XI. Acronyms and Abbreviations

°C Degrees Celsius ACR Autothermal cyclic reforming °F Degrees Fahrenheit ACS American Chemical Society 1-D, 1D One-dimensional AC-Transit Alameda Contra Costa Transit 2-D, 2D Two-dimensional AE Alkaline earth 3-D, 3D Three-dimensional AEET Alternative Energy Engineering 1Q First quarter of the fiscal year Technician 2Q Second quarter of the fiscal year AEO Annual Energy Outlook 3Q Third quarter of the fiscal year AES Auger electron spectroscopy 4Q Fourth quarter of the fiscal year AFM Atomic force microscopy 6F Hexafluorinated (biphenol A) sulfonated Ag Silver poly(arylene ether sulfone) AgCl Silver chloride 6FCN-x HexaFluoro bisphenol A based AHCHG Ad Hoc Committee for Hydrogen Gas disulfonated polybenzonitirle (H+ form) AIBN Azobisisobutyl nitrile (x denotes degree of sulfonation) AIChE American Institute of Chemical 6F-x HexaFluoro bisphenol A based Engineers disulfonated polySulfone (H+ form) AirCred Air Quality Credits calculation software (x denotes degree of sulfonation) tool developed by ANL ∆H Enthalpy; heat of reaction AK Alkali ∆H° Standard heat of formation f Al Aluminum ∆P Pressure drop, pressure change AlCl3 Aluminum chloride λ Lambda, hydration number ALD Atomic layer deposition µA Micro ampere(s) AlH3 Aluminum hydride; alane µA/cm2 Micro ampere(s) per square centimeter Al2O3 Aluminum oxide µg Microgram(s) Alt-G1 Alternative dendron generation-one µm Micrometer(s); micron(s) AM Air mass µM Micromolar AM 1.5 Air Mass 1.5 solar illumination µmol Micromole(s) ANL Argonne National Laboratory µΩ-cm2 Micro-ohm(s) - square centimeter ANS American Nuclear Society µV Micro volt(s) ANSI American National Standards Institute Ω Ohm(s) ANT Albany Nano Tech, SUNY Ω-cm2 Ohm-square centimeter APCI, APCi Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. ρ Apparent density of activated carbon a APR Aqueous-phase reforming

ρ Adsorbate hydrogen density in ad.H2 APS Arizona Public Service micropores APS American Physical Society A Ampere, amp APU Auxiliary power unit Å Angstrom AR Adsorption reactor AB Ammonia borane a.u., A.U. Arbitrary Units ABI Automated Ball Indentation, Agent- Ar Argon Based Investment ARC Accelerated reaction calorimetry ABM Agent-based modeling As Arsenic ABMS Agent-based modeling and simulation a-Si Amorphous silicon ABPBI Poly(2,5-benzimidazole) 2 a-SiGe Amorphous silicon germanium A/cm Amps per square centimeter ASM American Society of Metals AC Alternating current ASCM Automotive Systems Cost Model AC Activated carbon

FY 2006 Annual Progress Report 1175 DOE Hydrogen Program XI. Acronyms and Abbreviations

ASME American Society of Mechanical BOP, BoP Balance-of-plant Engineers 11B-NMR Boron 11 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ASMSS Anode side membrane support structure BP British Petroleum ASPEN Modeling software BPM Brushless permanent magnet ASR Area-specific resistance BPS Ballard Power Systems ASTM American Society for Testing and BPSH Biphenyl sulfone H form; aromatic Materials polysulfone AT Ammonia triborane BPSH-x BiPhenyl based disulfonated at%, at.% Atomic percent polySulfone (H+ form) (x denotes ATG Adenine,Thymine,Guanine, the 3 base degree of sulfonation) combinations that indicate the first BPSH-30 Biphenyl sulfone H form, 30% molar translatable amino acid on the DNA fraction of disulfonic acid unit (30% molecule level of sulfonation) atm Atmosphere BPV Boiler and Pressure Vessel ATP Adenosine triphosphate Br Bromine

ATR Autothermal reformer; autothermal Br2 Diatomic bromine reforming BSE Back scattered electron ATS Adsorption test stand BSS Bootstrap start Au Gold BTU, Btu British thermal unit(s) AuS Gold sulfide C Carbon

AuSnOx gold supported on hydrous tin oxide C Couloumb

AuTiOx gold supported on titanium oxide Ca Calcium Avg Average CA Carbon aerogel AVR Ford’s Agent-Based Hydrogen Vehicle CaBr2 Calcium bromide Owner and Fuel Retailer model CaCO3 Calcium carbonate B Boron CAD Computer-aided design Ba Barium CAE Computer-aided engineering barg Bar gauge CAER Center for Applied Energy Research bcc Body-centered cubic CaFCP California Fuel Cell Partnership Be Beryllium Calphad Calculation of phase diagrams BEOS Bender equation of state CAN Controller area network BES Basic Energy Sciences office within the CaO Calcium oxide DOE Office of Science CaS Calcium sulfide BESR Bio-ethanol steam reforming CbHS Carbon-based Hydrogen Storage BET Bruner-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis method CBS Casa Bonita strain B-H Boron/hydrogen bond cc Cubic centimeter(s) CCD Charge-coupled device BH4 Borohydride Bi Bismuth cc/g cat/hr Cubic centimeter(s) per gram catalyst per hour BM Ball-milled CCHSS Complex Compound Hydrogen Storage BMPFFP 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium System tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate CCM Catalyst-coated membrane BN Boron nitride CCT Continuous cooling transformation BNHx Dehydrogenated ammonia-borane Cd Cadmium BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory CDC Carbide-derived carbon B-O Boron/oxygen bond CDO Code development organization B2O3 Boron oxide; diboron trioxide Ce Cerium BOM Bill of materials

