THE

VIRGINIA TEACHER

INDEX

VOLUME I

FEBRUARY - DECEMBER, 1920

JAMES C. JOHNSTON, Editor CONRAD T. LOGAN, Associate Editor

HENRY A. CONVERSE, Business Manager

PUBLISHED BY

THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL

HARRISONBURG VIRGINIA INDEX The Teacher Shortage, pp. 61-65, Editorial: Just Begun, p. 257. VOLUME 1, THE VIRGINIA TEACHER DUNGAN, CARRIE M. AUTHORS What Should Be Accomplished in English ANTHONY, KATHERINE M. in the Elementary Schools, pp. 11-12. The Development of Personality in School How It All Came About: an Account of Children, pp. 31-35. a Project in Play-Writing, pp. 124-127. Making the Most of the School Enter- GIFFORD, WALTER J. ("W. J. G.") tainment, pp. 93-94. Grading by the Group, or General Merit Some New Keys to the King's Garden, System, vs. Grading by Percentages, pp. 148-151. pp. 7-11. A Study in Meredith's Psychology of Per- The Book of the Month; Bennett's The sonality, pp. 215-220. Junior High School, pp. 48-50. Way land's History of Virginia for Boys An Experiment in Co-operative Scale- and Girls, pp. 255-256. Making, pp. 91-93. BAUGH, ADA A Book of Outstanding Importance: Supervision of Rural School's, pp. 203- Briggs's The Junior High School, pp. 205. 222-224. BELL, MARY ISCAH ("M. I. B.") Educational Comment, pp. 257-258. Articles of Special Interest in the Month's Examinations, New and Old, Wise and Magazines, pp. 52-53, 106-107, 131-132, Otherwise, pp. 267-271. 226-227, 259-260. HARNSBERGER, CLARE BISHOP, LILLIE BELLE Sonnet Forms; an Essay, pp. 152-156. A Practical Plan for the Teaching of HEIDELBERG, ROSA PAYNE Phonics, pp. 12-13. Traditional Christmas Poods, pp. 278-279. BOWMAN, DICK HOFFMAN, MARGARET V. A Reading List from This Month's Mag- An Introductory Course in Latin: a azines (July), p. 163. Course-of-Study Project, pp. 95-97. BRINTON, GRACE HOLSINGER, C. K. The Real Objectives in Home Economics Teachers' Inaccuracies / in Marking Pa- Teaching, pp. 246-248. pers, pp. 179-182. BUCHANAN, VIRGINIA JOHNSTON, ALTHEA L. Community Life, History, and Civics in The Book of the Month: Gulick's A Phi- the Primary Grades, pp. 41-43. losophy of Play, pp. 78-79. CHAPPELEAR, GEORGE W. JOHNSTON, JAMES C. School Landscape Gardening, pp. 99-101. Perfecting the Ideal of General Science, CLERK, P. E. pp. 188-189. The Project-Problem Method: a Syllabus, KEISTER, WILLIAM H. pp. 74-75. Correspondence: The Use of the Public Schools for Training School Pur- CLEVELAND, ELIZABETH P. ("E. P. C.") poses, pp. 22-23. Wayland's Christ As a Teacher: an Appreciation, pp. 72-73. KIRKPATRICK, T. BRUCE Browning the Truth-Teller, pp. 271-273. Physical Education: From the Stand- The Book of the Month: Summey's Mod- point of "Adjustment," pp. 117-122. ern Punctuation, pp. 282-283. LEONARD, STERLING A. CONVERSE, HENRY A. The Teaching of Reading and Literature, The Use of the Textbook in Mathematics, pp. 143-148. pp. 35-37. LOGAN, CONRAD T. ("C. T. L.") CRITZER, NELL M. The Book of the Month: Courtis's Meas- Feature Articles of Interest to Educa- urement of Classroom Products, pp. tors in This Month's Magazines 129-131. (February), pp. 18-19. Educational Comment, pp. 129-131. A Book Party: Combining Pleasure with The Book of the Month: Trabue and Profit, pp. 45-46. Stockbridge's Measure Your Mind. What the April Magazines Are Featur- pp. 192-193. ing, pp. 79-80. McCLUNG, J. M. DAVIS, HAZEL Teaching Agriculture in the Rural School, People and Places of Fairfax County, pp. pp. 122-123. 38-41. MILLER, GEORGE FREDERICK DUKE, SAMUEL P. ("S. P. D.") The Trend of Educational Practise and Eductlonal Comment, pp. 20-22, 51-52, Ideas as Indicated at the Cleveland 75-78, 105-106, 194-195, 284-286. Meeting, February 23-28, pp. 65-68. SCRIBNER, EDNA Trabue and Stockbridge's Measure Your The American Legion, pp. 205-210. Mind, pp. 192-193: Conrad T. Logan. SEBBERT, MARGARET BOOK PARTY. A: COMBINING PLEASURE Organizing the Rural Junior High School, WITH PROFIT, pp. 45-46: Nell M. Crit- pp. 43-44. zer. SEEGER, MARY LOUISE BRIEF REVIEWS OP BOOKS OF VALUE The Niceties of Life and How to Teach TO TEACHERS, pp. 80-82, 109-110, 132- Them, pp. 243-246. 134, 166-168, 197-198, 228-231, 260^262, 287- SMITH, MILTON M. 289. Dancing Through English Literature, pp. BROWNING THE TRUTH-TELLER, pp. 271- 1-7. 273: Elizabeth P. Cleveland. A Fable for Fathers: Verse, pp. 68-70. COMMUNITY LIFE, HISTORY. AND CIVICS Local-Coloring Shakespeare, pp. 173-179. IN THE PRIMARY GRADES, pp. 41-43; The Rise of Democracy in Education in Virginia Buchanan. the United States, pp. 237-243. CORRESPONDENCE; An Illuminating Let- SPECK, S. FANNIE ter on Educational Matters and Its An- "Through Nature Up to Nature's God:" wer, pp. 47-48. an Appreciation, pp. 13-14. The Use of the Public Schools for Train- ing School Purposes, pp. 22-23: William SPILMAN, ETHEL H. Keister. The Project Method Applied to Geogra- phy, pp. 158-163. DANCING THROUGH ENGLISH LITERA- The Project Method Applied to Geogra- TURE, pp. 1-7: Milton M. Smith. phy: Lesson Plans, pp. 184-187. DEVELOPMENT OP PERSONALITY IN WALKER, LOUISE WATKINS SCHOOL CHILDREN, THE, pp. 31-35: How Reynard Fooled Bruin: a Third Katherine M. Anthony. Grade Gi'oup Composition, pp. 221- DISTRICT MEETING. MARCH 25, 26, 27, IN 222. HARRISONBURG, pp. 15 and 44. WAYLAND, JOHN W. EDITORIAL: A Teacher's Travels, pp. 102-104, 156-158, Just Begun, p. 257: Samuel P. Duke. 182-183, 212-215. The Extension of Our Magazine Service, Voices in Dreamland: a Song, p. 127. p. 20. EDUCATIONAL COMMENT, pp. 20-22, 51-52, WILSON, SARAH M. 75-78, 105-106, 194-195, 284-286: Samuel P. Some Advantages of Training for reach- Duke; pp. 257-258: Walter J. Gifford; pp. ing Home Economics, pp. 70-71. 129-131: Conrad T. Logan; pp. 164-166. YANCEY, MARY V. EXAMINATIONS, NEW AND OLD, WISE Rhyme Writing: an Experiment for the AND OTHERWISE, pp. 267-271; Walter Elementary Grades, pp. 211-212. J. Gifford. EXPERIMENT IN CO-OPERATIVE SCALE- MAKING, AN, pp. 91-93: Walter J. Gif- TITLES ford. ALUMNAE NEWS AND NOTES, pp. 29-30. FABLE FOR FATHERS, A; VERSE, pp. 68- 58-60, 86-90, 114-116, 140-142, 171, 201-202, 70: Milton M. Smith. 234-236, 265-266, 292-296. FEATURE ARTICLES OF INTEREST TO AMERICAN LEGION, THE, pp. 205-210: Edna EDUCATORS IN THIS MONTH'S MAG- Scribner. AZINES (FEBRUARY), pp. 18-19: Nell ANNUAL EDUCATIONAL CONFERENCE, M. Critzer. NOVEMBER 23-26, pp. 252-253. FOUNDER'S DAY AT HOLLINS—-HUN- ARTICLES OP SPECIAL INTEREST IN DREDTH ANNIVERSARY, p. 75. THE MONTH'S MAGAZINES, pp. 52-53 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING VIR- 106-107, 131-132, 226-227, 259-260: Mary GINIA ASSOCIATION OP WOMEN'S I. Bell. COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS: TENTA- BOOK OP THE MONTH, THE; TIVE PROGRAM, p. 73. Bennett's The Junior High School, pp. GRADING BY THE GROUP, OR GENERAL 48-50: Walter J. Gifford. MERIT, SYSTEM vs. GRADING BY Briggs's The Junior High School, pp. PERCENTAGES, pp. 7-11: Walter J. 222-224: Walter J. Gifford. Gifford. Courtis's Measurement of Classroom Products, pp. 16-17: Conrad T. Logan. HELPS FOR THE TEACHING OP VIRGINIA Gullck's A Philosophy of Play, pp. 78-79; HISTORY, pp. 249-252, 274-277. Althea L. Johnston. HOW IT ALL CAME ABOUT; AN ACCOUNT Summey's Modern Punctuation, pp. 282- OF A PROJECT IN PLAY-WRITING, pp. 283: Elizabeth P. Cleveland. 124-127; Carrie M. Dungan. HOW REYNARD FOOLED BRUIN: A THIRD RISE OP DEMOCRACY IN EDUCATION IN GRADE GROUP COMPOSITION, pp. 221- THE UNITED STATES, THE, pp. 237- 222: Louise Watkins Walker. 243; Milton M. Smith. INTRODUCTORY COURSE IN LATIN. AN" SCHOOL ACTIVITIES, pp. 23-28, 54-58, 82-86, A COURSE OP STUDY PROJECT, pp. 111-114, 134-140, 169-170, 199-200, 231-234, 195-197. 262-265, 289-292. ITEMS OF GENERAL EDUCATIONAL IN- SCHOOL LANDSCAPE GARDENING, pp. 99- TEREST, pp. 189-190. 101: George W. Chappelear. LOCAL-COLORING SHAKESPEARE, pp 173. SIGNIFICANT NEWS PROM SOME OP VIR- 179: Milton M. Smith. GINIA'S HIGH SCHOOLS, pp. 44-45. MAKING THE MOST OF THE SCHOOL EN- SOME ADVANTAGES OP TRAINING FOR TERTAINMENT, pp. 93-94: Katherine TEACHING HOME ECONOMICS, pp. 70- M. Anthony. 71: Sarah M. Wilson. MAMMY'S CHILLUN: A POETIC TRIBUTE SOME HIGH SCHOOL ITEMS OF SPECIAL TO THE '^PHILOSOPHY AND HUMOR INTEREST, p. 105. OP THE NEGRO RACE, p. 98. SOME NEW KEYS TO THE KING'S GAR- NEWS AND OPINIONS OP OUR EDUCA- DEN, pp. 148-151: Katherine M. Anthony. TIONAL CONTEMPORARIES, pp. 253- SONNET FORMS: AN ESSAY, pp. 152-156, 255, 279-282. Clare Hamsberger. NEWS OF SOME OP VIRGINIA'S HIGH STUDY IN MEREDITH'S PSYCHOLOGY OF SCHOOLS, p. 128. PERSONALITY, A, pp. 215-220: Katherine NICETIES OP LIFE AND HOW TO TEACH M. Anthony. THEM, THE, pp. 243-246: Mary Louise SUMMER SESSION TRAINING SCHOOL Seeger. THE, pp. 191-192, ORGANIZING THE RURAL JUNIOR HIGH SUPERVISION OP RURAL SCHOOLS, pp. SCHOOL, pp. 43-44: Margaret Seebert. 203-205: Ada Baugh. PEOPLE AND PLACES OP FAIRFAX TEACHER SHORTAGE, THE. pp. 61-65: COUNTY, pp. 38-41: Hazel Davis. Samuel P. Duke. PERFECTING THE IDEAL OF GENERAL TEACHERS' INACCURACIES IN MARKING SCIENCE, pp. 188-189: James C. Johns- PAPERS, pp. 179-182: C. K. Holsinger. ton. TEACHING AGRICULTURE IN THE RURAL PHYSICAL EDUCATION: PROM THE SCHOOL, pp. 122-123; J. M. McClung. STANDPOINT OF "ADJUSTMENT," pp. TEACHER'S TRAVELS, A, pp. 102-104, 156- 117-122; T. Bruce Kirkpatrick. 158, 182-183, 212-215: John W. Wayland. PRACTICAL PLAN FOR THE TEACHING TEACHING OF READING AND LITERA- OP PHONICS, A, pp. 12-13: Lillie Belle TURE, THE, pp. 143-148; Sterling A. Bishop. Leonard. PROJECT METHOD APPLIED TO GEOGRA- "THROUGH NATURE UP TO NATURE'S PHY, pp. 158-163; ma, LESSON PLANS, GOD"; AN APPRECIATION, pp. 13-14: pp. 184-187: Ethel Spilman. S. Fannie Speck. PROJECT-PROBLEM METHOD, THE; A TRADITIONAL CHRISTMAS FOODS, pp. SYLLABUS, pp. 74-75: F. E. Clerk. 278-279: Rosa Payne Heidelberg. PROPOSED CONSTITUTION OP THE VIR- TREND OF EDUCATIONAL PRACTISE AND GINIA KINDERGARTEN-PRIMARY AS IDEAS AS INDICATED AT THE CLEVE- SOCIATION, pp. 220-221. LAND MEETING, FEBRUARY 23-28, QUOTATION^ THE, pp. 65-68: George Frederick Mil- Is There a Medievalist in Your Town? p. ler. 104: M. V. O'Shea, in School and Society. USE OP THE TEXTBOOK IN MATHEMA- What Girls Intend to Do, pp. 46-47: TICS, THE, pp. 35-37: Henry A. Converse. Richmond News-Leader. VOICES IN DREAMLAND: A SONG, p. 127: READING LIST PROM THE MONTH'S John W. Wayland. MAGAZINES, p. 163: Dick Bowman; pp. WAYLAND'S CHRIST AS A TEACHER- 196 and 286. AN APPRECIATION, pp. 72-73: Elizabeth REAL OBJECTIVES IN HOME ECONOMICS P. Cleveland. TEACHING, THE, pp. 246-248: Grace WAYLAND'S HISTORY OF VIRGINIA FOR Brlnton. BOYS AND GIRLS, pp. 255-256: Katherine M. Anthony. RECENT BOOK OP LARGE INTEREST, A, WHAT SHOULD BE ACCOMPLISHED IN pp. 108-109. ENGLISH IN THE ELEMENTARY RHYME-WRITING: AN EXPERIMENT FOR SCHOOLS, pp. 11.12: Carrie M. Dungan. THE ELEMENTARY GRADES, pp. 211- WHAT THE APRIL MAGAZINES ARE 212: Mary V. Yancey. FEATURING, pp. 79-80: Nell M. Critzer. THE

Virginia Teacher

6CM0 HEART

Volume I FEBRUARY, 1920 Number 1

CONTENTS I. Dancing Theough English Liteeaturb Milton M. Smith 1 II. Grading by the Group, or General Merit, System vs. Grading by Percentages W. J. Gifford 7 III. "What Should be Accomplished in English in the Elementary Schools Carrie M. Dungan 11 IV. The Training School: (а) A Practical Plan for the Teaching of Phonics Lillie Belle Bishop 12 (б) "Through Nature Up to Nature's God:" an Appreciation S. Fannie Speck 13 V. District Meeting, March 25, 26, 27, in Haeeison- bueg 15 VI. The Book of the Month: Courtis's Measurement of Classroom Products Conrad T. Logan 16 VII. Feature Articles op Interest to Educators in This Month's Magazines Nell M. Critzer 18 VIII. Editorial : The Extension of Our Magazine Service 20 IX. Educational Comment Samuel P. Duke 20 X. Correspondence : 41 The Use of the Public Schools for 'Training School Purposes William H. Keister 22 XI. School Activities 23 XIT. Alumnae Notes and News 29

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VOLUME I FEBRUARY, 1920 NUMBER I

