DOCSLIB.ORG

International Public Health Between the Two World Wars -The Organizational Problems

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
International Public Health Between the Two World Wars -The Organizational Problems I_!.;:-- ( International Public Health between the Two World Wars -The Organizational Problems Norman Howard-Jones Director, Division of Editorial and Reference Services, World Health Organization, 1948-1970 Visiting Scientist, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA, 1971-1972 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION GENEVA 1978 HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH, No. 3 This study originally appeared in WHO Chronicle, 1977, 31, 391-403, 449-460; 1978, 32, 26-38, 63-75, 114-125, 156-166. ISBN 92 4 156058 4 ©World Health Organization 1978 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accord­ ance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publications in part or in toto, application should be made to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. The World Health Organization welcomes such applications. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Director-General of the World Health Organization concernffig the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities" or concerning-the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The author alone is responsible for the views expressed in this publication. ' ( \ . CONTENTS Page Author's preface 6 Introduction . 7 CHAPTER I: THE FIRST INITIATIVES 9 Foundation of the League of Red Cross Societies (LRCS): first postwar session of the Office international d' Hygiene publique (OIHP) . 13 The Informal London Conference, July 1919 15 CHAPTER Il: THREE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS . 16 The OIHP considers its future, October-November 1919 16 The League of Nations enters the health field, February 1920; consolida- tion of the LRCS Bureau of Health . 17 The International Health Conference, London, April 1920 . 18 Report on the typhus epidemic in Poland . 19 Appointment of the League's Epidemic Commission . 20 CHAPTER 111: PROPOSALS FOR A HEALTH ORGANIZATION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS . 21 The First Assembly of the League decides to establish a Health Organiza- tion, December 1920 . 22 The problem of the co-existence of two international Red Cross organ- izations 22 The Council of the League of Nations proposes a compromise with the OIHP, March 1921 . 24 Tensions between the two international Red Cross organizations . 24 Fortified by the veto of the USA, the OIHP becomes recalcitrant, April-May 1921 . 26 The Temporary Health Committee of the League, May 1921 . 27 CHAPTER IV: THE TROUBLED RELATIONS BETWEEN THE OFFICE INTERNATIONAL D'HYGIENE PUBLIQUE AND THE PROVISIONAL HEALTH COMMITTEE OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS . 29 Action by the Council and the Assembly of the League, September 1921 31 The OIHP victoriously independent, October 1921 31 CHAPTER V: FAMINE AND PESTILENCE IN EASTERN EUROPE 34 Provisional Health Committee of the League, second and third sessions, October 1921 and May 1922 . 35 Page Continuing activities of the LRCS 36 International Classification of Diseases . • . 37 Provisional Health Committee of the League, fourth session, August 1922: the Russian famine . 39 CHAPTER VI: THE ASSEMBLY OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS DECIDES THAT ITS HEALTH ORGANIZATION SHOULD CONTINUE • . • • . • • • • • • . • 42 The LRCS changes its orientation . 44 Provisional Health Committee of the League, fifth session, January 1923 45 The " International Commission " for the Soviet Union 46 CHAPTER VII: THE CONFIRMATION OF INCOORDINATION 48 The League proposes a Mixed Committee of its Provisional Health Committee and the OIHP . 48 The Permanent Committee of the OIHP dooms the task of the Mixed Committee to failure, May 1923 . 48 Recommendations of the Mixed Committee, June 1923 • . 52 Provisional Health Committee, sixth and last session, May-June 1923 55 Council and Assembly of the League, August-September 1923 . 56 The OIHP endorses the proposals of the Mixed Committee, October 1923 57 The permanent Health Committee is constituted, December 1923 . 59 CHAPTER VIII: THE SEARCH FOR A RATIONAL STRUCTURE: THE LEAGUE TRIES AGAIN •.......•.•.....•. 61 A new attempt at rationalization, 1934-1936 . 63 The reaction of the OIHP, May 1936 . 64 The dilemma of the Health Organization of the League 66 The new regime . 67 CHAPTER IX: THE FINAL YEARS BEFORE WORLD WAR 11 . 69 The resignation of Rajchman. 70 The OIHP discusses the new arrangement, May 1937 70 The General Advisory Council of the League's Health Organization, 1937-1939 . 71 Conclusions and reflections . 72 CHAPTER X: EPILOGUE: WORLD WAR 11 AND IMMEDIATELY AFTER 74 The OIHP during and after the war 76 The prelude to the World Health Organization 79 Varying views on the idea of a single international health organization 79 The last meetings of the Permanent Cqmmittee of the OIHP 81 Survivors of the old regime 81 Annotated name index 85 Subject index . 