DOE Hydrogen Program 1176 FY 2006 Annual Progress Report XI. Acronyms and Abbreviations

CEA Commissariat a Energie Atomique Cr Chromium CEC California Energy Commission CRBJT Combined reverse-Brayton Joule-Thompson CeO2 Ceric oxide Cermet Combination of ceramic and metal CS Chemically stable CERT Committee on Energy Research and CS Ceramic support Technology Cs Cesium CFC Chlorofluorocarbon CSA Canadian Standards Association CFD Computational fluid dynamics CSA Cell stack assembly cfm Cubic feet per minute CSMP Cabot Superior MicroPowders CGA Compressed Gas Association CSR Catalytic steam reforming CGO Cerium gadolinium oxide CSTT Codes and Standards Tech Team

CH2 Compressed hydrogen gas CTE Coefficient of thermal expansion

CH4 Methane CTO Conductive transparent oxide

C2H4 Ethylene CTV Chevron Technology Ventures LLC

C2H6 Ethane Cu Copper

C3H8 Propane CU University of Colorado CHARGEH2 GTI hydrogen cylinder filling model cu.yd. Cubic yard(s) CHARM Cost-effective High-efficiency Advanced CuO Cupric oxide, copper(II) oxide Reforming Module Cu2O Cuprous oxide CS Chemically stabilized CUTE Clean Urban Transport for Europe Chl Chlorophyll CV Cyclic voltammatry; cyclic CHP Combined heat and power voltammogram CIS CuInSe (alloy of copper, indium, and CVD Chemical vapor deposition selenium) CVS Chemical vapor synthesis Cl Chlorine CWRU Case Western Reserve University Cl-Bcat Catechol chloroborane where boron CY Calendar year is bound to catecholate dianion and CZO Ceria-zirconia chlorine (B-Cl) d Day(s) CLV City of Las Vegas d Dubini-Radushkevich average cm Centimeter DR micropore diameter cm2 Square centimeter DADB Diammoniate of diborane CMU Carnegie Mellon University dB(A) Decibel(s) A scale CNG Compressed natural gas DC Direct current CNT Carbon nanotube DCEC Delaware County Electric Cooperative, CO Carbon monoxide Inc. Co Cobalt DCHX Direct contact heat exchanger

CO2 Carbon dioxide DDOT District of Columbia Dept. of CoE Center of Excellence Transportation

COF2 Carbonyl fluoride DDT Deflagration-to-detonation transition COPV Composite Overwrapped Pressure DFC Direct fuel cell Vessel DFM Design for manufacture COS Carbon oxysulfide; carbonyl sulfide DFMA® Design for Manufacture and Assembly CoTPP Cobalt tetraphenyl porphyrin DFSS Design for six sigma COx Oxides of carbon DFT Density functional theory cp Commercial purity DH-RH Dehydrogenation and rehydrogenation c.p.s. Counts per second DI Deionized CPSS Combinatorial powder synthesis system dL/g Deciliters per gram

FY 2006 Annual Progress Report 1177 DOE Hydrogen Program XI. Acronyms and Abbreviations

DMA Dynamic mechanical analysis EGR Exhaust gas recirculation DMAc Dimethyl acetamide EIA Energy Information Administration of DME Dimethyl ether the U.S. Department of Energy DMFC Direct methanol fuel cell EIGA IGC European Industrial Gases Association/ Industrial Gases Council DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid EIS Electrochemical impedance DOD Depth of discharge spectroscopy DOD U.S. Department of Defense ELAT® Registered Trademark of De Nora North DOE U.S. Department of Energy America, Inc., covers GDLs and GDEs DOT U.S. Department of Transportation EM Electromagnetic DPAU Differential pressure adsorption unit EMC Electromagnetic compatibility DRIFTs Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier EMF Enterprise modeling framework transform spectroscopy EMI Electro magnetic interference DS Dielectric spectroscopy EMTEC Edison Materials Technology Center DSC Differential scanning calorimetry eNMR Electrochemical NMR DSM™ Dimensionally stable membrane EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (trademark of Giner Electrochemical Systems, LLC) EPR Electron paramagnetic resonance DTA Differential thermal analysis EPRI Electric Power Research Institute DV Diesel vehicle ER Emergency responder e- Electron eRAM Enterprise remote access monitoring E Potential ESEM Environmental scanning electron microscopy Ea Activation energy eV Electron volt EAN Ethylammonium nitrate EW Enthalpy wheel EASA Electrochemically active surface area EW Equivalent weight EC European Community; electro-chemical EXAFS Extended x-ray absorption fine structure ECA Electrochemical area analysis ECE Economic Commission for Europe F Fluorine ECE-WP29/GRPE United Nations Economic Commission F Faraday constant, the amount of for Europe, World Forum for electric charge in one mole of electrons Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations, (96,485.3383 coulomb/mole) and Working Party on Pollution and - Energy Program F Fluorine ion ECS Electrochemical Society FANS Filter analyzer neutron spectroscopy ECSA Electrochemical surface area FAT Fleet Analysis Toolkit ECTOS Ecological City Transport System FBMR Fluidized bed membrane reactor (Iceland) FC Fuel cell EDAX Manufacturer of energy dispersive X-ray FCB Fuel cell bus hardware and software fcc Face-centered cubic EDM Electrical discharge machining FCC Federal Communications Commission EDS Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy; FCCP Carbonyl cyanide Energy dispersive spectrum m-chlorophenylhydrazone EDX Energy dispersive x-ray FCE FuelCell Energy EEA Energy & Environmental Analysis, Inc. FCFP FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership EELS Electron energy loss spectroscopy FCPP Fuel cell power plant EERE U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency FCS Fuel cell system and Renewable Energy FCT Fuel Cell Technologies E xE Utilization efficiency of incident solar 0 1 FCTESQA Fuel Cell Testing, Safety and Quality light energy Assurance (an international effort to harmonize fuel cell testing procedures)

