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DOE Program FY 2004 Progress Report

XII Acronyms and Abbreviations

°C Degrees Celsius Ag Silver °F Degrees Fahrenheit AgCl Silver chloride 1-D, 1D One-dimensional AIChE American Institute of Chemical 2-D, 2D Two-dimensional Engineers 3-D, 3D Three-dimensional AIM Application interface module 1Q First quarter of the fiscal year AIP Analytical Interatomic Potential 2Q Second quarter of the fiscal year (computer model) 3Q Third quarter of the fiscal year AIP American Institute of Physics 4Q Fourth quarter of the fiscal year AirCred Air Quality Credits calculation 6F Hexafluorinated (biphenol A) software tool developed by ANL sulfonated poly(arylene ether Al Aluminum sulfone) AlCl3 Aluminum chloride 2 Ω-cm Ohm-square centimeter AlH3 Aluminum ; alane A Ampere, amp Al2O3 Aluminum oxide ÅAngstrom AM1 Austin Model 1 AB AM 1.5 Air Mass 1.5 solar illumination ABMS Agent-based modeling and AMRL Active magnetic regenerative simulation liquefier ABPBI Poly(2,5-benzimidazole) AMRR Active magnetic regenerative A/cm2 Amps per square centimeter refrigerator AC Alternating current ANL Argonne National Laboratory AC Activated carbon ANS American Nuclear Society A/C Anode/cathode ANSI American National Standards ACR Autothermal cyclic reforming Institute ACS American Chemical Society APCI, APCi Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. ACT Alameda Contra Costa Transit API American Petroleum Institute A-D AC-DC (alternating current - direct APR Aqueous-phase reforming current), used to describe a converter APS Arizona Public Service ADG Anaerobic digester gas APS American Physical Society ADM Archer Daniels Midland Company APU Auxiliary power unit ADRY Acceleration of the deactivation Ar Argon reactions of the water-splitting As Arsenic system Y ASCM Automotive System Cost Model, a AECP Association of Energy Conservation spreadsheet model developed to Professionals estimate the costs of advanced AEESM Advanced electrical energy storage technology vehicles and their module components based on PSAT model AEET Alternative energy education outputs technology ASES American Solar Energy Society AEM Analytical electron microscopy a-Si Amorphous silicon AEO2003 Annual Energy Outlook 2003 ASIC Application-specific integrated AER Absorption-enhanced reforming circuit AES Auger electron spectroscopy a-SiGe Amorphous silicon germanium AFB Air Force Base ASM American Society of Metals AFM Atomic force microscopy ASM ASM International - the Materials AFRL Air Force Research Laboratory Information Society AFV Alternative fuel vehicle

1341 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

ASME American Society of Mechanical BPS Ballard Power Systems Engineers BPSH Biphenyl sulfone H form ASMSS Anode side membrane support BPSH-30 Biphenyl sulfone H form, 30% structure molar fraction of disulfonic acid unit ASPDS Automated spray pyrolysis (30% level of sulfonation) deposition system Br Bromine ASR Area-specific resistance Br2 Diatomic bromine ASTM American Society for Testing and BSE Back scattered electron Materials BTD Best to date at%, at.% Atomic percent BTU, Btu British thermal unit(s) ATCC American Type Culture Collection C Carbon ATG Adenine,Thymine,Guanine, the 3 CCouloumb base combinations that indicate the Ca Calcium first translatable amino acid on the CaBr2 Calcium bromide DNA molecule C&C City and County of Honolulu atm Atmosphere CaCO3 Calcium carbonate ATMI Advanced Technical Materials CAD Computer-aided design Incorporated CAE Computer-aided engineering ATP Adenosine triphosphate CAN Controller area network ATR Autothermal reformer; autothermal CANMET Canada Center for Mineral and reforming Energy Technology Au Gold CaO Calcium oxide AuS Gold sulfide CaS Calcium sulfide Avg Average CATA Centre Area Transit Authority B CbHS Carbon-based Ba Barium CBS Casa Bonita strain barg Bar gauge cc Cubic centimeter(s) bcc Body-centered cubic CCF Complex coolant fluid Be Beryllium cc/g cat/hr Cubic centimeter(s) per gram BES Basic Energy Sciences office within catalyst per hour the DOE Office of Science CCHSS Complex Compound Hydrogen BET Bruner, Emmett and Teller surface Storage System area analysis method CCM Catalyst-coated membrane BH4 Cd Cadmium Bi Bismuth CD Compact disk BN CDC Carbide-derived carbon BNH Dehydrogenated ammonia-borane CdS Cadmium sulfide BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory cDNA Complementary DNA B2O3 Boron oxide; diboron trioxide CDO Code development organization BOL Beginning of life Ce Cerium BOP, BoP Balance-of-plant CEA Commissariat a Energie Atomique bp Base pair CEC California Energy Commission BP British Petroleum CEM Compressor/Expander/Motor BPM Brushless permanent magnet CeO2 Ceric oxide BPPPO Biphenol-based phenyl phosphine Cermet Combination of ceramic and metal oxide CERT Committee on Energy Research and BPPPO-35 Biphenol-based phenyl phosphine Technology oxide copolymer, 35% molar CESI Catalytica Energy Systems, Inc. fraction of disulfonic acid unit (35% CF Carbon fiber level of sulfonation) CF Constant flow

