XII. Acronyms and Abbreviations

2 ½ °C Degrees Celsius Ao Arrhenius constant, ml/[cm -min-atm ] °F Degrees Fahrenheit AP As prepared 1-D, 1D One-dimensional APC Ambient pressure cell 2-D, 2D Two-dimensional APCI Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 3-D, 3D Three-dimensional APR Aqueous-phase reforming 1Q First quarter of the fiscal year APS Advanced Photon Source 2Q Second quarter of the fiscal year APS Arizona Public Service 3Q Third quarter of the fiscal year APU Auxiliary power unit 4Q Fourth quarter of the fiscal year Ar Argon A Amps a-Si Amorphous silicon Å Angstrom a-SiC Amorphous silicon carbide

AB Ammonia borane, NH3BH3 ASCM Automotive Systems Cost Model ABI Automated ball indentation ASME American Society of Mechanical ABI Agent-based investment Engineers ABM Agent-based modeling ASMSS Anode side membrane support structure ABMS Agent-based modeling and simulation ASPEN Modeling software, computer code for process analysis AC Alternating current ASR Area-specific resistance ACEM Aberration-corrected electron microscopy AST Accelerated stress testing ACNT Aligned carbon nanotube ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ACR Autothermal cyclic reforming AT Ammonia triborane AC-Transit Alameda Contra Costa Transit at% Atomic percent AD Anode dew point ATG Adenine,Thymine,Guanine, the 3 base ADG Anaerobic digester gas combinations that indicate the first ADGT Anaerobic digester gas treatment skid translatable amino acid on the DNA ADM Archer Daniels Midland Company molecule AE Acoustic emissions ATR Autothermal reformer; autothermal AECL Atomic Energy Canada, Limited reforming AEO Annual Energy Outlook Au Gold AFM Atomic force microscopy Avg Average AFR Aerosol flow reactor B Boron Ag Silver Ba Barium AISI American Iron and Steel Institute barg Bar gauge AK Alkali bcc Body-centered cubic Al Aluminum Be Beryllium BE Bloom Energy AlCl3 Aluminum chloride ALD Atomic layer deposition BEAMR Bioelectrochemically assisted microbial reactor AlH3 Aluminum hydride; alane BES Basic Energy Sciences office within the Al O Aluminum oxide 2 3 DOE Office of Science ALS Advanced light source at Lawrence BESR Bio-ethanol steam reforming Berkeley National Laboratory BET Bruner-Emmett-Teller surface area ANL Argonne National Laboratory analysis method ANS American Nuclear Society B-H Borohydride ANSI American National Standards Institute

FY 2007 Annual Progress Report 1285 DOE Hydrogen Program XII. Acronyms and Abbreviations

BH4 Borohydride CANMET Canada Center for Mineral and Energy B-G Boron doped graphitic material Technology BisSF Bisphenol-Sulfone CaO Calcium oxide BM Ball-milled, ball mill CaS Calcium sulfide BMG Bulk metallic glasses CBS Casa Bonita strain cc Cubic centimeter(s) bmimBF4 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate CCC Columbian Chemical Company bmimCl 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride CCD Charge-coupled device bmimPF6 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium CFF Complex coolant fluid hexafluorophosphate CCHSS Complex compound hydrogen storage BMPFFP 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium system tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate CCM Catalyst-coated membrane BN Boron-nitrogen cc/min Cubic centimeter(s) per minute BNHx Dehydrogenated ammonia-borane CCS Carbon capture and storage BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory Cd Cadmium B-O Any oxidized boron species, borate CD Cathode dew point

B2O3 Boron oxide; diboron trioxide CDP Constant dew point

B(OH)3 Boric acid CDP Composite data product BOL Beginning of life CDO Code development organization BOM Bill of materials Ce Cerium BOP Balance-of-plant CEA Commissariat a Energie Atomique 11 B-NMR Boron 11 nuclear magnetic resonance CEM Compressor/expander/motor BP British Petroleum, British Petroleum CeO2 Ceric oxide America Production Company CEQA California Environmental Quality Act BPM Brushless permanent magnet CFD Computational fluid dynamics BPP Bipolar plate CFFLS Consortium for Fossil Fuel Liquefaction BPS Bi Phenyl Sulfone Science BPSH Block polysulfone ether polymers cfm Cubic feet per minute BPSH Bi Phenyl Sulfone: H Form CFS Catalyzed framework structures Br Bromine CGH2 Compressed gaseous hydrogen

Br2 Diatomic bromine CGO Cerium gadolinium oxide, Gd-doped

BSF Back surface field CeO2

BSS Bootstrap start CH2 Compressed hydrogen gas

BTU, Btu British thermal unit(s) CH4 Methane

BxHy Polyhedral boranes C2H4 Ethylene

C Carbon C2H6 Ethane

Ca Calcium C3H8 Propane CA Carbon aerogel Chl Chlorophyll CA Chronoamperometry CHP Combined heat and power

