisions. use. –– (Aza-Direct) at 0.0123 to 0.0247 lb ai/a and up to 0.0432 lb ai/a Management—biological control under extremely heavy pest infestation. ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari – live spores of an insect- –– (Debug Trés) at 0.0375 to 0.1054 lb ai/a killing bacterium)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. Biological insecticide most effective against newly hatched larvae. No contact –– (Ecozin Plus) at 0.012 to 0.023 lb ai/acre. Spray nymphs early action; larvae must eat treated leaves. Use a spreader–sticker. REI 4 and repeat application after 7 days. hr. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ azadirachtin/pyrethrins (Azera, Azera Pro) at 0.0125 to ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Biobit HP, Crymax, Deliver, Dipel 0.025 lb ai/a, and up to 0.044 lb ai/a under extremely heavy DF, Javelin WG, and others – live spores of an insect-killing infestation. Dilution in a minimum of 30 gal of water per acre is bacterium)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Biological recommended for conventional equipment. May be applied by air insecticide most effective against small, newly hatched larvae. at the rate of 0.0125 to 0.025 lb ai/a in a minimum of 25 gal of No contact action; larvae must eat treated leaves. Use a spreader- water. Do not repeat more than every 5 to 7 days. OMRI-listed for sticker. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. organic use. ♦♦ GS-omega/kappa-Hxtx-Hv1a (Spear LEP – peptide derived ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Eraser, Govern 4E, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75WG, from spider venom)—See label for rates. Tank mix with Bacillus Nufos 4E, Pilot 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma 4E, and others) thuringiensis products (Bts) to enhance control. PHI 0 days at 0.5 lb ai/a broadcast postemergence –or– Lorsban Advanced, Vulcan at 0.469 lb ai/a broadcast application postemergence. PHI Management—chemical control 30 days. Do not let livestock graze in treated areas or harvest ♦♦ azadirachtin/pyrethrins (Azera, Azera Pro) at 0.0125 to 0.025 treated beet tops as feed for meat or dairy animals within 30 days lb ai/a, and up to 0.044 lb ai/a under extremely heavy infestation. after last treatment. Do not apply more than 3 lb ai/a or more than Dilution in a minimum of 30 gal of water per acre is recommended three times per season. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. for conventional equipment. May be applied by air at the rate of ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/zeta-cypermethrin (Stallion Brand) at 0.278 lb ai/a 0.0125 to 0.025 lb ai/a in a minimum of 25 gal of water. Do not as post emergence broadcast or banded foliar spray. Do not apply repeat more than every 5 to 7 days. OMRI-listed for organic use. as an in-furrow treatment. PHI 50 days. REI 24 hr. Do not allow ♦♦ esfenvalerate, (Asana XL, S-fenvaloStar, Zyrate) at 0.03 to 0.05 livestock to graze in treated areas or harvest treated beet tops as lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. Apply as necessary but not more than 0.15 lb feed for meat or dairy animals within 50 days after last treatment. ai/a per season. Apply with ground or air equipment using enough RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. water (at least 2 gal/a) to cover uniformly. ♦♦ kaolin—For suppression only. Product forms a barrier film that ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Inspirato 2F, Intrepid 2F, Invertid 2F, acts as a protectant; apply before infestations develop and continue Troubadour, Withstand, Zylo) at 0.12 to 0.25 lb ai/a. Apply at egg on a 7- to 14-day schedule for the duration of the infestation. hatch or when signs of feeding occur. PHI 7 days. –– (Surround CF) at 5.94 to 11.88 lb ai/a ♦♦ methoxyfenozide and spinetoram (Intrepid Edge) at 0.11 to 0.28 lb –– (Actimin FE) at 6.25 to 12.5 lb ai/a. ai/a. Apply at egg hatch or first signs of feeding. PHI 7 days. ♦♦ naled (Dibrom 8 Emulsive) at 0.94 lb ai/a. PHI 2 days. REI 48 hr. ♦♦ pyrethrins (Lynx EC 1.4, Lynx EC 5.0, PyGanic EC 1.4, Tersus)— Recommendation as permitted under FIFRA Section 2(ee). Do not See label for rates. REI 12 hr. PHI 0 days. Some formulations are apply more than 4.7 lb ai/a per season. OMRI-listed for organic use.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B41 Sugar beet—Spider mite ♦♦ kaolin—For suppression only. Product forms a barrier film that acts as a protectant; apply before infestations develop and continue Tetranychus spp. on a 7- to 14-day schedule for the duration of the infestation. Pest description and crop damage These are a sporadic problem, ♦♦ (Surround CF) at 5.94 to 11.88 lb ai/a generally in western Idaho. Spider mite outbreaks are associated ♦♦ (Actimin FE) at 6.25 to 12.5 lb ai/a. with: ♦♦ mineral oil (470 Supreme Spray Oil, BioCover, JMS Stylet Oil, 1. Dusty sites; infestations especially begin along field edges SunSpray, and others)—See label for rates. Some formulations are adjoining dusty roads and in surface-irrigated fields. OMRI-listed for organic use. 2. Excessive use of foliar-applied insecticides (especially ♦♦ naled (Dibrom 8 Emulsive) at 0.94 lb ai/a. REI 48 hr. PHI 2 days. pyrethroids and organophosphates) directed at aphid or pests Do not apply more than 4.7 lb ai/a per season. other than spider mites, but which also kill mite natural enemies and so allow spider mites to increase without checks. ♦♦ neem oil (NimBioSys, Terraneem EC, and others)—See label for rates. OMRI-listed for organic use. 3. Hot, dry weather that enhances mite survival and reproduction; short generation times and multiple generations ♦♦ phorate (Thimet 20G and others) allow explosive increases in spider mite infestation levels. –– At planting—Apply at 0.68 to 0.9 oz ai/1,000 row ft. PHI 30 4. Weedy fence rows and ditch banks where mites overwinter. days. Drill to side of seed or band over seed. Do not feed tops or silage to dairy cattle. Do not place granules in direct contact Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist with seed. Only one application per cropping season. for spider mite insecticide treatment decisions. –– Postemergence—Apply at 0.975 to 1.5 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. Management—biological control Apply to foliage when plants are dry. Only one postemergence ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard ES, Mycotrol ESO – live spores treatment per season. Do not feed tops or silage to dairy cattle. of an insect-killing fungus; various strains)—See label for rates. Do not place granules in direct contact with seed. Only one PHI 0 days. Typically requires 7 to 10 days after first spray to see application per cropping season. control. Begin treatment at first appearance of pest. Reapply as ♦♦ potassium salts of fatty acids (Des-X, Kopa, and M-Pede)—See necessary. OMRI-listed for organic use. label for rates. PHI 0 days. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. Management—chemical control ♦♦ azadirachtin—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic ♦♦ potassium silicate (Sil-Matrix) at 1.5 to 3 lb ai/a. For suppression use. only. Do not apply more than 21 lb ai/a per season. PHI 0 days. OMRI-listed for organic use. –– (Aza-Direct) at 0.0123 to 0.0247 lb ai/a and up to 0.0432 lb ai/a under extremely heavy pest infestation. ♦♦ pyrethrins/Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard Maxx, and Xpectro OD)—See label for rates. Do not reapply for at least 3 days. In –– (Debug Trés) at 0.0375 to 0.1054 lb ai/a. case of extreme pest pressure, wait a minimum of 24 hr before ♦♦ azadirachtin/pyrethrins (Azera, Azera Pro) at 0.0125 to reapplying. Do not harvest until spray has dried. 0.025 lb ai/a, and up to 0.044 lb ai/a under extremely heavy ♦♦ soybean oil/garlic oil/capsicum oleoresin extract (Captiva)—See infestation. Dilution in a minimum of 30 gal of water per acre is label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. recommended for conventional equipment. May be applied by air at the rate of 0.0125 to 0.025 lb ai/a in a minimum of 25 gal of ♦♦ sulfur (too many commercial products to list all trade names water. Do not repeat more than every 5 to 7 days. here)—PHI 0 days. Rates depend on formulation. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ canola oil/garlic oil/capsicum oleoresin extract (Captiva Prime)— See label for rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. OMRI-listed for organic use. Sugar beet—Stink bug ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Eraser, Govern 4E, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75WG, Pentatomidae Nufos 4E, Pilot 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma 4E, and others) at 0.5 lb ai/a broadcast application –or– Lorsban Advanced, Pest description and crop damage Stink bugs are primarily seed Vulcan at 0.469 lb ai/a broadcast application. PHI 30 days. Do not feeders, so they are usually inconsequential pests except in sugar let livestock graze in treated areas or harvest treated beet tops as beet seed fields. feed for meat or dairy animals within 30 days after last treatment. Scouting and thresholds No formal action thresholds exist for RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. stink bug insecticide treatment decisions. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Eraser, Govern 4E, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75WG, Nufos 4E, Pilot 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma 4E, and others) Management—biological control at 0.33 lb ai/a band application –or– Lorsban Advanced, Vulcan at ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard ES, Mycotrol ESO, Mycotrol O 0.313 lb ai/a band application. Apply as 5- to 7-inch band, lightly – live spores of an insect-killing fungus; various strains)—See label incorporated mechanically or with irrigation. RESTRICTED for rates. PHI 0 days. Typically requires 7 to 10 days after first spray USE IN OREGON. to see control. Begin treatment at first appearance of pest. Reapply ♦♦ etoxazole (Zeal) at 0.0.9 to 0.135 lb ai/a. PHI 30 days. Treat when as necessary. mite populations are low. Management—chemical control ♦♦ garlic oil (Garlic Barrier AG+)—See label for rates. Apply as ♦♦ azadirachtin —Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic preventive repellent treatment prior to insect infestation. Make use. first application at crop emergence and repeat on a 10- to 14-day –– (Aza-Direct) at 0.0123 to 0.0247 lb ai/a and—under extremely schedule to maintain repellency effect. heavy pest infestation—up to 0.0432 lb ai/a. ♦♦ hexythiazox (Onager and Ruger 1EC) at 0.094 to 0.188 lb ai/a. –– (Ecozin Plus) at 0.012 to 0.023 lb ai/acre. Spray nymphs early PHI 45 days. Do not make more than one application per calendar and repeat application after 7 days. year. ♦♦ azadirachtin/pyrethrins (Azera, Azera Pro) at 0.0125 to 0.025 lb ai/a, and up to 0.044 lb ai/a under extremely heavy infestation. Dilution in a minimum of 30 gal of water per acre is