I Sharp became interested in these dances. He succeeded in finding, here and there through- DANCING THROUGH ENGLISH out the country, old men who had in their younger days been "Morris Dancers." Where- LITERATURE ever possible, and in some cases where it seemed impossible, he got them to teach him English Literature, beginning with the dances, and to sing or whistle the mel- Beowulf and coming down to Alfred Noyes's odies for him. In this way he collected Talcs of the Mermaid Tavern, has contained dozens of Alorris and Sword Dances, put many allusions to dancing, and yet the im- them in permanent reference form in his pression seems to prevail quite widely that Morris Book and Sword Dance Book, taught the English are the only people of Europe them to others, and started the recent revival who have no national folk-dance tradition. which is giving so much delightful and ar- That this is not true, we are beginning to real- tistic recreation to hundreds of people in the ize. The work of modern students of folk lore United States, as well as in England. especially Mr. Cecil J. Sharp, is beginning to In our reading of English literature we bear fruit; and .as students and teachers of shall probably find more reference to the English literature, which can be understood Morris than to any other kind of dancing. only in the light of English life and customs, it This, as I shall try to show, is probably due behooves us to understand as well as possible to the fact that the term Morris Dancing was this most important amusement—dancing. very widely and loosely used to cover all Dancing, modern or folk, divides into kinds of native dancing not distinctly social two great categories; (I ) spectacular or cere- in nature. We shall find many references monial dancing, and (2) social dancing. The such as Milton's in Comus, that will make former variety is represented among us by it desirable for us to know just what a Mor- what is known as stage dancing, the only idea ris Dance looked like: of which is to give pleasure to the specta- tor; the latter is exemplified by the modern "The sounds and seas and all their finny social dances of the ballroom and cabaret. drove Now to the moon In wavering morriee So it is with folk dancing; and if we examine move." the not so very remote past, we shall find the Morris and Sword Dances, which satisfied The usual Morris Dance was performed the desire of our ancestors for spectacle by six dancers, but they were commonly ac- dances; and the Country Dances, without companied by several other characters, as a which no social occasion was complete. Treasurer, a King, a Queen, a Squire, a Until about fifty years ago both Morris Fool, a Hobby Horse, Robin Hood, Maid and Sword Dancing seem to have flourished Marian, etc. In some of the dances the in England, and few villages were without dancers carry sticks, usually about sixteen their "sides" of dancers. The custom then inches long, which they strike together in suddenly came to an end, the bands of danc- the process of the dance. In others, they ers lost interest, and it looked as though it carry handkerchiefs, one in each hand, which would not be many years before only the they move forward and back, and up and names would remain to remind us of these down, with swings of their arms. In all interesting amusements. Morris Dances they wear bells at their knees. Fortunately, before this catastrophe could This information enables us to understand happen, a man appeared who was to save for the many allusions which we find in our read- us the knowledge of this fascinating art— ing. For instance, Laneham, a contemporary Air. Cecil J. Sharp. A gifted musician, Mr. of Queen Elizabeth, who describes her well- 2 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Vol. I. No. 1

known visit to Kenilworth, in his Captain But it is Irving, that lover of the roman- Cox, his Ballads and Books; or Robert Lane- tic past, to whom we are indebted for our ham's Letter, tells how she was entertained finest description of a Morris Dance, which by "a lively morris dauns, according to proves that during his visits to England he the ancient manner: six daunserz, Mawd- must have observed this type of dancing, prob- marion, and the fool." ably not once, but many times. The follow- Ben Jonson gives the following interest- ing description appears in Christmas Day, and ing conversation in The Gipsies Metamor- gives an account of a Morris Dance with phosed : sticks. "Clod—They should be morris danc- "We had not been long home when the ers by their gingle, but they have no nap- sound of music was heard from a distance. kins. •> A band of country lads, without coats, Cockrel—No, nor a hobby-horse. their shirt-sleeves fancifully tied with rib- Clod—Oh, he's often forgotten, that's no bons, their hats decorated with greens, rule; but there is no Maid Marlon nor Friar and clubs in their hands, was seen advanc- amongst them, which is a surer mark. ing up the avenue, followed by a large Cockrel—Nor a fool that I see." number of villagers and peasantry. They stopped before the hall-door, where the music struck up a peculiar air, and the We know that the Morris Dances were lads performed a curious and intricate usually performed during certain specific holi- dance, advancing, retreating, and striking days, such as Whitsuntide, May Day, and their clubs together, keeping exact time Christmas. Shakespeare gives us evidence of to the music . . . the prevalence of this custom in his day. In "The Squire eyed this fanciful exhibi- tion with great interest and delight, and Henry V he makes the Dauphin harangue gave me a full account of its origin, which his leaders to show no more fear of England ho traced to the times when the Romans held possession of the island; plainly prov- "... than if we heard that England ing that this was a lineal descendant of Were busied with a Whitsun morris-dance." the ancients. It was now, he said, nearly extinct, but he had accidentally met with Again, in All's Well That Ends Well, the traces of it in the neighborhood, and had Clown swears that his answer is as fit for all encouraged its revival." questions Here we must stop our quoting in order ". . as Tib's rush for Tom's finger, as a to discuss the origin of this dance, and we pancake for Shrove Tuesday, a Morris for shall find that Squire Bracebridge was prob- May-day, as the nail to his hole." ably more nearly right in tracing it to "the times when the Romans held possession of The sporting age of Queen Anne seems the island" than many more modern students. to have succeeded in making a contest of It was long believed that it was of Moorish Morris dancing, for we find the following origin, because a similar dance was, and still advertisement in a paper of that period: is, found on both sides of the Franco-Span- "At Epsom Old Wells. .. on Whitsun Tues- ish border, and that Morris was a corruption day will be Moris Dancing, Set against of Moorish. The former belief, in the light Set, for Lac'd Hats, at 10 a Clock, with of modern investigations, seems no longer other Diversions." tenable. When we come to examine the But it is not only the older authors in Sword Dance, we shall find such obvious whom we find allusions to this dance. Scott, traces of primitive religious rites as to justify a shrewd observer and careful student of folk the conclusion that botli Sword and Morris customs, in The Lady of the Lake, has the Dances are outgrowths of primitive religious Morris Dancers take part in the games that ceremonies. Nevertheless, it is probable that are held at Stifling; the accepted derivation of Morris from Moor- ish is correct. This belief is held by Mr. "And see! upon the crowded street. Sharp. We know that Morris Dancers In motley group what maskers meet! used sometimes to "black up"; in fact, there Banner and pageant, pipe and drum, are still a few villages where they were ac- And merry morrice-dancers come. I guess, by all this quaint array, customed invariably to put smudges on their The burghers hold their sports today." faces "for luck." It used to be thought that

. ::•«> -Vo :>V Q - -I :kart ' NAuf *&&#&&!&&&'J&tiSti-SS February, 1920] TILE VIRGINIA TEACHER oO they were representing Moors, but it is much the dance was continued merely for the more likely that this custom grew out of the pleasure of the performers and the spectators, time when the dance was still religious, and special swords, often of wood, were intro- it was "bad luck" for the dancer to be recog- duced to allow more complicated evolutions to nized. The element of disguise on the part be performed; and nothing seems more prob- of those who serve the gods is very common able than that, in the course of time, swords among primitive people, as many forms of gave place to sticks, and sticks to handker- religious masks bear witness. Now, we know chiefs; and thus the dances as we know them that to the people of a few hundred years grew out of the old religious rites. This evo- ago, the typical black man was the Moor, and lution explains many customs which are other- not the Negro. Hence, it seems reasonable wise inexplicable, but which invariably ac- to accept Chambers's conclusion (The Med- company the performances of the dances in iaeval Stage) that "the faces were not blacken- many places. ed because the dancers represented Moors, but Many facts unite to strengthen this be- rather that the dancers were thought to repre- lief of the similar or, at least, cognate origin sent Moors because their faces were black- of the Sword and Morris Dance. The coun- ened." An examination of the Sword Dance try people seem to make no distinction, but will further our conviction that both these call both kinds of performers Morris Danc- dances are of native origin. ers. Both of these dancers are found in many The Sword Dance is performed by a num- other parts of Europe besides England, and ber of dancers, commonly varying in differ- it is more reasonable to suppose that they ent villages from five to eight. Each dancer grew up out of common customs than that has a sword which he holds in one hand. The they spread from a single source. In many dance is usually begun in a circle, each man places, the Sword Dancers, as well as the holding his sword over his own shoulder, and Morris Dancers, black their faces. More- grasping the point of the sword of his neigh- over, while in the Sword Dances that survive bor. Thus the dancers are linked together, in England, it is not customary for bells to and in this way, each holding the hilt of one be worn, they are worn in the Sword Dance sword and the point of another, they go in many other parts of Europe. The use of through various evolutions, which range from bells for religious purposes to frighten away simple marching to the most complicated tig- evil spirits is widespread; it is found among ures. The important point is, that in each dance Eastern priests and Indian medicine men; and of which we know, at some point in the dance, that it was common in Europe seems per- or sometimes at several points, the dancers fectly reasonable. If so, we may find here weave their swords together into what they the origin of the Morris bell. That the cus- call a Lock, a Nut, or a Rose. This is a frame- tom of Sword Dancers' wearing bells, how- work of the swords, which usually has an open- ever, was not unknown on the British Island ing in the center twelve or more inches in dia- seems to be attested by Scott, whose interest meter. Now, in certain villages it is custom- in these matters is proved by his care to get ary to place this on the head or around the an accurate description of the Sword Dance neck of one of the dancers, often an "extra which he saw performed on the Island of character" such as the Fool. The dancers Papa in 1814. Yet, in The Lady of the Lake would then all draw their swords together we find the following: and the supposed victim would fall as if dead. This mock killing supports Cham- "Now, In the Castle-park, drew out bers's belief that "the use of the swords in Their checkered bands the joyous rout. the dance was not martial at all; their ob- There morricers, with bell at heel ject was not to suggest a fight, but a mock And blade in hand, their mazes wheel." or symbolic sacrifice." It seems to me that here we have the germ of all these dances. He seems to find nothing out of place in Possibly, once there was a real victim in the having the dancers wear bells and carry ceremony. At any rate, the idea of death "blade in hand," and yet being called "mor- and resurrection, so common in many forms ricers." All these facts seem to prove that of folk ceremonies, is obviously present. As while Morris is probably a derivation from the religious elements became forgotten, and Moorish, as most dictionaries state, the dances 4 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Vol. I, No. 1 so designated are native English, and grew ber of Country Dances in their traditional out of primitive religious rites and customs. forms. But the great source of Country Still further from the source than the Dances is the most popular dancing book ever regular Morris Dance is the Morris Jig. This published, not excepting any modern manual is performed usually by only one or two on the Tango or One-Step, The English dancers, and the religious rites have entirely Dancing Master, of the London publisher, disappeared; the dance has become wholly John Playford, to whom be everlasting praise spectacular. When there are two performers, and glory. the first does the evolution, and then rests, The familiarity of all classes with Coun- while it is repeated by the second one. In con- try Dances is manifested by many allusions nection with Morris Jigs, it is impossible not all through the literature of the seventeenth to think of William Kempe, who is thought and eighteenth centuries. For instance, the last to have been the fool in Shakespeare's com- scene of Milton's Comus, which was first pany and the first actor to play Launcelot, played on September 29, 1643, is one Touchstone, and Dogberry. He did an his- torical Morris Dance of nine days from Lon- "Presenting Ludlow town, and the don to Norwich, and he records it in his book, President's castle; then come In country Dancers." "Kempe's nine daies wonder. Performed in a daunce from Yet we learn with something of a shock London to Norwich. of surprise that it was in the midst of the Puri- Containing the pleasures, paines and kinde tan revolt, in 1650, that there appeared the entertainment of William Kempe between London and that City first edition of In his late Morrice. Wherein is somewhat set downe worth note; "The English Dancing Master: to reproove the slaunders spred of him; or, many things merry, nothing hurtfull. Plalne and easie Rules for the Dancing of Written by himself to satlsfie his friends. Country Dances, with the Tune to each Dance. London This is the incident so well used by Noyes Printed by Thomas Harper, and are to in "The Companion of a Mile'' in Tales of be sold hyJohn Playford, at his Shop in the Mermaid Tavern. But we must leave the Inner Temple neere the Church doore. the spectacle dances, and turn to the social 1651." Country Dance, which we shall find entirely Our astonishment is increased by the ap- different in nature and origin. pearance in 1652 of a second edition, "en- Morris and Sword Dances are, in their larged and corrected from many grosse er- original forms, done only by men. They are rors." No less than fifteen others followed, danced usually only on special occasions, and the last in 1728! The first edition contains the dancers customarily maintain a grave de- the description of 104 dances; the seventeenth meanor. Their faces are unsmiling, and their edition is in three parts, and contains a total attitude serious, as we should expect in a of 918 dances. There is a melody for each ceremony of this sort. But the Country Danc- dance, and its notation. But the ability to ers act very differently, for they have but one read these descriptions had been lost until Mr. purpose, to enjoy themselves. Sharp, with his knowledge of the traditional Even before the recent revival, Country Country Dance as it still lived, and of Sword Dancing had not entirely disappeared. It and Morris dancing, set to work to puzzle existed in two places: in certain outlying them out. He has now published, in the four country districts, where a single type of dance, parts of The Country Dance Book, one hun- the Longways, had survived and was still dred and seven of these dances, and the music used in "old-fashioned" parties; and in the to which they were done; so that not only is ballroom, where the Lancers and Quadrilles our knowledge of folk lore enriched by our represented a certain type "improved" by the understanding of the dances, but many beau- grafting on of many French steps and figures tiful melodies which had been lost for centu- by generations of dancing masters. Mr. ries have been made available. A few of the Sharp interested himself in this form, and suc- tunes which Mr. Sharp has resurrected ap- ceeded in getting from country people a num- pear in the invaluable and scholarly work of Februaky, 1920] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 5