DOE Hydrogen Program 1178 FY 2006 Annual Progress Report XI. Acronyms and Abbreviations

FCV Fuel cell vehicle gal Gallon Fd Ferredoxin GAMS Generalized Algebraic Modeling System, FDA Fleet Data Acquisition a commercially available software designed for linear and non-linear FE U.S. DOE Office of Fossil Energy optimization Fe Iron GaP Gallium phosphide Fe O Ferric oxide 2 3 GAS-PASS/H Simulation code for gas-cooled nuclear FEA Finite element analysis reactors FMEA Failure mode effects analysis GC Gas chromatograph ® FEP Fluorinated ethylene propylene; Teflon GC Glassy, or vitreous carbon; a FER Fluoride emission rate pure carbon that is amorphous FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (non- crystalline) FET Field effect transistor GC/MS Gas chromatograph/Mass spectroscopy FFT Fast fourier transform GCtool Software package developed at ANL for analysis of fuel cells and other power FGHA Forming gas hydrogen electode systems FMEA Failure modes and effects analysis Gd Gadolinium 19FNMR 19Fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance GDC Gadolinium-doped ceria FOM Federated object modeling GDE Gas diffusion electrode FP Fuel processor GDL Gas diffusion layer fpm Feet per minute GDM Gas diffusion media FPS Fuel processing system Ge Germanium FR Froude GE General Electric Fr densimetric Froude den Gen I First generation FRP Fiber-reinforced polymer GES Giner Electrochemical Systems, LLC FSEC Florida Solar Energy Center GF Glass fiber F-SPEEK Fluorosulfonic acid of GGA Gradient generalized approximation polyetheretherketone GGE, gge Gasoline gallon equivalent FST FuelSell Technologies GH Gaseous hydrogen ft Feet 2 GHG Greenhouse gas ft2 Square feet GHSV Gas hourly space velocity ft3 Cubic feet GIS Geographic information system FTA Federal Transit Administration GJ Gigajoule(s) FT-IR, FTIR Fourier transform infrared g/kW Gram(s) per kilowatt FTIR-ATR Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection GM General Motors FTP Federal Test Procedure gm Gram(s) FWHM Full width at half maximum gm/day Gram(s) per day FY Fiscal year g/min Gram(s) per minute G Graphite GNF Graphite nanofiber G2 Generation-two GPa Gigapascal(s) g Gram; acceleration of gravity GPS Global positioning system g/cc Grams per cubic centimeter GREET Greenhouse Gas Energy and Emissions in Transportation model g/kW Gram(s) per kilowatt GRPE Working Party on Pollution and Energy g/min Grams per minute GRSP Working Party on Passive Safety g/s Grams per second GTI Gas Technology Institute Ga Gallium GTR Global Technical Regulations GaAs Gallium arsenic GV Gasoline vehicle

FY 2006 Annual Progress Report 1179 DOE Hydrogen Program XI. Acronyms and Abbreviations

GW Product of the Green’s function, G, and HFCIT Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure the energy, W Technologies GWe Gigawatt(s) electric HFCV Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle h Hour(s) HFI Hydrogen Fuel Initiative H Hydrogen HFR High-frequency impedance; high- H+ Proton frequency resistance ∆H Enthalpy; heat of reaction HFS Hydrogen filling station HGM Hydrogen Generation Module ∆H°f Standard heat of formation HGMs Hollow glass microspheres H2 Diatomic hydrogen HGV4 Hydrogen Gas Powered Vehicle – 4 H2A Hydrogen Analysis project sponsored by DOE HHV Higher heating value

H2cat Catechol, 1,2 dihydroxybenzene HI Hydrogen iodide

H2Lib Library of H2 component models in HIA Hydrogen Implementing Agreement Simulink H2 ICE Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion HAD Hydrogen adsorption/desorption engine HAMMER Hazardous Materials Management and HiPCO HiPCo High-pressure carbon monoxide Emergency Response HIPOC Hydrogen Industry Panel on Codes HARI Hydrogen and Renewables Integration HIx Blend of hydrogen iodide, iodine, and (UK) water HATCI Hyundai-KIA America Technical Center HLA High level architecture Inc. HMC Hyundai Motor Company HAZ Heat affected zone HMM Hidden Markov Model HAZID Hazard Identification Analysis HNEI Hawaii Natural Energy Institute HAZOP Hazards and Operational Safety HNO Nitric acid Analysis; Hazards and Operability 3 Analysis H2O Water

