Florida’s First Choice in Cultural Resource Management

November 24, 2020

Mr. Clete Rooney Historic Sites Specialist Division of Historical Resources Florida Department of State 500 South Bronough Street Tallahassee, Florida 32399

Subject: DHR Project No. 2020-4002 Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of the 2576-acre Gopher Ridge South Farm Property, Collier County, Florida

Enclosed is a copy of the above referenced report for your files. The original survey log, GIS shapefiles, FMSF form and photos, and PDF report was emailed on November 24, 2020.

If you have any questions, please contact Marion Almy at the number below.

Thank you for your assistance.

Sincerely, Archaeological Consultants, Inc.

Attachments cc: Ray March

8110 Blaikie Court, Suite A, Sarasota, FL 34240 - Telephone 941.379.6206 - Fax 877-351-2501

CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SURVEY OF THE 2576-ACRE GOPHER RIDGE SOUTH FARM PROPERTY, COLLIER COUNTY, FLORIDA

Performed for:

Collier Enterprises Management, Inc. 975 New Harvest Road Immokalee, Florida 34142

Prepared by:

Florida’s First Choice in Cultural Resource Management

Archaeological Consultants, Inc. 8110 Blaikie Court, Suite A Sarasota, Florida 34240 (941) 379-6206

November 2020 CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SURVEY OF THE 2576-ACRE GOPHER RIDGE SOUTH FARM PROPERTY, COLLIER COUNTY, FLORIDA

Performed for:

Collier Enterprises Management, Inc. 975 New Harvest Road Immokalee, Florida 34142

Conducted by:

Archaeological Consultants, Inc. 8110 Blaikie Court, Suite A Sarasota, Florida 34240

Marion Almy - Project Manager Elizabeth A. Horvath - Project Archaeologist Nelson Rodriguez – Archaeologist Kimberly M. Irby – Project Architectural Historian Savannah Young – Architectural Historian

November 2020

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Archaeological Consultants, Inc. (ACI) conducted a cultural resource assessment survey (CRAS) of the 2576-acre Gopher Ridge South Farm property in Collier County for Collier Enterprises Management, Inc. This project proposes three above-ground reservoirs (295.9 ac total) to be constructed by enclosing existing areas within an earthen dike. Each reservoir will serve one or more farms (six farms totaling 618.6 ac) and will have its own discharge structures. The farm drainage will be pumped into its reservoir using a single or multiple 12,000-gpm pumps. Pumps will be operated as needed during the growing season. The proposed discharge structures discharge into adjacent open land with a spreader swale and the overflow structure will return overflow back to the farm (Agnoli 2020). The plans and typical sections for this project are included in Appendix A.

The CRAS, conducted in October 2020, was requested by the Florida Division of Historical Resources (FDHR), who reviewed the project in accordance with Chapters 267.061 and 373.414, Florida Statutes (FS), and implementing state regulations, for possible effects on historic properties listed, or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), or otherwise of historical, architectural, or archaeological value (Parsons 2020) (Appendix B). Although partially within the area surveyed for seismic testing (ACI 2016), “based on the results of previous investigations and the potential for the discovery of cultural resources during ground-disturbing activities, we recommend that the portions of the project not included in the above referenced survey be subjected to a professional CRAS” (Parsons 2020).

The purpose of this CRAS was to locate and identify any cultural resources within the Area of Potential Effect (APE) and to assess their significance in terms of eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). As defined in 36 CFR Part § 800.16(d), the APE is the “geographic area or areas within which an undertaking may directly or indirectly cause alterations in the character or use of historic properties, if any such properties exist.” Based on the scale and nature of the activities, the project has a limited potential for any indirect (visual or audible) or cumulative effects outside the immediate footprint of construction. The archaeological APE was defined as the project footprint, and the historical APE was the project footprint and adjacent properties. The APE consists of the areas where subsurface disturbance will take place; the remainder of the property, referenced as the project area, was not subject to archaeological survey in keeping with Parsons’ (2020) request. The survey was conducted in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and its implementing regulations in 36 CRF Part 800: Protection of Historic Properties. It also complies with the provisions contained in Chapter 267 and 373, FS. It was carried out in conformity with the standards contained in the FDHR’s Cultural Resource Management Standards and Operational Manual (FDHR 2003). In addition, this study meets the specifications set forth in Chapter 1A-46, Florida Administrative Code. The Principal Investigators meet the Secretary of the Interior's Historic Preservation Professional Qualification Standards (48 FR 44716) for archaeology, history, architecture, architectural history, or historic architecture.