Chappel, Music of the Olden Times, a book by any of the early French writers on dancing, which will entrance lovers of folk songs and while nearly all the old English writers de- dances. But the greater number of the mel- scribe Country Dancing as of native origin. odies in The Country Dance Book appear in Moreover, that contre applied to the dance no other available form. is a "brilliant anachronism," as Chappel re- Country Dances, we learn, are divided marks, is proved by the history of it; for into two classes according to their form: the further back we go the more uncommon Rounds or Squares, and Longways. In the seem the Longways, the only form to which former, as the names imply, the dancers stand contredance could be applied with any shade in a circle or square, each man with his part- of meaning, and the more popular are the ner standing at his right side. It is obvious Rounds and Squares. In the first edition of that from these forms have descended the Playford (1650), out of the 104 dances de- Lancers and Quadrilles with which we scribed, but 34 are Longways: in the last may be familiar. In the Longways dances, edition (1728), all of the 918 except 14 are the basic formation is two straight lines, the Longways. Doubtless during this time the men on one side, and their partners opposite professional dancing master had been busy, and facing them. The best-known example and finding the Longways more suitable for of this form in the United States is the Vir- the ballroom, had adapted it and made it ginia Reel, which is identical with the dance more "genteel." This explains both its made famous by Addison, the Sir Roger de growth and popularity and the confusion that Coverley. Like the Morris and Sword grew up about its name, but there is no doubt Dances, the Country Dance has its origin far that the correct and original term was Coun- back in antiquity. Mr. Sharp says it "is a try Dancing, meaning a dance originating and lineal descendant of the May-day Round, a popular in the country. pagan quasi-religious ceremonial of which One who is familiar with the Virginia the May-pole dance is, perhaps, the most typi- Reel or any of the Quadrilles or Lancers will cal example." Chambers, in The Mediaeval readily understand the nature of the dance. Stage, says: "The customs of the village fes- It consists of a number of "figures" or evo- tival gave rise by natural development to two lutions done to a strain of melody, which is types of dance. There was the processional usually repeated for each new figure. A dance dance of the band of worshippers in progress is simply an arrangement of figures which round their boundaries and from field to has in the course of time become associated field, from house to house, fiom well to well with a certain melody; and the same figures of the village. . . . The other type of are used over and over again in the different folk dances . . is derived from the comparative dances. The steps are of the simplest; walk- stationary dance of the group of worshippers ing, running, and skipping being most com- around the more especially sacred objects of monly used. Hands are often joined, as in the festival, such as the tree or the fire." The turning partners or making a large circle. Longways, then, doubtlessly developed from Those who are familiar with any of these the processional, and the Rounds and Squares delightful and wholesome dances may have from the circular religious dances. difficulty in sympathizing with Budgell, who The etymology of Country Dance has writes a most interesting account of a contem- been needlessly confused. The belief that it porary dance in Spectator No. 67, (May 17, is a corruption of the French Contre was long 1711). The quotation is too good to abbre- ago refuted, yet I have heard this opinion of- viate. fered even in advanced university classes. "I am a Man in Tears, and by an lionest Sometimes it is stated that contre is \ised be- Industry in the World have acquired cause it applies to a dance of the people as enough to give my Children a liberal Edu- cation, tho' I was an utter Stranger to it contrasted with that of the nobles; sometimes myself. My eldest Daughter, a Girl of it is explained as a dance in which partners Sixteen, has for some time past been under stand contre or opposite each other, and not the tuition of Monsieur Rigadoon.a Dancing side by side as in the Minuet, for example. Master in the City; and I was prevailed upon by her and her Mother to go last Night Neither idea is true. The French contre to one of his Balls. I must own to you, dance is a much later development than the Sir, that having never been at such a Place , English Country Dance. It is not mentioned before, I was very much pleased and sur- 6 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Vol. I. No. 1 prised with that Part of his Entertainment which he called French Dancing. There associated with the arrangement of steps and were several young Men and Women whose figures to which they gave their names. Sir limbs seemed to have no other Motion but Thomas Elyot explains the matter in Gover- purely what the Musick gave them. After no ur, which appeared in 1531. this Part was over, they began a Diversion which they called Country Dancing, and "And as for the special names (of the wherein there were also some things not dances), they were taken, as they be now, disagreeable, and divers Emblematical either of the names of the first inventors, Figures, composed, as I guess, by Wise Men or of the measure and number they do con- for the Instruction of Youth. tain; or of the -first words of the ditty Amongst the rest, I observed one, which which the song comprehendeth, whereof I think they call Hunt the Squirrel,in which the dance was made." while the Woman flies, the Man pursues her; but as soon as she turns, he runs To students of the ballad this knowledge is away, and she is obliged to follow. of great value, for it would be almost im- The Moral of this Dance does, I think, possible now to identify the tunes of our old very aptly recommend Modesty and Dis- cretion to the Female Sex. ballads except for the fact that the dances But as the best Institutions are liable to retained their names. We rarely find the Corruptions, so, Sir, I must acquaint you, words and the music together, and indeed we that very great Abuses are crept into the rarely find the music at all except in these Entertainment. I was Amazed to see my old dance books. Thus our investigation of Girl handed by, and handing young Fellows with so much Familiarity; and I could not dancing increases our information about the have thought it had been in the Child. ballad. They very often made use of a most im- Literature, especially that of the seven- pudent and lascivious Step called Setting, teenth and eighteenth centuries, is full of which I know not how to describe to you, but by telling you that it is the very Re- references to Country Dances. How much verse of Back to Back. At last an im- more can we appreciate the following allusion pudent young Dog bid the Fiddlers play a from Romeo and Juliet, if we are familiar Dance called Mol Patley, and after having with the lovely melody and the charmingly made two or three Capers, ran to his Part- ner, locked his Arms in hers and whisked quiet dance that is called Heart's-Easef her round Cleverly above Ground in such Peter—Musicians, O musicians, Heart's manner that I, who sat upon one of the ease, Heart's ease: lowest Benches,saw further above her Shoe O an you will have me live, play than I can think fit to acquaint you with. Heart's ease. I could no longer endure these Enormities; 1st Mus Why Heart's ease? wherefore, just as my Girl was going to Peter—0 musicians, because my heart be made a Whirligig, I ran in, seized the Itself plays Child, and carried her home." My heart is full of woe: O play some merry dump to comfort me! Ashton, who quotes this in his scholarly and interesting Social Life in the Reign of Sellenger's Round, or the Beginning of the Queen Anne, adds, with what appears to us World, seems to have been very popular from good reason, "Poor Budgell! what would the many references we find to it. Middle- have been his feelings could he have seen a ton in Father Huhbard's Tales (1604), galop or a valse?" writes The peculiar names of Country Dances "Do but imagine now what a sad Christ- usually cause amusement to one who hears mas we all kept in the country, without them for the first time. Here are a few either carols, wassail bowls, dancing of chosen at random: Upon a Summer's Day, Sellenger's Round in moonshine nights about May-poles, shoeing the mare, hood- Lady in the Dark, Fain I would, Catching of man-blind, hot cockles, or any of our Fleas, Sweet Kate, Put on thy Smock on a Christmas gambols." Monday, The Gelding of the Devil, The Fit's Come on me Now, The Whim, Love Lies a- In Heywood's Fair Maid of the West Blceding, The Maiden's Blush. This list of we find interesting titles could be prolonged indefi- "They have so tired me with their mor- nitely, but we must know the reason for such iscoes (morris dances), and I have so tickled them with our country dances, strange names. It is that these were in most Sellenger's Round, and Tom Tiler." cases the titles of popular ballads, the melo- dies of which, in the Course of time, became Richard Steele, in his description of John February, 1920] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 7

Salter, the proprietor of Don's Coffee House, In several of our large cities there are already mentions two dances well known to folk branches of the English Folk Dance Society, dancers. He explains that beside shaving and whose purpose is to disseminate a knowledge tooth drawing, "Don Saltero," as Steele calls of English Folk Songs and Dances, and to him, played on the violin and encourage the practise of them. Other cen- . . if he would wholly give himself ters are being organized, and teachers who are up to the string, instead of playing twenty so fortunately located as to be able to asso- beginnings to tunes, he might, before he ciate themselves with one, will find that it is dies, play Roger de Caubly quite out. I well worth while. To them I extend the invi- heard him go through his whole round, and Indeed he does play the Merry Christ tation of Milton's pupil and nephew, Edward Church Bells pretty justly." Philips, who wrote in The Mysteries of Love and Eloquence, or the Arts of Wooing and Pepys, the indefatigable Pepys, furnishes us Complimenting; with an interesting allusion. He apparently "Ladies, will you be pleased to dance a was acquainted with Playford, for under the country dance or two for 'tis that which date of November 22, 1662, he says makes you truly sociable and us truly "This day I bought the book of country happy; being like the chorus of a song dances against my wife's woman Gosweli where all the parts sing together." comes, who dances finely; and there meet- ing Mr. Playford, he did me his Latin Milton M. Smith songe of Mr. Deering's, which he lately printed." And the entry in his Diary for December 31, II 1662, must not be omitted. He is describing a royal ball. GRADING BY THE GROUP, OR ". . and thence into the room where the GENERAL MERIT, SYSTEM ball was to be, crammed with fine ladies, VS. GRADING BY PER- the greatest of the Court. By and by, comes the King and Queen (Charles II and CENTAGES Catherine), the Duke (Buckingham) and Duchess, and all the great ones: and after At the regular monthly meeting in No- seating themselves,the King takes out the Duchess of York, and the Duke, the Duch- vember of the Harrisonburg Educational As- ess of Buckingham; the Duke of Monmouth sociation, comprised of teachers of the pub- my Lady Castlemaine; and so other lords lic schools and the State Normal School, the other ladles; and they danced the Brantle. topic for discussion was the so-called rational, After that, the King led a lady a single or scientific, system of grading. Sufficient Coranto, and then the rest of the lords, one after another, other ladies; very noble interest was aroused to continue the study of it was, and a great pleasure to see. Then to the matter and a committee was appointed to country dances; the King leading the first, report at the December meeting. which he called for; which was, says he, This committee made a careful investiga- Cockolds all awry, the old dance of Eng- land , . Having staid as long as I thought tion of the situation in the schools concerned, fit, to my infinite content, it being the and reported in detail upon it, advocating the greatest pleasure I could wish now to see rational system. The net result was that the at Court, I went home, leaving them danc- Normal School faculty at its next regular ing." meting voted to adopt the system and the Now, Cockolds all awry appears in Playford teachers of the local public schools began as Cuckolds All a Row and Sharp prints it studying and graphing their own grades in the in The Country Dance Book under its alter- effort to bring about the desired uniformity. native title of Hey, Boys, Up we go, the name However the committee thought it best in of a partisan ballad with which the melody supplementing the data referred to above, to became later associated, and which was very find out the current practises, and sent a popular with the Cavaliers. questionnaire to a hundred schools of higher These examples could be indefinitely con- education, including forty normal schools and tinued, but I hope I have shown that English sixty colleges and universities. The tabu- teachers may find both pleasure and profit in lated results of this questionnaire were of such investigating this most interesting subject. general interest that it was thought that other 8 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Vol. I. No. 1

schools contemplating a change from former to make the value of A and even B less sig- methods might care to have them for study. nificant. One school has a carefully worked Of the hundred schools, which were chos- out plan of ten steps. A number of schools en at random, replies were received from 58, have some form of evaluating the different no follow-up letters being sent. To the passing grades, as, for example, counting A writer's surprise the answers grouped them- three points, B two points, etc., thereby giv- selves as follows: 13 normal schools and 34 ing credit for quality of work done. colleges and universities replied favorably and Not all schools which have adopted the 7 normal schools and 4 colleges and univer- rational system have determined upon a stand- sities replied unfavorably, as to having adopt- ard percentage of students which might be ed the system; in other words of the 58 schools expected to attain such grades. With a few reporting, 80 per cent have the system in use there is evidently the desire to wait until prac- in some form or other. This indicates very tise shall have been sufficient to give some rapid progress in the past ten years and sug- guidance in making a decision, while with gests that in all probability a majority of in- others it is felt that the adoption of the sys- stitutions of higher education, at least of the tem is all that is desirable and feasible. The first rank, are now using this system instead table below indicates the practise of twenty- of the once universal system of grading by five schools in this matter. Where a figure percentages. appears midway between the columns of the table, it is because it covers both grades, that SUMMARY OF ANSWERS TO QUESTIONNAIRE is, in the case of School a the ruling is that I. When did your school change from the approximately 25 per cent shall receive A percentage basis (0-100) to the rational or and B and similarly 25 per cent shall receive group system of marking? D, E, and F. Schools a—y are normal schools Numerical answers in terms of numbers of and schools h—y are colleges and universities. years since adoption were as follows: for nor- mal schools; 25, 11, 11, 9, 7, 7, 4, 3; for col- standard percentages of students re- leges and universities; 35, 25, 20, 15, 11, g, GARDED AS LIKELY TO RECEIVE THE 9, B, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 1, 1, 1,1. Of these thirty schools, the median number DIFFERENT GRADES of years is 7 and the range of the middle 50 School Fassine Grades Condition Failure per cent is seen to be from 4 to 9 years. Prob- Key A B C D E F ably the few early dates represent some modi- a. 25 50 fied form of the present scientific effort to b. 25 60 correct the evils of the old system. c. 6 20 58 11 5 1 2. {a) What passing grades are given at the d. 0-6 15-21 45-55 20-28 0-10 present time? {b) What interpretation do you e. 7 18 50 18 7 place upon each and (c) what percentage of f. 10 50 25 12 . ..3 g. 8-15 20-24 40-42 18-25 ..4-15 students do you expect to fall within each h. 10 20 40 20 ...10 group? e. g. A, excellent, 6 per cent; B, very i. 15 a5 35 15 . 0-20 good, 15 per cent? j. 5 20 50 20 ...15 2-What other grades do you use and what k. 8-12 30-40 25-35 12-18 ..8-12 is the interpretation of each? e. g. F, failure, 1. 5 20 50 20 ....5 3 per cent, etc? m. 10 20 35 25 ...10 In the questionnaire a tabular form was n. 5 20 50 ...25.. drawn up for ease in reporting items (a), 0. 12-15 34-37 37-39 9-12 (b) and (c) and this very much facilitated P- 25 50 ...25... both in the answering of the questionnaire and q. 0-0 20-30 40-50 15-20 -.0-6 the tabulation of the answers. By far the large r. 10 20-25 40-50 15-20 . 5-20 s. 7 20 45 20 8 majority of schools reporting have in use a t. 10 20 40 20 ...10 system of four passing steps, A, B, C, and D, u. 10 15 50 15 10 or 1, 2, 3, and 4 and either one failure step, V. 3 22 50 15-22 or one condition and one failure step. A few w. 15 35 35 ...15.. schools have three passing steps; which seems X. 33 33 ...33.. to be a doubtful practise, because it tends y- 5 20 50 20 5

■■ u-,,.; &uxie*- ► 1 •:.j-rwiJv' ,• 1 Vm. . '«■ ■> - , .1 •MuC Jiirfat*;.' ■ :vitklidifle jitiiltTir .M-,' ijisi Februaby, 1920] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 9

One notes at once rather wide diversity of the answers to question 1, in that the system practise. Apparently schools c, g, k and o re- is in too experimental a stage for definite re- port either a standard based on practise or an vision as yet. A number note the fact that actual distribution of grades. Other schools certain teachers persist in high grading, par- not listed above are studying the distribution ticularly in the B group, or that there is un- term by term and reporting in the hope of desirably wide divergence even with the sys- finding a working standard later. Numer- tem. ous answers indicate a feeling that too great 5. For ivhat purpose, if any, has it been rigidity at this point is unfortunate and sev- found necessary or important to have a nu- eral suggested that the standard applies only merical equivalent for the grades.e.g.A equals to "large classes" or "classes over a period of 50 per cent to 100 per cent, B equals 80 per years." In a few schools provision is made cent to go per cent? for a different percentage for elective cour- In this matter the normal schools appar- ses from that for required courses. There is ently have a different problem from that of a positive danger in this practise in that, while the distinction is undoubtedly to be made, the colleges and universities, as five report the its statement may result in breaking down necessity of such interpretation for the State boards. In fact one school similarly the important principle that classes for special notes that school officials base their selection groups and upper classmen should offer rela- tively more difficulty. of teachers upon numerical grades and that it has abandoned the rational system because In most cases the schools reported in the of this. But one college reports this problem table incline to a distribution in general har- and that for an out-of-the-state State Board mony with the normal frequency curve. Any of Education. Five schools report the use of school will not go far wrong, judging from numerical equivalents for deciding honors, these figures, in setting 5 per cent to 10 per scholarships and the like; three schools re- cent as the standard for A, 15 per cent to port their use in the matter of the transfer of 25 per cent for B, 40 per cent to 50 per cent credits and one for the averaging of marks of for C, 15 per cent to 25 per cent for D and teachers who co-operate in conducting a giv- 5 per cent to 10 per cent for E (conditioned) en course. Reference is made in several an- and F (failure). It may be that some special swers to the fact that teachers are allowed to conditions, such as high entrance standards, use the percentages in their class-books. Ex- unusual degree of professional interest of treme positions are taken in this matter, one students or a large amount of eliminative se- writer stating that numerical grades are a lection, might warrant some skewing of the help to the young instructor who is getting distribution toward the A group and that oth- used to the system, and another stating his er factors of an opposite nature might warrant position as follows: "To express letter grades skewing toward the E and F groups. There in percentages is most vicious. You can't is considerable advantage in agreeing upon have both. If the percentages are used, the a range such as is indicated in the case of letter grades are never used with the right schools d, g, q and r. interpretation." The latter position is prob- 4. How well does experience justify the ably more nearly correct, as there is much standard percentages suggested above {ques- danger of adopting the system in name only. tions 2 and 3)? Are you contemplating any A number of schools made no rely to this change? question, while others took the position that Answers to this question threw little light the numerical equivalent was never needed. upon this general problem, most schools re- One of the normal schools meets the practical porting that the system is on the whole satis- situation referred to above by having prepared factory and that no change is contemplated. a rubber stamp as follows: A-Excellent % Of the 11 schools reporting the old percentage equiv. 93; B-Commendable % equiv. 87, etc. system for grading as practise, 3 report having This device should be used sparingly and only the rational system under consideration, 2 re- by the registrar or some similar official. Few port that the matter has been up for discus- if any schools apparently report the grade per- sion repeatedly and 2 report having changed centages to students in addition to the letters, back to the percentage system. A number of and a number of schools have regulations for- answers bear out the conclusions drawn from bidding this. 10 THE VIRGINIA TEA CHER [Vol. I. No. 1