91 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Members of the Executive Council of the Medical Conference, Cannes, April 1919 10 Henry Pomeroy Davison: founder of the League of Red Cross Societies . 11 Report of the Informal Conference on International Public Health, London 1919 14 Arthur James Balfour, first President of the Council of the League of Nations . 17 Dame Rachel Crowdy, one of the earliest senior officials of the Secretariat of the League of Nations . 19 Charles-Edward Amory Winslow receives the Leon Bernard Medal and Prize, 1952 . 23 International Journal of Public Health, published by the League of Red Cross Societies, 1920-1921 . 26 Report of the unusually "Temporary" Health Committee of the League of Nations 28 Leon Bernard, and the medal that commemorates him. 30 Camille Barrere, the Methuselah of international health . 32 Fridtjof Nansen, a champion of displaced persons . 35 Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko, first People's Commissar for Health and friend of Lenin . 38 Health education posters produced in 1920 in the USSR 40 Ludwik Rajchman, pioneer of modern international public health 43 Sir Henry Dale, pioneer of international biological standardization 45 Members of the Permanent Committee of the OIHP in 1933 50 Sir George Buchanan, an early member both of the Permanent Committee of the OIHP and of the Health Committee of the League . 51 The Health Committee of the League in the mid 1920s . 53 Thorvald Johannes Marius Madsen, President of the Health Committee of the League from 1921 to 1937 . 54 The. Health Section of the League circa 1924 . 56 Delegates at the conference convened in Singapore in 1925 to establish the Eastern Bureau of the Health Organization of the League . 58 Sir Edward Mellanby, Chairman of the Technical Commission on Nutrition of the Health Organization of the League . 62 The League's 1928 conference on malaria . 63 Rene Sand, pioneer of social medicine and recipient of the Leon Bernard Medal and Prize in 1951 . 65 Jacques Parisot, President of the Health Committee of the League from 1937 and recipient of the Leon Bernard Medal and Prize in 1954 . 67 Title-page of the last proceedings of the General Advisory Council of the League's Health Organization-an alias of the OIHP . 71 Raymond Gautier, who joined the Health Section of the League in 1924 and retired from WHO in 1950 . 75 Neville Marriott Goodman, member of the Permanent Committee of the OIHP and of the Health Committee of the League from 1938. Retired from WHO in 1949 . 77 Hugh S. Cumming, who from 1920 to 1926 was simultaneously Surgeon-General of the USA and Director of the Panamerican Sanitary Bureau . 78 The Technical Preparatory Committee, Paris 1946 . 80 Andrija Stampar, Chairman of the Interim Commission of WHO and President of the First World Health Assembly . 82 The inaugural session of the International Health Conference, New York, 1946 . 83 AUTHOR'S PREFACE International public health between the two World Wars was complicated by the simultaneous existence in Europe of two entirely independent international .health organizations: the Office international d'Hygiene publique (OIHP) and the Health Organization of the League of Nations. The former, rooted in nineteenth century concepts of international health coopera­ tion, was mainly concerned with protecting Europe and North America from cholera, plague, and yellow fever, with minimal inconvenience to international trade. It was not until 1926 that smallpox-as also typhus-were added to its list of" pestilential" diseases. For the whole of the interwar period, the OIHP obstinately and repeatedly resisted the·attempts of the League of Nations to achieve a more rational organization of international health work. The Health Organization of the League of Nations, on the other hand, laid the foundations of international health cooperation as we understand it today, both by establishing international standards and by direct technical cooperation with Member States. Moreover, the establishment in 1925 of the Eastern Bureau of the League's Health Section represented an early recognition of the need for regionalization of international health work. On the political plane, it was impossible that the League of Nations could succeed when three of the major world Powers, two of whom had permanent seats on the Council of the League, were bent on war and conquest. But it is generally conceded that the health work of the League was an outstanding achievement. That this was so was in very large measure due to the genius and energy of the Medical Director of the League's Health Section, Ludwik Rajchman,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Crager on Burkman, 'Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and World Order, 1914-1938'