CaBr2 Calcium bromide CIRRUS Cell ice regulation & removal upon start-up CaCO3 Calcium carbonate CAD Computer-aided design CIS CuInSe (alloy of copper, indium, and selenium) CAE Computer-assisted engineering Cl Chlorine CaFCP California Fuel Cell Partnership cm Centimeter(s) CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy cm2 Square centimeter(s) Calphad Calculation of phase diagrams CMU Carnegie Mellon University Caltech California Institue of Technology

DOE Hydrogen Program 1286 FY 2007 Annual Progress Report XII. Acronyms and Abbreviations

CNG Compressed natural gas DFMA Design for Manufacturing and Assembly CNT Carbon nanotube DFT Density functional theory CO Carbon monoxide DGAC Dangerous Goods Advisory Council Co Cobalt DI Deionized

CO2 Carbon dioxide DMA Dynamic mechanical analysis CoE Center of Excellence DMAc Dimethyl acetamide COG Coke oven gas DMFC Direct methanol fuel cell

CoH Cost of hydrogen dmimMeSO4 1,3-dimethyl-imidazolium methylsulfate COPV Composite overwrapped pressure vessel DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide CoT City of Taylor DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid CPB Cyclopentaborazane DOE U.S. Department of Energy CPMAS Cross polarization magic angle spinning DOS Density of states CPO Catalytic partial oxidation DOT U.S. Department of Transportation Cr Chromium DOT/NHTSA Department of Transportation/National CR Compression ratio Highway Traffic Safety Administration CRBJT Combined reverse-Brayton DP Dew point Joule-Thompson DRIFTs Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier CS Constant stoichiometry transform spectroscopy Cs Cesium DS Dielectric spectroscopy CSA Canadian Standards Association DSC Differential scanning calorimetry CSA Cell stack assembly DSM Dimensionally stable membrane CSM Colorado School of Mines DST Dynamic stress test CSP Concentrating solar power DTA Differential thermal analysis CT Cell temperature DTE DTE Energy Ventures CTAB Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide EAN Ethylammonium nitrate CTC Concurrent Technologies Corporation E-BOP Electrical balance of plant CTE Coefficient of thermal expansion EC European Community CTFE Chlorotrifluoroethylene EC Electrochemical CTV Chevron Technology Ventures LLC ECA Electrochemical area Cu Copper ECHEM FTIR Electrochemical Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy CuO Cupric oxide, copper(II) oxide ECS Electrochemical Society Cu2O Cuprous oxide ECSA Electrochemically active surface area, CV Cyclic voltammatry; cyclic Electrochemical surface area voltammogram edmimCl 2-ethyl-1,3-dimethyl-imidazolium CVD Chemical vapor deposition ethylsulfate CVS Chemical vapor synthesis EDS Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, CY Calendar year energy dispersive spectrum d Day(s) EDTA Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid DACS Data acquisition and control system EDX Energy dispersive X-ray DADB Diammoniate of diborane, EEA Energy & Environmental Analysis, Inc. [(NH ) BH ][BH ] 3 2 2 4 EELS Electron energy loss spectroscopy DC Direct current EERE U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency DDU Desorption data utility and Renewable Energy DFC Direct fuel cell EFR-AHJ Emergency first responder-authorities DEF Diethylformamide having jurisdiction Deg Degree EIS Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy DFM Design for manufacturing EMI Electro magnetic interference

FY 2007 Annual Progress Report 1287 DOE Hydrogen Program XII. Acronyms and Abbreviations eNMR Electrochemical nuclear magnetic FOM Federated object modeling resonance FPA Flourophosphonic acid EOL End of life FPM First principles modeling EOR Enhanced oil recovery FRAE Frictional acoustic emissions EOS Economies of scale FRP Fiber-reinforced polymer EOS Earth Observatory System FRR Fluoride release rate EP Electrochemical polarization FS Free surface EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FSEC Florida Solar Energy Center EPC Elevated pressure electrochemical cell F-SPEEK Fluorosulfonic acid of EPDM Ethylene propylene diene monomer polyetheretherketone EPR Electron paramagnetic resonance F/T Freeze/thaw eRAM Enterprise remote access monitoring ft Feet ESA Estimated surface area ft2 Square feet ETFE Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene ft3 Cubic feet EU European Union FTA Federal Transit Administration eV Electron volt FTI Fueling Technologies, Inc. EW Equivalent weight FTIR Fourier transform infrared F Fluorine FW Formula weight F Fahrenheit FWHM Full width at half maximum F- Fluorine ion FY Fiscal year FBMR Fluidized bed membrane reactor ΔG Free energy of reaction FC Fuel cell g Gram(s) FCB Fuel cell bus g Acceleration of gravity fcc Face-centered cubic g/cc Gram(s) per cubic centimeter FCCJ Fuel Cell Commercialization Conference g/min Gram(s) per minute of Japan g/s Gram(s) per second FCE FuelCell Energy Ga Gallium FCFP FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership GA General Atomics FCS Fuel cell system gal Gallon(s) QA FCTES Fuel Cell Testing, Safety and Quality GaP Gallium phosphide Assurance (an international effort to GAS-PASS/H Simulation code for gas-cooled nuclear harmonize fuel cell testing procedures) reactors FCTESTNET Fuel Cell Testing and Standardization GB Grain boundary Network GC Gas chromatograph FCTS Fuel cell test station GCMC Grand Canonical Monte Carlo FCV Fuel cell vehicle GC/MS Gas chromatograph/mass spectroscopy FDA Fleet Data Acquisition GCtool Software package developed at Argonne FE U.S. DOE Office of Fossil Energy National Laboratory for analysis of fuel Fe Iron cells and other power systems