1342 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

CFD Computational fluid dynamics CS Chemically stabilized cfm Cubic feet per minute CS Ceramic support CGA Compressed Gas Association Cs Cesium CGO Cerium gadolinium oxide CSA Canadian Standards Association CH2 Compressed hydrogen gas CSA Cell stack assembly CH4 Methane CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and C2H4 Industrial Research Organisation C2H6 (Australia) C3H8 Propane CSMP Cabot Superior MicroPowders CHARM Cost-effective High-efficiency CSR Catalytic steam reforming Advanced Reforming Module CSTT Codes and Standards Tech Team CHES Corral Hollow Experimental Station CTE Coefficient of thermal expansion Chl Chlorophyll CTO Conductive transparent oxide CHP Combined heat and power CTV Chevron Technology Ventures LLC CI Compression ignition Cu Copper CIGS Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide CU University of Colorado CIS CuInSe (alloy of copper, indium, cu.yd. Cubic yard(s) and selenium) CuO Cupric oxide, copper(II) oxide Cl Chlorine Cu2O Cuprous oxide CLV City of Las Vegas CUTE Clean Urban Transport for Europe cm Centimeter CV Cyclic voltammatry; cyclic cm2 Square centimeter voltammogram CMDR Coupled magnetization- CVD Chemical vapor deposition demagnetization refrigerant CVS Chemical vapor synthesis CMS Carbon molecular sieve CWRU Case Western Reserve University CMU Carnegie Mellon University CY Calendar year CNG Compressed natural gas CZO Ceria-zirconia CNP Combinatorial nanoparticle dDay(s) CNT Carbon nanotube D2 Deuterium CO Carbon monoxide DAE Diels-Alder ether Co Cobalt dB(A) Decibel(s) CO2 Carbon dioxide DC Direct current CoE Center of Excellence DCEC Delaware County Electric COF2 Carbonylfluoride Cooperative, Inc. COS Carbon oxysulfide; carbonyl sulfide DDT Deflagration-to-detonation transition CoTMPP Cobalt tetramethoxyphenyl DFMA Design for Manufacture and porphyrin Assembly CoTPP Cobalt tetraphenyl porphyrin DFT Density functional theory COx Oxides of carbon DFT-GGA Density functional theory - gradient CPC Compound parabolic concentrator generalized approximation CpI Clostridium pasteurianum [FeFe]- DGAC Dangerous Goods Advisory Council hydrogenase DI Deionized c.p.s. Counts per second dL/g Deciliters per gram CPSS Combinatorial powder synthesis DMC Direct manufactured cost system DMFC Direct methanol fuel cell CP-Ti Commercially pure titanium DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Cr Chromium DOD Depth of discharge CRBJT Combined reverse-Brayton Joule- DOD U.S. Department of Defense Thompson DOE U.S. Department of Energy

1343 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

DOS Density of states EPR Electron paramagnetic resonance DOT U.S. Department of Transportation ES Energy storage DRIFTs Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier ESD Electro-static discharge transform spectroscopy ESR Electron spin resonance DRS Direct recoil spectroscopy EtOH Ethanol DSC Differential scanning calorimetry eV Electron volt DVHS Differential volumetric hydrogen EW Enthalpy wheel storage EW Equivalent weight DVMT Daily vehicle miles traveled EXAFS Extended x-ray absorption fine e- Electron structure analysis E Potential F Fluorine - E1/2 Half-wave potential F Fluorine ion Ea Activation energy FC Fuel cell EC European Community FCB Fuel cell bus ECA Electrochemical area FCCP Carbonyl cyanide ECC Electrochemical compressor m-chlorophenylhydrazone ECE Economic Commission for Europe FCE FuelCell Energy ECS Electrochemical Society FCFP FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership ECSA Electrochemical surface area FCV Fuel cell vehicle ECTOS Ecological City Transport System Fd Ferredoxin (Iceland) FE U.S. DOE Office of Fossil Energy EDAX Manufacturer of energy dispersive Fe Iron X-ray hardware and software Fe2O3 Ferric oxide EDC Energy distribution curve FEA Finite element analysis EDM Electrical discharge machining FEP Fluorinated ethylene propylene; EDS Energy dispersive x-ray Teflon® spectroscopy FER Fluoride emission rate EDTA Electric Drive Transportation FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Association Commission EDX Energy dispersive x-ray analysis fg-ELAT Fine gradient ELAT EEA Energy & Environmental Analysis, FGHA Forming gas hydrogen electode Inc. FHWA Federal Highway Administration EERE U.S. DOE Office of Energy FIB Focused ion beam Efficiency and Renewable Energy FLC Flowering Locus C EESM Electrical energy storage module FMEA Failure modes and effects analysis EGR Exhaust gas recirculation 19FNMR 19Fluorine nuclear magnetic EIA Energy Information Administration resonance of the U.S. Department of Energy FP Fuel processor EIS Electrochemical impedance fpm Feet per minute spectroscopy FPS Fuel processing system ELAT® Registered Trademark of De Nora FRP Fiber-reinforced polymer North America, Inc., covers GDLs FRS Functional requirement and GDEs specifications EMC Electromagnetic compatibility F-SPEEK Fluorosulfonic acid of EMI Electro magnetic interference polyetheretherketone EMTEC Edison Materials Technology Center FST FuelSell Technologies Ep Peak potential ft Feet EPA U.S. Environmental Protection ft2 Square feet Agency ft3 Cubic feet EPD End point detection FTA Federal Transit Administration