    H-US-Japan Crager on Burkman, 'Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and World Order, 1914-1938' Review published on Wednesday, March 11, 2009 Thomas W. Burkman. Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and World Order, 1914-1938. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2008. xv + 289 pp. $58.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-8248-2982-7. Reviewed by Kelly E. Crager (Texas Tech University)Published on H-US-Japan (March, 2009) Commissioned by Yone Sugita Japanese Interwar Diplomacy In Japan and the League of Nations, Thomas W. Burkman recounts the history of Japan's foreign affairs from the close of World War I through the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Traditional understanding of Japan's role in the world during this era has been grossly simplified, according to the author, and a new and more balanced treatment of this topic was necessary to help bring about a fuller understanding of the developments in East Asia and the Pacific region prior to the Second World War. Although generally considered to have been an aggressive world power that largely eschewed international involvement to pursue its national interests, the empire, as Burkman insists, was very much committed to the promotion of ideals espoused by Woodrow Wilson and embodied in the League of Nations. Even though the Japanese readily embraced internationalist ideas, and participated fully, Japanese internationalism was influenced by peculiarly Japanese ideas concerning power and place. The author believes that when Wilsonian internationalism began to wane and when the economic pressures of the global depression began to set in, Japanese policymakers sought to protect national interests in the region rather than holding fast to internationalist policies that would make the empire vulnerable to foreign powers.
    [Show full text]
  • Fitzgerald in the Late 1910S: War and Women Richard M
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Duquesne University: Digital Commons Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2009 Fitzgerald in the Late 1910s: War and Women Richard M. Clark Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Recommended Citation Clark, R. (2009). Fitzgerald in the Late 1910s: War and Women (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/416 This Immediate Access is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FITZGERALD IN THE LATE 1910s: WAR AND WOMEN A Dissertation Submitted to the McAnulty College and Graduate School Duquesne University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Richard M. Clark August 2009 Copyright by Richard M. Clark 2009 FITZGERALD IN THE LATE 1910s: WAR AND WOMEN By Richard M. Clark Approved July 21, 2009 ________________________________ ________________________________ Linda Kinnahan, Ph.D. Greg Barnhisel, Ph.D. Professor of English Assistant Professor of English (Dissertation Director) (2nd Reader) ________________________________ ________________________________ Frederick Newberry, Ph.D. Magali Cornier Michael, Ph.D. Professor of English Professor of English (1st Reader) (Chair, Department of English) ________________________________ Christopher M. Duncan, Ph.D. Dean, McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts iii ABSTRACT FITZGERALD IN THE LATE 1910s: WAR AND WOMEN By Richard M. Clark August 2009 Dissertation supervised by Professor Linda Kinnahan This dissertation analyzes historical and cultural factors that influenced F.
    [Show full text]
  • November 1919, Also Carried Christmas Greetings. It Reached Ned Milburn Together Died on the Afternoon of 29 December 1919
    Book Reviews to the splendid Lawrence Reynolds Historical Library in the Birmingham Medical Centre and the cordiality of its custodian, Mrs. Martha Lou Thomas. This volume traces the life of Osler through this refreshing and friendly corres- pondence. The first letter, when Osler was fifteen years of age, is dated 10 January 1865. It was written from Dundas to Milburn at Oakville because the Christmas vacation had separated them. The last, written from 13 Norham Gardens on 25 November 1919, also carried Christmas greetings. It reached Ned Milburn together with a cheque two or three days before Christmas-a fateful Christmas since Osler died on the afternoon of 29 December 1919. This lifetime span enables us to retread Osler's triumphant progress from Barrie Grammar School to Trinity College Grammar School, Weston, where he became head prefect and excelled in the school sports; to a Dickson Scholarship at Trinity College, Toronto in 1867; and thereafter to the Toronto Medical School for a short spell. He entered McGill in 1870, graduated in 1872, and joined the medical faculty in 1874, first as a lecturer and soon as professor. Then came letters in turn from 131 South 15th Street, Philadelphia, 1 West Franklin Street, Baltimore, and finally Norham Gardens, Oxford. The earliest Oxford letters came from 7 Norham Gardens, a temporary abode until the Oslers moved into No. 13, which became known as 'The Open Arms'. Along the road, there are holiday letters from Llandulas, North Wales, and picture postcards from Cairo, the Upper Nile and Sorrento. This is a treasure-house of Osleriana-his letters, examples of his handwriting and photographs of him-so there is something for everyone, whether he loves the aura or detests the myth surrounding this great personality.