H-Bcat Catecholborane where boron is bound H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide to catecholate dianion and a hydride HOMO Highest occupied molecular orbital (B-H) HOR Hydrogen oxidation reaction HBr Hydrogen bromide HP High-pressure HBU Hydrogen Based Unit hp Horsepower HCCI Homogeneous charge compression HPA Heteropolyacid ignition HPC Highly porous carbon HCl Hydrochloric acid HPE Hybrid photoelectrode HClO Perchloric acid 4 HPFC Hydrogen polymer electrolyte HCNG Hydrogen-compressed natural gas membrane fuel cell - HCO3 Bicarbonate HPLC High performance liquid chromatograph hcp Hexagonal close-packed H3PO4 Phosphoric acid HDPE High-density polyethylene hr Hour(s) HDSAM Hydrogen Delivery Scenario Analysis HRL HRL Laboratories, LLC Model HRTEM High-resolution transmission electron He Helium microscopy HER Hydrogen evolution reaction H2S Hydrogen sulfide HEV Hybrid electric vehicle HSC Database name derived from the letters Hf Hafnium for enthalpy, entropy and heat capacity HF Hydrogen Fueler HSDC Hydrogen Secure Data Center HF Hydrofluorhydric acid; hydrogen HSE health, safety and environmental fluoride HSO4 Bisulfate anion

DOE Hydrogen Program 1180 FY 2006 Annual Progress Report XI. Acronyms and Abbreviations

H2SO4 Sulfuric acid IEC Ion exchange capacity HSRP Hydrogen Safety Review Panel IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics HT High-temperature Engineers, Inc. HTE High-temperature electrolysis IGCC Integrated gasification combined cycle HTF Heat transfer fluid IGS Industrial gas supplier HTFC High-temperature fuel cell IGT Institute of Gas Technology HTGR High-temperature gas-cooled reactor In Indium HTHX High-temperature heat exchanger In., in Inch 2 HTM High-temperature membrane in Square inch HTM Hydrogen transport membrane INERI International Nuclear Energy Research Initiative HTMWG High Temperature Membrane Working Group INL Idaho National Laboratory HTS High-temperature shift; high-throughput InP Indium phosphorus screening IP Intellectual property HVAC Heating, ventilation and cooling IPE Integrated photovoltaic electrolysis HWFET Highway Fuel Economy Test IPHE International Partnership for the HX Heat exchanger Hydrogen Economy HyARC Hydrogen Analysis Resource Center IPNS Intense Pulse Neutron Scattering Facility at Argonne National Laboratory Hydrofill™ GTI hydrogen dispenser filling control algorithm IR Infrared HyDS model Hydrogen deployment system model Ir Iridium HyDS ME HyDS modeling environment iR Internal resistance; voltage loss due to resistance HYSYS® Process simulation software by Aspentech IRMOF Isoreticular metal organic framework Hythane Compressed hydrogen natural gas blend IRR Internal rate of return Hz Hertz ISO International Organization for Standardization; International i Current density (mA/cm2) Standards Organization I Current ISS Ion scattering spectroscopy I Diatomic iodine 2 ITM Ion transport membrane IBAD Ion beam assisted deposition ITO Indium tin oxide IBS Ion beam sputtering I-V Current-voltage IC Internal combustion J Current ICC International Code Council J Joule(s) ICE Internal combustion engine JM Johnson Matthey ICEV Internal combustion engine vehicle JMFC Johnson-Matthey Fuel Cells ICM Idealized city model JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory ICMS Integrated ceramic membrane system Jsc Short circuit current density ICP Inductively coupled plasma K Kelvin ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma mass K Potassium spectrometry K Hydrogen-assisted crack growth ICR Interfacial contact resistance TH threshold ICSD Inorganic Crystal Structure Database kÅ 1000 angstroms ICU Isotherm characterization unit KAERI Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute ID, i.d. Internal diameter kA/m2 Kilo-ampere(s) per square meter IEA International Energy Agency kb Kilo-base pair, a unit of measurement IEC International Electrotechnical used in genetics equal to 1,000 Commission nucleotides

FY 2006 Annual Progress Report 1181 DOE Hydrogen Program XI. Acronyms and Abbreviations

KBr Potassium bromide LECO Instrument for fixed oxygen kcal Kilocalorie(s) determination kcal/mol Kilocalorie(s) per mole LEED Low-energy electron diffraction KeV Kilo electron volt(s) LEEM Low-energy electron microscopy kg Kilogram(s) LEIS Low-energy ion scattering kg/day Kilogram(s) per day LEL Lower explosion limit kg/hr Kilogram(s) per hour LEMSYS Local Energy Management System kg/m3 Kilogram(s) per cubic meter LFL Lower flammability limit KH Potassium hydride L/h, l/h Liter(s) per hour kHz Kilohertz LH2 Liquid hydrogen kJ Kilojoule(s) LHC Light-harvesting chlorophyll kJ/mol Kilojoule(s) per mole LHSV Liquid hourly space velocity km Kilometer(s) LHV Lower heating value KMC Kia Motors Corporation Li Lithium

KOH Potassium hydroxide LiBH4 Lithium borohydride kPa Kilopascal(s) LiH Lithium hydride kph Kilometer(s) per hour Li3N Lithium nitride ksi 1,000 pound-force per square inch LLC Limited Liability Company kT/y Kiloton(s) per year LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory kW Kilowatt(s) LMDS Laser modulation differential kWe Kilowatt(s) electric spectroscopy kWh Kilowatt-hour(s) L/min, l/min Liter(s) per minute kWh/kg Kilowatt-hour(s) per kilogram LNG Liquefied natural gas kWh/L Kilowatt-hour(s) per liter LOPA Layer of protection analysis kW/kg Kilowatt(s) per kilogram LP Lattice parameter kWt Kilowatt(s) thermal LPG Liquefied petroleum gas L, l Liter(s) LPM Liters per minute La Lanthanum LSC Lanthanum strontium cobalt oxide, λ Lambda, hydration number (La, Sr)CoO3 LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory LSCM Lanthanum strontium chromium

