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Migrations Et Urbanisation Dans L'anti-Atlas Occidental

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Migrations Et Urbanisation Dans L'anti-Atlas Occidental 'TE DES SCIENCES ET DE a Pour l'obtention du titre de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITE Discipline :Ohgraphie humaine Option :démog6ogntphie Présentée le 24 - 01 - 2000 Par Driss FlDDY MIGRATIONS ET URBANISATION DANS L'ANTI-ATLAS OCCIDENTAL (MAROC) Directeur de thèse :P.J. THUAWRULE M. Pierre SIONOLES M. Bourirne 8EMMûUD , II A RETOURNER LE 1 7 OCT. 2002 UNIVERSITE DES SCIENCES ET DES TECHNOLOGIES DE LILLE THESE Pour l'obtention du titre de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITE Discipline : Géographie humaine Option :démogéographie Présentée le 24 - 01 - 2000 Par Driss FlDDY MIGRATIONS ET URBANISATION DANS L'ANTIATLAS OCCIDENTAL (MAROC) Directeur de thèse :P.J. THUMERELLE JURY M. Pierre SIGNOLES ,Rapporteur M. Bouziane SEMMOUD , Rapporteur AVANT-PROPOS Avant de présenter les résultats de ce travail, je voudrais tout d'abord remercier tous ceux qui m'ont aidé afin que ce travail voit le jour: En premier lieu, Monsieur le Professeur P.J. THUMERELLE, qui a accepté de diriger cette thèse. Tout au long de ce travail, ses conseils m'ont été d'un grand secours. Je le remercie très sincèrement. En second lieu, Messieurs Pierre SIGNOLES et Bouziane SEMMOUD, connaisseurs du Maghreb qui ont accepté de juger ce travail. Qu'ils reçoivent mes sincères remerciements. Ma reconnaissance va également à tous les fonctionnaires de l'administration marocaine particulièrement ceux de la Direction de la Statistique à Rabat qui m'ont facilité le dépouillement et m'ont fait part de leurs remarques et réactions. A mon épouse Fatima qui m'a soutenu dans les moments difficiles de ce travail et qui a fait l'effort de corriger la syntaxe et l'orthographe de ce manuscrit. Enfin, je remercie toutes celles et ceux qui ont concouru à l'élaboration de ce e ce travail. A LA MEMOIRE DE MON PERE INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................II CHOIX DU SUJET ET PROBLEMATIQUE................................................................ 12 CADRE D'ETUDE ................................................................................................13 SOURCES ET METHODOLOGIE DE L'ETUDE......................................................... 16 PREMIERE PARTIE: CADRE GEOGRAPHIQUE ET MIGRATION. CHAPITRE 1: L'ANTI-ATLAS OCCIDENTAL. PAYS MONTAGNEUX ET SURPEUPLE AUX RESSOURCES LIMITEES................................................ 23 Introduction: ......................................................................................................23 1.1. Un milieu naturel contraignant...................................................................... 23 1.1.1. Prédominance de massifs montagneux .........................................................23 1.1.2. Un climat semi-aride .................................................................................25 1.1.3. Hypertrophie de la micro-propriété............................................................... 27 1.2. Des ressources modestes et fluctuantes........................................................ -29 1.2.1. Une culture sèche très aléatoire .................................................................29 1.2.2. Les cultures irriguées: rendement meilleur mais insuffisant ...............................30 1.2.2.1. Cultures maraîchères et fourragères ...................................................30 1.2.2.2. L'élevage: pilier indispensable de l'économie rurale.............................. 32 1.2.2.3. Autres activités rurales..................................................................... 33 1.3. Peuplement de l'Anti-Atlas occidental............................................................ 34 1.3.1. Etapes de sédentarisation et origine de la population .......................................34 1.3.1.1. Une installation humaine ancienne difficile à identifier dans les détails .........35 1.3.1.2. Origines et composantes ethniques de la population............................... 36 1.3.2. La répartition spatiale de la population.......................................................... 38 1.3.2.1. Une région anciennement surpeuplée ..................................................38 1.3.2.2. Les tendances actuelles ..................................................................... 39 1.3.2.2.1. Une population de plus en plus dense ................................................ 39 1.3.2.2.2. Des différences communales sensibles ..............................................44 1.3.3. Evolution démographique dans l'Anti-Atlas occidental .......................................46 1.3.3.1. Une croissance très modérée pendant la période coloniale ......................46 1.3.3.2. Poursuite de la même tendance depuis l'Indépendance............................ 