    [Show full text]
  • Ornithological Articles in Other Journals •
    494 RecentI•terature. [JulyAuk Deals with Falco peregrinus. Numerous plates of feathers. Falco. XIV. No. 2. 'Schluss-nummer' for 1918. (April, 1919.) [In German.] Ornis Germanica. III, April, 1919. Supplement to 'Falco.' [In German.] A list of German birds with names accordingto the peculiar ideas of the author, 0. Kleinschmidt. Ornithological Articles in other Journals • L. McI. Terrill. Fall Migrants. (Canadian Field Naturalist, Janu- ary, 1920.)--A review of the autumn migration at Quebec. Criddle, Norman. Notes on the Nesting Habits and Food of the Prairie Horned Larks in Manitoba. (Ibid.) Laing, Hamilton M. Lake Shore Bird Migration at Beamsville, Ontario. (Ibid. February, 1920.)--An annotatedlist coveringthe sum- mer and autumn of 1918. Morris, Frank. Belated Guests. (Ibid.)--Midwinter records of Brown Thrasher, Towhee and Goldfinchat Peterborough,Ontario. Nichols, J. T. Wintering Snipe and Rainfall. (Forest and Stream, May, 1920.)--"Heavy precipitationthe last half of the year is favorable to the presenceof Snipe on Long Island at i•s close." Anderson, R. M. The Brant of the Atlantic Coast.--A leaflet of the Canadian GeologicalSurvey in the interestsof the protectionof these birds under the Migratory Bird Treaty. Nelson, E.W. Federal and State Game Preserves. (Bulletin Amer. Game ProtectiveAsso., April, 1920.) Lawyer, George A. Resultsfrom the Migratory Birds Treaty Act. (Ibid.) Alien, Arthur A. A Day with the Ducks on Lake Cayuga. (Ameri- can Forestry, April, 1920.) With photographs of Canvas-backs and duck-shooting. Burroughs, John. Bird Photographsof Unusual Distinction. With extractsfrom the writingsof John Burroughs(Natural History, December, 1919.)--Followinga review of his 'Field and Study.' Allan Brooks Birds and a Wilderness.
    [Show full text]
  • Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1891-1957, Record Group 85 New Orleans, Louisiana Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New Orleans, LA, 1910-1945
    Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1891-1957, Record Group 85 New Orleans, Louisiana Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New Orleans, LA, 1910-1945. T939. 311 rolls. (~A complete list of rolls has been added.) Roll Volumes Dates 1 1-3 January-June, 1910 2 4-5 July-October, 1910 3 6-7 November, 1910-February, 1911 4 8-9 March-June, 1911 5 10-11 July-October, 1911 6 12-13 November, 1911-February, 1912 7 14-15 March-June, 1912 8 16-17 July-October, 1912 9 18-19 November, 1912-February, 1913 10 20-21 March-June, 1913 11 22-23 July-October, 1913 12 24-25 November, 1913-February, 1914 13 26 March-April, 1914 14 27 May-June, 1914 15 28-29 July-October, 1914 16 30-31 November, 1914-February, 1915 17 32 March-April, 1915 18 33 May-June, 1915 19 34-35 July-October, 1915 20 36-37 November, 1915-February, 1916 21 38-39 March-June, 1916 22 40-41 July-October, 1916 23 42-43 November, 1916-February, 1917 24 44 March-April, 1917 25 45 May-June, 1917 26 46 July-August, 1917 27 47 September-October, 1917 28 48 November-December, 1917 29 49-50 Jan. 1-Mar. 15, 1918 30 51-53 Mar. 16-Apr. 30, 1918 31 56-59 June 1-Aug. 15, 1918 32 60-64 Aug. 16-0ct. 31, 1918 33 65-69 Nov. 1', 1918-Jan. 15, 1919 34 70-73 Jan. 16-Mar. 31, 1919 35 74-77 April-May, 1919 36 78-79 June-July, 1919 37 80-81 August-September, 1919 38 82-83 October-November, 1919 39 84-85 December, 1919-January, 1920 40 86-87 February-March, 1920 41 88-89 April-May, 1920 42 90 June, 1920 43 91 July, 1920 44 92 August, 1920 45 93 September, 1920 46 94 October, 1920 47 95-96 November, 1920 48 97-98 December, 1920 49 99-100 Jan.