LAO Lanthanum-modified alumina manganese oxide, (La, Sr)(Cr, Mn)O3 LAX Los Angeles International Airport LSCr Lanthanum strontium chromium oxide, lb Pound(s) (La, Sr)CrO3 lbmol Pound-mole(s) LSM Lanthanum strontium manganese oxide, (La, Sr)MnO LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 3 LTU Lawrence Technological University LCA Life cycle assessment LWR Light water reactor LCC Lansing Community College LUMO Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital LCC La0.7Ca0.3CrO3-δ LVVWD Las Vegas Valley Water District LCHPP Low Cost Hydrogen Production Platform (DOE Program Title) m Meter(s) LCI Life cycle inventory M Molar 2 L/D ratio Ratio of length to diameter m Square meter(s) 3 LDC Local Distribution Company m Cubic meter(s) 2 LDMS Laser modulated differential m /g Square meter(s) per gram spectroscopy m2/s Square meter(s) per second LDV Light-duty vehicle M31 Arkema’s First-Generation Membrane Candidate

DOE Hydrogen Program 1182 FY 2006 Annual Progress Report XI. Acronyms and Abbreviations

M40 Arkema’s Second-Generation mil Millimeter(s) Membrane Candidate min Minute(s) mA MilliAmps MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology µA Micro ampere(s) MJ Megajoule(s) 2 mA/cm Milliamp(s) per square centimeter ML Monolayer 2 µA/cm Micro ampere(s) per square centimeter mL, ml Milliliter(s) MACRS Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery µm Micrometer(s); micron(s) Schedule µM Micromolar MARKAL Market Allocation Model - A generic, mM Millimolar multi-sector energy model developed by the Energy Technology Systems Analysis mm Millimeter(s) Program of the International Energy MMBtu Million British thermal units Agency mmol Millimole(s) MAS Magic angle spinning MMOM Microporous metal organic materials MAS-NMR Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic µmol Micromole(s) resonance Mn Manganese MBE Molecular beam epitaxy MnO Manganese oxide MBMS Molecular beam mass spectrometry Mn2O3 Manganese oxide MC Monte Carlo MΩ Mega-ohm(s) mC-cm-2 MilliCouloumb(s) per square centimeter mΩ Milli-ohm(s) MCEL Millenium Cell, Inc. µΩ-cm2 Micro-ohm(s) - square centimeter MCFC Molten carbonate fuel cell mΩ/cm2 Milli-ohm(s) per square centimeter MD Molecular dynamics MOF Metal-organic framework MDCA Metal-doped carbon aerogels Mo Molybdenum MEA Membrane-electrode assembly mol Mole(s) MEMS Micro-electro-mechanical systems mol% Mole percent MEMSYS Micro-grid Energy Management System mol/min Mole(s) per minute MeOH Methanol MoPc Molybdenum phthalocyanine meq Milliequivalents MOVES Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator meq/g Milliequivalents/gram MPa Megapascal MetCars Metal-carbon systems MPG, mpg Mile(s) per gallon MeV Mega electron volt mph Mile(s) per hour Mg Magnesium MPL Microporous layer Mg Megagram(s) MR Membrane reactor µg Microgram(s) MRI Magnetic resonance imaging mg Milligram(s) mRNA message RNA Mg(OH) Magnesium hydroxide 2 MRS Materials Research Society mg/cm2 Milligram(s) per square centimeter ms Millisecond(s) MgCl Magnesium chloride 2 mS/cm Milli-Siemen(s) per centimeter MgH Magnesium hydride 2 MS Mass spectrometer MH Metal hydride MS-EVB Multi-state empirical valence bond MHC Metal hydride compressor MSHA Mine Safety and Health Administration MHCoE Metal Hydride Center of Excellence MSM Macro-System Model MHz Megahertz MSP Molten state processing MI Melt infiltration MSRI Materials and Systems Research, Inc. mi Mile(s) MSU Montana State University mi/kg Mile(s) per kilogram MSW Municipal solid waste

FY 2006 Annual Progress Report 1183 DOE Hydrogen Program XI. Acronyms and Abbreviations

MT Mass transport Nb Niobium MTO Mass transport overpotential nc-Si:H Nanocrystalline silicon µV Micro volt(s) NCMS National Center for Manufacturing mV Millivolt(s) Sciences mW Milliwatt(s) NCNR NIST Center for Neutron Research MW Megawatt(s) ND Not determined at this time MW Molecular weight ND Nitrogen donor mW/cm2 Milliwatt(s) per square centimeter NDA Non-disclosure agreement MWe Megawatt(s) electric NDC New Delivery Concept MWh Megawatt-hour(s) NE U.S. DOE Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology MWNT Multi-wall carbon nanotubes NEBS Network Equipment Building Standards MWOE Midwest Optoelectronics, LLC NEC NextEnergy Center MWth Megawatt(s) thermal NEC National Electrical Code MYPP Multi-Year Program Plan (the HFCIT Program’s Multi-Year Research, NEED National Energy Education Development and Demonstration Plan) Development Project MYRDDP Multi-Year Research, Development and NEMS National Energy Modeling System Demonstration Plan NEPA National Environmental Policy Act