1344 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

FT-IR, FTIR Fourier transform infrared GJ Gigajoule(s) FTIR-ATR Fourier transform infrared g/kW Gram(s) per kilowatt attenuated total reflection GLY Glycerol FTP Federal Test Procedure GM General Motors fWGS Forward water-gas shift gm Gram(s) FY Fiscal year gm/day Gram(s) per day G Graphite g/min Gram(s) per minute gGram GNF Graphite nanofiber g/cc Grams per cubic centimeter GPa Gigapascal(s) g/min Grams per minute GPS Global positioning system g/s Grams per second GREET Greenhouse Gas Energy and Ga Gallium Emissions in Transportation model GaAs Gallium arsenic GRPE Working Party on Pollution and GADDS General area diffraction system Energy gal Gallon GSAS General Structure Analysis System GAMA Gas Appliance Manufacturers GTI Gas Technology Institute Association GTR Global Technical Regulations GAMS Generalized Algebraic Modeling GV Gasoline vehicle System, a commercially available GWe Gigawatt(s) electric software designed for linear and h Hour(s) non-linear optimization HHydrogen GaP Gallium phosphide H+ Proton GC Gas chromatograph ∆HEnthalpy GC Glassy, or vitreous carbon; a pure H2 Diatomic hydrogen carbon that is amorphous (non- H2A Hydrogen Analysis project crystalline) sponsored by DOE GCMC Grand Canonical Monte Carlo HAD Hydrogen adsorption/desorption GC/MS Gas chromatograph/Mass HAMMER Hazardous Materials Management spectroscopy and Emergency GC5T GenCore 5T platform prototype HARC Houston Advanced Research Center back-up fuel cell design for HATCI Hyundai-KIA America Technical telecommunications Center Inc. GCtool Software package developed at ANL HAZOP Hazards and Operational Safety for analysis of fuel cells and other Analysis; Hazards and Operability power systems Analysis Gd Gadolinium HBr Hydrogen bromide GDC Gadolinium-doped ceria HBU Hydrogen-based unit GDE Gas diffusion electrode HCG Hydrogen Coordinating Group GDL Gas diffusion layer HCl Ge Germanium HClO4 Perchloric acid GE General Electric HCNG Hydrogen-compressed natural gas - GES Giner Electrochemical Systems, HCO3 Bicarbonate LLC HC&S Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar GF Glass fiber Company GGA Gradient generalized approximation He Helium GGE, gge Gasoline gallon equivalent HER Hydrogen evolution reaction GH2 Gaseous hydrogen HEV Hybrid electric vehicle GHG Greenhouse gas Hf Hafnium GHSV Gas hourly space velocity HF Hydrofluorhydric acid; hydrogen GIS Geographic information system fluoride