B42 PNW Insect Management Handbook recommended for conventional equipment. May be applied by air Sugar beet—Sugar beet root aphid at the rate of 0.0125 to 0.025 lb ai/a in a minimum of 25 gal of water. Do not repeat more than every 5 to 7 days. OMRI-listed for Includes organic use. Pemphigus betae ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/zeta-cypermethrin (Stallion Brand) at 0.278 lb ai/a Pemphigus populivenae as post emergence broadcast or banded foliar spray. Do not apply Pest description and crop damage Pinhead-sized, pale white- as an in-furrow treatment. PHI 50 days. REI 24 hr. Do not allow yellow aphid that colonizes taproot. They are covered with waxy livestock to graze in treated areas or harvest treated beet tops as white secretions that superficially resemble mold. feed for meat or dairy animals within 50 days after last treatment. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist ♦♦ neem oil (Terraneem EC, Ecoworks EC)—See label for rates. for root aphid insecticide treatment decisions. Root aphids typically OMRI-listed for organic use. infest fields during late summer, which makes “rescue” treatments using registered insecticides impossible. ♦♦ pyrethrins (Lynx EC 1.4, Lynx EC 5.0, PyGanic EC 1.4, Tersus)— See label for rates. REI 12 hr. PHI 0 days. Some formulations are Management—cultural control OMRI-listed for organic use. Root aphids can be managed by planting approved resistant ♦♦ pyrethrins/Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard Maxx, and Xpectro varieties. Maintaining a proper irrigation schedule can help plants to OD)—See label for rates. Do not reapply for at least 3 days. In resist attack from root aphids; aphids are favored by drier soils and case of extreme pest pressure, wait a minimum of 24 hr before drought-stressed plants. reapplying. Do not harvest until spray has dried. ♦♦ pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (Evergreen Crop Protection EC Management—biological control 60-6, Pyrenone, Pyronyl Crop Spray, and others)—See label for Root aphids are attacked by a predatory fly that generally keeps rates. infestations in check. We do not yet know enough about arthropod natural enemies to suggest practical ways of manipulating and Sugar beet—Sugar beet crown borer enhancing their effects other than avoiding any unnecessary insecticide applications. Hulstia undulatella Pest description and crop damage Caterpillar is a dirty brown Management—chemical control color with a green tint. Larvae feed on petioles at the plant crown ♦♦ imidacloprid (Agrisolutions Nitro Shield, Agristar Macho 600 and along the side of the taproot. They remain by day just below the ST, Attendant 480 FS, Axcess Insecticide Seed Treatment, soil surface within soil-coated silken tubes that extend 2 to 6 inches Dyna-Shield Imidacloprid 5, Gaucho 480 Flowable, Gaucho 600 Flowable, Senator 600FS, Sharda 5SC, and others)—Application from infested plants. They are most damaging as first generation only by commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment larvae during May. application. Management—chemical control ♦♦ spirotetramat (Movento and Movento HL) at 0.07 to 0.14 lb ai/a. ♦♦ terbufos (Counter CR Lock’n Load, Counter 20G Lock’n Load, PHI 28 days. Do not exceed 0.28 lb ai/a per crop season. Counter 20G Smartbox, Counter 15G Lock’n Load, Counter ♦♦ spirotetramat/pyriproxyfen (Senstar) at 0.07 to 0.141 lb ai/a 15G Smartbox)—One application per year. Do not place in spirotetramat and 0.025 to 0.049 lb ai/a pyriproxyfen. Thorough direct contact with seed. Do not exceed 2 lb ai/a. PHI 110 days coverage is critical. Only whole fields should be treated. PHI 28 for at planting banded, at planting in-furrow, or postemergence days. applications. ♦♦ terbufos (Counter CR Lock’n Load, Counter 20G Lock’n Load, –– At planting—Apply at 0.6 to 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row ft banded or Counter 20G Smartbox, Counter 15G Lock’n Load, Counter modified in-furrow. Apply in 5- to 7-inch band over the row 15G Smartbox)—Apply postemergence at 0.6 to 1.2 oz ai/1,000 and lightly incorporate or apply in furrow 2 to 3 inches behind row feet. One application per year. Do not place in direct contact seed drop zone after some soil has covered the seed. Use 1.2 oz with seed. Apply in 5- to 7-inch band over the row and lightly ai/1,000 row ft rate if especially heavy infestations are expected. incorporate. PHI 110 days. –– Postemergence—Apply at 0.6 to 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row ft banded. ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS)—Application only by commercial Apply in 5- to 7-inch band over the row; lightly incorporate. seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application. Apply at first sign of infestation. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin— Note: For more information, see University of Idaho publication CIS 1176, Sugar Beet Root Aphids: Identification, Biology, & –– (Mustang) at 0.028 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days. Do not Management, https://www.extension.uidaho.edu/publishing/pdf/CIS/ apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a per season (at planting/foliar CIS1176.pdf. applications). Apply with ground or air equipment using enough water to fully cover foliage. –– (Mustang Maxx) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. 50 day PHI for tops or roots. Do not apply more than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. REI 12 hr. Apply by air or ground using minimum of 2 gal per acre by air and 10 gal per acre by ground. Note: See University of Idaho publication CIS 845, The Sugar Beet Crown Borer in Idaho, for more details.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B43 Sugar beet—Sugar beet root maggot spacing. Apply granules in 3- to 5-inch band over row (up to two- to four-leaf stage). Incorporate into the top 0.5 to 1 inch Tetanops myopaeformis of soil. Do not apply more than once per year. RESTRICTED Pest description and crop damage Widespread in Idaho and USE IN OREGON. the adjoining Oregon production region, they annually reach ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Eraser, Govern 4E, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75WG, economically damaging levels. Spring-emerging adult flies lay eggs Nufos 4E, Pilot 4E, Vulcan, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma 4E, and in soil next to young sugar beet plants during May and June. Soil- others)— borne larvae subsequently feed on the taproot through mid-July, –– Postemergence (primary treatment)—Apply at 0.67 to 1 lb then diapause as non-feeding, overwintering larvae. ai/a band application. Apply spray in 5- to 7-inch band over Scouting and thresholds row, lightly incorporate mechanically or with irrigation. Base application timing on local monitoring of fly activity with For larval control traps. Apply from 7 days before until 3 days after peak adult 1. Use field history to determine the need for at-planting emergence. Do not apply more than 2 lb ai/a of the 75WG insecticides. formulation per season or more than 3 lb ai/a of the 4E 2. Determine the timing of postemergence insecticide applications formulation per season. Do not apply more than three times per by monitoring local flight activity of adult root maggots with season. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. orange-colored sticky traps. Control is most effective when ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced)— insecticide application coincides with the time of peak seasonal –– Postemergence (primary treatment)—Apply at 0.626 to 0.939 fly capture on traps; earlier and especially later application is lb ai/a band application. Apply spray in 5- to 7-inch band less effective. Total seasonal captures of 40 to 50 flies per trap over row, lightly incorporate mechanically or with irrigation. through peak collection justify postemergence treatments. See Base application timing on local monitoring of fly activity University of Idaho publication BUL 942, Sugar Beet Root with traps. Apply from 7 days before until 3 days after peak Maggot: Identification, Biology, and Management, https:// adult emergence. Do not apply more than 2 lb ai/a of the www.extension.uidaho.edu/publishing/pdf/BUL/BUL942.pdf 75WG formulation per season or more than 3 lb ai/a of the 4E For adult control formulation per season. Do not apply more than three times per Adult root maggot flies are highly mobile; they continually colonize season. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. fields over long distances during a 6-week egg-laying period. Control ♦♦ clothianidin (NipsIt INSIDE, Lumisure)—Application only by requires repeated insecticide applications to kill flies before they lay commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed treatment application. eggs, but this has the potential negative side effects of selecting for ♦♦ clothianidin/Bacillus firmus I-1582 (Poncho/Votivo)—Application pesticide resistant strains and triggering outbreaks of aphid and leaf- only by commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment. feeding caterpillars by eliminating their natural enemies. ♦♦ clothianidin/beta-cyfluthrin (Poncho Beta)—Application only by commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed treatment application. Management—chemical control ♦♦ phorate— Larval control –– At planting (Thimet 20G and others)—Apply at 0.68 to 0.9 oz ♦♦ aldicarb (AgLogic 15G, AgLogic 15GG) at 1.05 to 2.1 lb ai/a. PHI ai/1,000 row ft. PHI 30 days. Do not feed tops or silage to dairy 90 days, 120 days if tops are fed to livestock. Do not use tops as cattle. Do not place granules in direct contact with seed. Drill to food for humans. Do not make more than one at-planting and two side of seed or band over seed. No more than one application per postemergence applications per crop. Do not exceed a total of 4.95 cropping season. lb ai/a per season. Immediately deep-disk any spills at row ends or –– Postemergence (Thimet 20G and others)—Apply at 0.98 to elsewhere to ensure the granules are covered with a layer of soil. 1.5 lb ai/a to foliage when plants are dry. Only one treatment Washington only. postemergence per season. Do not feed tops or silage to dairy –– At planting (or within 1 week prior)—Drill granules 1 to 3 cattle. No more than one application per cropping season. inches below seedline. Granules can be placed into the seed ♦♦ spirotetramat (Movento and Movento HL) at 0.07 to 0.14 lb ai/a. furrow if rate does not exceed 1.05 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. Do not exceed 0.28 lb ai/a per crop season. –– Postemergence—Apply granules to both sides of plant row and ♦♦ spirotetramat/pyriproxyfen (Senstar) at 0.07 to 0.141 lb ai/a immediately work into the soil or cover with soil, or, for furrow spirotetramat and 0.025 to 0.049 lb ai/a pyriproxyfen. Suppression irrigation side-dress granules 4 to 8 inches to water-furrow side only. Thorough coverage is critical. Only whole fields should be of plant row and at furrow depth. Irrigate soon after application. treated. PHI 28 days. Apply within 60 days after planting. Do not make any postemergence applications if 4.05 to 4.95 lb ai/a was applied at ♦♦ terbufos (Counter CR Lock’n Load, Counter 20G Lock’n Load, planting or within 1 week prior to planting. Counter 20G Smartbox, Counter 15G Lock’n Load, Counter 15G Smartbox)—One application per year. Do not place in direct ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac CS)—at-planting application at 0.025 contact with seed. Do not exceed 2 lb ai/a. PHI 110 days. lb ai/a. For light to moderate infestations; suppression only. Apply in a 3- to 4-inch T-band at planting in a minimum of 3 to 5 gal/ –– At planting—Apply at 0.6 to 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row ft banded or acre. PHI 50 days. modified in-furrow. Apply in 5- to 7-inch band over the row and incorporate or apply in furrow, 2 to 3 inches behind seed drop ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 15G, Lorsban 15G Smartbox, Pilot 15G, zone after some soil has covered the seed. Saurus)— –– Postemergence—Apply at 0.6 to 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row ft banded. –– At planting—Apply at 1 to 2 lb ai/a based on 22-inch row Apply in 5- to 7-inch band over the row; lightly incorporate. spacing. REI 24 hr. Apply in 4- to 5-inch band behind planter Apply at first sign of fly emergence. shoe, over drill row, and in front of press wheel; do not apply granules in direct contact with seeds. Incorporate into top 0.5 to ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS)—Application only by commercial 1 inch of soil. If heavy fly pressure is expected, you can augment seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application. at planting applications with chlorpyrifos 4E postemergence. –– Postemergence—Apply at 1.5 to 2 lb ai/a based on 22-inch row