48 1.3.3.2.1. Croissance numérique de la population entre 1960 et 1994........... 49 1.3.3.2.2. Une évolution différentielle selon le milieu de résidence ...............50 1.3.3.3. Disparités spatiales de l'évolution de la population à partir de 1960............ 51 1.3.3.3.1. 1960-1971: une majorité de communes excédentaires, mais apports modestes........................................................................... 52 1.3.3.3.2. 1971 et 1982: dépeuplement du secteur de Tafraout et vitalité démographique de Tiznit .......................................................54 CHAPITRE III: EXODE RURAL ET URBANISATION DANS L'ANTI-ATLAS OCCIDENTAL......................................................................................... -97 Introduction........................................................................................................ 97 3.1. Aperçu sur l'organisation territoriale dans le sud ouest marocain..................... 97 3.2. Genèse et morphologie des villes de l'Anti-Atlas occidental........................... 700 3.2.1. Tiznit est vieille d'un siècle. mais son emprise spatiale est très récente ...........100 3.2.2. Portrait des autres villes ........................................................................106 3.2.2.1. Ifni : une ville espagnole ................................................................106 3.2.2.2. Les autres centres urbains sont d'apparition récente .............................110 3.3. Population urbaine et composantes de son évolution.................................... III 3.3.1. Définition de l'urbain au Maroc ..................................................................1II 3.3.2. Une urbanisation faible par rapport à l'ensemble du Maroc .............................113 3.3.3. Facteurs de croissance "urbaine" ..............................................................116 3.3.4. Volume de l'exode rural et directions des flux .............................................117 3.3.4.1 Evolution du phénomène................................................................. 117 3.3.4.2. Types de flux migratoires .................................................................119 3.3.4.2.1. Casablanca a monopolisé la moitié des flux à destination des grandes villes .....................................................................119 3.3.4.2.2. Un tizniti rural sur 3 est orienté vers les petites villes et villes moyennes extra-régionales .................................................... 122 3.3.4.2.3. Les petites villes régionales ont absorbé 114 des migrants ...........123 Conclusion du chapitre........................................................................................ 125 Conclusion de la première partie........................................................................... 126 SECONDE PARTIE: IMMIGRATION ET INTEGRATION DES NEO- CITADINS DANS LES VILLES DE L'ANTI-ATLAS OCCIDENTAL. Introduction...................................................................................................... 128 CHAPITRE IV: L'IMMIGRATION DANS L'ESPACE ET DANS LE TEMPS .........129 Introduction............................................................................................. 129 1.1. Le RGPH comme base statistique de l'analyse migratoire au Maroc ................. 729 1.1.1. Présentation.......................................................................................... 129 1.1.2. Remarques et critiques ............................................................................131 1.2. Dynamisme démographique des villes et déclin accru des campagnes............. 132 1.2.1. Une croissance urbaine étroitement liée a l'apport migratoire ...........................133 1.2.1.1. Migration nette entre 1960 et 1982..................................................... 133 1.2.1.2. Excédent migratoire et croissance des villes .........................................135 1.2.2. Bilan migratoire en milieu rural ...................................................................137 1.2.2.1. 1960 - 1971 : Prédominance des communes déficitaires......................... 137 1.2.2.2. 1971-1 982 : un exode généralisé ......................................................139 1.2.2.3. 1982 - 1994 : Une émigration partout renforcée ....................................142 1.3. Structure générale de l'immigration ............................................................. 142 1.3.1. Une immigration principalement d'origine rurale ............................................. 142 1.3.2. Grandes phases de l'immigration............................................................... 744 1.3.2.1. Avant 1971, les flux sont relativement faibles ........................................ 145 1.3.2.2. Un mouvement en accélération depuis le début des années 70 ................ 146 Conclusion du chapitre.......................................................................................
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