Fe2O3 Ferric oxide Gd Gadolinium FEA Finite element analysis GDC Gadolinium-doped ceria ® FEP Fluorinated ethylene propylene; Teflon GDE Gas diffusion electrode FLiNaK LiF-NaF-KF eutectic salt GDL Gas diffusion layer FLUENT Computer code for computational fluid GDM Gas diffusion media dynamics GDS Galvanodynamic scan FMEA Failure modes and effects analysis Ge Germanium FNGP Freudenberg-NOK General Partnership GE General Electric 19FNMR 19Fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance

DOE Hydrogen Program 1288 FY 2007 Annual Progress Report XII. Acronyms and Abbreviations

GES Giner Electrochemical Systems, LLC HCNG Hydrogen-compressed natural gas GGA Generalized gradient approximation hcp Hexagonal close-packed GGE, gge Gasoline gallon equivalent HDPE High-density polyethylene

GH2 Gaseous hydrogen HDSAM Hydrogen Delivery Scenario Analysis GHG Greenhouse gas Model GHSV Gas hourly space velocity He Helium GIS Geographic information system HEI HyPerComp Engineering Inc. GJ Gigajoule(s) HER Hydrogen evolution reaction g/kW Gram(s) per kilowatt HES Hydrogen energy station GLAD Glancing angle deposition HEV Hybrid electric vehicle GM General Motors Hf Hafnium gm Gram(s) HF Hydrogen fluoride gm/day Gram(s) per day HFCI Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure g/min Gram(s) per minute HFCIT Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies GPa Gigapascal(s) HFCTF Hawaii Fuel Cell Test Facility GPS Global positioning system HFCV Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle GREC Graphite reinforced epoxy composite HFR High-frequency resistance GREET Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions and Energy use in Transportation model HFS Hydrogen fueling station GRPE Working Party on Pollution and Energy HGEF Hawaii Gateway Energy Center GTI Gas Technology Institute HGMs Hollow glass microspheres GTR Global Technical Regulations HHICE Hybrid hydrogen internal combustion engine GUI Graphical user interface HHV Higher heating value GW An approximation permitting practical calculation of excitation energies in HI Hydrogen iodide, hydriodic acid metals, semi-conductors and insulators HIA Hydrogen-induced amorphization GWS Glenn W. Scheffler HIA Hydrogen Implementing Agreement h Hour(s) HIC Hydrogen-induced cracking H Hydrogen HIPOC Hydrogen Industry Panel on Codes ΔH Enthalpy of reaction, Enthalpy of HIx Blend of hydrogen iodide, iodine, and hydrogenation water

H2 Diatomic hydrogen HKUST 1 Cu3(1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate)2 H2A Hydrogen Analysis project sponsored by HLA High level architecture DOE HMC Hyundai Motor Company HAADF High-angle annular dark-field HMM Hidden Markov Model HAMMER Hazardous Materials Management and HNEI Hawaii Natural Energy Institute Emergency Response HNO3 Nitric acid HATCI Hyundai-KIA America Technical H ICE Hydrogen internal combustion engine Center Inc. 2 H O Water HAVO Hawaii Volcanoes National Park 2 H O Hydrogen peroxide HAZ Heat activated zone 2 2 H2QWG DOE Hydrogen Quality Working Group HAZID Hazard identification analysis H S Hydrogen sulfide HAZOP Hazards and operability 2 HOD™ Hydrogen on Demand™ HBr Hydrogen bromide HOPG Highly-ordered pyrolytic graphite HBU Hydrogen based unit HOV High occupancy vehicle HCG Hydrogen Coordinating Group HP High-pressure HCl, HCL Hydrochloric acid, Hydrogen chloride hp Horsepower HClO4 Perchloric acid

FY 2007 Annual Progress Report 1289 DOE Hydrogen Program XII. Acronyms and Abbreviations