B44 PNW Insect Management Handbook ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin— Sugar beet—Webworm –– (Mustang) at-planting application for suppression only of light Beet webworm (Loxostege sticticalis) to moderate infestations at 0.05 lb ai/a. Apply in furrow or in a Garden webworm (Achyra rantalis) 3- to 4-inch T-Band (band over open furrow) in a minimum of 3 to 5 gal/a water. PHI 50 days. Do not apply more than 0.15 lb Pest description and crop damage Olive-green larvae up to 1.5 ai/a per season (at planting/foliar applications). inches long, marked with black dots and both dark and light stripes –– (Mustang Maxx) at planting, 0.025 lb ai/a. Suppression only. For down the back and along sides. If disturbed, larvae hang from light to moderate infestations only. Make a 3 to 4 inch T-Band leaves by silk threads. at planting in a minimum of 3 to 5 gal per acre. 50 day PHI for Feeding initially appears as small transparent “windows” eaten tops or roots. Do not apply more than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. from the undersides of leaves; later, it progresses to raggedly REI 12 hr. skeletonized and dirty, webbed leaves, especially midseason. Adult (fly) control Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac CS) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 50 for webworm insecticide treatment decisions. Consider treatment days. REI 12 hr. Apply by air or ground equipment using sufficient if infestation levels average one to two webworm larvae on half water to obtain full coverage of foliage (minimum of 2 gallons per acre by air and 10 gal per acre by ground). Apply no more than the plants. Monitor infestations closely, because webworms can 0.075 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze or harvest treated sugar beet defoliate plants rapidly. tops for livestock feed. Management—biological control ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Eraser, Govern 4E, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75WG, ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana (live spores of an insect-killing fungus; Nufos 4E, Pilot 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma 4E, and others) various strains)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. Typically at 0.25 to 0.5 lb ai/a broadcast –or– Lorsban Advanced, Vulcan at requires 7 to 10 days after first spray to see control. Begin 0.235 to 0.469 lb ai/a broadcast. PHI 30 days. Apply anytime from treatment at first appearance of pest. Reapply as necessary. 7-days before until 3-days after peak adult emergence in order ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari – live spores of an insect- to target adult flies present at time of application based on local killing bacterium)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. Biological field monitoring. Reduce potential for development of insecticide insecticide most effective against small, newly hatched larvae. resistance by (1) avoid making more than two applications of No contact action; larvae must eat treated leaves. Use a spreader- chlorpyrifos 4E per season when adults are active or (2) do not sticker. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. make more than 1 post-emergence application of chlorpyrifos ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Biobit HP, Dipel DF, Javelin, and 4E when adults are active if an organophosphate insecticide was others – live spores of an insect-killing bacterium)—See label for applied at planting. Do not let livestock graze in treated areas or rates. PHI 0 days. REI 4 hr. Biological insecticide most effective harvest treated beet tops as feed for meat or dairy animals within against small, newly hatched larvae. No contact action; larvae 30 days after last treatment. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. must eat treated leaves. Use a spreader-sticker. Some formulations ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/zeta-cypermethrin (Stallion Brand) at 0.278 lb are OMRI-listed for organic use. ai/a as post emergence broadcast or banded foliar spray for ♦♦ GS-omega/kappa-Hxtx-Hv1a (Spear LEP – peptide derived suppression only. Do not apply as an in-furrow treatment. PHI from spider venom)—See label for rates. Tank mix with Bacillus 50 days. REI 24 hr. Apply during peak adult emergence. Reduce thuringiensis products (Bts) to enhance control. PHI 0 days potential for development of insecticide resistance by (1) not making more than two applications of Stallion Brand per season Management—chemical control when adults are active or (2) not making more than one post- ♦♦ azadirachtin—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic emergence application of Stallion Brand when adults are active use. if an organophosphate insecticide (i.e., chlorpyrifos, phorate, or –– (Debug Trés) at 0.0375 to 0.1054 lb ai/a. terbufos) was applied at planting. Do not allow livestock to graze ♦♦ azadirachtin/pyrethrins (Azera and Azera Pro) at 0.0125 to 0.025 in treated areas or harvest treated beet tops as feed for meat or lb ai/a, and up to 0.044 lb ai/a under extremely heavy infestation. dairy animals within 50 days after last treatment. RESTRICTED Dilution in a minimum of 30 gal of water per acre is recommended USE IN OREGON. for conventional equipment. May be applied by air at the rate of ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL and S-fenvaloStar, Zyrate) at 0.03 to 0.0125 to 0.025 lb ai/a in a minimum of 25 gal of water. Do not 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. Do not apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a per repeat more than every 5 to 7 days. OMRI-listed for organic use. season. Apply with ground or air equipment using enough water ♦♦ carbaryl (Carbaryl 4L, Sevin 4F, Sevin XLR Plus, Sevin 80 (at least 2 gal/a) for uniform coverage. Solupak, and others) at 1 to 1.5 lb ai/a. PHI 28 days. For Carbaryl ♦♦ naled (Dibrom 8 Emulsive) at 0.94 lb ai/a. PHI 2 days. REI 48 hr. 4L, Sevin 4F, and Sevin XLR Plus, do not apply more than a total Recommendation as permitted under FIFRA Section 2(ee). Do not of 3 lb ai/a per crop. For Sevin 80 Solupak, do not apply more apply more than 4.7 lb ai/a per season. than 4 lb ai/a per crop. ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin— ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Eraser, Govern 4E, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75WG, –– (Mustang) at 0.028 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days. Do not Nufos 4E, Pilot 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma 4E, and others) at apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a per season (at planting/foliar 0.5 to 1 lb ai/a broadcast, or 0.335 to 0.67 lb ai/a band application. applications). Apply with ground or air equipment using enough PHI 30 days. Do not let livestock graze in treated areas or harvest water to fully cover foliage. treated beet tops as feed for meat or dairy animals within 30 days –– (Mustang Maxx) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days for tops after last treatment. Apply band application as 5- to 7-inch spray; or roots. Do not apply more than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. REI lightly incorporate mechanically or with irrigation. Do not apply 12 hr. Apply by air or ground using minimum of 2 gal per acre more than 2 lb ai/a of the 75WG formulation per season or more by air and 10 gal per acre by ground. than 3 lb ai/a of the 4E formulation per season. Do not apply chlorpyrifos more than three times per season. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced, Vulcan) at 0.469 to 0.939 lb ai/a broadcast, or 0.313 to 0.626 lb ai/a band application. PHI 30 days.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B45 Do not let livestock graze in treated areas or harvest treated beet Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist for tops as feed for meat or dairy animals within 30 days after last white grub insecticide treatment decisions. There are no effective treatment. Apply band application as 5- to 7-inch spray; lightly “rescue” treatments that can be applied postemergence in sugar incorporate mechanically or with irrigation. Do not apply more beets for white grubs. than 2 lb ai/a of the 75WG formulation per season or more than 3 lb ai/a of the 4E formulation per season. Do not apply chlorpyrifos Management—biological control more than three times per season. RESTRICTED USE IN ♦♦ Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard 22WP, BotaniGard ES, Mycotrol OREGON. ESO, Mycotrol O, Mycotrol WPO – live spores of an insect- killing fungus; various strains)—See label for rates. PHI 0 days. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/zeta-cypermethrin (Stallion Brand) at 0.118 to 0.278 Typically requires 7 to 10 days after first spray to see control. lb ai/a as post emergence broadcast or banded foliar spray. Do not Begin treatment at first appearance of pest. Reapply as necessary. apply as an in-furrow treatment. PHI 50 days. REI 24 hr. Do not allow livestock to graze in treated areas or harvest treated beet Management—chemical control tops as feed for meat or dairy animals within 50 days after last ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac CS)—at-planting application at 0.025 treatment. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. lb ai/a. Apply in a 3- to 4-inch T-band over the open furrow at ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL, S-fenvaloStar, Zyrate) at 0.03 to 0.05 planting in a minimum of 3 to 5 gal/acre. PHI 50 days. lb ai/a. PHI 21 days. Apply as necessary but no more than 0.15 lb ♦♦ garlic oil (Garlic Barrier AG+)—See label for rates. Apply as ai/a per season. Apply with ground or air equipment using enough preventive repellent treatment prior to insect infestation. Make water (at least 2 gal/a) to cover uniformly. first application at crop emergence and repeat on a 10- to 14-day ♦♦ methomyl (Annihilate LV, Annihilate SP, Lannate LV, Lannate SP, schedule to maintain repellency effect. M1 LV, M1 SP, Nudrin LV, Nudrin SP) at 0.225 to 0.9 lb ai/a. PHI ♦♦ pyrethrins/Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard Maxx, Xpectro for roots 21 days or 30 days if tops are fed to livestock. REI 48 hr. OD)—See label for rates. Do not reapply for at least 3 days. In Do not apply more than 4.5 lb ai/a per crop or apply more than 10 case of extreme pest pressure, wait a minimum of 24 hr before times per crop. reapplying. Do not harvest until spray has dried. ♦♦ methoxyfenozide (Inspirato 2F, Intrepid 2F, Invertid 2F, ♦♦ terbufos (Counter CR Lock’n Load, Counter 20G Lock’n Load, Troubadour, Withstand, Zylo) at 0.12 to 0.25 lb ai/a. Apply at egg Counter 20G Smartbox, Counter 15G Lock’n Load, Counter 15G hatch or when signs of feeding occur. PHI 7 days. Smartbox) at 0.6 to 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row ft banded at planting. ♦♦ methoxyfenozide/spinetoram (Intrepid Edge) at 0.11 to 0.28 lb Apply in 5- to 7-inch band over the row and lightly incorporate. ai/a. Apply at egg hatch or first signs of feeding. PHI 7 days. One application per year. Do not place granules in direct contact ♦♦ neem oil (Terraneem EC)—See label for rates. OMRI-listed for with the seed. Do not exceed 2 lb ai/a. –or– Apply at 0.6 to 1.2 oz organic use. ai/1,000 row ft, modified in-furrow at planting. Apply in furrow, 2 to 3 inches behind seed drop zone after some soil has covered ♦♦ pyrethrins (Lynx EC 1.4, Lynx EC 5.0, PyGanic EC 1.4, Tersus)— the seed. One application per year. Do not place granules in direct See label for rates. REI 12 hr. PHI 0 days. Some formulations are contact with the seed. Do not exceed 2 lb ai/a. OMRI-listed for organic use. ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS)—Application only by commercial ♦♦ pyrethrins/Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard Maxx, Xpectro seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application. OD)—See label for rates. Do not reapply for at least 3 days. In case of extreme pest pressure, wait a minimum of 24 hr before ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin— reapplying. Do not harvest until spray has dried. –– (Mustang) at 0.05 lb ai/a planting application. Apply in furrow ♦♦ pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (Evergreen Crop Protection EC 60- or in a T-Band (band over open furrow) in a minimum of 3 to 6, Pyrenone, Pyronyl Crop Spray, and others)—See label for rates. 5 gal/a water. PHI 50 days. Do not apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a per season (at planting/foliar applications). ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin— –– (Mustang Maxx) at 0.025 lb ai/a planting application. Apply in- –– (Mustang) at 0.028 to 0.05 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days. Do not furrow or make a 3 to 4 inch T-Band at planting in a minimum apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a per season (at planting/foliar of 3 to 5 gal per acre. PHI 50 days for tops or roots. Do not applications). Apply with ground or air equipment with enough apply more than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. REI 12 hr. water to fully cover foliage. –– (Mustang Maxx) at 0.014 to 0.025 lb ai/a. PHI 50 days for tops or roots. Do not apply more than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. REI Sugar beet—Wireworm 12 hr. Apply by air or ground using minimum of 2 gal per acre Sugar beet wireworm (Limonius californicus) by air and 10 gal per acre by ground. Pacific Coast wireworm (Limonius canus) Pest description and crop damage Smooth, hard-bodied, Sugar beet—White grub cylindrical, shiny tan “worms” about 1 inch long when mature. Scarabaeidae They have 3 pairs of small, thin legs behind the head; last abdominal segment with characteristic “keyhole” notch. Damage from larval Pest description and crop damage Robust, C-shaped larvae of feeding appears as seed destruction during germination. On older June beetles, 0.125 to 1.25 inches long, with a brown head capsule plants, wireworms scar and channel the taproot surface as well as and prominent jointed legs. The body is an overall dirty white, but chew winding tunnels into the taproot. the last abdominal segments are blue-black internally. Damage from larval feeding appears as severed (cut) taproots in early season and Sugar beets following grassy pastures are at highest risk for as surface cavities on taproots later during the season. wireworm infestations, because, like white grubs, wireworms prefer grasses for egg laying and larval feeding, and wireworm larvae Infestations are most likely when sugar beets follow grassy require 2 to 4 years for egg-to-adult development. Corn or cereals in pastures. Grasses are the preferred host plants both for oviposition rotation with sugar beets also increase the probability of wireworm and larval feeding. Some species require two or more years for infestations, especially if reduced tillage in rotational crops leaves egg-to-adult development, so old pasture can be infested with high amounts of organic matter and crop residues in the soil. substantial populations of last-stage (large) grubs that are especially damaging to seedling sugar beet plants.