1345 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

HFCIT Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and HTF Heat transfer fluid Infrastructure Technologies Program HTFC High-temperature fuel cell HFCTF Hawaii Fuel Cell Test Facility HTGR High-temperature gas-cooled reactor HFI Hydrogen Fuel Initiative HTHX High-temperature heat exchanger HFR High-frequency impedance; high- HTM High-temperature membrane frequency resistance HTM Hydrogen transport membrane HFSF High-Flux Solar Furnace HTPSS High-throughput photoelectro- HFSS High-Flux Solar Simulator chemical screening system HGM Hydrogen Generation Module HTS High-temperature shift HGMS Hollow glass microsphere H2USA Hydrogen Technology Learning HHV Higher heating value Centers (for CA, FL, and NY) HI Hydrogen iodide HVAC Heating, ventilation and cooling HIA Hydrogen Implementing Agreement HWSS Hardwired safety system H2 ICE Hydrogen-fueled internal HX Heat exchanger combustion engine HyDS model Hydrogen deployment system model HiPCO, HiPCo High-pressure carbon monoxide HyS Hybrid sulfur HIx Blend of hydrogen iodide, iodine, HyTEC Hydrogen Technology and Energy and water Curriculum HMC Hyundai Motor Company Hythane Compressed hydrogen natural gas HMM Hidden Markov Model blend HNEI Hawaii Natural Energy Institute Hz Hertz HNO3 Nitric acid HZM Hot zone module H2OWater I Current H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide I2 Diatomic iodine HOMO Highest occupied molecular orbital IBAD Ion beam assisted deposition HOR Hydrogen oxidation reaction IBS Ion beam sputtering HP High-pressure IC Internal combustion Hp Average pool height ICAO International Civil Aviation hp Horsepower Organization HPA Heteropolyacid ICC International Code Council HPE Hybrid photoelectrode ICE Internal combustion engine HPLC High performance liquid ICEV Internal combustion engine vehicle chromatograph ICMS Integrated ceramic membrane H3PO4 Phosphoric acid system hr Hour(s) ICP Inductively coupled plasma HRL HRL Laboratories, LLC ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma mass HRTEM High-resolution transmission spectrometry electron microscopy ICP-OES Inductively coupled plasma optical H2S Hydrogen sulfide emission spectroscopy HSC Database name derived from the ICR Interfacial contact resistance letters for enthalpy, entropy and heat ID, i.d. Internal diameter capacity IEA International Energy Agency HSDC Hydrogen Secure Data Center IEC International Electrotechnical HSO4 Bisulfate anion Commission H2SO4 Sulfuric acid IEC Ion exchange capacity HSRP Hydrogen Safety Review Panel IEEE Institute of Electrical and HT High-temperature Electronics Engineers, Inc. HTE High-temperature electrolysis IEEE PVSC IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists H2TEC Virginia-Maryland Hydrogen Conference Technology Education Center IGCC Integrated gasified combined cycle

1346 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

IGT Institute of Gas Technology kb Kilo-base pair, a unit of IIT Illinois Institute of Technology measurement used in genetics equal IMECE International Mechanical to 1,000 nucleotides Engineering Congress and Expo KBr Potassium bromide In Indium kcal Kilocalorie(s) In., in Inch kcal/mol Kilocalorie(s) per mole in2 Square inch KeV Kilo electron volt(s) INERI International Nuclear Energy kg Kilogram(s) Research Initiative kg/day Kilogram(s) per day INL Idaho National Laboratory kg/hr Kilogram(s) per hour INMM Institute for Nuclear Materials kg/m3 Kilogram(s) per cubic meter Management KH Potassium hydride InP Indium phosphorus kHz Kilohertz IP Intellectual property KIC Key industrial collaborators IPCE Incident photon conversion to kJ Kilojoule(s) electrons kJ/mol Kilojoule(s) per mole IPE Integrated photovoltaic electrolysis km Kilometer(s) IPHE International Partnership for the KMC Kia Motors Corporation Hydrogen Economy KOH Potassium hydroxide IPNS Intense Pulse Neutron Scattering kPa Kilopascal(s) Facility at Argonne National kph Kilometer(s) per hour Laboratory ksi 1,000 pound-force per square inch IR Infrared kT/y Kiloton(s) per year Ir Iridium kW Kilowatt(s) iR Internal resistance; voltage loss due kWe Kilowatt(s) electric to resistance kWh Kilowatt-hour(s) IRMOF Isoreticular metal organic kWh/kg Kilowatt-hour(s) per kilogram framework kWh/L Kilowatt-hour(s) per liter IRR Internal rate of return kW/kg Kilowatt(s) per kilogram ISE International Society of kWt Kilowatt(s) thermal Electrochemistry L, l Liter(s) ISO International Organization for La Lanthanum Standardization; International LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory Standards Organization LAO Lanthanum-modified alumina IT Information technology LAX Los Angeles International Airport ITM Ion transport membrane lb Pound(s) ITO Indium tin oxide lbmol Pound-mole(s) IUPAC International Union of Pure and LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Applied Chemistry Laboratory I-V Current-voltage LCA Life cycle assessment JCurrent LCC Lansing Community College JJoule(s) LCC La0.7Ca0.3CrO3-δ JM Johnson Matthey LCHPP Low Cost Hydrogen Production JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory Platform (DOE Program Title) KKelvin L/D ratio Ratio of length to diameter K Potassium LDC Local Distribution Company kÅ 1000 angstroms LDV Light-duty vehicle KAIST Korea Advanced Institute of Science LECO Instrument for fixed oxygen and Technology determination kA/m2 Kilo-ampere(s) per square meter LEED Low-energy electron diffraction