HPA Heteropoly acid ICC International Code Council HPC High pressure cell ICE Internal combustion engine HPE Hybrid photoelectrode ICE/FC Internal combustion engine/fuel cell H-PEMFC Hydrogen polymer electrolyte membrane ICONE International Conference on Nuclear fuel cell Energy HPLC High performance liquid chromatography ICP Inductively coupled plasma hr Hour(s) ICPAE Inductively coupled plasma atomic HRL Hughes Research Laboratory, HRL emission Laboratories, LLC ICP-AES Inductively coupled plasma atomic HRTEM High-resolution transmission electron emission spectroscopy microscopy ICSD Inorganic Crystal Structure Database HSCoE Hydrogen Sorption Center of Excellence ID Inside diameter HSDC Hydrogen Secure Data Center IE Intelligent Energy HSM Hydrogen storage materials IEA International Energy Agency HSM Hot stage microscope IEC International Electrotechnical Commission H2SO4 Sulfuric acid HT High-temperature IEC Ion exchange capacity HTE High-temperature electrolysis IFE Institute for Energy Technology (Norway) HTFC High-temperature fuel cell IGCC Integrated gasification combined cycle HTGR High-temperature gas-cooled reactor ILS Integrated laboratory scale HTHX High-temperature heat exchanger INER Institute of Nuclear Energy Research HTM High-temperature membrane INERI International Nuclear Energy Research Initiative HTM Hydrogen transport membrane INL Idaho National Laboratory HTMWG High Temperature Membrane Working Group INS Inelastic neutron scattering HTS High-temperature shift IOS Intelligent Optical Systems, Inc. HTSE High temperature steam electrolysis IP Intellectual property HX Heat exchanger IPCE Incident photon conversion to electrons, incident photon conversion efficiency HyARC Hydrogen Analysis Resource Center IP COE Isostatically pressed closed one end HyDIVE Hydrogen Dynamic Infrastructure and Vehicle Evolution model IPHE International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy HyDS Hydrogen Deployment System model IPTG Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside HyDRA Hydrogen Demand and Resource Analysis model IR Infrared HYDROGENIUS Hydrogen Industrial Use and Ir Iridium Storage IRMOF Isoreticular metal organic framework HyPEP Hydrogen production efficiency IRR Internal rate of return calculation program ISO International Organization for HyPro, HYPRO Analysis tool Standardization; International Standards HyS Hybrid sulfur Organization HYSYS® Process simulation software by ISPRA Location of the European Joint Research Aspentech, computer code for process Centre analysis ITM Ion transport membrane HyTRANS Hydrogen transition model ITO Indium tin oxide Hz Hertz IV Current-voltage I Current J Joule(s) ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization JARI Japan Automobile Research Institute ICAPP International Congress on Advances in JMFC Johnson-Matthey Fuel Cells, Inc. Nuclear Power Plants

DOE Hydrogen Program 1290 FY 2007 Annual Progress Report XII. Acronyms and Abbreviations

JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory LH2, LH2 Liquid hydrogen K Kelvin LHS Lawrence Hall of Science K Potassium LHSV Liquid hourly space velocity, h-1 KAERI Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute LHV Lower heating value kcal Kilocalorie(s) Li Lithium kcal/mol Kilocalorie(s) per mole LiBH4 Lithium borohydride kg Kilogram(s) LIBS Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy kg/d Kilogram(s) per day LiH Lithium hydride kg/hr Kilogram(s) per hour LIM Liquid injection molding, liquid injection kg/m3 Kilogram(s) per cubic meter moldable

KH Potassium hydride Li3N Lithium nitride kHz Kilohertz LLC Limited Liability Company KIA Kia Motor Company LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory kJ Kilojoule(s) LMWO Lanthanum molybdenum tungsten oxide kJ/mol Kilojoule(s) per mole (e.g., La2Mo1.8W0.2O9-x) km Kilometer(s) L/min, l/min Liter(s) per minute KOH Potassium hydroxide LN2 Liquid nitrogen kPa Kilopascal(s) LQ* Carrier liquid kph Kilometer(s) per hour LRS Laser raman spectroscopy kW Kilowatt(s) LSC Lanthanum strontium cobalt oxide, (La, kWe Kilowatt(s) electric Sr)CoO3, strontium-doped lanthanum kWh Kilowatt-hour(s) cobaltite, La0.8Sr0.2CoO3+δ kWh/kg Kilowatt-hour(s) per kilogram LSCF Lanthanum strontium cobalt iron oxide, kWh/L Kilowatt-hour(s) per liter (La, Sr)(Co, Fe)O3 kW/kg Kilowatt(s) per kilogram LSCM Lanthanum strontium chromium manganese oxide, (La, Sr)(Cr, Mn)O kWt Kilowatt(s) thermal 3 LSM Lanthanum strontium manganese L, l Liter(s) oxide, (La, Sr)MnO3, strontium-doped La Lanthanum lanthanum manganite, La0.8Sr0.2MnO3+δ LA Los Angeles LST Lanthanum strontium titanium oxide,

LAMOX Lanthanum. . . . . molybdenum...... oxide . . (La, Sr)TiO3 (e.g., La2Mo2O9) LSV Lanthanum strontium vanadate LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory LT Low-temperature LAX Los Angeles International Airport LTDMS Laser induced thermal desorption mass lb Pound(s) spectrometry lbmol Pound-mole(s) LWR Light water reactor LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory LVVWD Las Vegas Valley Water District LC Liquid carrier m Meter(s)