B46 PNW Insect Management Handbook Scouting and thresholds No formal economic thresholds exist for wireworm insecticide treatment decisions. In problem fields, use wireworm seed treatments for cereal crops grown in rotation with sugar beets. There are no effective “rescue” treatments that can be applied postemergence in sugar beets for wireworms. Use field Sunflower Pests history and wireworm baiting stations to determine need for at- planting insecticide treatment against wireworms. Timothy Waters Management—chemical control Latest revision—March 2021 ♦♦ 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone II) and 1,3-dichloropropene/ chloropicrin (Telone C-17, Telone C-35)—Preplant soil fumigants. ♦♦ alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac CS)—at-planting application at 0.025 In all cases, follow the instructions on the pesticide label. The PNW lb ai/a. Apply in a 3- to 4-inch T-band over the open furrow at Insect Management Handbook has no legal status, whereas the planting in a minimum of 3 to 5 gal/acre. PHI 50 days. pesticide label is a legal document. Read the product label before ♦♦ azadirachtin—Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. making any pesticide applications. –– (Debug Trés) at 0.0375 to 0.1054 lb ai/a ♦♦ azadirachtin/pyrethrins (Azera, Azera Pro) at 0.0125 to Protect pollinators: See How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from 0.025 lb ai/a, and up to 0.044 lb ai/a under extremely heavy Pesticides. infestation. Dilution in a minimum of 30 gal of water per acre is recommended for conventional equipment. May be applied by air Hybrid sunflowers are largely self-pollinating, but insect activity at the rate of 0.0125 to 0.025 lb ai/a in a minimum of 25 gal of can increase seed yield. Most insecticides labeled for sunflowers water. Do not repeat more than every 5 to 7 days. OMRI-listed for are highly toxic to bees, so pest management programs should organic use. be conducted to prevent bee mortality. Spray applications should ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 15G, Lorsban 15G Smartbox, Pilot 15G, be restricted to very early morning or, preferably, late evening. Saurus) at 1.5 to 2 lb ai/a at planting. Suppression only. REI 24 Insecticides should not be applied to sunflowers in bloom until area hr. Do not apply granules in direct contact with seeds. Do not beekeepers have been notified and allowed to remove bee hives apply more than once per year. Apply in 4- to 5-inch band and from the area. incorporate into the top 0.5 to 1 inch of soil. ♦♦ clothianidin (NipsIt INSIDE, Lumisure)—Application only by Note: Products are listed in alphabetical order and not in order of commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application. preference or superiority of pest control. ♦♦ clothianidin/Bacillus firmus I-1582 (Poncho/Votivo) Application only by commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment. Sunflower—Banded sunflower moth ♦♦ clothianidin/beta-cyfluthrin (Poncho Beta)—Application only by Cochylis hospes commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application. ♦♦ garlic oil (Garlic Barrier AG+)—See label for rates. Apply as Pest description and crop damage The adult has a dark band preventive repellent treatment prior to insect infestation. Make across yellowish tan forewings. The wingspan is about 0.5 inch. first application at crop emergence and repeat on a 10- to 14-day Early instar larvae are off-white; late instar larvae are pinkish to schedule to maintain repellency effect. red with a brown head capsule. Sunflower heads are susceptible to ♦♦ imidacloprid (Agrisolutions Nitro Shield, Agristar Macho 600 infestation only during flowering. Larvae feed in the florets until the ST, Attendant 480 FS, Axcess Insecticide Seed Treatment, third instar, then tunnel into the seed. The larva usually enters near Dyna-Shield Imidacloprid 5, Gaucho 480 Flowable, Gaucho 600 the top of the seed and leaves through the same opening after eating Flowable, Senator 600FS, Sharda 5SC, and others)—Application the contents. Each larva may destroy five to seven seeds. Areas of only by commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment silken webbing on mature sunflower heads indicate the presence of application. banded sunflower moth larvae. ♦♦ terbufos (Counter CR Lock’n Load, Counter 20G Lock’n Load, Management—cultural and biological control Counter 15G Lock’n Load, and others) at 0.6 to 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row ft banded at planting. Apply in 5- to 7-inch band over the row Deep plowing sunflower stubble in fall in Manitoba reduced moth and lightly incorporate to 1 inch. One application per year. Do not emergence the following season by about 80 percent. Research place granules in direct contact with seed. Do not exceed 2 lb ai/a. in North Dakota suggested that delaying planting sunflower until PHI 110 days –or– Apply at 0.6 to 1.2 oz ai/1,000 row ft, modified late May or early June may reduce infestation levels of the banded in-furrow, at planting. Apply in furrow, 2 to 3 inches behind seed sunflower moth. Parasitic wasps attack both the eggs and larvae of drop zone, after some soil has covered the seed. One application the moth, and general predators in the sunflower field consume both per year. Do not place granules in direct contact with seed. Do not larvae and eggs. exceed 2 lb ai/a. Management—chemical control ♦♦ thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS)—Application only by commercial seed treaters; no on-farm seed-treatment application. Banded sunflower moths tend to congregate around field margins ♦♦ zeta-cypermethrin— just before plants flower. Treating field margins at this time can –– (Mustang) at planting, 0.05 lb ai/a. Apply in furrow or in a significantly reduce adults and minimize insecticide treatment costs T-Band (band over open furrow) in at least 3 to 5 gal/a water. and impacts on pollinators. PHI 50 days. Do not apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a per season (at ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (several brands)—Consult label for rate. planting/foliar applications). PHI 0 days. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. –– (Mustang Maxx) at planting, 0.025 lb ai/a. Apply in-furrow or ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (numerous products) at 0.5 to 0.75 lb ai/a. Two make a 3 to 4 inch T-Band at planting in a minimum of 3 to 5 treatments are permitted at 7-day intervals. Do not graze or feed gal per acre. PHI 50 days for tops or roots. Do not apply more treated forage. PHI 42 days. REI 24 hr. RESTRICTED USE IN than 0.075 lb ai/a per season. REI 12 hr. OREGON.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B47 ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/lambda-cyhalothrin (Cobalt Advanced) at 16 to 38 fl ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 0.02 to 0.05 lb ai/a. A total of 0.132 lb oz/a. Do not graze or feed treated forage. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. ai/a may be applied per season. PHI 28 days. REI 12 hr. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis) at 0.0075 to 0.0125 lb ai/a. Do not ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Prevathon) at 8 to 20 fl oz/a. Do not apply apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season or more than 0.09 lb ai/a more than 0.2 lb ai/a of chlorantraniliprole per season. PHI 21 after bloom begins. Less product is allowed if other cyfluthrin days. REI 4 hr. compounds are used; see label. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. ♦♦ cyanatraniliprole (Exirel) at 7 to 13.5 fl oz/a. Do not apply more ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 0.02 to 0.03 lb ai/a. Do not than 0.4 lb ai/a of cyantraniliprole per season. PHI 7 days. REI 12 apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season or more than 0.09 lb ai/a hr. after bloom begins. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. ♦♦ deltamethrin (Delta Gold 1.5 EC) at 0.012 to 0.018 lb ai/a. Do not ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/chlorantraniliprole (Besiege) at 5 to 8 fl apply more than 0.045 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze or feed oz/a. Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season of lambda- treated foliage to livestock. PHI 21 days. REI 12 hr. cyhalothrin or more than 0.2 lb ai/a of chlorantraniliprole. PHI 45 ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 0.03 to 0.05 lb ai/a. Do not exceed 0.2 days. REI 24 hr. lb ai/a per season. PHI 28 days. REI 12 hr. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis) at 0.01 to 0.015 lb ai/a. Do not Sunflower—Grasshopper apply more than 0.06 lb ai/a or more than 0.045 lb ai/a after bloom Several species begins. Less product is allowed if other cyhalothrin pesticides are used; see label. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. Management—chemical control ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 0.02 to 0.03 lb ai/a. Do not ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.016 to 0.022 lb ai/a. A apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season or more than 0.09 lb ai/a maximum of 0.22 lb ai/a per 7 days or 0.066 lb ai/a per season. after bloom begins. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. PHI (pregrazing and preforaging) 30 days. REI 12 hr. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/chlorantraniliprole (Besiege) at 6 to 10 fl ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (numerous products) at 0.5 lb ai/a. Do not graze or oz/a. Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season of lambda- feed treated forage. PHI 42 days. REI 24 hr. RESTRICTED USE cyhalothrin or more than 0.2 lb ai/a of chlorantraniliprole. PHI 45 IN OREGON. days. REI 24 hr. ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Prevathon) at 8 to 20 fl oz/a. Do not apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a of chlorantraniliprole per season. PHI 21 days. REI 4 hr. Sunflower—Cutworm ♦♦ deltamethrin (Delta Gold 1.5 EC) at 0.012 to 0.018 lb ai/a. Do not Includes apply more than 0.045 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze or feed Darksided cutworm (Euxoa messoria) treated foliage to livestock. PHI 21 days. REI 12 hr. Dingy cutworm (Feltia jaculifera) ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 0.03 to 0.05 lb ai/a. Do not exceed 0.2 Redbacked cutworm (Euxoa ochrogaster) lb ai/a per season. PHI 28 days. REI 12 hr. Pest description and crop damage Forewings of the darksided ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis) at 0.01 to 0.015 lb ai/a. Do not cutworm are usually light, powdery, and grayish brown with apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season or more than 0.09 lb ai/a indistinct markings. Larvae are pale brown dorsally and white on after bloom begins. Less product is allowed if other cyfluthrin the ventral areas, with indistinct stripes on the sides. Redbacked compounds are used; see label. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. cutworm adults have reddish brown forewings with bean-shaped ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 0.02 to 0.03 lb ai/a. Do not markings. Larvae are dull gray to brown with two dull reddish apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season or more than 0.09 lb ai/a stripes along the back. Dingy cutworm adults have dark brown after bloom begins. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. forewings with bean-shaped markings. Hind wings of the male are ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/chlorantraniliprole (Besiege) at 6 to 10 fl. whitish with a broad, dark outer margin; hind wings of the female oz/a. Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season of lambda- are uniform dark gray. Larvae are dull brown with pale shading cyhalothrin or more than 0.2 lb ai/a of chlorantraniliprole. PHI 45 along the back. Cutworm damage normally consists of stems cut days. REI 24 hr. 1 inch below the soil surface to as much as 1 to 2 inches above the soil surface. Young leaves may be severely chewed by cutworms that climb up to feed on plant foliage. Sunflower—Seed weevil Economic threshold Treatment is recommended at one cutworm Includes Gray seed weevil (Smicronyx sordidus) per sq ft or when significant plant stand loss is noted. Red sunflower seed weevil (Smicronyx fulvus) Management—chemical control Pest description and crop damage Larvae of both species are ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.007 to 0.013 lb ai/a. A small (0.12 inch long), cream-colored, legless and C-shaped. Red maximum of 0.22 lb ai/a per 7 days or 0.066 lb ai/a per season. sunflower seed weevil adults are 0.1 inch long and reddish brown. PHI (pre-grazing and pre-foraging) 30 days. REI 12 hr. Adults of the gray sunflower seed weevil are slightly larger (0.14 ♦♦ carbaryl (Sevin) at 1 to 1.5 lb ai/a. PHI 60 days. REI 24 hr. inch long) than red sunflower seed weevil and gray. Red sunflower ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (numerous products) at 1 lb ai/a. Do not apply seed weevils usually only partially consume seeds but separating chlorpyrifos again within 10 days of the first application. undamaged from weevil-damaged seed is difficult. Most larvae drop Do not graze or feed treated forage. PHI 42 days. REI 24 hr. from the head to the soil after completing their development, but a RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. small percentage may remain in the seed to pupate, and those can ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/lambda-cyhalothrin (Cobalt Advanced) at 16 to 38 fl cause heating and moisture problems at harvest and bin-filling time. oz/a. Do not graze or feed treated forage. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. Growers who find a seed weevil infestation should delay harvest to RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. allow most weevil larvae to leave the seeds. Seeds infested by the ♦♦ deltamethrin (Delta Gold 1.5 EC) at 0.012 to 0.018 lb ai/a. Do not gray seed weevil lack a kernel and seeds may be lost during harvest, apply more than 0.045 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze or feed treated foliage to livestock. PHI 21 days. REI 12 hr.