1347 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

LEEM Low-energy electron microscopy MAOP Maximum allowable operating LEIS Low-energy ion scattering pressure LEL Lower explosion limit MARKAL A generic, multi-sector energy LEMSYS Local Energy Management System model developed by the Energy LERDWG U.S. DOE Laboratory Energy R&D Technology Systems Analysis Working Group Program of the International Energy LES Locally enhanced sampling Agency LFL Lower flammability limit MAS-NMR Magic angle spinning nuclear L/h, l/h Liter(s) per hour magnetic resonance LH2 Liquid hydrogen MBE Molecular beam epitaxy LHC Light-harvesting chlorophyll MBL Modified boundary layer LHS Lawrence Hall of Science mC-cm-2 MilliCouloumb(s) per square LHV Lower heating value centimeter Li Lithium MCEL Millenium Cell, Inc. LiBH4 Lithium borohydride MCFC Molten carbonate fuel cell LiH Lithium hydride MD Machine direction Li3N Lithium nitride MD Molecular dynamics LLC Limited Liability Company MDCA Metal-doped carbon aerogels LLNL Lawrence Livermore National MEA Membrane-electrode assembly Laboratory MEI Makel Engineering LMDS Laser modulation differential MEMS Micro Electromechanical System spectroscopy MEMSYS Micro-grid Energy Management L/min, l/min Liter(s) per minute System LNG Liquefied natural gas MeOH Methanol LP Lattice parameter meq Milliequivalents LPG Liquefied petroleum gas meq/g Milliequivalents/gram LPM Liters per minute MeV Mega electron volt LSL Lower specification limit Mg Magnesium LT Low-temperature Mg Megagram(s) LTS Low-temperature shift µg Microgram(s) LTU Lawrence Technological University mg Milligram(s) LWR Light water reactor Mg(OH)2 Magnesium hydroxide LUMO Lowest unoccupied molecular mg/cm2 Milligram(s) per square centimeter orbital MgCl2 Magnesium chloride m Meter(s) MgH2 Magnesium hydride MMolar MH Metal hydride m2 Square meter(s) MHCoE Metal Hydride Center of Excellence m3 Cubic meter(s) MHz Megahertz m2/g Square meter(s) per gram MI Melt infiltration m2/s Square meter(s) per second mi Mile(s) M31 Atofina membrane candidate mi/kg Mile(s) per kilogram MA Mechanical alloying mil Millimeter(s) mA MilliAmps min Minute(s) µA Micro ampere(s) MIT Massachusetts Institute of mA/cm2 Milliamp(s) per square centimeter Technology µA/cm2 Micro ampere(s) per square MJ Megajoule(s) centimeter ML Monolayer MACRS Modified Accelerated Cost mL, ml Milliliter(s) Recovery Schedule µm Micrometer(s); micron(s) µMMicromolar

1348 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report mM Millimolar MYRDDP Multi-Year Research, Development mm Millimeter(s) and Demonstration Plan MMBtu Million British thermal units N Normal (e.g., 1N H3PO4 is 1 normal mmol Millimole(s) solution of phosphoric acid) µmol Micromole(s) N Mn Manganese N Newton (unit of force) MnO Manganese oxide N/cm2 Newton(s) per square centimeter Mn2O3 Manganese oxide N112 Nafion 1100 equivalent weight, 2 MOF Metal organic framework millimeter thick membrane Mo Molybdenum N2 Diatomic nitrogen mol Mole(s) Na Sodium mol% Mole percent NA-22 National Nuclear Security mol/min Mole(s) per minute Administration, Office of MoPc Molybdenum phthalocyanine Non-Proliferation Research and MPa Megapascal Engineering MPG, mpg Mile(s) per gallon Na3AlH6 Trisodium hexahydroaluminate mph Mile(s) per hour NaAlH4 Sodium aluminum hydride; sodium MPL Microporous layer tetrahydroaluminate; sodium alanate MR Membrane reactor NaBH4 MRI Magnetic resonance imaging NaBO2 Sodium borate MRS Materials Research Society NACE National Association of Corrosion ms Millisecond(s) Engineers mS/cm Milli-Siemen(s) per centimeter NaCl Sodium chloride MSHA Mine Safety and Health NACS North American Society Administration Nafion® Registered Trademark of E.I. MSI Metal-support interaction DuPont de Nemours MSM Macro-System Model NaH Sodium hydride MSP Molten state processing NA NG North American natural gas MSRI Materials and Systems Research, NaOH Sodium hydroxide Inc. Na2S Sodium sulfide MST, MS&T Materials Science and Technology NAS National Academy of Sciences MSU Montana State University NASA National Aeronautics and Space MTO Mass transport overpotential Administration µV Micro volt(s) NASA PERS National Aeronautics and Space mV Millivolt(s) Agency Polymer Energy mW Milliwatt(s) Rechargeable System MW Megawatt(s) NAU Northern Arizona University MW Molecular weight NAVSEA Carderock Naval Sea Systems mΩ Milli-ohm(s) Command Carderock Division MΩ Mega-ohm(s) NAWC Naval Air Warfare Center mΩ/cm2 Milli-ohm(s) per square centimeter Nb Niobium µΩ-cm2 Micro-ohm(s) - square centimeter NCMS National Center for Manufacturing mW/cm2 Milliwatt(s) per square centimeter Sciences MWe Megawatt(s) electric NCNR NIST Center for Neutron Research MWh Megawatt-hour(s) NCRC New Concepts Research MWOE Midwest Optoelectronics, LLC Corporation MWth Megawatt(s) thermal ND Not determined at this time MYPP Multi-Year Program Plan (the ND Nitrogen donor HFCIT Program’s Multi-Year NDA Non-disclosure agreement Research, Development and NE U.S. DOE Office of Nuclear Energy, Demonstration Plan) Science and Technology