6. What means, if any, are used to bring great value and were given in some detail, and keep the faculty in line with these recom- affording the best index available as to the mended grade-groupings? reasons for the progress which the system has A number of schools apparently have gone made. no further than to pass legislation. However, Of the forty-four answers given to this in approximately half the schools using the question, exactly one half were to the effect system, reports of the grades are made to the that grading through this system is better stan- faculty annually, indicating the use of the dardized and more uniform. Four held that system either by individual teachers or by de- it removes the intense and undesirable rival- partments. Several schools attain similar re- ry for grades; four, that it tends to raise the sults by occasional reports of committees. In standard of and interest in scholarship; three still others the matter is left to discussions that it tends to call attention to individaul dif- which are held frequently and at set times ferences of students; three, that it does great- The advantage of the committee report or the er justice to the better students; two, that it statistical table of grades which can be placed forms a basis for estimating students' general in the hands of each member of the faculty ability to a larger extent. Single answers cannot be doubted. It serves to assist new were given as follows: greater intelligibility members, to refresh the matter to old mem- to students, highest degree of accuracy pos- bers of the faculty and to render far more sible, more honest marks and, last but not likely the desired degree of unformity jf least, the education of the faculty. grading. One of the greatest obstacles in the adop- CONCLUSIONS tion of the rational system has often been the fear of pressure which might be brought to Any conclusions which may be drawn bear upon members of the faculty. The an- from this study rest upon the presumption swers to this question show no tendency in this that the schools chosen represent a random direction, two schools reporting in addition sampling and that the answers similarly rep- to the methods noted above that conferences resent a fair sampling of the schools which are held by the President with members of were written to. the faculty individually in cases of wide va- 1. Nearly one half of the schools to which riance from the expected practise. One of the questionnaire was sent have the rational these two schools offers the only real ex- system, indicating a general tendency among ception to the general tendency to place and higher institutions. That nearly three fourths leave responsibility with the individual teach- of these schools report adoptions within the er, for in instructions to the faculty accom- last ten years with the median for all at seven panying a report of grades, the percentage years, shows how recently the tendency has be- basis of distribution is referred to as "the come general and suggests the likelihood that prescribed system of grading" while the phrase in another period of similar length the tra- "as many A's (or B's, etc) as the law allows" ditional percentage method will be as un- is frequently scattered through the report. common among the better higher schools as Granted that there may be justification for this was the rational system fifteen or twenty in the case of this particular school, it should years ago. be stated that such effort to dominate the in- 2. It was noted above that 25 schools, dividual members of the faculty is bound to or one fourth of the number to which let- be obnoxious and therefore to react unfavor- ters were addressed, are refining the literal ably upon the system. American schools are system of definition in terms of the percen- to be congratulated that this instance is so tages of students-obtaining a given grade. isolated. This means acceptance of the fact that the 7. What are the most worthy ends that system is based on the normal frequency curve. you believe the system is serving in your That a definition in terms of the old per- school? centage basis is so infrequently used is sig- A few in answering this question were in- nificant. The varied practise in the percen- clined to speak frankly their views of the gen- tages of grades allowed in different schools eral failures and shortcomings of grading in shows that these schools are wisely adopting general but on the whole the answers were of the system with such modification as seems February, 1920] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 11 to take account of the selective agencies at Ill work in their student bodies. (See School and Society, vol. VII, pp. 178-180). WHAT SHOULD BE ACCOM- 3. There is a large degree of unanimity PLISHED IN ENGLISH IN THE in the answers given as to the purposes served by the system. Such a degree of uniformity ELEMENTARY SCHOOL as will relieve pressure upon members of a faculty and as will do justice to good students It is a very easy matter to say what should and encourage scholarly effort sums up nearly be done. The difficult part is to find a way three fourths of the replies given here. Un- to accomplish our purpose. But that we doubtedly the matter of the weighting of the may have a goal on which to fix our eyes, various letter grades, or credit for quality, con- let us see what may be reasonably expected cerning which data was proffered by a few of a child who has had the full English train- who answered the questionnaire, is a very de- ing in an elementary school. sirable step in colleges and universities but of In the first place he should be able to less merit in the two-year normal school speak correctly in the sense of not making courses where the demands for specific know- gross errors; to choose his words with some ledge and skill tend to limit the number of degree of care; to speak in a voice that is to electives which can be offered. a degree modulated; to speak clearly with 4. One may venture the guess from the the distinct idea of interesting his listeners, and above that two other results are to be ex- making them hear each word. This does not pected. The historical tendency of the lower mean that we shall try to develop trained schools to follow the practises of the higher, speakers, but to train pupils to realize the im- accentuated by the fact that the teachers who portance of their manner of speaking to peo- go out from our normal schools and colleges ple and to make them wish to possess every will have been accustomed to the new method, possible grace in this direction. will undoubtedly in the next decade mean the This may be begun in the lower grades wide adoption of rational, or group, grading through story-telling, reading, etc., done in in the high school and even in the elementary the right way. Too often pupils are allowed to school. Similarly it is to be hoped and ex- speak in a voice too high or too low—allowed pected that the little entering wedge whicti to speak in such a way as to be scarcely heard has thus been driven by science into the age- because of poor articulation. Since these are long subjective traditional tendencies in edu- the wonderfully plastic, habit-forming years, cational practise will bear its fruit in other we cannot afford to tolerate such conditions. lines of development. In the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades the material for developing correctness along W. J. Gifford these lines can be taken directly from the sub- ject matter. Parallel reading may be given in history—stories about the men who are being studied, incidents of the special time under consideration. In geography, reports may be had from a variety of sources, as gen- eral reference books, geographical readers, and even magazines. Pupils enjoy getting up this A GRAY DAY extra material if given half a chance, and val- uable help in the subject matter, as well as A gray, gray day— on the English side, will result. The gray rain over all, In the upper grades a great deal can be Wet leaves on the pavement, done through oral composition, reports on mag- Wet leaves on the wall; azine and newspaper articles, etc. Pupils in A gray, gray day— the seventh and eighth grades take great pride in this work. They wish to interest the class; A nun-like veil of rain, so they keep their eyes open for interesting The only color in all the gray material. They are chagrined at making a Two bluebirds in the rain. gross error. They learn quickly the value 12 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Vol. I. No. 1

of clear, well-articulated speaking and the What shall we say about how much for- good effects of enthusiastic talking. They mal grammar a pupil must know when he learn how to stand without seeming stiff and enters high school ? One point is certain: awkward. In their interest they forget to be there is no use in teaching a pupil the parts self-conscious. for which a person in normal life will never It is best, as a rule, for the teacher to give have need. However, it is true, that nobody subjects for this work, but to make them without a well-founded, workable knowledge such that the pupils can use their own ex- of grammar is safe, either in his written or periences and observation. spoken English. Therefore the pendulum The second division of what should be must not swing too far in the direction of expected deals with written work. leaving out grammar. A firm hold must be Perhaps the greatest single point is to kept on the parts that relate directly to correct teach a child to like or wish to write. This usage. By all means should a pupil have those can be done by giving him an opportunity to parts that are useful, practical, vital; but he express his own experiences, his own ideals— should be saved from those which serve only himself. His ideas must be stirred and set as material for mental gymnastics. in some kind of order, to be sure, but he must be let alone to express himself in his own Carrie M. Duncan way. Slowly his way can be changed into a standard way, but great care must be taken not to kill the individuality in his work. Abstract subjects must be taboo. Imagine IV {a) the consternation of a twelve-year-old on be- ing told to write a composition on Truth. THE TRAINING SCHOOL But give him an opportunity to tell about the plans his Boy Scout Chapter has on foot, A PRACTICAL PLAN FOR THE TEACHING about the big things it means to do, and he will enjoy doing it. Of course a pupil must OF PHONICS have enough knowledge about a thing to be interested in it. When necessary, this know- The study of phonics is not an end in it- ledge may be given in class, or the pupil di- self. It is used in the elementary schools as rected Where to find it. Make-believe situ- an aid in reading and also as a help in spell- ations do not appeal to the normal child. ing. Its purpose is to enable the child to pro- The closer the work is linked with his natu- nounce words at sight. Without recognition ral interests, his play, his reading, his favorite of similarity of form and sound, the child is pastimes, the greater will be the interest and left without the power to recognize new words real progress. independently. He must go to the teacher All this means that a teacher must keep for help. So phonics provides a key for pro- in close touch with her class, their hobbies, nunciation. It also shortens the task of their home life, their games and pastimes. reading and leads to independent work on Nothing has been said about the purely the part of the child. mechanical side. There must be drill, drill, Clear enunciation is necessary to good drill on ordinary forms and usage, sentence work in phonics. Children will not get the formation,and punctuation. This does not mean idea of the sound, except as it is clearly spo- drills of a lifeless kind, but drills vitalized ken. It is sometimes necessary to tell and show to the point where they take on real life, be- the children how to use the organs of speech, cause their importance in getting a certain in some of the more difficult sounds. The result has been highly emphasized. speech will eventually sink to a level of habit, The simple mechanics of the letter, both so the aim must be to make the utterance of business and social, must have become second speech an unconscious habit. nature. This requires patience, perseverance, A practical plan of how the phonics is and hard work, but can be done. Real let- taught in the primary grades may be useful ters should be written—letters that take up a at this point. The consonant sounds are real situation, letters to somebody, letters that taught by means of a story, bringing in the will be sent. sounds in connection with the pictures rep- February, 1920] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 13

resenting these sounds. For instance, the Words developed in the family are then story of a cat tells that he says "f" when he used in sentences in order to see if the child is cross, and "f" is the first sound of the understands the meaning. After the words words fall, fan, fat, etc. The watch says "t" have been visualized and sounded by the class and "t" is the first sound of tick, tan, tall, they are then erased and given as dictation etc. These words are then taught to the for blackboard work. class. Interesting stories can be made up by The aim in these lessons is to get the the teacher that will impress the new sounds correct habit for attacking new words, and on the children's minds very clearly and ac- this habit puts within the child's power a curately. reading vocabulary. He has a key which can After a number of consonant sounds are be used independently. learned, the phonogram, or "family" word is introduced. This tends to shorten the pro- Lillie Belle Bishop cess of word building. The most useful phonograms are selected for emphasis. For example, family words, such as "all," "ell," "ing," "ound" and many others will be IV (3) used. A set of rimes is used as reading les- sons. One rime is worked out each day. "THROUGH NATURE UP TO From this rime a phonic family is devel- oped and drilled upon. The rime is placed NATURE'S GOD" on the blackboard and each child is required to read it silently. When he has difficulty AN APPRECIATION with any word his knowledge of phonics is Any one acquainted with the courses of used to work out that word. The following study in our public schools needs no argument illustration of a rime and its developments to be convinced that the study of nature has may be of value here. never yet been accorded the place it deserves. We play in the hay There are hundreds of little children all On a sunshiny day. over our land who come from homes utterly Oh, this is the way devoid of anything to quicken their imagi- To stay happy in May. nation, to excite a love of the beautiful, or to gratify their desire for information concern- The new family to be developed is "ay." ing the wonderful processes going on all Some child is asked to read the rime to the about them. Dewdrops sparkle in the sum- class after it has been studied. Attention is mer sunlight; hoarfrost enshrouds the dear called to the fact that there are a number of dead things the autumn's breath has stricken; words in the rime belonging to the same fam- but whence either came or whither it went ily. These words are underlined by differ- are tantalizing questions to many a hapless ent children and sounded. The family name child in its ignorant environment. "ay" is then written on the blackboard and Many children are so poor that they have the words in the rime, belonging to that fam- seldom felt the joy and pride of ownership. ily, placed under it. Other words are added Under the skillful guidance of some devout to the list by the children. Printed cards con- nature student, what a world of wonders can taining these words are also drilled on, and be opened up for these little hungry souls! many games and other devices for drill are Storms and sunshine, rainbows and sunsets, used. One that the children are particularly landscapes and waterscapes—all theirs for the anxious to play is the "father" game. The trained looking! Jewels on wing, curios in teacher says, "Father 'ay' has lost his paju" the water, stars in the snow storm, quaint A child points to the word and says, "I found figures in the constellations—all theirs for the his 'pay,' " sounding the word as he touches proper searching. it. Other games are used successfully, such as "Merry-go-round," sounding all the Handbook of Nature-Study. By Anna words on a brick wall, asking questions, Botsford Comstock, B. S., Assistant Professor in Nature Study in Cornell University. Cloth. "What sounds shall 1 put with 'ay' to make Illustrated. 918 pages. Price ?3.25. Coin- 'stay'?" stock Pub. Co., Ithaca, N. Y. u THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Vol. I. No. 1

That few teachers like nature study or bent and called so confidently in the golden try to teach it is because they are, as a whole, days of our wanderlust, always to be re- untrained in the subject. Many are anxiously warded by the appearance of this queer in- looking for books of guidance and will be sect. As Ant Lion, he furnishes the subject glad to have their attention called to the one of a most interesting story by the author. under consideration in this article. Miss In "Wild Flower Study" we traverse once Comstock has undoubtedly met a long-felt again the old familiar hills and dales, the want on the part of both parents and teach- wildwood, and the grassy meadow, and meet ers in her admirable handling of the many at every turn the favorites of the vanished phases of nature that she has elucidated in this epoch in our lives, and find new interest in large volume. our loved "Jewel Weed" and "Queen Anne's Her twenty-four pages on "The Teaching Lace." Here, too, we meet some queer of Nature-Study," especially in regard Co strangers, such as the Christmas Fern and what it should do for the child and what it Scarlet Saucer, and long for an intimate ac- should do for the teacher, are full of con- quaintance with them. vincing arguments in favor of the subject. Among the shrubs we shall meet our own Her 123 pages on bird study invest our loved Mountain Laurel and learn new facts feathered neighbors with a new and an abid- about its wondrous blossoms. ing interest. Even the once despised little The beauty of our dear old apple-tree is screech-owl, under her generous treatment, enhanced by her marvelous touches. The becomes almost as interesting as our beloved old shagbark hickory presents other attractions robin or oriole. than the much-prized nuts; while the oak Among the fish described by her, Johnny seems almost like some human monarch as Darter holds his own with our much admired we study it here. , speckled trout. In her "Earth and Sky," the brook, the In her "Batrachian Study" we find ad- common minerals, the familiar constellations mirable traits in the much-avoided old "hop- and planets, all come in for their share of in- toad" of our bare-foot days. teresting facts and curious characteristics. While she ruthlessly destroys a popular Upon the whole, this book is one to be and cherished belief concerning our old prized and studied by every teacher and par- "milk-snake" of the barnyard, she makes ent who wishes to guide little pilgrims along amends by attributing to him good qualities well-trodden paths that lead "through Na- of which we, as children, never dreamed. ture up to Nature's God." In her ninety-five pages of "Mammal S. Fannie Speck Study" we meet again and become so much better acquainted with all the neighbors and household pets of our childhood. After her fascinating story of "The Little Brown Bat," WHY NOT TEACH? we lose all former fears of this nocturnal vis- itor and are tempted, as she suggests, to adopt Young Women: as a pet one of these little silky "flutter mice" 1. Virginia needs you. in order to study its wonderful mechanism 2. The vacancies exist. and cunning ways. The 150 pages of "Insect Studies" are 3- Salaries are going up. more fascinating than were the marvelous 4- Get in line for the new days fairy tales of "ye olden times." Here we ahead. meet once more the old "Snake Doctor" from whose vicinity we fled, in fear of his danger- 5- An unexcelled opportunity to ous patients, supposed to be lurking there. serve your State and enter a profit- Miss Comstock introduces our bete noire as able vocation presents itself. 'Mr. Dragonfly" and holds us spell-bound 6. Get the right training and, if it until we see with her, his wondrous beauty, is coupled with character and and learn of his useful habits. native ability, you can write your Here, too, we find the mysterious old own contract. "doodle-bug," over whose earthen door we Febeuary, 1920] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 15