LCH2 Hydrogenated liquid carrier M Mole, molar LCHPP Low Cost Hydrogen Production Platform M Million LC-MS Liquid chromatography-mass m2 Square meter(s) spectroscopy m3 Cubic meter(s) L/D Length to diameter ratio m2/g Square meter(s) per gram LDV Light-duty vehicle m2/s Square meter(s) per second LED Light emitting diode M31 Arkema’s first-generation membrane LEL Lower explosion limit candidate LFL Lower flammability limit M41 Arkema’s second-generation membrane L/h, l/h Liter(s) per hour candidate

FY 2007 Annual Progress Report 1291 DOE Hydrogen Program XII. Acronyms and Abbreviations mA Milliamp(s) mL, ml Milliliter(s) µA Micro ampere(s) MLA Mineral liberation analysis mA/cm2 Milliamp(s) per square centimeter µm Micrometer(s); micron(s) µA/cm2 Micro ampere(s) per square centimeter MMP MetaMateria Partners LLC MACRS Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery MM-SE Mueller matrix spectro-ellipsometry Schedule MMSCFD Million standard cubic feet/day M-BOP Mechanical balance of plant Mn Manganese MAS Magic angle spinning MnO Manganese oxide MAS 11B-NMR Magic angle spinning boron-11 nuclear Mn2O3 Manganese oxide magnetic resonance MOF Metal-organic framework MAS-NMR Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic mol Mole(s) resonance MPa Megapascal(s) MBMS Molecular beam mass spectrometry MPG, mpg Mile(s) per gallon MC Monte Carlo mph Mile(s) per hour MC Model compound MPL Microporous layer MCEL Millenium Cell, Inc. mpy Mils per year MCFC Molten carbonate fuel cell MQMAS Multiple quantum magic angle spinning MD Molecular dynamics MR Membrane reactor Md Temperature for formation of strain- induced martensite MRCAT Materials Research Collaborative Access Team MDES Methyl-diethoxy silane MRT Membrane Reactor Technologies MEA Membrane electrode assembly ms Millisecond(s) MeAB Methylamine borane mS/cm Milli-Siemen(s) per centimeter MEI Makel Engineering MS Mass spectroscopy, mass spectrometry MEIC Mixed electronic and ionic conducting (membranes) MSA Metropolitan statistical area MFI A zeolite structure code MS-EVB Multi-state empirical valence bond Mg Megagram(s) MSM Macro-System Model µg Microgram(s) MSP Molten state processing mg Milligram(s) MSR Metal-steam reforming mg/cm2 Milligram(s) per square centimeter MTI Mechanical Technology, Inc. mtorr Millitorr MgCl2 Magnesium chloride MGD Media gravimetric density MTS Membrane test system, material test system MgH2 Magnesium hydride µV Micro-volt(s) mgPt/cm2 Milligram(s) of platinum per square centimeter mV Millivolt(s) MH Membrane humidifier mW Milliwatt(s) MH Metal hydride MW Megawatt(s) MHC Metal hydride-based compressor MW Molecular weight MHCoE Metal Hydride Center of Excellence mΩ Milli-ohm(s) MHz Megahertz MΩ Mega-ohm(s) 2 mi Mile(s) mΩ/cm Milli-ohm(s) per square centimeter 2 MIEC Mixed ionic and electronic conduction µΩ-cm Micro-ohm(s) - square centimeter 2 mi/kg Mile(s) per kilogram mW/cm Milliwatt(s) per square centimeter mil Millimeter(s) MWCNT Multiple-wall carbon nanotube min Minute(s) MWe Megawatt(s) electric MJ Megajoule(s) MWNT Multi-wall carbon nanotubes

DOE Hydrogen Program 1292 FY 2007 Annual Progress Report XII. Acronyms and Abbreviations

MWth Megawatt(s) thermal NG Natural gas MYPP Multi-Year Program Plan (the HFCIT NGNP Next Generation Nuclear Plant Program’s Multi-Year Research, NH3 Ammonia Development and Demonstration Plan), NHA National Hydrogen Association Multi-Year Product Plan NHE Normal hydrogen electrode MYRDD, MYRD&D Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan NHFC4 National Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Codes and Standards Coordinating Committee N Nitrogen atom NHI Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative N Newton (unit of force) NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety N/cm2 Newton(s) per square centimeter Administration of the U.S. Department  N112 Nafion 1100 equivalent weight, of Transportation 2 millimeter thick membrane Ni Nickel N Diatomic nitrogen 2 NILS Normal interstitial lattice sites Na Sodium NiMH Nickel metal hydride NA North American NIST National Institute of Standards and Na3AlH6 Trisodium hexahydroaluminate Technology