N Normal (e.g., 1N H3PO4 is 1 normal NERI Nuclear Energy Research Initiative solution of phosphoric acid) NETL National Energy Technology Laboratory N Nitrogen atom NFCRC National Fuel Cell Research Center N Newton (unit of force) NFPA National Fire Protection Association 2 N/cm Newton(s) per square centimeter NG Natural gas  N112 Nafion 1100 equivalent weight, 2 ng Nanogram millimeter thick membrane NGCC Natural gas combined cycle N Diatomic nitrogen 2 NGNP Next Generation Nuclear Plant Na Sodium NH3 Ammonia NA North American NHA National Hydrogen Association Na AlH Trisodium hexahydroaluminate 3 6 NHE Normal hydrogen electrode NaAlH Sodium aluminum hydride; sodium 4 NHFC4 National Hydrogen and Fuel Cells tetrahydroaluminate; sodium alanate Codes and Standards Coordinating NaBH4 Sodium borohydride Committee

NaBO2 Sodium borate NHI Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative NACE National Association of Corrosion NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Engineers Administration of the U.S. Department NaCl Sodium chloride of Transportation NACS North American Catalysis Society Ni Nickel Nafion® Registered Trademark of E.I. DuPont de NILS Normal interstitial lattice sites Nemours NiMH Nickel metal hydride NaH Sodium hydride NIST National Institute of Standards and NA NG North American natural gas Technology NaOH Sodium hydroxide NL Normal liter(s)

Na2S Sodium sulfide NLDFT Non-local density functional theory NAS National Academy of Sciences nm Nanometer(s) NASA National Aeronautics and Space NM Noble metal Administration NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance NAU Northern Arizona University Nm3/h, nm3/hr Normal cubic meter(s) per hour

DOE Hydrogen Program 1184 FY 2006 Annual Progress Report XI. Acronyms and Abbreviations nmol Nanomole(s) OSHA U.S. Occupational Safety and Health NNA Non-North American Administration NNA NG Non-North American natural gas OTM Oxygen transport membrane NNIF NIST neutron imaging facility ∆P Pressure drop, pressure change NNSA National Nuclear Security P Phosphorus Administration P Pressure NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance Pa Pascal(s) NMSU New Mexico State University PA Phenylacetylene NMTech New Mexico Technological University PADD Petroleum Administration for Defense District NO2 Nitric oxide PAFC Phosphoric acid fuel cell N2O Nitrous oxide NOx Oxides of nitrogen PANI Polyaniline NFPA National Fire Protection Association PAS Photoactive semiconductor NPC Nanoporous carbon PAW Projector augmented wave NPD Neutron powder diffraction Pb Lead NPM Non-precious metal PbA Lead acid NPT Normal pressure and temperature PBI Polybenzimidazole NPV Net present value PbO Lead oxide NRC National Research Council P-C Pressure-composition NRECA National Rural Electric Cooperative PC Polycarbonate Association PC Personal computer NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory Pc Phthalocyanines (e.g., MoPc, FePc) NSF National Science Foundation PCF Polycarbonate film NSTF Nanostructured thin film PCHD poly(cyclohexadiene) NVS Neutron vibrational spectroscopy PCI Pressure-composition isotherm NYSERDA New York State Energy Research and PCM Power control module Development Authority PCR Polymerase chain reaction O Oxygen PCS Power conditioning system

O2 Diatomic oxygen PCS Plasma converter system O/C Oxygen-to-carbon atomic ratio PCT, P-C-T Pressure concentration temperature OCP Open circuit potential Pd Palladium OCV Open circuit voltage PDA Phenyldiacetylene o.d., OD Outer diameter Pd-CR Palladium-based chemical resistor OEC Oxygen evolving complex Pd-Cu Palladium-copper OEM Original equipment manufacturer Pd-MIS Palladium-based OESR Oxidative ethanol steam reforming metal-insulator-semiconductor OGA Online gas analyzer PEC Photoelectrochemical Ω Ohm(s) PECH Polyepichlorohydrin Ω-cm2 Ohm-square centimeter PECVD Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor OH- Hydroxyl radical deposition O&M Operation and maintenance PEEK Polyether ether ether ketone OMB Office of Management and Budget PEFC Polymer electrolyte fuel cell ORF Opening Reading Frame indicating the PEFC Proton exchange fuel cell occurence of a protein coding region in PEI Polyetherimide the DNA sequence PEKK Poly (ether ketone ketone) ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory PEM Polymer electrolyte membrane ORR Oxygen reduction reaction

FY 2006 Annual Progress Report 1185 DOE Hydrogen Program XI. Acronyms and Abbreviations