V FRIDAY AFTERNOON, MARCH 26, 2:30 P. M. Professor N. D. Cool, Bridgewater, pre- DISTRICT MEETING, MARCH 25, siding. 26, AND 27, IN HARRISONBURG Building up the Rural Schools—Supt. C. V. Shoemaker, Shenandoah County. The district meeting of the teachers from Adequate Rural Supervision—Mr. S. L. the counties of Highland, Bath, Augusta, Batman, Trustee, Page County. Rockingham, Page, Shenandoah, Warren, The Relation of the Supervisor to the Clarke, Frederick, cities of Winchester, Superintendent—Miss Ada S. Baugh, Super- Staunton,and Harrisonburg, will meet in Har- visor, Rockingham County. risonburg at the State Normal School on Music. March 25, 26, 27. Superintendent J. H. The Page County Survey—Miss M. A. Booton, Vice President of the State Teachers Young, Page County. Association, for this district, has prepared the following program that should appeal to ev- The Purpose and Use of Tests—Dr. W. ery teacher in the district: J. Gifford, Harrisonburg Normal School. FRIDAY EVENING, MARCH 26, 7 :30 P. M. THURSDAY, MARCH 25, 8 P. M. Address—President Henry Louis Smith, Washington and Lee University. Supt. J. H. Booton presiding. Address—Superintendent F. E. Clerk, Invocation. Winchester Schools. Addresses of Welcome. Dramatic Production by Students of the Supt. W. H. Keister, for the City of Normal School. Harrisonburg. Supt. J. C. Myers, for Rockingham SATURDAY MORNING, MARCH 27, 9:30 A. M. County. Section for Elementary School Teachers'. President Samuel P. Duke, for the Normal School. Instruction in Arithmetic—Principal D. G. Cooley, Berryville High School. Response: Where We Fail in Teaching the Fun- damentals in Arithmetic—Mrs. E. A. W. Mr; Walter H. Newman, Woodstock, Rathke, Principal, Luray High School. Music by the Normal School Glee Club. Some Problems in Silent Reading—Miss Address—Hon. Harris Hart, State Supt. Kate M. Anthony, Hart-isonburg Normal of Public Instruction. School. Round Table Discussion. FRIDAY MORNING, MARCH 26, 9:30 A. M. Section for High School Teachers and Prin- Intelligence Test—Principal B. H. Seek- cipals : ford, Staunton High School. The Junior High School in Relation to Educating the Exceptional Child—Supt. the Reorganization of Secondary Education— J. P. Neff, Staunton. President Samuel P. Duke, Harrisonburg Securing Community Support for Public Normal School. Education—Superintendent Leslie D. Kline, The Teaching of High School English— Supt. Frederick and Clarke Counties. Professor Conrad T. Logan, Harrisonburg High Spots in Modern Education as Re- Normal School. flected in the N. E. A.—Supt. W. H. Keis- The New High School Manual and the ter, Harrisonburg. Courses of Study—Miss Lina Sanger, Princi- The method of the Great Teacher—Dr. pal, Bridgewater High School. J.W.Wayland, Harrisonburg Normal School. Round Table Discussion of High School Music by the Normal School Glee Club. Problems. 16 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Vol. I. No. 1

VI Tests were also scored for handwriting, and thus serve as a check on the results of the free- THE BOOK OF THE MONTH choice and dictation scores. In like manner the Ayres Spelling Scale served as the basis MEASUREMENT OF CLASSROOM PRODUCTS for scoring spelling results as obtained under Perhaps the chief value of Mr. Courtis's three different sets of conditions. report lies not in the inferences he draws re- No attempt was made to measure oral garding the work of the Gary Public Schools composition, and the testing was limited to the so much as in the critical discussions of the va- simplest form of written composition, narra- rious measuring devices employed in making tion. The quality of these compositions was the survey of Gary's schools. Mr. Courtis's then measured by means of the Hillegas Scale. outstanding position among the exponents of The method of marking the papers has been scientific measurements insures for his opin- explained in detail, since, as Courtis says, this ions a widespread interest. scale cannot be used effectively without train- Realizing that the accumulation of a ing. It is pointed out that Hillegas scores body of experiences and principles sufficiently mean just one thing, the degree of merit pos- accurate to be veracious is a slow process, he sessed by the composition as a composition, has been steadily engaged in measurement and entirely apart from any consideration of work and has seen the old derision of scien- the age or grade of the pupil. Courtis ex- tific measurements replaced by confidence— plains how his scorers were trained in the use and sometimes, unfortunately, by gullibility. of the Hillegas Scale before any of the Gary "The testing movement," he says, "has now compositions were measured. He includes in reached a stage in which a critical study of this chapter an analysis of the Hillegas scale the validity of the results secured may be both which has much merit and grows out of the interesting and beneficial"; and it is this study thesis that development of ability in English which distinguishes the present volume from composition passes through three phases: (i) the seven other parts in which the general mastery of the mechanics of writing, (2) de- Education Board has publishjed its recent velopment of organization of subject matter, survey of the Gary schools. and (3) development of literary merit. The The subjects covered by tests were read- lack of literary merit makes a composition un- ing, writing, arithmetic, English composition, interesting to read, the lack of organization and spelling. makes it tiresome to read, the lack of mechan- The tests have been summarized as fol- ical proficiency makes it difficult to read. It lows: is suggested that these three phases represent loosely in the Hillegas Scale the following Reading Writing Arithmetic qualities: mechanics, o to 29; organization, Oral Cleveland Series B Gray Free-choice Four Operations 30 to 69; literary merit, 70 to 99. Silent Dictation Courtis has chosen from the Gary com- Kansas Cleveland positions a set of samples which themselves Courtis Composition Multiplication Trahue Fractions constitute a composition scale, similar in gen- eral plan to the Nassau County scale worked English Composition Spelling out by Trabue in connection with the Nassau Original story Cleveland List Tests County (N. Y.) Survey. Reproduction of story Dictation Tests The chapter on Reading contains a valu- Composition Test able analysis of the various abilities which are It should be observed that the Ayres included in the indefinite word reading. Tests Handwriting Scale was used in scoring each have been devised for at least seven of these of the three handwriting tests, which are abilities, and Courtis mentions four more really only samples of handwriting obtained ways in which "ability to read" may be inter- under different circumstances. For instance, preted. Courtis considers Thorndike's Scale the compositions written in the Composition Alpha 2 the best silent reading test, but for reasons not stated the Kansas Silent Reading Measurement, of Classroom Products in the Gary Public Schools, by Stuart A. Courtis Test was used. This is said to measure the pp. xxii and 532. General Education Board, ability to "read and understand, and to think New York, 1919. (30 cents.) or reason about what is read." Thorndike's February, 1920] TEE VIRGINIA TEACHER 17

Alpha 2 measures the ability "to read again school program would be like ceasing to ex- and again (study) until one has mastered the ercise or to take food. English is unique in contents of a passage so that one can answer its relation to mental development and to the questions about it or use the information in constant enlivening and reorganization of the solving problems." pupil's whole life experience on ever-higher Gray's Oral Reading Scale measures skill planes, with ever-widening horizon." in oral reading, only so far as that skill is A list of words misspelled in eighth grade defined as "ability to pronounce words cor- compositions at Gary is included in the reports rectly and in proper sequence." Although it as Chapter IV, Appendix A. This list is of measures neither expression nor understand- practical value to graded school teachers, as ing, in Courtis's opinion, "Gray's Scale is one is also the study analyzing the vocabularies of the most satisfactory of the various measur- of eighth grade compositions, in Chapter VII. ing scales, and is probably as perfect as it can Chapter IX contains a detailed explanation be made on the basis of present knowledge." of the method followed in scoring the at- That children must be measured individually tempts of children to reproduce a story which is a drawback because of time requirements, they have read silently. This is a new meas- but this necessity is inherent in any test of oral uring device, used for the first time in the reading. Gary survey. The author's convictions re- The Trabue Language Scales are classed garding the effects of maturity and training with reading tests because reading ability is on the scores of children form an interesting one factor in determining a child's score, but chapter, and Appendix A is concluded with a the author points out that neither the Trabue clear treatment of "statistical terms and Scales nor the Kansas Silent Reading Test methods." measures directly any single product of class- Appendix B answers a widespread need room teaching. by offering detailed directions for giving the The necessity in both tests for the exercise various tests, and by showing illustrations of of much initiative, judgment, and reasoning actual papers written by children, of answers ability in addition to the ability to read and and score cards, and of tabulation sheets. understand the material of the tests probably No doubt many teachers now looking for- accounts for the high correlation with re- ward to the supplementary report on meas- sults from the Binet-Simon and other tests urements of classroom products made as a part of general intelligence. of the Virginia School Survey and soon to be It is interesting to note that of the five published, will wish to examine the Gary re- special activities in which measurements were port by Mr. Courtis. A careful study now of made only arithmetic is not in the province the Gary report will prepare Virginia teach- of the teacher of English. Composition, read- ers for a surer comprehension of the statistics ing, and spelling are fundamental parts of presented and the conclusions reached in the English teaching, and writing bears intimately measurement of accomplishments in Virginia's on the work aimed at by the teacher of Eng- schoolrooms. lish. The Gary studies show that, contrary to the general belief that English in its vari- Conrad T. Logan ous phases is an indefinite and highly theoreti- cal subject not lending itself to any practical measurement, the English teacher in fact more than the teacher of any other subject has the BE OF GOOD CHEER advantage of definite and practical measur- ing devices. The redbird sings: "Good cheer! good cheer! This fact bears out the statement ad- Take courage for the coming year, vanced in the report of the committee on Re- For faithful spring is very near. organization of English in Secondary Schools (U. S. Bureau of Education Bulletin, iqi?) "It will not always rain and blow; No. 2) that "the relation of language to the It will not always snow and snow; expanding life is so close and intimate that 'God's in his Heaven'—this I know." to drop the systematic practice of_ speaking, writing, and reading at any point in the Madge Bryan 18 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Vol. I. No. 1

VII side of Longfellow. Most of us know him only as the poet and have never dreamed that FEATURE ARTICLES OF INTEREST he was somewhat of a pioneer in modern TO EDUCATORS IN THIS methods of teaching. His special work was in teaching French to young American boys. MONTH'S MAGAZINES Longfellow avows his own pedagogical creed. And we are surprised to hear him using the THE RIGHT TO HEALTH very words that we use so often today, "II Every citizen has a right to health. It is faut que le coeur soit interresse afin que the duty of the state to guard the health of I'esprit puisse etre instruit." It is the same its citizens through the prevention of disease theory of the modern educator—the theory and sickness. This is the doctrine that Dr. of interest versus drudgery. And if we study William J. Mayo preaches in The North Longfellow as a teacher we shall see that he American Review. If we are to make our civ- had views on vocational education, or as he ilization and intellectual growth what they called it then, "the utilitarian spirit of the should be, the public health service must be American public." He said,"The true glory made the first function of the State. The of a nation consists not in the extent of its physician who tries to cure, who practises up- territory, the pomp of its forests, the majesty on the individual, must give place to the pub- of its rivers, the height of its mountains, but lic health officer and to the doctor with the in the extent of its mental power, the majesty of its intellect, the height and depth and preventive medicine, who must work as partners with the State for the betterment of purity of its moral nature." health. It is only when the people as a THE SPIRIT OF AMERICAN EDUCATION whole understand their right to health that the proper demand will be made upon the This is the title of an article by Profes- State for the protection of their health. sor M. V. O'Shea of the University of Wis- consin in The Normal Instructor and Pri- SUPERVISION IN INSTRUCTION mary Plans. "Should our educational system be reconstructed?" Professor O'Shea an- Since the supervisor is a fixed fact for swers in the negative and thinks that we some coming generations, the teacher must should go on and perfect our work already have the right attitude toward his visits and begun. The war has been the test of our must learn how to get the most good from educational work, and it has stood the test. them. As an aid to this, Charles A. Wagner Among the strongest criticisms against Amer- in the Educational Review gives some very ican education have been that we are mak- helpful and pertinent suggestions. Supposing ing the school for the development of the in- that she has the proper "set" or attitude of dividual and that we are omitting the ele- mind to enjoy the supervisor's visit, the teach- ments of culture from our course of study er should have recorded in a notebook, kept But we believe that when our boys and girls for the purpose, the difficulties that have have been taught to be the right kind of in- come up in her teaching. Then, after talking dividuals they will be of greatest service to over her needs, she should adopt and use the their state; and as for culture, we are getting suggestion of the supervisor. It is, however, a new conception of it. It is no longer the her right and privilege to tell him of her person who knows the most about the gram- success in mastering and meeting the prob- mar of a foreign tongue who is cultured but lems that have arisen. And last, and perhaps "the individual who can get along most har- most important of all, she should plan each moniously with his fellows, the individaul day's lesson so carefully that she will not be who can add to the sum total of human hap- afraid of her own plan. Then will the piness and welfare—such a person meets the supervisor's visit be a help and a joy. test of genuine culture."

LONGFELLOW, THE TEACHER WHY SUGAR IS SCARCE Miss Esther Cloudman Dunn in the Albert Atwood in the Review of Reviews North American Review shows us another not only helps to explain the scarcity of sugar Februaby, 1920] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 19

but gives us some rather surprising facts WHEREWITH SHALL WE BE CLOTHED? about the consumption of sugar. America is This anonymous article appeared in the a nation of candy and cake eaters. While School Review, and the author—we are sure there has been a decrease in the supply of she must be a woman—apologizes in the very sugar owing to the failure of crops in Europe, beginning for writing of the external rather yet matters have been even more compli- than the internal preparation of the teacher. cated by the increased consumption of sugar. We are made to realize, however, if we have It has been estimated that the American peo- never thought of it before, the important part ple have used perhaps half a million more tons dress plays in determining a teacher's success. in 1919 than in 1918. In Mr. Atwood's The article does not make a deep study of the study of the reasons for this increase, perhaps psj-chological effect of clothes on the children, the most unsuspected cause given is prohibi- but rather it contains practical suggestions as tion. The consumption of sugar is increas- to how a teacher should and should not dress. ing as rich pastries, soft drinks, and the like, We are made to feel the importance of teach- more and more take the place of alcohol. ers' always appearing neatly and appropriately THE NEW PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS. ARE THEY dressed. , A SUBSTITUTE FOR CONTENT EXAMINATIONS ? OTHER ARTICLES OF SPECIAL INTEREST It is Doctor Edward L. Thorndike, of Time, Space and Gravitation, by Albert Columbia University, who, at some length, Einstein, in the Educational Review. discusses this question in the Educational Re- What Kind of Intervention for Mexico? view. Since Columbia University has tried by Rutherford H. Platt, Jr., in The World's this plan, we are especially interested in this Work. discussion. We are expecting this experiment Europe's Economic Fate and How It to throw much light on the question, though, Concerns Us, by Burwell S. Cutler, in Re- as Dr. Thorndike says, the exact value of the view of Reviews. test used for examination can not be deter- Is Deportation the Cure? Ex-Gov. Chase mined until four years from now, when the S. Osborn, in The North American Review. college careers of the men so admitted have been studied. Even the short experience up Vocational Guidance and the Theory of to this time has revealed some interesting Probability, by Harry Dexter Kitson, in The facts. It seems to have proved beyond ques- School Review. tion that many gifted men who could not Americanization Work of the Kinder- have entered college on the old basis will be- garten, by Elizabeth A. Woodward in The come fine college men, because they have come Kindergarten and First Grade. in by intelligence examinations. The Eclipse of Peace, by David Jayne Hill, in The North American Review. DISCOVERED; A NEW LITERARY FORM Some Facts and Theories About Read- The filler! That is what Mr. Carl ing, by George Fullerton Evans, Educational Click in The Bookman calls it. Some day Review. a genius will come along and do for it what Geography, An Exercise in Imagination, Shakespeare did for the sonnet, what O. by Edward Yeomans, Atlantic Monthly. Henry did for the short story, or what Ed- A Study of Applied Music, by Frank Ar- gar Lee Masters did for vers libre—make it thur Scott, The School Review. his vehicle of expression and go on his way Is Grade Teaching a Profession? by E. B. with his pockets full of dimes. But what is Skaggs, Educational Review. the filler? Magazine editors have described Applied Patriotism—Ttzchmg Citizenship it as "that short humorous piece which is through Social Problems, by Calvin C. always welcome." It has a style peculiarly Thomason, The Survey. its own. It is a whole Victorian novel in A Vegetable Manufacturer of Decorated seven lines. It means a great deal and says Glass. Some Remarkable Facts About the little. Some day some professor will dis- Diatoms Found in the So-Called Infusorial cover that it has a technique all its own and Earth, by William M. Butterfield, Scientific rules will be laid down concerning it. Then American. the filler will come into its own. Nell M. Critzer 20 TEE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Vol. I. No. 1