B48 PNW Insect Management Handbook due to their light weight. Because of the gray sunflower seed ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 0.02 to 0.03 lb ai/a. Do not weevil’s low population levels and low fecundity, it usually does apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season or more than 0.09 lb ai/a not cause economic damage, especially in oil sunflower fields. after bloom begins. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/chlorantraniliprole (Besiege) at 6 to 10 fl Economic threshold Economic thresholds vary with differences in oz/a. Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season of lambda- plant population, insecticide and application cost, and sunflower’s cyhalothrin or more than 0.2 lb ai/a of chlorantraniliprole. PHI 45 market price. days. REI 24 hr. Management—chemical control ♦♦ beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) at 0.016 to 0.022 lb ai/a. A maximum of 0.22 lb ai/a per 7 days or 0.066 lb ai/a per season. Sunflower—Sunflower beetle PHI (pre-grazing and pre-foraging) 30 days. REI 12 hr. Zygogramma exclamationis ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (numerous products) at 0.5 lb ai/a. Do not graze or Pest description and crop damage Adults resemble Colorado feed treated forage. PHI 42 days. REI 24 hr. RESTRICTED USE potato beetle. The head is reddish brown, and the thorax is pale IN OREGON. cream with a reddish-brown patch at the base. Each wing cover ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/lambda-cyhalothrin (Cobalt Advanced) at 16 to 38 fl has three dark stripes that extend the length of the back. A shorter, oz/a. Do not graze or feed treated forage. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. lateral stripe ends at the middle of the wing in a small dot that RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. resembles an exclamation point. The adult is 0.25 to 0.5 inch long. ♦♦ cyanatraniliprole (Exirel) at 10 to 20.5 fl oz/a. Do not apply more Larvae are yellowish green, humpbacked, and about 0.35 inch at than 0.4 lb ai/a of cyantraniliprole per season. PHI 7 days. REI 12 maturity. Adult sunflower beetles damage plants soon after they hr. emerge from hibernation. Damage to cotyledons is generally slight, but the first true leaves may be severely damaged or completely ♦♦ deltamethrin (Delta Gold 1.5 EC) at 0.012 to 0.018 lb ai/a. Do not apply more than 0.045 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze or feed consumed. Fields may be severely defoliated if beetles are treated foliage to livestock. PHI 21 days. REI 12 hr. numerous. Larvae of the sunflower beetle cause damage by chewing holes in the leaves. ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 0.03 to 0.05 lb ai/a. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ai/a per season. PHI 28 days. REI 12 hr. Management—chemical control ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 0.02 to 0.03 lb ai/a. Do not ♦♦ carbaryl (numerous formulations of Sevin) at 1 to 1.5 lb ai/a. Do apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season or more than 0.09 lb ai/a not apply within 30 days of grazing or harvest for forage. PHI 60 after bloom begins. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. days. REI 12 hr. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/chlorantraniliprole (Besiege) at 6 to 10 fl ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (numerous products) at 0.5 to 0.75 lb ai/a. Do oz/a. Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season of lambda- not graze or feed treated forage. PHI 42 days. REI 24 hr. cyhalothrin or more than 0.2 lb ai/a of chlorantraniliprole. PHI 45 RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. days. REI 24 hr. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/lambda-cyhalothrin (Cobalt Advanced) at 16 to 38 fl oz/a. Do not graze or feed treated forage. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. Sunflower—Stem weevil RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 0.015 to 0.03 lb ai/a. Do not exceed Black sunflower stem weevil(Apion occidentale) 0.2 lb ai/a per season. PHI 28 days. REI 12 hr. Sunflower stem weevil (Cylindrocopturus adspersus) ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/chlorantraniliprole (Besiege) at 5 to 8 fl Pest description and crop damage Black stem weevil adults are oz/a. Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season of lambda- black and 0.1 inch from snout tip to abdomen tip. The very narrow cyhalothrin or more than 0.2 lb ai/a of chlorantraniliprole. PHI 45 snout protrudes forward from the head, which is small in relation days. REI 24 hr. to the rather large, almost globose body. Larvae are 0.1 to 0.12 inch long at maturity, C-shaped, and yellowish. Sunflower stem weevil adults are about 0.19 inch long and grayish brown with white spots Sunflower—Sunflower maggot of various shapes on wing covers and thorax. The snout, eyes, and Gymnocarena diffusa antennae are black. Larvae are 0.25 inch long at maturity. They are Pest description and crop damage The adult fly is 0.5 inch long: creamy white with a small, brown head capsule, usually found in a eyes are bright green and wings have a yellow-brown mottle. C-shape in the sunflower stalk. High infestations (25 per stem) of Significant yield losses have not been demonstrated for this insect stem weevils interfere with nutrient and water transport, stressing and treatment is generally not considered necessary. the crop and reducing seed yield and oil content. Both species may transmit Phoma (black stem) disease. Management—chemical control ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/lambda-cyhalothrin (Cobalt Advanced) at 22 to 38 fl Management—chemical control oz/a. Do not graze or feed treated forage. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. ♦♦ carbaryl (Sevin) at 1.0 to 1.5 lb ai/a. PHI 60 days. REI 24 hr. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (numerous products) at 0.5 to 0.75 lb ai/a. Do ♦♦ deltamethrin (Delta Gold 1.5 EC) at 0.012 to 0.018 lb ai/a. Do not not graze or feed treated forage. PHI 42 days. REI 24 hr. apply more than 0.045 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze or feed RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. treated foliage to livestock. PHI 21 days. REI 12 hr. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/lambda-cyhalothrin (Cobalt Advanced) at 16 to 38 fl ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 0.03 to 0.05 lb ai/a. Repeat as oz/a. Do not graze or feed treated forage. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. necessary for control. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ai/a per season. PHI 28 RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. days. REI 12 hr. ♦♦ deltamethrin (Delta Gold 1.5 EC) at 0.012 to 0.018 lb ai/a. Do not ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis) at 0.01 to 0.15 lb ai/a. Do not apply apply more than 0.045 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze or feed more than 0.06 lb ai/a or more than 0.045 lb ai/a after bloom treated foliage to livestock. PHI 21 days. REI 12 hr. begins. Less product is allowed if other cyfluthrin compounds are ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 0.03 to 0.05 lb ai/a. Do not exceed 0.2 used; see label. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. lb ai/a per season. PHI 28 days. REI 12 hr.