NaAlH4 Sodium aluminum hydride; sodium NL Normal liter(s) tetrahydroaluminate; sodium alanate nm Nanometer(s) NaBH Sodium borohydride 4 NMP N-methylpyrrolidone NaBO Sodium metaborate 2 NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance NaCl Sodium chloride Nm3 Normal cubic meter(s) Nafion® Registered Trademark of E.I. DuPont de NNA Non-North American Nemours NNA NG Non-North American natural gas NaH Sodium hydride NNIF NIST neutron imaging facility NaOH Sodium hydroxide NO2 Nitric oxide Na2S Sodium sulfide N O Nitrous oxide NASFM National Association of State Fire 2 Marshals NOx Oxides of nitrogen NASA National Aeronautics and Space NPC Nanoporous carbon Administration NPD Neutron powder diffraction NCMS National Center for Manufacturing NPM Nanostructured polymeric materials Sciences NPS National Park Service NCN Nano capillary network NPT Normal pressure and temperature NCNR NIST Center for Neutron Research NPV Net present value NDC New delivery concept NRC National Research Council NDTE Non-destructive testing and evaluation NRC-IFCI National Research Council’s Institute for NE U.S. DOE Office of Nuclear Energy, Fuel Cell Innovation Science and Technology NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory NEB Nudged elastic band NSTF Nanostructured thin film NEDO New Energy and Industrial Technology NSTFC Nano-structured thin film catalyst Development Organization (Japan) NTP Negative thermal expansion NEED National Energy Education Development NVS Neutron vibrational spectroscopy Project NYC New York City NEMS National Energy Modeling System NZVI Nano zerovalent iron NERI Nuclear Energy Research Initiative O Oxygen NETL National Energy Technology Laboratory O Diatomic oxygen NFCRC National Fuel Cell Research Center 2 O/C Oxygen-to-carbon ratio NFPA National Fire Protection Association OCP Open circuit potential NFS Nano-framework structured

FY 2007 Annual Progress Report 1293 DOE Hydrogen Program XII. Acronyms and Abbreviations

OCSD Orange County Sanitation District PEM Polymer electrolyte membrane OCV Open circuit voltage PEM Proton exchange membrane o.d.,OD Outer diameter PEMFC Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell OEC Oxygen evolving complex PEMFC Proton exchange membrane fuel cell OEM Original equipment manufacturer PES Polyether sulfone OER Oxygen evolution reaction PES Potential energy surface OH- Hydroxyl radical PES Polyethersulfone-polyimide copolymer OHFCIT Office of Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and PET Polyethylene teraphthalate Infrastructure Technologies PFD Process flow diagram O&M Operation and maintenance PFGSE Pulse field gradient spin echo O/O Oxygen to oxygen PFSA Perfluorinated sulfonic acid, ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory perfluorosulfonic acid ORR Oxygen reduction reaction PGE Platinum group element OSC Oxygen storage capability PGM Precious group metal, Platinum group OSHA U.S. Occupational Safety and Health metal Administration PHA Process hazard analysis, preliminary OSM Oregon Steel Mills hazard analysis OSU Ohio State University PI Principal investigator OTM Oxygen transport membrane P&ID Piping and instrumentation diagram, process and instrumentation diagram ∆P Pressure drop, pressure change PIL Protic ionic liquid P Phosphorus PIM Protic ionic membrane P Pressure PM Precious metal, such as platinum Pa Pascal(s) PM Peroxide mitigation PADD Petroleum Administration for Defense District PM10 Particulate matter with diameters of 10 micrometers or less PAFC Phosphoric acid fuel cell PM Particulate matter with diameters of PANI Polyaniline 2.5 2.5 micrometers or less PAS Photoactive semiconductor PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory PAW Projector augmented wave POC Proof of concept Pb Lead POCOP P,P-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-,3-[[bis(1,1-di PB Polyborazylene methylethyl)phosphino]oxy]phenyl ester PBI Polybenzimidazole POGT Partial oxidation gas turbine PC Personal computer POM Polyoxometallate PCHD Poly(cyclohexadiene) POSS Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane PCI Pressure-composition isotherm POX Partial oxidation PCM Power control module ppb Part(s) per billion PCT Pressure concentration temperature ppbv Part(s) per billion by volume Pd Palladium PPDSA Poly (p-phenylene disulfonic acid) PEAR Power and Energy Analytic Resources PPI Plug Power, Inc. PEC Photoelectrochemical, PPI Pore(s) per inch Photoelectrochemical cell ppm, PPM Part(s) per million PECVD Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor ppmv Part(s) per million by volume deposition ppmw Part(s) per million by weight PEEK Polyether ether ether ketone PPO Phenyl phosphine oxide PEFC Polymer electrolyte fuel cell PPS Polyphenylenesulfide PEFC Proton exchange fuel cell PPSA Poly (p-phenylene sulfonic acid) PEKK Poly (ether ketone ketone)

DOE Hydrogen Program 1294 FY 2007 Annual Progress Report XII. Acronyms and Abbreviations