    [Show full text]
  • Boys' Wash Suits Former Soc Values Re- Seem to Place This Hammond Returned to Washington
    MAL AT eOll ECONOMY NE BusycQ*MFr 'Pgba LAT TH.S SALES FOR Opmo:15 A. M To.6:00 P. M. or~CP..Ss.0w WEDNESDAY JEAN ELIC given in marriage by her father. Mr. Several Broken Lines of gnd My. Fisher will make their home Pnv wife of the senator from in Charlest0n where he is enaed In ]Envelope Cool Pinted Voiles RMR&Illinois.. DILLexpectsMcCORMICK,to leave budUein. Wshit tomorrow for . Rdek 39c a Yard- 36 mWd 38 Wide where + Regularly Im"be River B , t Byron, IW., Mrs. Minngesrode Andrews is re- of Si SotNabWsOOL she spends t of every summer. 3overing from an operation. and is at The farm, w h Is one of the show Ner home In where DRESSES country Virgini% Verysew in that part of the country. the sumer. TomorrovP, 25c yd. Mkrz. McCormlck's particular she will stay throuh Combined in one it for real on summer's most desired Pride, She manages it herself and big and radi- $.00, Achance savin rs conducts a successful dairy buil- 3.4 at 3., HM*.r. lot, Choice of several styles, wash.goods. Crisp, fresh Pri nted Volles, in light grounds, ness, Rock River milk being in The Rev. Roland Cotton Smith. cally teduced. showing~ excellent work- a wonderful < f and effects, reat 'demand. The McCormick D. D., of St. John's Church. and Mrs. They are values manabp;of fine soft fin- showing range lovely designs Children have been established at Smith, 'ai at the Malvern Hotel, Bar im nainsook, in square and such as checks, stripes, dots, fl oral patterns and neat figures.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Review
    The Monthly B usiness R eview Covering Business and Agricultural Conditions in the Sixth Federal Reserve District FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF ATLANTA JOS. A. McCORD, Chairman of the Board and Federal Reserve Agent WARD ALBERTSON, Assistant Federal Reserve Agent VOL. 6 ATLANTA, GEORGIA, SEPTEMBER 28, 1921 No. 9 The outstanding feature of the business situation since the last issue According to the Bureau of the Census of the Department of Commerce, of the Monthly Business Review is the improvement in the South’s econo­ the amount of cotton on hand in public storage and at compresses at the mic position resulting for the most part from the advance of approxi­ close of February, 1920, was 3,530,654 bales, as against 5,497,019 bales mately forty dollars a bale, from $60 to $100, in the price of cotton, a year later. The total crop yield of 1920, 12,987,000 bales, added to the the principal agricultural product of the District. total estimated for this year, 7,037,000 bales, gives a gross production for the two years of 20,024,000 bales, or an average of 10,012,000 bales, as against a five-year average for 1915-1919 of 11,481,000 bales. On August 15th cotton was around 12 cents per pound, and one month later, or about the middle of September the price had advanced to ap­ proximately 20 cents per pound. This advance in the price of the leading The exports for the two years from July 1, 1919 to July 1, 1921 amount­ commodity of the Sixth Federal Reserve District has had a stimulating ed to 12,324,510 bales, an average of 6,162,255 bales, as compared with a effect on business, as well as having a good psychological effect.
    [Show full text]
  • How Do You Address the Economic Damage from a Pandemic?