PNW Insect Management Handbook B49 ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 0.02 to 0.03 lb ai/a. Do not ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/chlorantraniliprole (Besiege) at 6 to 10 fl apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season or more than 0.09 lb ai/a oz/a. Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season of lambda- after bloom begins. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. cyhalothrin or more than 0.2 lb ai/a of chlorantraniliprole. PHI 45 ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/chlorantraniliprole (Besiege) at 6 to 10 fl days. REI 24 hr. oz/a. Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season of lambda- cyhalothrin or more than 0.2 lb ai/a of chlorantraniliprole. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. (Adult only) Sunflower—Woolly bear caterpillar (Isabella tiger moth) Sunflower—Sunflower moth Black banded woolly bear (Pyrrhactica isabella) Homoeosoma electellum Pest description Adults have tan wings with faint black spots and black spots on the back of the abdomen. Larvae are fuzzy, with Pest description and crop damage The adult is shiny gray to black bands at the front and rear and a reddish band in the middle. grayish tan, with a wingspan of about 0.75 inch. Each forewing has Larvae are generalist plant feeders. a small, dark dot near the center and two or three small, dark dots near the leading margin. Wings at rest are held tightly to the body, Management—chemical control giving the moth a somewhat cigar shape. The larva has alternate ♦♦ carbaryl (Sevin) at 1 to 1.5 lb ai/a. PHI 60 days. REI 24 hr. dark and light longitudinal stripes on a light brown body and is ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (numerous products) at 0.5 to 0.75 lb ai/a. Two about 0.75 inch long at maturity. Young larvae feed primarily on treatments are permitted at 7-day intervals. Do not graze or feed florets and pollen; older larvae tunnel through immature seeds treated forage. PHI 42 days. REI 24 hr. RESTRICTED USE IN and other parts of the head. A single larva may feed on from three OREGON. to 12 seeds and forms tunnels in both the seeds and head tissue. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/lambda-cyhalothrin (Cobalt Advanced) at 16 to 38 fl Larvae spin silken threads which bind with dying florets and frass oz/a. Do not graze or feed treated forage. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. to give the head a trashy appearance. Severe larval infestations can RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. cause 30 to 60 percent loss; in some cases, the entire head can be ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 0.03 to 0.05 lb ai/a. Do not exceed 0.2 destroyed. lb ai/a per season. PHI 28 days. REI 12 hr. Economic threshold Chemical control is recommended at one to ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 0.02 to 0.03 lb ai/a. Do not two adults per five plants at the onset of bloom or within 7 days of apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season or more than 0.09 lb ai/a the adult moth’s first appearance. Fields in bloom or that bloom 2 after bloom begins. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. weeks or more after the first adult moth appearance have very low ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin/chlorantraniliprole (Besiege) at 6 to 10 fl potential for damage despite the presence of moths in threshold oz/a. Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season of lambda- numbers. Pheromone traps are available to scout for this pest. cyhalothrin or more than 0.2 lb ai/a of chlorantraniliprole. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. Management—chemical control ♦♦ Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (several brands)—Consult label for For more information: rate. PHI 0 days. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic Knodel, J., Charlet, L., and Gavloski, J. Integrated Pest Management use. of Sunflower Insect Pests In the Northern Great Plains. 2015. North ♦♦ carbaryl (Sevin) at 1.0 to 1.5 lb ai/a. PHI 60 days. REI 24 hr. Dakota State University Extension Service. E- 1457. https://www. ♦♦ chlorpyrifos (numerous products) at 0.5 to 0.75 lb ai/a. Two ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/integrated-pest-management-of- treatments are permitted at 7-day intervals. Do not graze or feed sunflower-insect-pests-in-the-northern-great-plains/e1457.pdf treated forage. PHI 42 days. REI 24 hr. RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. Sloderbeck, P., Assefa, G., Michaud, J., Peiars, F., and Hein, G. Insect Pest Identification and Control. 2009. In: High Plains ♦♦ chlorpyrifos/lambda-cyhalothrin (Cobalt Advanced) at 16 to 38 fl Sunflower Production Handbook. Kansas State University. MF- oz/a. Do not graze or feed treated forage. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. 2384. https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF2384.pdf RESTRICTED USE IN OREGON. ♦♦ chlorantraniliprole (Prevathon) at 8 to 20 fl oz/a. Do not apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a of chlorantraniliprole per season. PHI 21 days. REI 4 hr. ♦♦ cyanatraniliprole (Exirel) at 7 to 13.5 fl oz/a. Do not apply more than 0.4 lb ai/a of cyantraniliprole per season. PHI 7 days. REI 12 hr. ♦♦ deltamethrin (Delta Gold 1.5 EC) at 0.012 to 0.018 lb ai/a. Do not apply more than 0.045 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze or feed treated foliage to livestock. PHI 21 days. REI 12 hr. ♦♦ esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 0.03 to 0.05 lb ai/a. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ai/a per season. REI 12 hr. PHI 28 days. ♦♦ gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis) at 0.01 to 0.015 lb ai/a. Do not apply more than 0.06 lb ai/a or more than 0.045 lb ai/a after bloom begins. Less product is allowed if other cyfluthrin compounds are used; see label. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr. ♦♦ lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) at 0.02 to 0.03 lb ai/a. Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season or more than 0.09 lb ai/a after bloom begins. PHI 45 days. REI 24 hr.