The Virginia Teacher however, will effort be made to present a publication of high professional character in Published monthly by the State Normal content, but no detail of the printer's art will School for Women at Harrisonburg, Virginia. be omitted to make it mechanically the equal of any professional periodical now before the Application for entrance as second class mat- public. ter has been made at the postoflice at Harrison- Every one who at any time has been con- burg, Virginia, under the Act of July 16, 1894. nected with the State Normal School at Har- risonburg will, of course, wish to have the James C. Johnston, Editor publication complete with this number. As Henry A. Converse, Manager the surest means of keeping all the students Advisory Board John W. Wayland Elizabeth P. Cleveland of the school, those formerly in attendance as Conrad T. Logan Kate M. Anthony well as those now in training, in complete Mary Lancaster Smith Annette Louise Houston touch with each other and with the plans and Rosa P. Heidelberg Jo B. Warren activities of their school, a very decided ex- tension of the personal side is planned for the magazine. It can not, therefore, be too VIII urgently impressed upon all former students of the school that this will be their means of EDITORIAL keeping in touch with their alma mater, as well as an especially agreeable way of be- THE EXTENSION OF OUR MAGAZINE SERVICE coming well posted as to the vital things in educational matters in this state. It should In the belief that the extension of the ser- however, be definitely understood that the vice hitherto offered through the quarterly magazine will attempt to fill the requirements bulletin published under the auspices of the of a high-class professional publication de- State Normal School at Harrisonburg will voted to the best interests of the schools of meet with the same cordial response other en- the State, to which it dedicates its being. terprises of the school have been accorded, the faculty of this institution has decided to is- sue a monthly magazine of immediate appeal and pertinency to both teachers in service and IX teachers in preparation. The general purpose of this new publica- EDUCATIONAL COMMENT tion, which begins with this number, under the title of the Virginia teacher, A million more for schools will be to keep its readers in intelligent touch with the best that is thought and accom- The recommendation of Governor Davis plished in the educational world, especially as to the Legislature in his annual budget is it applies to the problems of our State. In each $1,000,000 more annually for public schools. issue there will be two or three general ar- The annual appropriation for high schools ticles of prime interest to those who are try- is doubled and the increase for all purposes ing to make the most of their chosen field; from general State appropriations is an in- editorial discussion and comment on move- crease of approximately 33 per cent. ments, achievements, and issues bearing upon THE REPORT OF THE COMMISSION the welfare of our schools; educational news of national import; reviews and book guides Many of the recommendations of the Ed- dealing with the most significant of the cur- ucational Commission are apparently doomed rent educational publications; abstracts! of to oblivion in the Legislature, but we sin- feature articles of interest to teachers from cerely trust that out of the wreckage we may the current magazines; correspondence deal- yet find a way opened to (a) more adequate ing with vital educational problems; practical financial support; (b) a longer school term; suggestions from training school author- and (c) a strong compulsory attendance law. ities; and a rich variety of news and notes These three achievements alone will be worth from the school and its alumnae. Not alone, all the expense and effort of the Commission. February, 1920] TEE VIRGINIA TEACHER 21

STATE INSTITUTIONS ON ALL-YEAR BASIS units required while pursuing these A Bill has been passed in the Legislature courses. putting the University of Virginia, William SUMMER WORK FOR JUNIORS and Mary College, Virginia Polytechnic In- stitute and all the Normal Schools on an There are many teachers in the State who all-year basis. This will undoubtedly mate- have completed only one year of a professional rially increase the opportunity of these schools course at a Normal School anl yet do not feel to serve the interests of the State. The ex- that they can discontinue their teaching to perience of the Radford and Harrisonburg complete their professional training. The Normal Schools during the past few years Harrisonburg Normal School will provide has thoroughly proven the wisdom of this such courses for these Juniors in its summer move for the Normal Schools. quarter that they may complete their require- ments for graduation in three summer quar- CHANGE IN REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTIFICATES ters without interfering with their teaching. Ample practise teaching facilities will be pro- Subject to the approval of the State Board vided. of Education, it has been recommended by the directors of Summer Schools in a meet- THE SITUATION IN PITTSBURG ing with Superintendent Hart, Secretary Hillman, and Miss Gregg, Supervisor of It is reported that 75 per cent of the Teacher Training, that the number of sub- teachers of Pittsburg have agreed not to ac- jects required for the Elementary Professional cept contracts for next year unless their re- Certificates obtained in summer schools be quests for salary increases are granted. It is reduced by one in each of the first two years, regrettable that such means have to be re- thus providing for more intensive work in sorted to. Perhaps some of the great indus- those subjects required. trial disputes around Pittsburg have made their influence felt in that city's teaching force. STATE EXAMINATIONS Hereafter the State Normal Schools for "OLD ELl" FALLS IN LINE Women in their summer terms will prepare their own examinations in those courses lead- Yale University has at last realized that ing to the first and second grade certificates it cannot hope to hold its place with the larg- er universities without a strong school of instead of giving examinations prepared by education and has selected Dr. Spaulding, the State Department of Education. Un- Superintendent of the Cleveland Schools, to doubtedly the teacher should be the examin- er and a person competent to teach a course head such a department at Yale. is competent to prepare the examination which is to determine the satisfactory completion of CAROLINA TOO the course. The University of North Carolina is go- ing about the problem of the rural school in HIGH SCHOOL STUDIES ELIMINATED a commendable fashion by organizing a De- HARRISONBURG TAKES THE LEAD partment of Rural Education with Dr. Ed- gar W. Knight at its head. Dr. Knight is The Harrisonburg Normal School has the type of man who "carries through." secured the approval of the State Normal School Board for admitting to the institution only those young women prepared to do pro- Virginia's department fessional work. While the standard require- The University of Virginia is now putting ment for admission to these courses is grad- more emphasis on her work in education. The uation from an accredited high school or reorganized school of education is composed private secondary school, students with four- of an excellent staff and Virginia is now un- teen units of high school credit will be ad- dertaking seriously the problem of making the mitted to the professional courses with the University a real factor in our public school privilege of making up the two additional system. 22 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Vol. I. No. 1

THE TEACHER SHORTAGE the grammar grades, four for the elementary During the early part of the fall term the grades, and one for the kindergarten—a total Secretary of the National Education Associa- of eleven rooms in which teacher training is tion received reports on the supply of teachers carried on, with as many critic teachers to from fully 40 per cent of all the teaching po- supervise and to do critic work. sitions in'the United States. The results show This fact indicates that the plan succeeds a teacher shortage throughout the country, well, so far as the Harrisonburg schools are including teachers below standard, of 15.5 per concerned. The Normal School can use more cent. This means for Virginia a shortage of rooms if it so desires, when it feels the need probably more than 2,000 qualified teachers. of them. Revolutionary movements accompanied by There are many things which make such a violence and other spectacular features at- combination of effort desirable: tract our attention, but sometimes more dan- 1. It gives experience under actual school gerous movements, going on silently and un- conditions to the young women who are obtrusively, contain more elements of real dan- soon to go out to teach. No attempt is made to select children for these rooms, ger for a State. We cannot understand how nor is there any attempt to have fewer pu- legislators or other State officials can refuse to pils in them. Actual conditions prevail at see a real menace to Virginia in its shortage all times, and no thought is taken to make any difference in rooms thus used and of public school teachers. those not so used. The young women meet the difficult problems and help to work Samuel P. Duke them out to the best possible advantage to the children being taught. All understand that the school is for the children, and not for any special advantages of the Normal students. X 2. The plan unites the forces and com- bines the efforts of all parties to the one CORRESPONDENCE end—to make the schools of Harrisonburg the best possible. This is what the local THE USE OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS FOR authorities demand, and It Is the desider- atum of the Normal School as well. The TRAINING SCHOOL PURPOSES result is that everything is done that is When the State Normal School for Wom- possible in order to have the very best schools under the combined efforts of all en was established at Harrisonburg, one of concerned. There is no rivalry, no jeal- the first questions that arose was whether or ousy, no divided efforts; every one is loy- not it could be arranged to use the local ally and enthusiastically working to the schools as the training school for the young one single aim—to give to the children of Harrisonburg every advantage under a women who were to go out to teach. modern and progressive school system. Not Up to that time the idea was new, as al- only is this true with regard to those con- most every normal school had its "Practise nected with the schools, but it is true as School," or "Model School," as they are call- well among the parents and friends and the community generally. The community is ed, built on its own campus and conducted as thus tied up with both institutions. a part of the institution—entirely separate and .» apart from the local public schools. After a 3. It is a distinct advantage to the full discussion of the plan, and clear and schools of the city. By this means it is definite understanding, it was agreed that the possible to obtain for the children teach- ers who could not otherwise be had. It Normal School should make the experiment makes it possible to pay these better sal- on a few of the rooms at the Main Street aries and thus to secure teachers of unu- School, and if the results should prove to be sual preparation and experience. The as- sociation with the young women who come for the best advantage of all concerned, then to us from the Normal School—young wom- more rooms—as many as might be needed— en who in a few months will go out to should be available for practise teaching. At teach in the very best schools in this and first two rooms were thus used, and the re- other states, and who, every moment, are sults proved so satisfactory that more were putting forth every effort to do something that will be of special help and benefit to taken into the plan, until at present there are the children with whom they are working three for the junior high school, three for —is most inspiring and helpful. Pebkuaby, 1920] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 23

4. It stimulates the teaching force to do mal School and the city schools are being bene - superior work. The faculty of the Nor- mal School is ready at all times to give any fited, and neither would wish to see a change help and advice to any teacher, as well as made in the situation. to any child, in the system; and since they have had special preparation and training, William H. Keister our teachers are wont to put forth their best efforts to meet the standards set by those who know good schools and know (when teaching is of a high order. XI 5. It solidifies community interest. The entire plant and equipment of the Normal SCHOOL ACTIVITIES School is offered to the city schools to be used Just as if it were a part of the sys- The list of honor students for the first tem. Similarly, the plants and the equip- ment of the city schools are used by the quarter 1919-20 is as follows: Those whose Normal School in every way desired. Each average grade is A: Degree welcomes the widest possible use of the 1919-20 students—Nellie M. Crit- other's equipment, grounds, buildings, and First Quarter, zer, Afton; Dorothy McK. libraries. Thus all are in position to get the benefit that is to be had at both places, Honor Students Spooner, Farmville; Post- with the result that much unnecessary graduate—Vergilia P. Sad- actual expense and outlay of money and ler, Scottsville; Seniors—Linda S. Berrey, Crig- energy is saved. Harrisonburg feels that lersville; Iris Fay Glascock, Buffalo Lithia the Normal School is its own school, while the Normal School feels that the city Springs; Catharine Harrison, Harrisonburg; school system is a part of that institution. Nella S. Roark, Alta Vista; Juniors—Louise If this arrangement did not exist, there F. Coleman, Roanoke; Arline Cutshall, Roan- would be a clear line between them and oke; Lillian A. Miller, Baltimore; Specials— much that is now done could not possibly be accomplished because of rivalry, Jeal- Mrs. Wm. G. LeHew, Harrisonburg. ousy, and misunderstanding. Those whose average grade is nearer to A than to B: Degree student—Mary McK. The question is often asked: "Is the ar- Seebert, Lexington; Postgraduates—Sallie L. rangement of advantage to the city schools?" Browne, Stanardsville; Elise A. Loewner, My reply is that IT is. Reasons can not be Harrisonburg; Lena M. Reed, Penn-Laird; given here beyond the fact that the teaching Seniors—Lelouise Edwards, Norfolk; Rosa done by Normal students is done under the P. Heidelberg, Rustburg; Marion B. Nesbitt, strictest supervision of the critic teacher, in South Boston; Mary J. Phillips, Bedford; charge, as well as under the supervisor of Allie Mae Brindel, Roanoke; Thelma Miller, teacher training of the Normal school and un- Roseland; Juniors—lona Wimbrough, Chin- der the general direction of the principals and coteague; Louise Houston, Fairfield; Chloe the superintendent—and the further fact that Peck, Roanoke; Anne B. Gilliam, Petersburg; these student teachers are graduates of the Charlotte Morris, Gaylord; Emily Round, best four-year high schools and have had, in Manassas; Preparatory students—Margaret addition, nearly two years of special training McDonald, Roanoke; Mary C. Harris, Pen- at the Normal School, and are eagerly being dleton; Celia P. Swecker, Monterey; and sought to go out into the state to take the Harriet W. James, Mobjack. very best places as teachers—and the further This list is made on the basis of the new fact that every lesson to be taught is grading system adopted this session: the grade thoroughly prepared and planned and sub- A indicates "Excellent" and represents ap- mitted to the teacher in charge before it is proximately the numerical grade of 94 to 100. presented to the class. These facts alone make it evident that every precaution is taken Matters move apace in the affairs of the that each lesson shall be taught well and Dramatic Club. On Tuesday, January 20, thoroughly. Much of this student teaching ten "dramatic goats" were is far above that done in the majority of the Stratford admitted to membership in schools in the State. Dramatic Club the Stratford. First they So far as Harrisonburg is concerned, the were banqueted, and then arrangement has been, and is, most satisfac- initiated, but the latter word is a tame ex- tory and helpful in every way. Both the Nor- pression for the circus that went on under the 24 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Vol. I. No. I

direction of Mr. Johnston, who acted as This is the annual staff. The best School- chief factotum and ringmaster. These "ten ma'am is coming! dramatic goats" entered the dining room dressed to represent famous actresses of the Harrisonburg was proud to take her place stage and screen. They were Coralease Bottom, with the schools and colleges all over North Edna Draper, Grace Heyl, Elizabeth Daniel, America in sending her Louise Co'leman, Arline Cutshall, Ella Hol- The Des quota of delegates to the loran, Kathryn Willson, Marie Painter Moines Convention Student Volunteer Con- and Virginia Mecartney. vention held in Des Old members of the Stratford Dramatic Moines, Iowa, December 31 to January 5. Club, who have by their activities put so much We were allowed three delegates and we sent qui vive into the affairs of the club, are Le- three; our only regret was that we could not louise Edwards, Nancy Baker, Tita Bland, have more. Gertrude Bowler, Mae Brindel, Grace Fish- This, the Eighth International Conven- er, Mary Folliard, Hazel Haun, Pauline tion of the Student Volunteer Movement, Johnson, Miriam Jones, Elise Loewner, Mer- opened with the record-breaking attendance of la Matthews, Elizabeth Murphy, Mozelle 7000 students, who with the leaders of the Powell, Mary Phillips, Lena Reed, Louise Convention represented forty different na- Shumadine, Frances Stell, Dorothy Spooner, tions. It was an index of a world movement and Dorothy Williams. that shall wield a world influence in the next twenty-five years. Where is the pessimist We have an annual—The Schoolma'am. who mournfully asks, "What is the world It followed rather logically—this being a wom- coming to?" He would have changed his at- an's institution—that there titude if he could have seen revealed even in The should be an annual staff. It a small way what the 300,000 students of Schoolma'am dawned upon us all soon after North America are standing for. returning from the holidays— Our three delegates, Frances Sawyer, still more logically—that it was up to the Marion Nesbitt and Sallie Browne, in their students to elect the staff. follow-up reports in chapel gave us a glimpse Meantime the faculty Committee on Stu- of the great world need that is a challenge to dent Publications considered and investigated all and a responsibility that passes no one by. —investigated and considered. Finally these The Convention under the leadership of John investigations and considerations came to the R. Mott, Robert E. Speer, Sherwood Eddy, students in a long list of nominations selected Robert P. Wilder and others who are strong from each class. It was now their time to forces in our national life, did not fail to im- consider—not the color of the girl's eyes, or press them with the greatness of the task the number of her "specials," but the quality which this generation faces. If the world is of her ability. For, as Miss Cleveland says, going to be a fit place to live, it is for the the girl to choose is the girl who will make students of the world to make it so; and to the best "Schoolma'am." America will fall the greater part of this task. There were meetings—and meetings. And they ended in the election of a most promis- During January members of the faculty ing staff under the editorial guidance of Ger- who spoke before groups of teachers and cit- trude Bowler, who is a senior, of course, and izens interested in school also a student assistant in English. Elise Addresses by affairs were President Loewner, business manager of last year's Faculty Members Duke, Dr. W. J. Gifford, Schoolma'am, will again fill that position, and Conrad T. Logan. On having as her assistant Catherine Harrison. January 5 Mr. Logan addressed the teachers Other members of the Staff are Nell Critzer, of Page County at Luray on the "Fundamen- Dorothy Spooner, and Merla Matthews, of tals of English in the Elementary Schools." the oegree class; Ruth Rodes, Vergilia Sadler, On January 20 President Duke spoke before and Sallie Browne, of the Postgraduate class; a patrons' rally at New Market on "School Marion Nesbitt and Nella Roark, of the Se- Improvement." Fifteen members of the Nor- nior class; Louise Coleman, of the Junior mal School Glee, Club, under the direction of class; and Elkanah Powell, Special. Miss Edna Shaeffer, were also present and February, 1920] THE VIRGINIA TEACHER 25

