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The Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Switzerland

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The Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Switzerland The population of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Switzerland Bashkim Iseni, Didier Ruedin, Dina Bader, Denise Efionayi-Mäder 42112_BUCH_Diasporastudie_E.indb 1 26.09.14 14:51 Imprint Published by: Federal Office for Migration (FOM), Quellenweg 6, CH-3003 Bern-Wabern www.bfm.admin.ch Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) Freiburgstrasse 130, 3003 Bern www.deza.admin.ch This research project was carried out by the University of Neuchâtel’s Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies (SFM) on behalf of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and the Federal Office for Migration (FOM). The following text is an English translation from the original text in French. Authors: Bashkim Iseni, Didier Ruedin, Dina Bader, Denise Efionayi-Mäder. Project Management: Denise Efionayi-Mäder Project Assistance: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Federal Office for Migration (FOM) Graphic design: Casalini Werbeagentur AG, Bern www.casalini.ch Photo credits: © Lukas Linder Available from: Federal Office for Buildings and Logistics FOBL, Federal Publications, CH-3003 Bern, www.bundespublikationen.admin.ch Art. no.: 420.047.e © FOM / FDJP, SDC / FDFA October 2014 10.14 200 860342105 2 42112_BUCH_Diasporastudie_E.indb 2 26.09.14 14:51 Contents Preamble 5 1 Introduction 6 2 Bosnia and Herzegovina 12 2.1 History of Bosnia and Herzegovina 14 2.2 Ethnic diversity 22 2.3 Three waves of migration to Switzerland 25 3 Socio-demographic characteristics of BiH nationals living in Switzerland 34 3.1 Official figuresand unofficial estimates 36 3.2 Demographic movements 40 3.3 Geographical distribution of the BiH population 43 3.4 Demographic profile 45 3.5 Marital status 49 3.6 Residence permits 53 3.7 Naturalisations 55 4 Socio-cultural integration and economic participation 58 4.1 Aspects of integration 60 4.2 Language skills 61 4.3 Teaching of the languages of the country of origin 64 4.4 Education: generational gap 66 4.5 Employment: unskilled and semi-skilled work 70 4.6 Health: post-traumatic stress disorder 76 4.7 Religion and social life of the diasporas 80 4.8 Transnationalism of BiH citizens 87 5 Summary and outlook for the future 94 Appendix I: National Associations Appendix II: Extended Bibliography Appendix III: List of Interviewees 3 42112_BUCH_Diasporastudie_E.indb 3 26.09.14 14:51 4 42112_BUCH_Diasporastudie_E.indb 4 26.09.14 14:51 Preamble The initiative to this research project was put The two leading agencies for the implementa- forward within the framework of the migra- tion of the Swiss Migration Partnership strat- tion partnership between Bosnia and Herze- egy in the Western Balkans, the Swiss Agency govina (hereinafter BiH) and Switzerland. At for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and a bilateral migration dialogue in 2011, the the Federal Ministry of Migration (FoM), Ministry for Human Rights and Refugees of agreed to co-fund the research project. Both Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHRR) submitted to institutions viewed it a welcome opportunity the inter-ministerial Migration Working Group to combine the two different yet closely (WGM) of the Swiss Government a project related perspectives: migration and develop- proposal entitled “Mapping of BiH Diaspora in ment and migration and integration. The Switzerland”. The project proposed the crea- Swiss Forum for Migration and Population tion of “evidence-based policies and pro- Studies (SFM) at the University of Neuchâtel grammes, i.e. measures that would improve has been mandated to lead this two-fold contribution of Diaspora to the development research project. of BiH in accordance with the analysis recom- mendations”. The study at hand conducted in Switzerland serves as a first step in responding to the ini- The WGM welcomed the initiative and sug- tiative put forward by MHRR who strive to gested a process-oriented “step-by-step” improve the contribution of the Diaspora to approach, including a thorough study in Swit- the overall development of Bosnia and Herze- zerland of BiH’s Diaspora integration charac- govina. Also it portrays a general image of teristics, networks and potentials for cooper- the BiH population and explores their needs ation as a point of departure. Relations to and potential for their successful integration the country of origin and integration towards in Switzerland. As part of the research project, the hosting country are closely interlinked a separate study about the linkage between features of a Diaspora population. Therefore, Diaspora and development has been con- the research project looks at these two angles. ducted and published in BiH. 5 42112_BUCH_Diasporastudie_E.indb 5 26.09.14 