PEM Proton exchange membrane PSAT Vehicle simulation software package PEMFC Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell developed at Argonne National Laboratory - Power-train System PEMFC Proton exchange membrane fuel cell Analysis Toolkit PES Polyether sulfone PSD Particle size distribution, pore size PES Proton Energy Systems, Inc. distribution PET Polyethylene teraphthalate psi, PSI Pound(s) per square inch PFA Perfluoroalkoxy (a type of psia Pound(s) per square inch absolute fluoropolymer) psid Pound(s) per square inch differential PFC Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell psig Pound(s) per square inch gauge PFCT Porvair Fuel Cell Technology, Inc. PSM Protic salt membrane PFD Process flow diagram PSU Pennsylvania State University PFGSE pulse field gradient spin echo PSU OPP Pennsylvania State University, Office of PFGSE NMR Pulsed field gradient spin echo nuclear Physical Plant magnetic resonance PSU PTI Pennsylvania State University, PFSA Perfluorinated sulfonic acid Pennsylvania Transportation Institute PFSI Perfluorosulfonate ionomer Pt Platinum PGAA Prompt gamma activation analysis Pt-MM Platinum mixed metal PGAA Prompt-gamma activation analysis P-T Pressure-temperature PGM Platinum group metal PTA Phosphotungstic acid PHIP Para-hydrogen induced polarization Pt/C Platinum on carbon PI Principal investigator Pt3Co Platinum-cobalt alloy PILs Protic ionic liquids Pt3Fe Platinum-iron alloy Pl Platinum PTFE Teflon® – poly-tetrafluoroethylene pKa Acid dissociation constant Pt-FePO Platinum iron phosphate PLC Programmable logic controller Pt-MM Platinum group mixed metal PM Precious metal, such as platinum; PTM Proton transport membrane peroxide mitigation PtML Platinum monolayer PM Particulate matter with diameters of 10 Pt Ni Platinum-nickel alloy 10 micrometers or less 3 PTO Power take-off P/M Powder metallurgy PtO Platinum dioxide PMF potential mean free energy 2 Pt-TaPO Platinum tantalum phosphate PMG Glycidyl methacrylate-type copolymer PTW Pump-to-wheel PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory PUC Public Utility Commission POC Proof of concept PV Photovoltaic POSS Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane PVC Polyvinyl chloride POX Partial oxidation PVD Physical vapor deposition ppb Parts per billion PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride ppbv Part(s) per billion by volume PVP Polyvinylpyrrolidone PPI Pore(s) per inch PVT, P-V-T Pressure-Volume-Temperature ppm, PPM Part(s) per million PW91 Perdew-Wang 91 ppmv Part(s) per million by volume Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 Quarters of the fiscal year ppmw Part(s) per million by weight QC Quality control PPO Phenyl phosphine oxide R Universal or ideal gas constant, PPS Polyphenylenesulfide 8.314472 J · K-1 · mol-1 PrOx Preferential oxidation Raman a spectroscopic technique PSA Pressure swing adsorption, adsorber

DOE Hydrogen Program 1186 FY 2006 Annual Progress Report XI. Acronyms and Abbreviations

RBS Rutherford back scattering SCPO Staged catalytic partial oxidation R&D Research and development SCR Selective catalytic reduction RD&D, R,D&D Research, development & S/cm Siemen(s) per centimeter demonstration SD Standard deviation RDE Rotating disk electrode SDAPP Sulfonated Diels-Alder polyphenylene Re Rhenium SDAPPe Sulfonated Diels-Alder polyphenylene REWP Renewable Energy Working Party ether Rf Generic fluoroalkyl group SDO Standards Development Organization RF Radio frequency SDT Simultaneous differential scanning RFP Request for proposals calorimeter and thermalgravimetric analyzer RGA Residual gas analyzer Se Selenium RH Relative humidity sec Second(s) Rh Rhodium SECA Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance RHE Reference hydrogen electrode; reversible hydrogen electrode SEM Scanning electron microscopy SEM Secondary electron microscopy ρa Apparent density of activated carbon SEMaC Smart Energy Management Controller ρ Adsorbate hydrogen density in ad.H2 micropores SEOS Simple equation of state RNA Ribo nucleic acid SERC Schatz Energy Research Center

RPI Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride rpm Revolution(s) per minute SFA Sulfonic acid RRDE Rotating ring disc electrode SHE Standard hydrogen electrode RT Room temperature Si Silicon Ru Ruthenium S-I Sulfur-iodine s Second(s) SiC Silicon carbide S Siemen(s) SIMS Secondary ion emission spectroscopy

S Sulfur SiO2 Silicon dioxide SA Surface area SLPM, SLM, SAE Society of Automotive Engineers sL/min Standard liter(s) per minute SAM Scanning Auger microscopy SMAE Solid membrane alkaline electrolyzer SAXS Small angle x-ray scattering analysis SMC Sheet-molding-compound SME Mercury sulfate electrode SBET BET specific surface area

SBCR Slurry bubble column reactor Smin Minimum surface area SBH Sodium borohydride SMR Steam methane reformer; steam methane reforming SBIR Small Business Innovative Research Sn Tin SBU Secondary building unit SNG Substitute natural gas Sc Scandium SNL Sandia National Laboratories S/C Steam to carbon ratio SNLL Sandia National Laboratory Livermore SCD Spinneret-to-collector SnO Tin oxide sccm, SCCM Standard cubic centimeter(s) per minute SnO Tin oxide SCE Southern California Edison 2 SO Sulfur dioxide SCE Saturated calomel electrode 2 SO Sulfur trioxide SCF, scf Standard cubic feet 3 SOC State of charge scfd Standard cubic feet per day SOEC Solid oxide electrolysis cell; solid oxide SCFH, scfh Standard cubic feet per hour electrolyzer cell SCFM Standard cubic feet per minute SOFC Solid oxide fuel cell

FY 2006 Annual Progress Report 1187 DOE Hydrogen Program XI. Acronyms and Abbreviations