PPSU Polyphenylsulfone RDE Rotating disk electrode PPy Polypyrrole Re Rhenium PrOx Preferential oxidation RF, rf Radio frequency PS Photosystem RF Roughness factor PS Proton sponge RGA Residual gas analyzer (bis- (dimethyamino)naphthalene) RH Relative humidity PSA Pressure sensitive adhesive Rh Rhodium PSA Pressure swing adsorption RIXS Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering PSAT Powertrain Systems Analysis Toolkit, spectra a vehicle simulation software package RHE Reference hydrogen electrode; reversible developed at Argonne National hydrogen electrode Laboratory ROW Right of way PSD Particle size distribution rpm Revolution(s) per minute psi Pound(s) per square inch RPM Renewable Planning Model psia Pound(s) per square inch absolute RRDE Rotating ring disc electrode psig, PSIG Pound(s) per square inch gage RPSA Rapid pressure swing adsorption PSII Photosystem II RSOFC Reversible solid oxide fuel cell PSOFC Planar solid oxide fuel cell RT Room temperature PSU Pennsylvania State University Ru Ruthenium Pt Platinum s Second(s) Pt-MM Platinum mixed metal S Siemen(s) P-T Pressure-temperature S Sulfur PTA Phosphotungstic acid SA Surface area Pt/C Platinum/carbon SAE Society of Automotive Engineers PTFE Teflon® – poly-tetrafluoroethylene SAM Scanning Auger microscopy Pt-NH Platinum decorated carbon nano-horns SANS Small angle neutron scattering PtO Platinum oxide SAS Styrene-acrylonitrile-vinylsulfate PtO Platinum dioxide 2 SASSP Solvent assisted solid state processing PtRu Platinum ruthenium SAXS Small angle X-ray scattering Pt-SWNH Platinum decorated single-walled SBH Sodium borohydride nanohorns SBIR Small Business Innovative Research PTW Pump-to-wheels SBP Solution based processing PV Photovoltaic SBU Secondary building units PVD Physical vapor deposition Sc Scandium PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride S/C Steam to carbon ratio PVP Polyvinylpyrrolidone sccm, SCCM Standard cubic centimeter(s) per minute PVT Pressure-Volume-Temperature SCF, scf Standard cubic feet PXD Powder X-ray diffraction scfd Standard cubic feet per day Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 Quarters of the fiscal year SCFH Standard cubic feet per hour QCM Quartz crystal microbalance SCFM Standard cubic feet per minute QRA Quantitative risk assessment SCPO Staged catalytic partial oxidation R Universal or ideal gas constant, 8.314472 J · K-1 · mol-1 SCR Selective catalytic reduction RA Reduction of area S/cm Siemen(s) per centimeter R&D Research and development ScSZ Scandia-stabilized zirconia RDC Resource Dynamics Corporation SDAPP Sulfonated diels-alder polyphenylene RD&D Research, development & demonstration SDC Samarium doped ceria

FY 2007 Annual Progress Report 1295 DOE Hydrogen Program XII. Acronyms and Abbreviations

SDE SO2-depolarized electrolyzer sPEEK Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) SDO Standards Development Organization SPEX Brand of milling machine SDT Simultaneous differential scanning SPM Scanning probe microscope calorimeter and thermalgravimetric SPR Solid particle receiver analyzer sq. in. Square inch(es) Se Selenium Sr Strontium sec Second(s) SRM Steam reforming SEC Size exclusion chromatography SRNL Savannah River National Laboratory SECA Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance SS Stainless steel SEM Scanning electron microscopy, scanning SSM Stress strain microprobe electron microscope SSNMR Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance SEM Secondary electron microscopy SSP Solid state processing SERC Schatz Energy Research Center SSRTM Stackable Structural Reactor SFC Smart fuel cell SSRL Stanford Synchrotron Radiation SFC2 SrFeCo O 0.5 x Laboratory SFT Sr-Fe-Ti oxide SSV Shift space velocity SFA Sulfonic acid SSY Small scale yielding SGD System gravimetric density STEM Scanning transmission electron SHE Standard hydrogen electrode microscopy Si Silicon STH Solar-to-hydrogen S-I Sulfur-iodine STM Scanning tunneling microscopy SI Sulfur-iodine cycle STP Standard temperature and pressure SiC Silicon carbide STS Scanning tunneling spectroscopy

SiO2 Silicon dioxide STTR Small Business Technology Transfer slpm, slm Standard liter(s) per minute SUNY State University of New York SMEC Study of matter at extreme conditions SV Space velocity SMR Steam methane reformer; steam methane SVD System volumetric density reforming SWCNT Single-walled carbon nanotube SMUD Sacramento Municipal Utility District SWNH Single-walled nanohorn Sn Tin SWNT Single-wall nanotube SNL Sandia National Laboratories SwRI Southwest Research Institute SNLL Sandia National Laboratory Livermore SYT Yttrium-doped strontium titanate SLPH Standard liter(s) per hour T Temperature SLPM Standars liter(s) per minute T1bar Temperature at which equilibrium SO2 Sulfur dioxide pressure of hydrogen is 1 bar for a SOC State of charge hydrogen exchange reaction SOEC Solid oxide electrolysis cell; solid oxide t Time electrolyzer cell Ta Tantalum SOFC Solid oxide fuel cell TAMU Texas A&M University SOFEC Solid oxide fuel-fed electrolysis cell TBA-PF6 Tetra-n-butylammonium SOW Statement of work hexafluorophosphate SOx Oxides of sulfur TBD To be determined sPAES Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) TBR Trickle bed reactor SPE Solid phase epitaxial TC Thermocouple SPEK Sulfonated poly-etherketone-ketone TC Technical committee SPEKK Sulfonated polyether(ether ketone TCCR Transparent, conducting and corrosion ketone) resistant