    HOW DO YOU ADDRESS THE ECONOMIC DAMAGE FROM A PANDEMIC? We cannot be sure that we will ever fully eradicate COVID-19 from our lives but it is becoming clearer that masks, social distancing and now even more importantly, vaccines are reducing the risks of the virus. What are the implications for the economy and your investments? We researched the 1918-1920 Influenza Pandemic to learn how the recovery played out then. World War I was being waged when the pandemic began. An estimated 500 million people in the world were infected. It killed 50 million people including 675,000 Americans (about 0.67% of the population; at 550,000 COVID- related deaths as of this writing that equates to about 0.16% of the U.S. population today). While COVID-19 mostly impacts the elderly, the 1918 Flu took the biggest toll on younger people who comprised the bulk of the physical labor force at the time. How did the markets perform during the Flu years? Interestingly, in 1917 the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped 21.7%. The following two years while the pandemic raged, the market increased 10.5% in 1918 and another 30.5% in 1919. Similar to today the stock markets performed well despite restrictions on public gatherings. In 1918 the Commercial and Financial Chronicle, a leading business news outlet at that time, reported: “In Boston the question of closing the churches is being discussed as a mean of checking the epidemic. In Pennsylvania all places of public amusement, schools, churches and all saloons have been ordered closed until further notice.” The Surgeon General of the US at the time said that these closings are: “the only way to stop the spread of the virus”.
    [Show full text]
  • The London Gazette, 5 March, 1920. 2821
    THE LONDON GAZETTE, 5 MARCH, 1920. 2821 lieu of and in substitution for any former name of mined thenceforth on all occasions .whatsoever to use " A'bbotft," and that in future I intend to 'be known and subscribe, the name of Howard instead of the as " William Norman Cuastis Aylmer. '—Dated this said name of Sterner; and I ,grve .further notice, that 28th day of February, 1920. by a deed poll dated Ithe 24th day of February, 1920, W. NORMAN C. AYTMER-, .formerly W. Norman duly executed and attested, and enrolled in the Central 093 C. Abbott. Office of the Supreme Court on the 3rd day of March, 1920, I formally and absolutely renounced? relinquished and (abandoned the said surname of Sterner, a.nd de- clared that I had assumed and adopted, and intended OTICE is hereby given, -that 'ROB-ERT REEOE, thenceforth upon all occasions 'whatsoever -to use and of 44, Grey Rock-street, West Derby-road, in subscribe, ithe name of Howard instead of Steiner, and the city of Liverpool, Bar Tender, lately called so as to be at all times1 thereafter called, known and Rudolf Reis, has .assumed and intends henceforth upon described by tie name of Howard exclusively.—Dated all occasions and at aJl times to sign and use and to be the 3rd day of March, 1920. called and known by the name of Robert Reece in lieu of and in substitution for his former .names of Rudolf ^38 LESLIE HOWARD. Reis, .and that such, intended 'change of name is iormally declared and evidenced by a deed poll under his hand and seal dated the 25th day of February, OTICE ife hereby given/, that, by deed poll, dalbed 1920, duly executed and attested, and enrolled in the N 13itfli February, 1920, em-ofled an the Centml.' Central Office of the Supreme Oourt of Judicature on Office, OTTO CHRISTIAN ERAJtfZ LUDEWIG, of the 3rd day of March, 1920.—Dated this 3rd day of Coolhurst, Holly Park, Crouoh HoM, in the county of March, 1920.