1349 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

NEBS Network Equipment Building NREL National Renewable Energy Standards Laboratory NEC NextEnergy Center NSTF Nanostructured thin film NEC National Electrical Code NYSERDA New York State Energy Research NEED National Energy Education and Development Authority Development Project O Oxygen NEMS National Energy Modeling System O2 Diatomic oxygen NERI Nuclear Energy Research Initiative O/C Oxygen-to-carbon atomic ratio NETL National Energy Technology OCP Open circuit potential Laboratory OCV Open circuit voltage NEU Northeastern University o.d. Outer diameter NFC Near frictionless carbon OEC Oxygen evolving complex NFPA National Fire Protection Association OEM Original equipment manufacturer NG Natural gas OGA Online gas analyzer ng Nanogram OH- Hydroxyl radical NGCC Natural gas combined cycle O&M Operation and maintenance NH3 Ammonia OMB Office of Management and Budget NHA National Hydrogen Association ONR Office of Naval Research NHE Normal hydrogen electrode OPS Office of Pipeline Safety NHI Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative ORF Opening Reading Frame indicating NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety the occurence of a protein coding Administration of the U.S. region in the DNA sequence Department of Transportation ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory Ni Nickel ORR Oxygen reduction reaction NICC Natural gas Infrastructure OTM Oxygen transport membrane Component Cost model OTT Office of Transportation NiMH Nickel metal hydride Technologies NIST National Institute of Standards and ∆P Pressure drop, pressure change Technology P Phosphorus NL Normal liter(s) P Pressure nm Nanometer(s) Pa Pascal(s) NM Noble metal PADD Petroleum Administration for Nm3/h, nm3/hr Normal cubic meter(s) per hour Defense District nmol Nanomole(s) PAFC Phosphoric acid fuel cell NNA Non-North American PANI Polyaniline NNA NG Non-North American natural gas Pb Lead NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance PbA Lead acid NMSU New Mexico State University PBI Polybenzimidazole NMTech New Mexico Technological PbO Lead oxide University PC Polycarbonate NO2 Nitric oxide PC Personal computer N2O Nitrous oxide Pc Phthalocyanines (e.g., MoPc, FePc) NOx Oxides of nitrogen PCAMM Pacific Centre for Advanced NPC Nanoporous carbon Materials and Microstructures NPM Non-precious metal PCF Polycarbonate film NPT Normal pressure and temperature PCM Power control module NPV Net present value PCR Polymerase chain reaction NRC National Research Council PCS Power conditioning system

1350 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

PCS Plasma converter system PMG Glycidyl methacrylate-type PCT, P-C-T Pressure concentration temperature copolymer Pd Palladium PND Polymerized nitrogen donor PDL Polymer Data Library PNNL Pacific Northwest National PDS Potentiodynamic scan Laboratory PDU Process development unit POX Partial oxidation PE Polyethylene ppb Parts per billion PEAR Power and Energy Analytic ppbv Part(s) per billion by volume Resources PPI Pore(s) per inch PEC Photoelectrochemical ppm, PPM Part(s) per million PECH Polyepichlorohydrin ppmv Part(s) per million by volume PEEK Polyether ether ketone ppmw Part(s) per million by weight PEFC Polymer electrolyte fuel cell Pr Praseodymium PEFC Proton exchange fuel cell PRA Probabilistic risk assessment PEI Polyetherimide PrOx Preferential oxidation PEKK Poly (ether ketone ketone) PS Photosystem PEM Polymer electrolyte membrane PSA Pressure swing adsorption PEM Proton exchange membrane PSAT Vehicle simulation software package PEMFC Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel developed at Argonne National cell Laboratory - Power-train System PEMFC Proton exchange membrane fuel cell Analysis Toolkit PEN Positive-Electrolyte-Negative PSD Particle size distribution PES Polyether sulfone psi, PSI Pound(s) per square inch PES Power electronics system psia Pound(s) per square inch absolute PES Power Engineering Society psid Pound(s) per square inch differential PES Proton Energy Systems, Inc. psig Pound(s) per square inch gauge PET Polyethylene teraphthalate PSI Photosystem I PetF1 Synechocystis host ferredoxin PSII Photosystem II PFA Perfluoroalkoxy (a type of PSM Plant support module fluoropolymer) PSS Potentiostatic scan PFCT Porvair Fuel Cell Technology, Inc. PSU Pennsylvania State University PFD Process flow diagram PSU OPP Pennsylvania State University, PFG-NMR Pulse field gradient nuclear Office of Physical Plant magnetic resonance PSU PTI Pennsylvania State University, PFSA Perfluorinated sulfonic acid Pennsylvania Transportation PG Propylene glycol Institute PGM Platinum group metal Pt Platinum PI Principal investigator P-T Pressure-temperature pics Measurement of how close together PTA fibers are woven Pt/C Platinum/carbon PID Process identifier number Pt3Co Platinum-cobalt alloy PITTCON Pittsburgh Conference and Pt3Fe Platinum-iron alloy Exhibition for Analytical Chemistry PTFE Teflon – poly-tetrafluoroethylene Pl Platinum Pt-FePO Platinum iron phosphate PLC Programmable logic controller Pt-MM Platinum group mixed metal PLS Polymer-layered silicate PTM Proton transport membrane PM Precious metal, such as platinum PtML Platinum monolayer PM10 Particulate matter with diameters of Pt3Ni Platinum-nickel alloy 10 micrometers or less PTO Power take-off P/M Powder metallurgy PtO2 Platinum dioxide