DOE Hydrogen Program 1296 FY 2007 Annual Progress Report XII. Acronyms and Abbreviations

TDV Technology demonstration vehicle UCB University of California, Berkeley TEAB Tetraethyl ammonium borohydride UCI University of California, Irvine TEDA Triethylenediamine UCLA University of California, Los Angeles TEAH Tetraethylammonium hydroxide UCONN University of Connecticut TEM Transmission electron microscopy UCSB University of California, Santa Barbara TEOM Tapered element oscillating microbalance UH University of Hawaii Tf Trifluormethane sufonate, or triflate UHP Ultra-high purity

anion (CF3SO3-) UHV Ultra-high vacuum TFAc Triflouroacetate UIUC University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TFE Tetrafluoroethylene UL Underwriters Laboratory TFSI Trifluorosulfimide um Micrometer(s) TFVE Trifluorovinyl ether UM University of Michigan tf-Si Thin film silicon UNC University of North Carolina TG Thermogravimetric UNECE United Nations Economic Commission TGA Thermal gravimetric analysis; for Europe thermogravimetric analysis; UNLV University of Nevada Las Vegas thermogravimetric analyzer UNLVRF UNLV Research Foundation TGA-DSC Thermo-gravimetric analysis-differential UNM University of New Mexico scanning calorimetry UNR University of Nevada, Reno TGA-MS Thermogravimetric analysis-mass spectrometer UPS Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy TG-DTA Thermo-gravimetric/differential thermal U.S. United States analyzer USCAR United States Council for Automotive THF Tetrahydrofuran Research Ti Titanium USFCC United States Fuel Cell Council Tla Truncated light-harvesting chlorophyll USPP Ultrasoft pseudopotentials antenna UT Ultrasonic testing tla1 Mutant of the Tla1 gene (GenBank UTC United Technologies Corporation Assession No. AF534570) UTR Untranslated region tlaX Mutant of unknown gene with a UTRC United Technologies Research Center truncated light-harvesting chlorophyll UV Ultraviolet antenna UV-vis Ultraviolet-visual TM Transition metal V Vanadium TMAH Tetramethylammonium hydroxide V Volt TMB Trimethylborate VAC Volts alternating current TMPS Trimethoxyl phenyl silane VANTA Vertically aligned nanotube arrays TMS Thermal management system VASP Vienna ab initio simulation package TOF Turnover frequency VDC Volts direct current TPA Tripropylamine VDF Vinylidene fluoride TPAH Tetra-n-propylammonium hydroxide vdW van der Waals TPD Ton(s) per day VFS Vehicle fueling station TPD Temperature-programmed desorption VHTR Very high temperature gas-cooled nuclear TNA Titania nanotube array reactor TPO Temperature-programmed oxidation VHTS Virtual high-throughput screening TPR Temperature-programmed reduction VI Venter Institute tr. oz. Troy ounce V-I Voltage – current TSA Temperature swing adsorption VIS Visible light at 400-700 nm UC University of California

FY 2007 Annual Progress Report 1297 DOE Hydrogen Program XII. Acronyms and Abbreviations

VMT Vehicle miles travelled Wt Watt(s) thermal VOC Volatile organic compound wt Weight VOC Voltage open circuit wt% Weight percent (percent by weight) vol Volume WTP Well-to-pump vol% Volume percent WTW Well-to-wheels VTA Santa Clara Valley Transportation WU Water uptake Authority XC72 High-surface-area carbon support made Ω Ohm(s) by Cabot W Tungsten XAFS X-ray absorption fine structure W Watt(s) XANES X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy WAXD Wide-angle X-ray diffraction XAS X-ray absorption spectroscopy WBS Work breakdown schedule XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray WC Tungsten carbon, tungsten carbide photon spectroscopy We Watt(s) electric XPS-UPS X-ray photoelectron-ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy W/F Ratio of catalyst dosage to feed flow rate XRD X-ray diffraction WG-12 Working Group 12 XRF X-ray fluorescence WGS Water-gas shift Y Yttrium Wh Watt-hour(s) yr, YR Year W-h/kg Watt-hour(s) per kilogram YSZ Yttria-stablized zirconia W-h/L, Wh/liter, Wh/L Watt-hour(s) per liter Z Atomic number WHSV Weight hourly space velocity ZEV Zero emission vehicle Wind2H2 Wind to hydrogen demonstration project Zn Zinc W/kg Watt(s) per kilogram ZnO Zinc oxide W/L, W/l Watt(s) per liter zpp Zirconium phenyl phosphonate WO3 Tungsten trioxide Zr Zirconium WOL Wedge opening load ZrO Zirconium dioxide WP.29 Working Party 29 - World Forum for 2 Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations ZrSPP Zirconium phosphate sulfophenylphosphonate Wppm Weight part(s) per million ZVI Zerovalent iron WRI Western Research Institute

DOE Hydrogen Program 1298 FY 2007 Annual Progress Report