    [Show full text]
  • Strafford, Missouri Bank Books (C0056A)
    Strafford, Missouri Bank Books (C0056A) Collection Number: C0056A Collection Title: Strafford, Missouri Bank Books Dates: 1910-1938 Creator: Strafford, Missouri Bank Abstract: Records of the bank include balance books, collection register, daily statement registers, day books, deposit certificate register, discount registers, distribution of expense accounts register, draft registers, inventory book, ledgers, notes due books, record book containing minutes of the stockholders meetings, statement books, and stock certificate register. Collection Size: 26 rolls of microfilm (114 volumes only on microfilm) Language: Collection materials are in English. Repository: The State Historical Society of Missouri Restrictions on Access: Collection is open for research. This collection is available at The State Historical Society of Missouri Research Center-Columbia. you would like more information, please contact us at [email protected]. Collections may be viewed at any research center. Restrictions on Use: The donor has given and assigned to the University all rights of copyright, which the donor has in the Materials and in such of the Donor’s works as may be found among any collections of Materials received by the University from others. Preferred Citation: [Specific item; box number; folder number] Strafford, Missouri Bank Books (C0056A); The State Historical Society of Missouri Research Center-Columbia [after first mention may be abbreviated to SHSMO-Columbia]. Donor Information: The records were donated to the University of Missouri by Charles E. Ginn in May 1944 (Accession No. CA0129). Processed by: Processed by The State Historical Society of Missouri-Columbia staff, date unknown. Finding aid revised by John C. Konzal, April 22, 2020. (C0056A) Strafford, Missouri Bank Books Page 2 Historical Note: The southern Missouri bank was established in 1910 and closed in 1938.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Review
    FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND General Business and Agricultural Conditions in the Fifth Federal Reserve District By CALDWELL HARDY, Chairman and Federal Reserve Agent RICHMOND, VIRGINIA, MAY 31, 1921 General business condi­ When price declines and tions continue to improve, seasonal fluctuations are though there are a number CONTENTS taken into consideration, wholesale and retail trade of industries that do not Introduction. share in the improvement. Collections. during April, 1921, show up Public opinion has under­ Clearings. well in comparison with gone a decided change since Debits to Individual Account March, and with April of last Condition of Member Banks year. Agricultural products the first of the year, but the Labor. change is based on a better Coal gained slightly in price, and understanding of fundamen­ Textiles. developments of the new tal conditions, and promises Building Materials. crop were on the whole sat­ Fertilizer isfactory. Bank clearings, well for the future. The Agriculture. month of January showed Building Operations. while 24.9% under clearings distinct improvement over Wholesale Trade. in April, 1920, were in line the closing months of 1920, Retail Trade. with new price levels, as and many business men were Miscellaneous were debits to individual ac­ jubilant. We received half a count in clearing house cen­ hundred letters from leaders ters. Food prices continued in many fields that agreed in downward, though slowly, the conclusion that “business will be back to nor­ and building operations showed the highest total mal in 30 to 60 days” or “by April 1st.” Business valuation for new work reported since the Federal leaders now feel that readjustment is to be a Reserve Bank of Richmond has been compiling the monthly figures.
    [Show full text]
  • The U.S., World War I, and Spreading Influenza in 1918
    Online Office Hours We’ll get started at 2 ET Library of Congress Online Office Hours Welcome. We’re glad you’re here! Use the chat box to introduce yourselves. Let us know: Your first name Where you’re joining us from Why you’re here THE U.S., WORLD WAR I, AND SPREADING INFLUENZA IN 1918 Ryan Reft, historian of modern America in the Manuscript Division at the Library of Congress Using LoC collections to research influenza pandemic 1918-1919 Woodrow Wilson, draft Fourteen Three main takeaways Points, 1918 • Demonstrate the way World War I facilitated the spread of the virus through mobilization • How the pandemic was fought domestically and its effects • Influenza’s possible impact on world events via Woodrow Wilson and the Treaty of Versailles U.S. in January 1918 Mobilization Military Map of the [USA], 1917 • Creating a military • Selective Service Act passed in May 1917 • First truly conscripted military in U.S. history • Creates military of four million; two million go overseas • Military camps set up across nation • Home front oriented to wartime production of goods • January 1918 Woodrow Wilson outlines his 14 points Straight Outta Kansas Camp Funston Camp Funston, Fort Riley, 1918 • First reported case of influenza in Haskell County, KS, February 1918 • Camp Funston (Fort Riley), second largest cantonment • 56,000 troops • Virus erupts there in March • Cold conditions, overcrowded tents, poorly heated, inadequate clothing The first of three waves • First wave, February – May, 1918 • Even if there was war … • “high morbidity, but low mortality” – Anthony Fauci, 2018 the war was removed • Americans carry over to Europe where it changes from us you know … on • Second wave, August – December the other side … This • Most lethal, high mortality esp.
    [Show full text]