1351 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

Pt-TaPO Platinum tantalum phosphate SCE Southern California Edison PTW Pump-to-wheel SCE Saturated calomel electrode PUC Public Utility Commission SCF, scf Standard cubic feet PV Photovoltaic scfd Standard cubic feet per day PVC Polyvinyl chloride SCFH, scfh Standard cubic feet per hour PVDF Polyvinylidenefluoride SCFM Standard cubic feet per minute PVP Polyvinylpyrrolidone SCIA South Central Industrial Association PVT, P-V-T Pressure-Volume-Temperature S/cm Siemen(s) per centimeter Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 Quarters of the fiscal year SD Standard deviation RA Reduction in area SDAPP Sulfonated Diels-Alder R&D Research and development polyphenylene RD&D, R,D&DResearch, development & SDAPPe Sulfonated Diels-Alder ether demonstration SDE SO2-depolarized electrolyzer RDE Rotating disk electrode SDO Standards Development Re Rhenium Organization REWP Renewable Energy Working Party Se Selenium RF Radio frequency sec Second(s) RFC Regenerative fuel cell SECA Solid State Energy Conversion RFP Request for proposals Alliance RH Relative humidity SEM Scanning electron microscopy Rh Rhodium SEM Secondary electron microscopy RHE Reference hydrogen electrode; SEMaC Smart Energy Management reversible hydrogen electrode Controller RHLC Relative humidity/load cycle test SEP Subscale engineering prototype RPI Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute SERC Schatz Energy Research Center rpm Revolution(s) per minute SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride RRDE Rotating ring disc electrode SFA Sulfonic acid RSOFC Regenerative solid oxide fuel cell S-G Secretary-General RT Room temperature SHE Standard hydrogen electrode RTC Regional Transportation SHGR Solar Hydrogen Generation Commission Research Ru Ruthenium Si Silicon s Second(s) S-I Sulfur - iodine SSiemen(s) SiC Silicon carbide SSulfur SIMS Secondary ion emission SA Surface area spectroscopy SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SiO2 Silicon dioxide SAH Sodium aluminum hydride SLPM, SLM, sL/min SAM Scanning Auger microscopy Standard liter(s) per minute SAMPE Society for the Advancement of SM Surface modifier Material and Process Engineering SMAE Solid membrane alkaline SAT Site acceptance test electrolyzer SAXS Small angle x-ray scattering analysis SME Mercury sulfate electrode SBIR Small Business Innovative Research SMR Steam methane reformer; steam SBP Solution based processing methane reforming Sc Scandium Sn Tin S/C Steam to carbon ratio SNL Sandia National Laboratories SCC Stress corrosion cracking SNLL Sandia National Laboratory sccm, SCCM Standard cubic centimeter(s) per Livermore minute SnO Tin oxide