SOFEC Solid oxide fuel-fed electrolysis cell TBD To be determined SOM Solid-oxide oxygen-ion-conducting TBX Turboexpander membrane TC Thermocouple SOO Statement of Objectives TC Thermochemical SOP Standard operating procedure TCD Thermal conductivity detector SORFC Solid oxide regenerative fuel cell TDS Transitional demand scenario SOx Oxides of sulfur Te Tellurium SPE Solid phase epitaxial TEA2B12H12 Triethylammonium SPEKK Sulfonated polyether(ether ketone dodecahydrododecaborate ketone) TEAB Tetraethyl ammonium borohydride sPEEK Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) TEAH Tetraethylammonium hydroxide SPEX Type of milling machine TEAMS Tetraethylammonium methane sulfonic SPR Solid particle receiver TEM Transmission electron microscopy sq. in. Square inch(es) TESI Teledyne Energy System Inc. Sr Strontium TFMSA Trifluoromethane sulfonic acid SR Steam reformer; steam reforming TFVE Trifluorovinyl ether SRM Steam reforming tf-Si Thin film silicon SRNL Savannah River National Laboratory Tg Glass transition temperature SS Stainless steel TG Thermogravimetric SSA Specific surface area TGA Thermal gravimetric analysis; SSM stress strain microprobe thermogravimetric analysis; thermal SSR™ Stackable Structural Reactor gravimetric analyzer SSRL Stanford Synchrotron Radiation TGC Tail gas combustor Laboratory THC Total hydrocarbons STA Silicotungstic acid THF Tetrahydrofuran STEM Scanning transmission electron Ti Titanium microscopy TiCl3 Titanium trichloride STH Solar-to-hydrogen TiF3 Titanium trifluoride STM Scanning tunneling electron microscopy TiH2 Titanium hydride STP Standard temperature and pressure TiO2 Titanium dioxide (anatase) STTR Small Business Technology Transfer Tla Truncated light-harvesting chlorophyll SUNY State University of New York antenna SV Space velocity tla1 Mutant of the Tla1 gene (GenBank SWCNT Single-walled carbon nanotube Assession No. AF534570) SWNH Single-walled nanohorn tlaX Mutant of unknown gene with a truncated light-harvesting chlorophyll SWNT Single-wall nanotube antenna (GenBank Assession SwRI Southwest Research Institute No. AF534571) T Temperature TM Transition metal T Ton TMB Trimethylborate t Time ToF-SIMS Time-of-flight secondary ion Ta Tantalum spectroscopy TAG Technical Advisory Group TPD Tons per day TaPO Tantalum phosphate TPD Thermally programmed desorption; Temperature-programmed desorption TBA2B12H12 Tetra-n-butylammonium dodecahydrododecaborate TPO Temperature-programmed oxidation

TBA-PF6 Tetra-n-butylammonium TPP Tetraphenyl porphyrin hexafluorophosphate TPR Temperature-programmed reduction

DOE Hydrogen Program 1188 FY 2006 Annual Progress Report XI. Acronyms and Abbreviations tr. oz. Troy ounce VASP Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package TSSER Thermal swing sorption enhanced VaTech Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State reaction University UC University of California VC Vulcan carbon UCI University of California, Irvine VDC Volts direct current UCLA University of California, Los Angeles vdW van der Waals

UCONN University of Connecticut V(H2) Volumetric hydrogen adsorption UCSB University of California, Santa Barbara capacity UDDS Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule VHTR very high temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor UH University of Hawaii VHTS Virtual high-throughput screening UHP Ultra-high purity V-I Voltage – current UHV Ultra-high vacuum VIM/VAR Vacuum induction melting/vacuum arc UIUC University of Illinois, remelting Urbana-Champaign VIR Voltage - current - resistance UL Underwriters Laboratory VMT Vehicle miles travelled ULSD Ultra-low sulfur diesel VNT Variable nozzle turbine um Micrometer(s) VOC Volatile organic compounds; Voltage UNC University of North Carolina open circuit UN/ECE United Nations/Economic Commission vol Volume for Europe vol% Volume percent UNLV University of Nevada Las Vegas VT Virginia Tech UNLVRF UNLV Research Foundation VTA Valley Transportation Authority UNM University of New Mexico VTGR Very high temperature gas reactor UNR University of Nevada, Reno W Tungsten UPS Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy W Watt(s) US06 Environmental Protection Agency vehicle driving cycle WAXD Wide-angle x-ray diffraction U.S. United States WBS Work breakdown schedule 2 USA United States of America W/cm Watt(s) per square centimeter USC University of South Carolina We Watt(s) electric USC University of Southern California WGS Water-gas-shift USCAR U.S. Cooperative Automotive Research WGS-MR Water-gas-shift membrane reactor USFCC United States Fuel Cell Council Wh Watt-hour(s) USM University of Southern Mississippi W-h/kg Watt-hour(s) per kilogram USPP Ultrasoft pseudopotentials W-h/L, Wh/liter, UT University of Toledo Wh/L Watt-hour(s) per liter UTC, UTC FC United Technologies Corporation Fuel WHSV Weight hourly space velocity Cells W/kg Watt(s) per kilogram UTC University of Tennessee, Chattanooga W/L, W/l Watt(s) per liter UTR Untranslated region W/m-K, W/m.K, UTRC United Technologies Research Center W/mK Watt(s) per meter-Kelvin (unit of UV Ultraviolet thermal conductivity)

UV-vis Ultraviolet-Visual WO3 Tungsten trioxide UW University of Washington WP.29 World Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations V Vanadium Wt Watt(s) thermal V Volt wt Weight VAC Volts alternating current

FY 2006 Annual Progress Report 1189 DOE Hydrogen Program XI. Acronyms and Abbreviations wt%, wt.% Weight percent (percent by weight) WTP Well-to-pump WTW Well-to-wheel X- An anionic ligand such as chloride XANES X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy XAS X-ray absorption spectroscopy XML Extensible markup language XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XRD X-ray diffraction XRF X-ray fluorescence Y Yttrium yr, YR Year YSZ Yttria-stablized zirconia ZEV Zero emission vehicle Zn Zinc ZnO Zinc oxide zpp Zirconium phenyl phosphonate Zr Zirconium

ZrO2 Zirconium dioxide

DOE Hydrogen Program 1190 FY 2006 Annual Progress Report