B50 PNW Insect Management Handbook when they become crowded. In the fall, winged males are produced which fly to overwintering hosts and mate with egg-laying females produced on that host. All species may undergo multiple overlapping generations per year. The cannabis aphid is found on the leaves Hemp Pests and stems of cannabis; while the root aphid is found below ground. Sometimes root aphids are associated with ants. Silvia I. Rondon, Richard Hilton, and D. Ira Thompson Scouting and thresholds Fields should be checked for aphids Latest revision—March 2021 at least weekly starting shortly after emergence. When plants are upright, the most effective scouting method is to shake plants above INCLUDES MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR beating sheets, beating trays, or white half gallon ice cream buckets. These sampling methods are to evaluate presence of aphids at a COMMERCIAL USE single point in time. In some varieties, the vines become very long and bushy and become intertwined, making scouting difficult. In In all cases, follow the instructions on the pesticide label. The PNW this case, a leaf sampling might be useful. There are no established Insect Management Handbook has no legal status, whereas the treatment thresholds for aphids. pesticide label is a legal document. Read the product label before Management—biological control making any pesticide applications. Hemp can harbor large numbers of generalist predators that feed on aphids. These include the Hemipteran bugs: Orius pirate bug, Geocoris big-eyed bug, and Nabis damsel bug. Other common There are limited chemical options for the control of pests in aphid predators include lady beetles and their larvae, lacewings, and hemp. It is essential to consult pesticide labels for rates, timings, syrphid flower fly larvae. Aphid-specific parasitoid wasps can also be safety precautions, plant-back restrictions, etc. prior to making common since fields are not treated with conventional insecticides. a recommendation or deciding on a treatment program. There are web resources available to search for labeled pesticides and Management—cultural control to see specimen labels of products. One source can be found at Purchase transplants from reliable sources. https://picol.cahnrs.wsu.edu/ which is a database of all pesticides registered in Washington and Oregon. Copies of almost all pesticide Management—chemical control labels can be found through the following sites. See: http://www.cdms.net/Label-Database Pesticide Table for Hemp Pests http://www.agrian.com/home/label-lookup/overview In addition, these companies offer searchable databases of products Hemp—Colorado potato beetle and which pests and crops are on their labels. These web resources Leptinotarsa decemlineata allow thorough research on pesticide products prior to making recommendations or treatment decisions. Pest description and crop damage The Colorado potato beetle (Order Coleoptera: Family Chrysomelidae) is a yellow and black For general information on hemp pests: striped beetle, about 0.5 inch long and 0.25 inch wide. It is a pest https://www.oregon.gov/oda/programs/hemp/pages/abouthemp.aspx of Solanaceous crops. Larvae are reddish orange, with two rows of https://agsci.oregonstate.edu/hemp black spots on each side. They lay yellow egg clusters usually on the underside of potato leaves. Adult and larvae can cause complete defoliation of potatoes and nearly complete crop loss if allowed Hemp—Aphids to reproduce unchecked. Larvae are more voracious than adults, Includes feeding up to 40 sq cm of leaves or green potato tissue. East of Cannabis aphid (Phorodon cannabis) the Cascades, they can be found feeding on hemp. No scouting or Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) thresholds needed since this is a sporadic insect present on hemp. Potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) For more information Root aphid (Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale) See: Pest description and crop damage Aphids (Order Hemiptera: Potato, Irish—Colorado potato beetle Family Aphididae) are soft-bodied insects with a pair of abdominal cornicles that exude sugary droplets. Green peach aphid and potato aphid are common aphid species in hemp west of the Cascades; the Hemp—Caterpillars cannabis and root aphids are common in west and southern Oregon. Includes: Potato aphid is more common in the spring and fall, while green Corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) peach aphid is prevalent in July and early August. Cannabis aphid Bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata) is common mid-season, while root aphid is mostly found early in Spotted cutworm (Xestra c-nigrum) the season and is usually associated with ants. Large populations of Alfalfa looper (Autographa californica) aphids can cause yield reductions through direct feeding. Aphids are Cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) good vector for pathogens although none reported affecting hemp. Pest description and crop damage Several species of moth Biology and life history Winged aphids arrive on hemp from weeds caterpillars (Order Lepidoptera: Family Noctuidae) can be found and various crops where they overwintered as nymphs and adults, and in hemp in the PNW. All these caterpillars or larvae have three pair from other unknown hosts. Potato aphid and green peach aphid feed of true legs behind their head. The corn earworm, armyworms, on many crops, weeds, and native plants. Throughout the growing and cutworms are varied in color but all have five pair of pro-legs season, aphids produce live young, all of which are female and can towards the rear end while larvae of both looper species appear as be either winged or wingless. Winged aphids tend to reproduce more green caterpillars with white longitudinal stripes and just have three

PNW Insect Management Handbook B51 pair of pro-legs at the rear end. They move in a looping fashion, like Hemp—Grasshoppers an inchworm. Includes The corn earworm is the most damaging of these caterpillars as it Spotted winged grasshopper (Orphulella pelidna) and others usually feeds in the buds and if the main stem is chewed on then Pest description and crop damage Many different grasshopper dieback of the inflorescence beyond the point of injury will occur. species (Order Orthoptera) live in areas near or where hemp is Loopers chew holes and ragged edges in hemp leaves. Damage to grown, especially eastern and southern Oregon. mature hemp plants from caterpillars other than corn earworm is usually minor and does not require control. See also: Hay and Pasture Crops Biology and life history Corn earworm feeds on a number of plant species and is a well known pest of corn and tomatoes. The corn Management—chemical control earworm caterpillars concentrate their feeding on fruiting structures. See Common Pests of Vegetable Crops for more information. See: Cutworms and armyworms feed on foliage. They overwinter as Pesticide Table for Hemp Pests medium-sized larvae and can extensively damage small plants early in the season. Some cutworms are active mostly at night and Hemp—Leafhoppers therefore are difficult to sample and monitor. Moths of loopers are Beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus) found from May through September. Other leafhoppers (Empoasca spp., Ceratagallia spp.) Scouting and thresholds Brown, dead, and fed upon areas in the Pest description and crop damage The most important leafhopper inflorescence are most often a sign of corn earworm activity. First (Order Hemiptera: Family Cicadellidae) for hemp producers sign of infestation by other caterpillars is holes in leaves, with in the PNW is the beet leafhopper, due to its ability to transmit infestations starting in early summer. Control of small larvae is phytoplasmas and viruses like beet curly top. This leafhopper easier than for big larvae. When plants are upright, caterpillars can varies in color but is always one of the smaller species and lacks easily be found during beating sheet/tray. There are no established prominent spots or other dorsal or head markings. See Potato, Irish treatment thresholds for corn earworm or defoliating caterpillars chapter for more details. in hemp. Unlike cutworms and armyworms, loopers remain on the foliage all day long and are found easily during normal scouting In addition, a wide diversity of leafhoppers can be found in hemp operations using a beating sheet/tray. Nonetheless, the most obvious fields. These leafhoppers are small, pale green, and torpedo-shaped. evidence of a looper infestation will be the feeding damage on the They hold their wings roof-like over the body at rest. Empoasca leaves and frass left behind. leafhoppers are rarely found in significant numbers in the PNW east of the Cascades. Other leafhoppers usually present is large numbers Pheromone traps can be used to monitor corn earworm in sweet is Ceratagallia. Its ecological role is unknown. corn fields but there are no current thresholds or guidelines regarding the use of pheromone traps in hemp. Scouting and thresholds For detailed information on monitoring beet leafhoppers using yellow sticky traps, see: http:// Management—biological control nwpotatoresearch.com/pdfs/PotatoProgressVIII(2).pdf. Although All these caterpillars are prey of many generalist predators in hemp protocol was designed to be used on potatoes, it could apply for fields, includingGeocoris big-eyed bugs, Nabis damsel bugs, and hemp. probably various species of ground beetles (Carabidae) and rove Management—biological control beetles (Staphylinidae) that inhabit hemp fields. They are also commonly attacked by various pathogens, parasitoids, and birds. Beet leafhoppers and leafhoppers in general are preyed upon by a Cabbage looper populations can be severely impacted by the specific parasitoid in the fly family Pipunculidae. disease caused by the Trichoplusia ni, nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Management—cultural control can spread rapidly in a population under certain conditions. Loopers dying from this disease often become limp, dark and blotchy, Controlling the favorite weed hosts of beet leafhopper is probably hanging in the foliage by their prolegs, and then burst, dripping the most important cultural management option although sometimes virus-laden fluids onto the foliage which infects other loopers. unpractical. Management—chemical control: Management—chemical control: See: See: Pesticide Table for Hemp Pests Pesticide Table for Hemp Pests

Hemp—Cucumber beetle Hemp—Leatherjacket Western spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata) Large crane fly (Tipula dorsimacula Walker) Pest description and crop damage The Western spotted cucumber Pest description and crop damage Larvae (Order Diptera: Family beetle (Order Coleoptera: Family Chrysomelidae) is yellowish Tipulidae) are about 1.5 inches long, gray or gray-brown, and green and 0.25 inch long, and has 11 black spots on its wing covers. wormlike. The head is retractable into the body, and there are no Adult cucumber beetles eat small holes in the leaves and flowers of legs. Larvae are common from late July through September and can many crops. They are commonly found feeding on hemp. Damage be found on small hemp plants feeding on foliage. The adult is a to mature hemp plants is usually minor and does not require control. good size fly about 1 inch long, resembling a giant mosquito with No scouting or thresholds are needed since this is a minor pest on an orange and black abdomen without evident mouth parts. Avoid hemp. See Common Pests of Vegetable Crops for more information. planting hemp near grasses or alfalfa. No control needed.

B52 PNW Insect Management Handbook Hemp—Lygus bug Hemp—Mite (Two-spotted) Includes Tarnished plant bug (Lygus hesperus, L. elysus, L. Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) keltoni) Pest description and crop damage Spider mites (Acari, Family Pest description and crop damage Adults (Order Hemiptera: Tetranychidae) are tiny, spider-like animals that produce webbing Family Miridae) are less than 0.25 inch long and marked with a and are generally found on the undersides of leaves. Mite damage in V-shaped or triangular mark on the back. Color ranges from light hemp is a minute stippling of the leaves and sometimes a bronzing. green to shades of brown or black. Nymphs are 0.04 to 0.25 inch Mites reproduce rapidly and can build up to unmanageable long, green or yellow-green, with black spots on the back. Adults populations in just a few days under the right conditions. The cause and nymphs damage plants by inserting their mouth parts into the of this population explosion is proximity to dusty roads and hot, dry plant tissue and sucking juices. Lygus are considered “cell feeders”. weather. Signs of damage include flagging of leaflets, leaves, or small stems. Adults and nymphs prefer to feed on the top third of the plant Biology and life history Spider mites overwinter in leaf litter canopy. and other debris on the soil surface. Twospotted spider mite has a very wide host range and in spring colonizes many weeds, crops, Biology and life history Lygus species, such as the tarnished and native plants. It thrives in hot weather and can build up large plant bug, feed on many different plants including weeds, crops, populations rapidly during summer. and native species. Alfalfa and quinoa fields often develop very large populations of lygus from which the insects may colonize Scouting and thresholds Mite management requires early hemp. Lygus can be found throughout the growing season and scouting. Initial mite infestations can be spotty within fields, are common throughout the PNW. There are usually three or four making it important to sample for mites in several locations in each generations each year. field. Because mites reproduce better on stressed plants, it is a good idea to check areas of fields that tend to be stressed for some reason Scouting and thresholds Lygus are easily found during normal (e.g., dry spots, low spots, and edges). There is no established scouting operations using a beating sheet/tray technique or with a treatment threshold for spider mites in hemp, but it is well-known vacuum sampler (i.e. inverted leaf blower) or by observing insect that treatments must be applied early in the infestation process to activity while walking through the crop. Both adults and nymphs achieve control. of all sizes are likely to be present at the same time. There are no established treatment thresholds for lygus in hemp. Management—biological control Spider mites are known to be strongly affected by predatory mites. Management—biological control Many species of insects are also known to feed on spider mites, Generalist predators in potatoes such as Geogoris, big-eyed bugs, including predatory bugs, thrips, lacewings, and ladybird beetles. and Nabis, damsel bugs, are known to prey on lygus adults and nymphs. There are also braconid wasp parasitoids attacking lygus Management—chemical control in the PNW. See: Pesticide Table for Hemp Pests Management—chemical control See: Pesticide Table for Hemp Pests Hemp—Stink bug Pentatomidae—several species Hemp—Mite (Russet) Pest description and crop damage Stink bug (Order Hemiptera: Hemp russet mite (Aculops cannabicola) Family Pentatomidae) damage is usually a flagging of leaflet, leaf, or stem and can cause small plants to wilt. Stink bugs are present on Pest description and crop damage Hemp russet mites (Acari, hemp in isolated pockets in the PNW. Family Eriophyidae) are elongate and very tiny, much smaller than spider mites, with adults being 0.2 mm in length. These mites have Biology and life history Stink bugs colonize hemp from other two pairs of legs located towards the head. This mite can build up crops and from native plant communities. Eggs are laid in masses of to high populations, especially in greenhouses. The most common a few dozen at a time. Nymphs (5 instars) can develop quickly and crop damage is foliage becoming off-color but curling of the leaf form large populations under the right conditions. It is not known if edge and stunting of bud growth have been reported. It has been they can complete a life cycle solely on hemp. reported west of the Cascade. Scouting and thresholds Detecting an infestation is rare. Stink bug Biology and life history The hemp russet mite is not well-studied adults and nymphs are both easily detected during normal scouting but it is in the same genus as the tomato russet mite. The life cycle operations using a beating sheet/tray. can be completed very rapidly under optimal conditions. These mites Management—biological control most likely stay on hemp plants continuously in the greenhouse environment. It is not clear if they have a dormant or semi-dormant Like many pests of hemp, stink bugs are preyed upon primarily by stage and if they can successfully overwinter outdoors. the various generalist predators present in most hemp fields. Scouting and thresholds Hemp russet mites can be observed by scanning the underside of the leaves with high magnification. There Hemp—Thrips are no established treatment thresholds for hemp russet mite. Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) and other species Management—chemical control: Pest description and crop damage Thrips are minute, slender See: bodied insects (0.5 to 1.0 mm in length). Wings may be present Pesticide Table for Hemp Pests or absent and are unlike normal insect wings; thrips wings are essentially thin rods lined with long hairs. Thrips feed on leaves