participated in the program. Dr. Gifford a hitch. Dances illustrated included "Rufty spoke January 22 betore citizens of Manassas Tufty," "The Butterfly," Black Nag," and on "Adequate Finances" for the schools of "Sellenger's Round," and at the end of the that city. program Mr. Smith showed us how the Mor- ris Dance is done. Students assisting in the The Harrisonburg Education Association, demonstration were Merla Matthews, Mar- consisting of the teachers in the public school garet Proctor, Frances Stell, Nella Roark, system and members of the Clara Lambert, Katherine Pettus, Mozelle Examinations Normal School faculty, at Powel, Pauline Johnson, and Marion Nesbitt. and Promotion their regular January meet- Those wishing to purchase the music and ing discussed "Examina- notation for these and other of the country tions and Promotion." Talks and papers dances can obtain them from the H. W. Gray were contributed by Miss Zoe Porter, Miss Co., 2 West 45th St., New York. The Coun- Wehler and Norman E. Smith of the city try Dance Book, in four parts, edited by Cecil schools; and by Dr. H. A. Converse, Conrad J. Sharp, and containing a description of the T. Logan,and Dr. W. J. Gifford of the Nor- steps and figures of about 125 dances, can mal School. It was announced that the next be obtained from the same source. two meetings would be spent in consideration and discussion of the report recently published One of the most helpful and practical following the Education Commission's talks which it has been the privilege of Nor- survey of Virginia's public schools. mal School students to hear The this session was that by Among the speakers who occupied Family Budget Miss Sarah M. Wilson, of the rostrum at assembly periods during Jan- the Department of Household uary were Dr. John W. Arts. Miss Wilson's talk came on Family The Wayland, who spoke on Budget Day during Thrift Week, and was Assembly Period "Lee" on January 19; directed especially toward the personal budget, Ward C. Swank, Clerk of which is the more immediate concern of our the City Council of Harrisonburg and attof- students. All expenditures can be included ney-at-law, who addressed the students on under one of the following heads, and budget "Making Wills" January 21; Miss Sarah experts before the present high prices allow- M. Wilson, of the Department of Home ed these definite percentages: Food, 25 per Economics, who gave a most interesting talk cent; shelter, 20 per cent; operating expenses, on "The Family Budget and the Personal 15 per cent, clothing, 15 per cent; and "high- Budget" January 23; Rev.B.F.Wilson,D.D. er life," 25 per cnet. The last item is meant of the Presbyterian Church, Harrisonburg, to include expenditures for education, re- who January 28 spoke on "Art in Life," en- creation, religious, social welfare, health, and couraging the appreciation of the artistic and savings. thus introducing students to the art exhibit Miss Wilson made a plea with her aud- sponsored by the Art Department; Milton M. ience, as a part of America's educated woman- Smith, Sec. of the New York Center English hood, to help set up sensible standards that Folk Dance Society and instructor at the would prevent extravagance in the matter of Horace Mann School for Boys, Teachers dress. By this means there will be made College, New York, who on January 30 spoke available a large part of the individual's in- on "Engjish Country Dancing." come for the many important activities listed under "Higher Life" and regarded as cultural That Normal School girls are apt pupils and enriching. and that Mr. Smith is a skillful teacher were demonstrated by the Charles Denoe Leedy, a former pupil of The smoothness with which the Harold Randolph, Peabody Conservatory of Country Dances country dances were ex- Baltimore, and now a stu- ecuted when they were Piano Recital dent under the celebrated shown to illustrate the talk on "English pianist, Harold Bauer, gave Country Dances." There were only three brief a piano recital in the auditorium Friday ev- rehearsals, but the dances were given without ening, January 9. Mr. Leedy gave recitals 26 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Vol. 1. No. 1

at Bridgewater College on the evening of serve to broaden you both in heart and mind January 8th and at Stuart Hall, Staunton, by their appeal to a sense of the artistic and on the evening of the roth. He is a cousin the beautiful. of Senator Robert F. Leedy, of Page County. 1 here have been two ventures so far in To aid in promoting the study and ap- the campaign for raising a fund which will preciation of art in the schools of the country serve the English depart- the Elson Art Publication Eunds ment in the same manner An Educational Company Inc., of Belmont, for the English as the laboratory funds Art Exhibition Mass., lent us free of Department provide for the use of the charge for four days its sciences. A five-reel mov- educational art exhibition consisting of about ie, shown through the kindness of Manager D. two hundred large pictures, each in mat frame P. Wine, of the New Virginia Theater, with title and artist's name, and about three brought into the coffers $27.49 and the Book hundred small prints, under the following Party given January 31 netted $45.66—a plan: total to date of $73.15. The price of ad- (a) That a public exhibition of the pic- mission to the Book Party and its stunts tures be held, with the co-operation of the was held down so as to encourage a large at- school authorities. tendance. The various "sideshows" turned (b) That the school children sell tickets in the following amounts; General admis- to the exhibition in advance. sions, $21.42; Bookshelf, $1.69; Universal Library, $i.8o; Art Gallery, $3.45; Liter- (c) That the entire net proceeds be used ary Digest (Refreshments), $10.40; Circu- in purchasing pictures from the company for lating Library, $3.60; Maggie Zine's Ro- the walls of the school. mance, $2.30. (d) That all transportation charges above $io should be paid by the company. Prizes in the guessing contests were (e) That in addition to the exhibit the awarded to Margaret Bear, who guessed company should furnish large advertising twenty-eight books on the "Bookshelf"; to posters, handbills announcing the exhibit, Marion Nesbitt, who guessed the names of tickets of admission, advertising copy, circu- twenty-nine out of thirty authors in the "Art lars, etc., free. Gallery"; and to Gladys Lee who won the The exhibition consisted of large sepia draw from Dorothy Spooner and Martha carbon photographs and photogravures, many Lassiter, for guessing the most charades. For subjects in color, either printed in oil colors the best costumes Nell Critzer and Dorothy by skilled artist printers or hand-colored in Spooner as "Launcelot and Elaine" were oils after the original paintings. It contained awarded the prize, Gertrude Bowler as Bab- only the very best reproductions of the master- bie in "1 he Little Minister" receiving honor- pieces of art of different countries and per- able mention by the judges. iods. Nearly every famous art gallery in the world would have to be visited to see the or- Although the night of January 23 was iginals of the pictures which were brought slick and slippery, the auditorium of Harrison together for us in one collection. 1 11 was packed and over The members of the Art Appreciation Dark Night at J * . - the Normal flo ng w!th a very aPPr.e- class were each given some famous picture or ciative™ audience whichu wit- artist to study up and report on to the rest of nessed an old-time minstrel show pre- the class and to the visitors at the Art Ex- sented by the Degree and Postgraduate classes. hibit. They collected many interesting facts When the curtains were parted, sixteen and stories concerning th.e pictures. Per- "niggers" bedecked in red swallow-tail coats, haps the greatest value of the exhibit is that white trousers, and straw hats sang in unison it gives a chance to see at first hand pictures "Oh Dem Golden Slippers." The middle- of which you have read all your life. Re- man, Miss Ethel Parrott, looked like an Apol- gardless of whether or not you make a defin- lo in her (?) dress suit and silk hat. Sud- ite study of the pictures, the exhibit must denly four end-men jazzed from behind the February, 1920] IRE VIRGINIA TEACHER 27 curtain, radiant in their green tuxedo coats, with the following captains: Postgraduates white trousers and felt hats. They were: —Merla Matthews; Seniors—Marion Nes- bitt; Juniors—June Steele; Sophmores— Pete, alias Elise Loewner. Thelma Grasty. Repeat, alias Dorothy Spooner. The first match game was played on the Bones, alias Marguerite Whitney. 24th of January, the Postgraduates against Sambo, alias Vergilia Sadler. the Seniors. Friendly feeling ran high be- These "culled pussons" kept the audience tween the two teams and their supporters. in a continuous roar with their jokes and re- The cheering was unusually effective—the marks concerning certain celebrities of the Postgraduates being led by Grace Heyl, a town as well as of the school. Miss Dorothy member of the Junior class, and the Seniors Williams, as Snowball, sang several solos quite by Misses Hatcher, Morgan and Tieche. The effectively, while Jo Warren, as George line-up for the teams was as follows: Washington Johnston Brown, "took de cake" Postgraduates Seniors when she sang and played "Ah Got Mine." Critzer Forwards Nesbitt Probably the biggest "hit" of the night was Bishop Roark when Pete and Repeat sang "The Graveyard Layman Guards Proctor Blues," a clever parody, causing certain mem- Matthews Harnsberger bers of the faculty to sit up and take notice. Parrott Center Campbell Another song which caused a great deal of Substitute Bonney merriment was one entitled "Anything" by Repeat, accompanied by the playing of stringed Mr. Johnston refereed and the game was instruments by Misses Fisher and Whitney. quick and clean with especially good passing— Many new and old songs were sung by the Miss Matthews starring for her stage throws chorus and the jokes were especially clever. and Miss Nesbitt for her field goals. Un- The latter part of the program consisted of fortunately the teams were not evenly matched a playlet entitled, "The Booster Club of the score being 18—6 in favor of the Seniors. Blackville." On January 30th the Junior-Sophomore Although this was a dark night at the game took place. Again the rooters were en- Normal, yet the darkness had a silver lining thusiastic and some excellent playing was for the graduate classes made one hundred and done on both sides. For the first few minutes forty dollars! the score ran close, but the Juniors came out victorious with a score of 30—7. The two On the morning of January ig, Lee's teams consisted of: birthday, the Lee Literary Society, under the Juniors Sophomores auspices of the Daughters of Faulkner Forwards McGehee The March the Confederacy gave at the Steele Deathridge of Democracy New Virginia Theater a pro- Reilly Guards James gram entitled The March of Coleman Tillman Democracy. This was a pageant showing the Mott Center Barlow ever present spirit of democracy and freedom Morgan Substitutes in the hearts of the American people and the Hodgea final triumph of democracy over autocracy in the great World War. The entire Lee Under the auspices of the American membership took part. The girls taking the School Citizenship League, formerly called leading parts were Jo Warren, as Autocracy; the American School Peace Rosa Heidelberg, as Democracy; Louise Prizes for League, there has been conduct- Coleman, as Liberty; and Nell Critzer, as Best Essays ed during the past ten years an America. annual contest for the best essay submitted on some subject dealing with in- The athletic season opened after the Christ- ternational good feeling. From the secretary mas holidays with a great deal of enthusiasm. of the league, Mrs. Fannie Fern Edwards, Work was begun immediately on 405 Marlborough St.,Boston, comes announce- Basketball the chief winter sport—basket- ment of the contest for the present year, with ball. The teams were chosen the offer to send literature to assist in the 28 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Vol.. I. No. 1

writing of the essay. Prizes of seventy-five, Clare Harnsberger, Ruth Royston, Edith fifty, and twenty-five dollars are offered for Ward, Dorothy Williams, Marian Walton, the best essays submitted by Normal School and Isabel Wilkins. seniors before April i, 1920, on the subject; "Education for Citizenship in the League of Fhe two latest additions to the faculty Nations." Essays must not exceed 5,000 have possessed a vocal exuberance in strong words, but a length of 3,000 words is pre- contrast to their inability so far ferred. It is stated that essays were submit- The Stork to make much of an impress ted last year from nearly three-quarters of all upon the student body. But per- normal schools in the United States. haps this is no time to pass judgment which Dr. Henry A. Converse, Registrar, de- time would certainly reverse. On December lightfully entertained the men of the faculty 27 young Robt. Gifford was received into the school family, and on January 8th Marshall at his home on Paul Street, The Registrar Tuesday night, January 27. Ward Duke became a tesident of the Presi- dent's home and ex-officio a member of the Registers a Hit Dr. Converse presided at the faculty. chafing dish and prepared a Welsh Rarebit for his guests, who were then In two recent contests, one statewide, the called upon to speak on the following sub- other covering five states, students of the city jects: Dr. J. W. Wayland, "The Histoiy of the Welsh Rarebit"; Raymond C. Dingle- schools have been among Harrisonburg the successful competi- dine, "The Philosophy of the Welsh Rare- Pnpils Win Prizes tors. Miss Margaret Kem- bit;" James C. Johnston, "The Chemistry of the Welsh Rarebit;" Conrad T. Logan, "The per, third year student in the Harrisonburg High School, was awarded Orthography of the Welsh Rarbit;" Dr. W. the 2nd prize of $10 in the contest conducted J. Gifford,' "The Reactions of the Welsh by the Virginia Anti-Tuberculosis Association Rarebit;" and G. W . Chappelear, "The for the best rime illustrating the dangers of Biology of the Welsh Rarebit." As Dr. Con- this disease. verse had taken his guests by surprise, he in turn was called upon by Dr. Gifford to speak Annie Grace Dickens, a pupil in the on "The Soul of the Welsh Rarebit." Training School, grade 4-A, was awarded first prize in the contest put on by the Junior Dr. Converse's plans included a toast by Red Cross, Potomac Division for the best President Duke on "The Organization of the poster illustrating the work of the Junior Red Welsh Rarebit," but a meeting of the State Cross. The successful draMng appeared on Normal School Board in Richmond made it the last page of a recent number of the bul- necessary that President Duke be there—to letin issued by the American Red Cross, Po- speak in more serious vein. tomac Division. Students who attend the Episcopal Church in Harrisonburg were entertained on the Raymond C. Dingledine, of the Depart- ment of History, was recently elected his- evening of January 28 at the torian of Rockingham Post No. 27, Ameri- Reception to home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank can Legion. Episcopal Girls L. Sublett, on South Main Street. The Reverend and Mrs. Walter Williams, Mr. and Mrs. James C. Johnston, Dr. and Mrs. Henry A. Con- verse and Miss Mary Louise Seegar assisted Mr. and Mrs. Sublett. Students who were present included Edna Bonney, .Mildred AMBITION mie Jackson, Esther Evans, Emily Round, Barker, Hazel Bellerby, Elizabeth Mott, Ma- If I knew what the poets know And had a sea of ink, Katherine Rouzie, Eleanor Pendleton, Mary On the broad expanse of the blue, blue sky Phillips, Frances Tabb, Virginia Drew, Mar- I'd write a rime, I think. garet Lewis, Phyllis Eastham, Anne Giliiam, Ethel Lanier, Anna Cameron, Grace Heyl, Erma M. Tieche February, 1920] TEE VIRGINIA TEACHER 29

XII State Association of Charities and Correc- tions was a visit from Juliet Gish, Executive ALUMNAE NOTES AND NEWS Red Cross Secretary in Bedford.

In a letter written from Roanoke, Dr. The mails also continue to bring welcome Wayland gives an interesting account of a news of our old girls. One is resolutely splendid meeting held there with the Harris- walking four miles to her school every morn- onburg Normal girls resident in that city. In ing, regardless of the weather; some are to part his letter is as follows: be married soon and are busy with their "There are about thirty of our old stu- "hope chests"; some are studying at Columbia dents, graduates and non-graduates, in the University; some, like "the little Earlys," are city, most of whom are teaching. Sarah Mof- giving this winter at home to lighten the cares fett Walters, Esther Coulbourne Dance, Eliza- of Father and Mother. Would that more beth Kelley Davis, Vera Seay Anson, and could be free to do just that fine and much- perhaps one or two more are married; but needed service! Mrs. Anson is teaching regularly and Mrs. Nearly all, of course, are teaching; though Davis assists her husband occasionally in his the lure of government positions has drawn a home school for boys. number to Washington—among them Mir- "This afternoon at Mrs. Davis's home, iam Buckley, Cecile Grasty, Beatrice Eshel- 371 Woods Avenue, S. W., a Harrisonburg man, Kate Anderson, Frances Ramey, Mary reunion was held. In spite of the influenza, Silvey,Stella and Irene Meserole. Hazel Davis which kept many away, we had a full dozen is studying there, going in from her home Harrisonburg enthusiasts present, including every day. Her zeal for The Schoolma'am is the presidents of two graduating classes: unabated. Elizabeth Kelley Davis, president of the class It was fine that Mary Stallings and Eliza- of 1913, and Elizabeth Mowbray, president beth Nicol could both visit Miss Corbett in of the class of 1917. Mrs. Davis served re- Gordonsville at Christmas and tell her all freshments, the writer made a speech, telling about how they manage their "institutions." about the life and growth of the school, and Mary, as dietitian, runs the entire boarding everybody made a substantial contribution to department of the Driver Agricultural High the good cheer, , . It was decided that School. Elizabeth has a similar position in at the first opportunity steps shall be taken the up-to-date dormitory of the Jobbers to form a Harrisonburg Club of the Roanoke Overall Manufacturers, Lynchburg. girls. A number said they are planning to attend next commencement. Mary Cook is attending the Presbyterian Training School in Richmond, preparatory "Below you will find the names and ad- to doing further mountain-school service in dresses of all the girls present: her denomination; while Irene Moore is hard Name Home Ad. Present Ad. at work with her poultry raising and other Elizabeth Mowbray, 311 Broad St. Salem, Salem Mary Austin, 612 Marshall Ave., S. W., domestic craft among the children of the Iloanoke. Fincastle Mary B. Hinton, 402 Day Ave., S. W., hills, in the Blue Ridge Industrial School of Roanoke. Roanoke the Episcopal church. Mrs. Vera Seay Anson, R. F. D. No. 3 Box 281, Roanoke Roanoke Mabel V. Hickman.Lovettsville, 607 Maiden Bane Edmonia Shepperson, after efficient war Roanoke Bucy Jackson Stearnes, P. O. Box 126, service in teaching handwork to shell-shocked Roanoke, Roanoke and shell-torn soldiers, is now doing a sim- Ellen K. Bowman, 1604 Chapman Ave. Roanoke, Roanoke ilar work for the patients at Tucker Sani- Esther J. Hubbard, 830 Campbell Ave., Roanoke, Roanoke torium, Richmond. Her old chum, Hallie Mabel Heavener, 710 Dale Ave., S. E., Hughes, is known over the State as a home Roanoke Roanoke Maude Shapleigrh, Franklin Apts., demonstrator. For the ludicrous side of this Roanoke Roanoke calling, hear Gretchen Bell recount her ex- Mrs. Elizabeth Kelley Davis 371 Woods Ave., S. W., Roanoke. Roanoke periences as demonstration agent in historic Appomattox. Among the many good things brought to us last week by the annual meeting of the Speaking of itineracy, Virginia Dudley is 30 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER [Vol. I. No. 1