1352 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

SnO2 Tin oxide TAP Tandem affinity purification SO2 Sulfur dioxide TaPO Tantalum phosphate SO3 Sulfur trioxide TBD To be determined SOC State of charge TBX Turboexpander SOEC Solid oxide electrolysis cell; solid TC Thermocouple oxide electrolyzer cell TC Thermochemical SOFC Solid oxide fuel cell TC Technical Committee SOFEC Solid oxide fuel-fed electrolysis cell TCCR Transparent, conducting and SOM Solid-oxide oxygen-ion-conducting corrosion resistant membrane TCWC Thermochemical water cracking SOO Statement of Objectives TD Transverse direction SORFC Solid oxide regenerative fuel cell Te Tellurium SOx Oxides of sulfur TEAB Tetraethyl ammonium borohydride SPEKK Sulfonated polyether ether ketone TEM Transmission electron microscopy SPR Solid particle receiver TESI Teledyne Energy System Inc. sq. in. Square inch(es) TFMSA Trifluoromethane sulfonic acid Sr Strontium tf-Si Thin film silicon SR Steam reformer; steam reforming Tg Glass transition temperature SRM Steam reforming TGA Thermal gravimetric analysis; SRM Standard reference material thermogravimetric analysis; thermal SRNL Savannah River National Laboratory gravimetric analyzer SS Stainless steel TGC Tail gas combustor SSA Specific surface area TGP-H Toray graphite paper - high SSP Solid state processing conductivity SSR Spiral stackable reactor THC Total hydrocarbons SSRL Stanford Synchrotron Radiation THF Laboratory Ti Titanium STA Silicotungstic acid TiCl3 Titanium trichloride STAC State Technologies Advancement TiF3 Titanium trifluoride Collaborative TiH2 Titanium hydride STD Soon to demonstrate TiO2 Titanium dioxide (anatase) STEM Scanning transmission electron TIVM Toroidal intersecting vane machine microscopy Tla Truncated light-harvesting STH Solar-to-hydrogen chlorophyll antenna STM Scanning tunneling electron tla1 Mutant of the Tla1 gene (GenBank microscopy Assession No. AF534570) STP Standard temperature and pressure tlaX Mutant of unknown gene with a STTP Shared Technology Transfer Project truncated light-harvesting STTR Small Business Technology Transfer chlorophyll antenna (GenBank SUNY State University of New York Assession No. AF534571) SV Space velocity TM Transition metal SWCNT Single-walled carbon nanotube TMPP Tetramethoxyphenyl porphyrins SWNH Single-walled nanohorn TMS The Minerals, Metals and Materials SWNT Single-walled nanotube Society SwRI Southwest Research Institute TOS Time on stream T Temperature TPD Tons per day TTon TPD Thermally programmed desorption; tTime Temperature-programmed Ta Tantalum desorption TAG Technical Advisory Group TPO Temperature-programmed oxidation

1353 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

TPP Tetraphenyl porphyrin UTC University of Tennessee, TPR Temperature-programmed reduction Chattanooga TRL Technology readiness level UTR Untranslated region tr. oz. Troy ounce UTRC United Technologies Research TRU Trailer refrigeration unit Center TSA Transportation Security UV Ultraviolet Administration UV-vis Ultraviolet-Visual TSSER Thermal swing sorption enhanced UW University of Washington reaction V Vanadium TT Thermal treatment VVolt TWM Thermal and water management VAC Volts alternating current UC University of California VASP Vienna Ab-initio Simulation UCI University of California, Irvine Package UCLA University of California, Los VaTech Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Angeles State University UCONN University of Connecticut VC Vulcan carbon UCSB University of California, Santa VDC Volts direct current Barbara vdW van der Waals UEA Unitized electrode assembly VF Value function UGA University of Georgia, Athens VHTS Virtual high-throughput screening UH University of Hawaii V-I Voltage - current UHV Ultra-high vacuum VIR Voltage - current - resistance UIUC University of Illinois, Urbana- VMT Vehicle miles travelled Champaign VNT Variable nozzle turbine UL Underwriters Laboratory vol Volume ULSD Ultra-low sulfur diesel vol% Volume percent um Micrometer(s) VTA Valley Transportation Authority UMCP University of Maryland College VTGR Very high temperature gas reactor Park VTNA Volvo Trucks North America UN United Nations Ω Ohm(s) UNC University of North Carolina W Tungsten UNLV University of Nevada Las Vegas WWatt(s) UNLVRF UNLV Research Foundation WAXD Wide-angle x-ray diffraction UNM University of New Mexico WBS Work breakdown schedule UNR University of Nevada, Reno Ωcm2 Ohm(s) - square centimeter UPS Ultraviolet photoelectron W/cm2 Watt(s) per square centimeter spectroscopy We Watt(s) electric U.S. United States WGS Water gas shift USA United States of America WGS-MR Water gas shift membrane reactor USC University of South Carolina Wh Watt-hour(s) USC University of Southern California W-h/kg Watt-hour(s) per kilogram USCAR U.S. Cooperative Automotive W-h/L, Wh/liter, Wh/L Research Watt-hour(s) per liter USFCC United States Fuel Cell Council WHSV Weight hourly space velocity USL Upper specification limit W/kg Watt(s) per kilogram USM University of Southern Mississippi W/L, W/l Watt(s) per liter USP Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis W/m-K, W/m.K, W/mK UT University of Toledo Watt(s) per meter-Kelvin (unit of UTC, UTC FC United Technologies Corporation thermal conductivity) Fuel Cells WO3

1354 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

WOM Weatherometer Wt Watt(s) thermal wt Weight wt%, wt.% Weight percent (percent by weight) WTP Water transfer plate WTP Well-to-pump WTW Well-to-wheel w/v Weight by volume XAS X-ray absorption spectroscopy XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XRD X-ray diffraction XRF X-ray fluorescence Y Yttrium yr Year YSZ Yttria-stablized zirconia Zn Zinc ZnO Zinc oxide Zr Zirconium ZrO2 Zirconium dioxide

1355 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

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