PNW Insect Management Handbook B53 by rasping plant cells and sucking out their contents. Thrips feed Management—chemical control: on leaves and flowers, but they prefer the underside of leaves. Use See: of a hand lens or magnifying glass will aid in their detection and Pesticide Table for Hemp Pests identification. Biology and life history Thrips have a complex life cycle in which the last two immature stages are hidden and non-feeding. During Hemp—Wireworm the growing season, there are many overlapping generations, with Includes Limonius spp., Agriotes spp., and other wireworm species a substantial portion of the population at any given time in one of Pest description and crop damage Wireworms (Order the non-feeding stages, largely protected from pesticides and other Coleoptera: Family Elateridae) are the most important soil- management tactics. This, and the fact that thrips eggs are laid dwelling pests infesting crops in the PNW. The adults, known as inside plant tissue, makes thrips very difficult to control since they click beetles, do little or no damage; they feed on flowers. The rebound quickly as new adults and nymphs emerge daily from these larval or immature stages cause major damage to seedlings and hidden places. the underground portions of many annual crops, including hemp. Scouting and thresholds Monitoring for thrips is important The larvae are shiny white at first, but later become straw color or because catching a population build-up early is necessary to light brown. They look wiry and are about 1 inch long when mature achieving effective control. There are no established thresholds or depending on species. scouting techniques for thrips in hemp. Beating sheet/tray technique See: can detect thrips, but it is unclear how accurately this sampling can Potato, Irish—Wireworm estimate population size. Biology and life history Depending on species, wireworms may Management—biological control require two to six years to mature. They overwinter 12 to 24 inches Thrips are food to many generalist predators, especially Orius spp., deep in the soil and return near the surface in spring to resume and just as in the case of aphids, preservation of predatory insects feeding. Mature larvae pupate in the soil, developing into adults and spiders via careful use of insecticides can reduce the risk of that will remain in the soil until the following spring, when they damaging thrips populations. emerge, mate, and lay eggs. Because the female beetles fly very little, infestations do not spread rapidly from field to field. Soil Management—chemical control temperature is important to wireworm development and control. See: Larvae start to move upward in the spring, when soil temperature Pesticide Table for Hemp Pests at the 6 inch depth reaches 50°F. Later in the season, when temperatures reach 80°F and above, the larvae tend to move deeper than 6 inches, where most remain until the following spring. For Hemp—Whitefly more information, see https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/ Includes greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) pnw607 and https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em9166. In Pest description and crop damage Adults (Order Diptera: Family hemp, they can cause wilting in small plants, especially on fields Aleyrodidae) resemble tiny white moths about 0.1 inch long. that follow pastures. Immature forms look like scale insects and are completely sedentary Scouting and thresholds Ideally, the presence of wireworm in a after the first nymphal instar. Whiteflies rarely, if ever, require control field should be determined before using control measures. However, in PNW hemp fields. However, in hemp plants grown in greenhouses effectively determining wireworm density is difficult and/or for transplant, white flies can become a nuisance pest. impractical on the large fields that are the rule in many areas. Crop Biology and life history Greenhouse whitefly is a common pest sequence also is important; thus, planting a susceptible crop such as of many crops and ornamental plants all over the world. Eggs are hemp immediately following pasture, grass hay, red clover, or grain laid individually on leaves, the immature stages remaining on is risky. In fields that are plowed deeply in the fall, wireworms will the same leaf throughout development. Therefore, larger whitefly turn up during plowing. They may be detected by following behind nymphs will be found on mid-canopy leaves. The final immature the plow and checking for them in the turned up soil. Fall plowing, stage is much like a pupa, with the adult developing inside the cast however, is becoming much less common. There are no established nymphal skin. Whiteflies have short generation times, with multiple treatment thresholds for wireworms in hemp. generations per season. Management—cultural and biological controls Scouting and thresholds As noted above, whiteflies rarely reach Crop rotation is an important tool for wireworm control. populations requiring control outdoors, reducing the importance Wireworms tend to increase rapidly among red and sweet clover of including them in scouting programs. Adult whiteflies are easy and small grains (particularly barley and wheat). Birds feeding to spot flying within the plant canopy. Whitefly nymphs are much in recently plowed fields destroy many wireworms. However, more difficult to measure – a leaf sampling scheme is required since in seriously infested fields this does not reduce the overall pest they are not dislodged during beating sheet/tray sampling. There population. There are no parasites or biological insecticides known is no established treatment threshold for whiteflies in PNW hemp to be effective in wireworm control. fields and they are generally not a pest outside of the greenhouse. For more information, see http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/28267. Management—biological control pdf Whiteflies are prey for many generalist predators as well as specific Management—chemical control parasitoids. This may partially explain the infrequency with which See: they become abundant in PNW potatoes. In greenhouses, Encarsia Pesticide Table for Hemp Pests formosa, which is commercially available, is an excellent biological control agent. It has not been tested in whiteflies affecting hemp.

B54 PNW Insect Management Handbook Pesticide Table for Hemp Pests

Much of the information below comes from the Oregon Department of Agriculture “Guide List for Pesticides and Cannabis” https://www. oregon.gov/oda/shared/Documents/Publications/PesticidesPARC/GuidelistPesticideCannabis.pdf (updated 9/16/20) For biological control agents and other biological treatments refer to “Biological Control of Nursery Pests” in the PNW Handbook: https://pnwhandbooks.org/sites/pnwhandbooks/files/insect/horticultural-landscape-ornamental/content/pdf/pdfs/nursery-bio-control.pdf

Insecticide Signal Restricted PHI Active Ingredient Trade Name Target Pest(s) REI Group Word Use? (days)

Many brands, and azadirachtin various insects -- Caution N 4 hr 0 formulations

azadirachtin, neem Debug (Agro Logistic various insects -- Caution N 4 hr 0 Systems)

azadirachtin, pyrethrins Azera (Valent) various insects 3A Warning N 12 hr 0

Bacillus thuringiensis Agree (Certis), caterpillar 11A Caution N 4 hr 0 var. aizawai XenTari (Valent)

Bacillus thuringiensis Many brands, and caterpillar 11A Caution N 4 hr 0 var. kurstaki formulations

Beauveria bassiana, BioCeres (BioSafe) aphid, whitefly, thrips, Lygus -- Caution N 4 hr 0 strain ANT

Beauveria bassiana, BotaniGard Maxx aphid, leafhopper, whitefly, -- Warning N 12 hr 0 strain ANT, pyrethrins (LAM International) thrips, Lygus, spider mite

Mycotrol (Bioworks), Botanigard ES, Beauveria bassiana, BoteGHA (LAM aphid, leafhopper, whitefly, -- Caution N 4 hr 0 strain GHA International) thrips various insects Botanigard, Mycotrol (Bioworks) Heat-killed Burkholderia aphid, caterpillar, corn Venerate CG and spp. strain A396 cells earworm, leafhopper, Venerate XC (Marrone - Caution N 4 hr 0 and spent fermentation mealybug, mites, thrips, Bio Innovations) media whitefly Grandevo CG and aphid, caterpillar, corn Chromobacterium Grandevo WDG earworm, leafhopper, subtsugae strain -- Caution N 4 hr 0 (Marrone Bio mealybug, mites, thrips, PRAA4-1T Innovations) whitefly Surround WP grasshopper, leafhopper, kaolin -- Caution N 4 hr 0 (Novasource) Lygus, spider mite Trilogy (Certis), Debug aphid, whitefly, thrips, spider neem oil ON (Agro Logistic -- Caution N 4 hr 0 mite Systems)

petroleum-derived oil Many brands leafhopper, mite, whitefly, -- Caution N 4 hr 0

potassium salts of fatty M-Pede (Gowan), leafhopper, Lygus, thrips, -- Warning N 12 hr 0 acids DES-X (Certis) mites, whitefly caterpillar, beetle, aphid, Many brands and essential oil extracts leafhopper, thrips, whitefly, -- Warning N 0 hr 0 formulations spider mite

Many brands and aphid, leafhopper, thrips, vegetable-derived oil -- Caution N 4 hr 0 formulations whitefly, spider mite

PNW Insect Management Handbook B55