supervisor of schools in North River District, ols Spong, of Portsmouth; Gertrude Royall Augusta county. Ruth Witt, with her little Townes, of Richmond; Edith Bowling Key- Ford, has a like mission in Rockingham. set, of Rappahannock county. , Annie Laurie from Charlottesville we have recent Houser is now Mrs. Grayson Holt, of Mit- news of Madge Bryan, Annie Lee Crawford, ocia. Sadie Davies, after teaching English Grace Gaw, and Marie Scribner, of the pub- and Latin so successfully for five years that lic schools. Grace Jarvis is teaching at St. the high school could iil spare her services, Anne's; and Helen Heyl is principal of the married the Reverend L. H. Paul, of Clifton Mountain View School, near the city. Forge. Lucile Reaves was married in De- cember to Mr. John Paul Underhill. They Not all the letters recently received from are now living at Machipongo. Ruth Fisher our ex-students bear the Virginia postmark. was recently married to Mr. George Turner, .Vivienne Mays is a successful teacher out in at her home near Franktown. Nebraska. Cynthia has lately gone to join her there. The one writes of going to see the play "Everywoman" because the Stratfords once gave it here; the other is, in her leisure OUR CONTRIBUTORS hours, in demand as. basketball coach and MILTON M. SMITH, who recounts the English referee. folk-dance traditions in "Dancing through English Literature," is the secretary of the Virginia Pugh is teaching in Covington, New York Branch of the English Folk-Dance Kentucky. Esther Buckley is at Frostburg, Society and an instructor in English in the Maryland. Violet Rainey also enjoys her Horace Mann School for Boys, New York school beyond the Potomac. City. W. J. GIPFORD, the contributor of the study, Kathleen Watson is at Charleston and "Grading by the Group, or General Merit, Eva Phillips at Charles Town, West Vir- System vs. Grading by Percentages," is the Head of the Department of Education in the ginia; and quiet Frances Rolston waxed en- Harrisonburg Normal School. thusiastic at Christmas as she told of her CARRIE M. DUNGAN, the contributor of the work in the mathematics department of Lewis- article on "What Should Be Accomplished burg Seminary, of that State. in English in the Elementary School," is a critic teacher in the Training School of the From Orlando, Florida, came—amid De- Harrisonburg Normal School. cember snows—a box of finest oranges and S. P. DUKE, the contributor of brief comments other fresh fruits, packed in long gray moss. on general educational matters, as they af- It was Florence Keezeli and Althea Adams fect our State schools in "Educational Com- who found time from their school to send this ment," is the president of the Harrisonburg sweet and juicy message from summer-land Normal School. to some of "the old folks at home"here in the LILLIE BELLE BISHOP, who advances "A Practical Plan for the Teaching of Phonics," faculty. Mabel Hitt has strayed one degree is the principal of the Neff School, of the further. She teaches American history in Harrisonburg Public School System. Porto Rico. S. FANNIE SPECK, the author of the apprecia- tion of Miss Comstock's "Handbook of Na- As to the brides, they seem to be "at ture-Study" under the title of "Through Na- home" almost everywhere. Olivine Runciman ture Up to Nature's God," is a teacher in the McNeil is in Nashville, Kentucky. Wini- Public School System of Harrisonburg. fred Maurer, (Mrs. Earl Hickman) and WILLIAM H. KBISTER, who gives his ideas Julia Silvey (Mrs. Charles Luttrell) both on "The Use of the Public Schools for Train- live in Washington, D. C., Eliesa Clements ing School Purposes," is the superintendent is now Mrs. William Ball, of Baltimore. of the Harrisonburg School System. Evelyn Beard was married December 23, CONRAD T. LOGAN, who reviews the book of the month, "Measurement of Classroom Pro- 1919, to Mr. Malcolm Stout. Their home ducts," is an instructor in English in the is at Corry, Pennsylvania. Harrisonburg Normal School. Among the newly-weds who have not NELL M. CRITZBR, who abstracts the "Fea- ture Articles of Interest to Educators in abandoned the Old Dominion are Catherine This Month's Magazines," is a postgraduate Hinton Sawyer, of Petersburg; Emily Nich- student in the Harrisonburg Normal School. THE VIRGINIA TEACHER iv

ShOCS O'f K.td —as a ^ne g^ove» service- able as calf and beautiful as a piece of silk brocade—just the necessary accessory for a handsome costume. Be sure to see our offerings for Spring. You will have a wide range of styles and shades from which to select, and the range of sizes is complete.

Umbrellas Furniture Trunks

William B. Dutrow Co. INCORPORATED Opp. New Va. Theatre

For Your Spring Outfit QUALITY

The larger part of our spring stock has arrived, including Suits, Coats, Dresses, and Mil- linery, Middy Suits, and Shoes. THE SUGAR "We cordially invite you to pay us a visit of inspection; we will BOWL welcome an opportunity to show you the many pretty things we have purchased for ICE CREAM our spring trade. All our goods are marked in CANDY plain figures, and Ave charge the same price to everyone— SOFT DRINKS without exception.

B. ISTEY

E, R. MILLER, M. D. PRACTISE LIMITED TO ASHBY TURNER,M.D. EYE, EAR, NOSE, THROAT EYE, EAR, NOSE AND THROAT Office: North Side Court Square Second Floor Sipe Building, opposite Over Fletcher's Drug: Store First National Bank Phones—Office 416 PHONE 263 HARRISONBURG, VA. Residence 416-M

Dr. Walter T, Lineweaver Dr. J. R. Gambill DENTIST DENTIST

Peoples Bank Building First National Bank Building HARRISONBURG, VA.

Phone 432-J PHONES } HMTK—SS-M

Social Workers Wanted

There is a pressine need today for social workers in— Health Education. Red Cross Home Service, Soc- Dr. Marvin D. Switzer ial Work with Churches. Visiting^ Housekeeping, Practical Psychology, Community Settlements, Child Welfare and Juvenile Court, Recreation, DENTIST Playground and Social Settlement Work, Rural Community Work. The School of Social Work and Public Health, in Richmood, offers courses traininff for these positions. Harrisonburg:, Va. Phone 125 For further information write. The Director, I J 12 Capitol St., Richmond,Va.

The Old Reliable MILLER'S Harrisonburg, Ya. Herbal Cough

The Store For Thrifty People Remedy GUARANTEED BY FLETCHER'S PHARMACY Shoe Prices $3,00 to $8.00 (The Prescription Druggists) THE VIRGINIA TEACHER

PARCEL POST ISEMAN'S uiiiiiiiiimiiuiiiiiniiiimiiiuiiimmiMimiumMimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiimiiiiiiiiiiiumiiiiiiiiiMiMiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiim The Parcel Post has enabled us to widen our field of activity and add- DEPARTMENT ed to our growing clientele of STORE satisfied customers.

We Can Deliver to Your Door any drug store article at little or no The Largest and Most cost promptly and safely. As soon Convenient Place to as your order is received it will be Shop in Harrisonburg carefully packed and sent to you llllllllllllllllllllllillllllllMUIIIIIHIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlMIIIIIIIIIIDIIHIII by the next outgoing mail.

TheL, H. OTTDRUG CO., Inc. The Store that Caters to the The Rexa.l Store Normal Bell Phone 45 Harrisonburg, Va.

Hay den The Tailor GUESS! Cleaning, Dyeing, Pressing and Why it is Nor- Repairing Suits, Hats, Gloves mal Students like to deal at

WISE'S

Work Called for and Delivered Coats, Suits, Dresses, Waists, Skirts, and

Fancy Dry Goods

Phone 274

North Main St. Harrisonburg, Va. WISE'S WISE'S vii THE VIRGINIA TEACHER

Stationers, Engravers

Printers

r "To Those Who Know" iiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiinuiiiKiiitiiiiiiiiiiiitiiitiiiitiiMHiiuiuiiiuiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiitimiiiiuuiiimtiiiimiiiiiiiiiitiiiiHitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiuHiiiiiiiuiiiuimiiiHitiiHiiiiuiiiuiiiiiiuiiiiuiiitim

Virginia Stationery Company

913 E. Main St. Richmond,Va.

To Normal Students with

DELCO-UGHT The complete Electric Light anrf Power Plant

You can have all the conveniences in your country homes that you enjoy at the Normal School. Bright, safe. Electric Lights all through your House and Barn, walks and driveways, DELCO LIGHT also operates a water system which gives you running water for the Kitchen, Bath Room, etc., with plenty of water for stock in fields or barn. Your Home is out of date without these High Grade Pianos and Player conveniences and the first cost is very reasonable, and the upkeep is only about Twenty-Five Cents a week for water and Pianos at most moderate prices lights. Write us for Literature or ask your neighbor about DELCO-LIGHT, for there is one near you. FURR BROTHERS AGENTS Rockingham, Shenandoah, Clarke and Warren Counties Coiner Furniture Co. Harrisonburg, :: Va. P. O. Box 215 Phone 280 South Main St. Harrisonburg, Va. THE VIRGINIA TEACHER viii

The most complete line of Fancy Groceries, Fruits and Vegetables

CAN BE FOUND AT

THE STA-KLENE STORE A WELCOME ALWAYS AWAITS YOU Phones 122 & 195 LINE WEAVER BROTHERS, Inc. Harmonburg.Va.

THE VEND A 5 & 10c COMPANY The Ideal Shopping Place

We invite all Normal School girls to visit our store. You will find at our store many articles you will need while in our city

You Are Always Welcome 79 North Main Street "The Old 5 & 10c Store"

1. C. GATES Manufacturer of PERFECTION ICE CREAM—AERATED BEVERAGES Patronage of School and Social Organizations Solicited HARRISONBURG, VA. Phone No. 88 394 North Main Street

The Kavanaugh Sanitary Fountain Where They Sterilize All Glasses and Spoons

Cleanliness Service Quality

BEST HOT DRINK IN THE CITY Good Music While You Drink Wiley's, Johnson's and Block's Box Candies received each week IX THE VIRGINIA TEACHER

Information Combined with Experience and YOU CAN Mechanical Skill BE AS CAREFUL ONSTITUTE a trio which is as you care to be and still be ^—'highly important to every one needing the comforts of Sani- pleased at this store with your pur- tary Plumbing and the best chase. We explain the quality to methods of house warming. you and guarantee all we recom- We are here to serve you in mend. these and kindred lines and feel that we can measure up to D. C. DEVIER your highest ideals and needs. Reliable Jeweler May ive serve you? Estimates furnished. Telephone or vottle HARRISONBURG, VA. REGISTERED OPTOMETRIST and a real lens grinding plant THOMAS PLUMBING and H EATING CO. Broken lenses replaced on short notice. 102 E. Market St. Harrisonburg, Va. At the business twenty years.

BURKE & PRICE The DEAN STUDIO HARRISONBURG, VA. Fire Insurance and Surety Bonds - KODAKS !

Harrisonburg, Va. i j Peoples Bank Bldg. phone 16 Films Developed and Printed

DR. W. H. BAUGHER j DENTIST JOHN W. TALIAFERRO Harrisonburg, Virginia JEWELER AND OPTICIAN

HARRISONBURG, :: VA. BLOOM'S The oldest one price store in ! Court Sq. Next to Fletcher's Drug Store HARRISONBURG, VA.

1 dsati: uoJiifeK si: .A j .A i?!, c, it Av.: ■.tiirte: s. • U l ■ THE VIRGINIA TEACHER x

tiSfV ^^

Good Printing ij|||

W\ " W

May always be used to advantage and profit and like all other good work, pays, and is the only kind that attracts customers. A man is judged by his appearance; his business is judged largely by the kind of printed matter he uses. Folks are beginning to know and appreciate good printing. We have printers skilled in the art of producing a high grade line of printing. They are at your service.

NEWS-RECORD JOB DEPARTMENT PRINTERS OF THIS MAGAZINE HARRIOSNBURG, VIRGINIA

SEEDS When you think of Seeds think of Wet- sel Seed Co. SEED is our middle name. All seeds sold by us are tested by us for germination before being offered for sale. Dead seed means a dead loss. So why take chances on buying seeds that will not ger- minate ? We make a speciality of the seed busi- ness, therefore are in a position to give you better service than any one else in the Valley of Virginia. If you live in the Valley send us your or- der for Field or Garden Seeds, or write for prices. Our mail orders are increasing every vear. There's a reason.

WETSEL SEED COMPANY, INC. SEEDMEN HARRISONBURG, VA. THE VIRGINIA TEACHER

SERVICE IS THE BIG VALLEY MUSIG WORD TODAY We are here, not only to sell COMPANY Shoes, but to FIT SHOES In offering to our friends The New Edison Phono- Selby Shoes For Women and graph and Records Bostonian Famous Shoes For Men and seeing that you are PROPERLY FITTED Vidlor Talking Machines We feel that we are giving you a real service, which we think and Records you will appreciate. YAGER'S SHOE STORE Thos. P. Yager, Proprietor. Agents Phoenix , Hosiery SALESMEN Sheet Music 79 N. MAIN ST. Mr. P. B. Garber—Mr. Jas. B. Morris Orthoepedist. Praetipedist.

13ulin & iHartm €0. Developing and 1215 F. St., 1214—1216—1218 G St. Printing of, WASHINGTON. D. C. imiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiimiMiti Kodak Films China, Glass, Silver, Kitchen Equipments All work returned in 24 hours iiiiiiiiiiiiitiniiiiitiiiiiii For Colleges, Hotels and Institutions

Catalog Sent on Request 10 cts. for developing film. Correspondence Solicited 3 cts. No. 2 brownie prints. iiiiiilmiMiMiiiiiiiMiim 4 cts. No. 2A brownie prints. Gift Articles of Sterling Silver, Fine China, Cut Glass, Art 5 cts. for post card size. Pottery, Lamps, Etc. Miiiiiiiimiiimminiiiii Suitable Objects for Prizes, Trophies and College Events Baugher's Book Store THE VIRGINIA TEACHER

That Which Identifies Our

Service is the Courtesy

npHE kind of courtesy you will find at the First National Bank is "of the manner born." It is the kind that puts you at your ease- that makes it easy for you to approach an officer of this bank and feel free to state your business.

It is this courtesy of the genuine sort which indenti- fies the service of the First National Bank.

THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK

HARRISONBURG, VA.

SAFETY FIRST ORGANIZED 1865 THE VIRGINIA TEACHER

State Normal School for Women

Harrisonburg, Va.

SUMMER SESSION

First Term: 1920 Second Term: June 21—July 31 August 2—September 3

Courses carefully planned for: Regular Normal School Credit Elementary Professional Certificates First and Second Grade Certificates.

Exceptional opportunities for Training in Home Economics under the liberal provisions of the Smith-Hughes Law. Four year course leading to the B. S. degree. (Students who have completed the two-year course in Home Economics in the other State Normal Schools as well as In this school are eligible to enter the thind year of the course.) Normal School Juniors who have completed only one year of the two year courses for teaching in Primary or Grammar Grades in any of the State Normal Schools can complete requirements for graduation in three summer quarters with- out giving up their regular teaching positions. Courses for Junior High School Teachers, especially designed to meet requirements of New State Courses of Study. Excellent professional opportunities with ideal summer environ- ment.

For catalog address

President SAMUEL P. DUKE Normal Station