14:51 1 Introduction 42112_BUCH_Diasporastudie_E.indb 6 26.09.14 14:51 The presence of migrants from Bosnia and readership, from professionals in numerous Herzegovina (BiH) in Switzerland dates back sectors (administrative, social, educational, to the 1960s. These were considered Yugo- medical, police, etc.) to private individuals slavian workers at the time and up until interested in learning more about the lives of the early 1990s. However, the majority of BiH nationals living in Switzerland. migrants from BiH stem from subsequent waves, first of economic migration in the Methodology 1980s and then political exile following the This study has drawn on three main sources of war that devastated the country between information: the existing literature, statistical 1992 and 1995. Despite the size of the BiH data, and semi-structured interviews with population in Switzerland, there has been individuals and groups. The information thus relatively little discussion about them, in con- obtained in Switzerland was subsequently trast to some of the other communities from reviewed in relation to the findings of a study the Balkans. Although the war in BiH capti- carried out in BiH by Adnan Efendić of the vated Swiss public opinion, very little is known University of Sarajevo (School of Economics about the Bosnians now living in Switzerland. and Business), between November 2012 and It is, in fact, a heterogeneous population, January 2014. regarding their different migration journeys as well in socio-economic and cultural terms. Our study is primarily based on a corpus Given that so little research and studies have of research articles comprising scientific pub- been published in Switzerland on the subject lications and official reports. We then con- of BiH immigrants, the management of the sulted various statistical sources, particularly Swiss Agency for Development and Coopera- the results of the most recent federal popula- tion (SDC) and the Federal Office for Migra- tion census, the Swiss Labour Force Survey tion (FOM) commissioned the Swiss Forum (SLFS) and other theme-based statistics from for Migration and Population Studies (SFM) at the Federal Statistical Office (FSO). One of the the University of Neuchâtel to compile an difficulties encountered was the absence of overview of this population, outlining their precise statistics, due to the fact that, until migration history, their economic and demo- 1992, Swiss residents from BiH were not graphic situation, their socio-cultural integra- categorised separately in the official statistics tion in Switzerland and the transnational rela- on all citizens from the former Yugoslavia. tions they maintain between Switzerland and What’s more, even after 1992, a considerable BiH. This study seeks to portray a general number of people from BiH were counted image of the BiH population, explore their in the statistics as being Croatian or, to a needs and the potential for their successful lesser extent, Serbian; these had opted integration in Switzerland, and the socio-eco- to swap their Yugoslavian citizenship for a nomic development of BiH. As with previous Croatian or Serbian passport (and not Bos- publications issued by the SFM concentrating nian) on account of their stronger affiliation on the Kosovar, Sri Lankan and Portuguese with an ethnic rather than a national identity populations, this study is intended for a wide (see 2.2). 7 42112_BUCH_Diasporastudie_E.indb 7 26.09.14 14:51 Finally, we conducted around 20 interviews As each sub-chapter forms an independent with experts from various professional fields unit, certain areas of overlap have been inten- (research, healthcare, education, social wel- tionally included, with cross-references to fare, public authorities) and with migrants other sub-chapters. Each chapter starts with a from the BiH community living in Switzerland. summary of the main findings. The individual These interviews proved a valuable source chapters end with a bibliography which the regarding various aspects of life for BiH reader may find useful for more information migrants in Switzerland, given the dearth of on the subjects covered. A complete list of information in qualitative and quantitative bibliographic references quoted in the text terms. can be found at the end of the publication. Furthermore, the various themes covered Structure and contents are illustrated by way of charts, images and of this publication quotations from the interviews with experts The contributions are structured into three or migrants. Finally, the Annex includes a list chapters, each comprising a number of of the individuals consulted and a compilation sub-chapters, which are designed to be read of relevant organisations and points of con- independently of each other. tact. This list is not necessarily exhaustive and, – Chapter 2 outlines the history of BiH. The given the transient nature of associations
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