Background research and a review of the Florida Master Site File (FMSF) and the NRHP indicated that there are no sites recorded within the project area, and only two have been recorded within one mile of the project area The property was considered to have a variable archaeological potential. The field investigations, which included the excavation of 224 shovel tests, discovered no archaeological sites within the APE.

Historic background research, including a review of the FMSF and the NRHP, indicated that five historic resources (8CR00969, 8CR01454, 8CR01455, 8CR01456, and 8CR01457) were previously recorded within the project area. These include one linear resource, the Tradeport Trail

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(8CR00969), one building complex resource group (8CR01457) that is comprised of two Frame Vernacular style buildings (8CR01454 and 8CR01455), and one Quonset Hut storage building (8CR01456) constructed between circa (ca.) 1950 and ca. 1955. The resources were determined ineligible for listing in the NRHP by the SHPO in 2007 and 2016, respectively. A review of relevant historic United States Geographical Survey (USGS) quadrangle maps, historic aerial photographs, and the Collier County property appraiser’s website data suggested no potential for new historic resources 50 years of age or older (constructed in 1970 or earlier) within the APE (Copeland 1947; Skinner 2020; USDA 1954, 1963, 1980; USGS 1940, 1958a, 1958b).

During the Historical/architectural field survey one resource, a ca. 1925 Aeromotor Co. Chicago Windmill (8CR01605) was identified and evaluated within the APE. The resource is a common model and design found throughout rural Florida and has no known significant historical associations; therefore, the resource does not appear eligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as part of a historic district. Furthermore, the five previously recorded resources (8CR00969, 8CR01454, 8CR01455, 8CR01456, and 8CR01457) were identified and no significant alterations have occurred since they were evaluated by SHPO; therefore, an updated FMSF form was not prepared.

Given the results of background research and field survey, including the excavation of 224 shovel tests, no archaeological sites or historic resources that are listed, eligible for listing, or that appear potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP were located within the APE.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1-1 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ...... 2-1 2.1 Project Location ...... 2-1 2.2 Physiography and Geology ...... 2-1 2.3 Soils and Vegetation ...... 2-3 2.4 Paleoenvironmental Considerations ...... 2-4 3.0 CULTURE HISTORY ...... 3-1 3.1 Paleoindian ...... 3-2 3.2 Archaic ...... 3-2 3.3 Glades ...... 3-4 3.4 Colonialism ...... 3-5 3.5 Territorial and Statehood ...... 3-7 3.6 Civil War and Aftermath ...... 3-11 3.7 Twentieth Century ...... 3-14 3.8 Project Area Specifics ...... 3-17 4.0 RESEARCH CONSIDERATIONS AND METHODS ...... 4-1 4.1 Background Research and Literature Review ...... 4-1 4.2 Archaeological Considerations ...... 4-1 4.3 Historical Considerations ...... 4-7 4.4 Field Methodology ...... 4-7 4.5 Inadvertent/Unanticipated Discoveries ...... 4-8 4.6 Laboratory Methods/Curation ...... 4-8 5.0 RESULTS AND CONCLISIONS ...... 5-1 5.1 Archaeological Results ...... 5-1 5.2 Historical Results ...... 5-4 5.3 Conclusions ...... 5-6 6.0 REFERENCES CITED ...... 6-1

APPENDICES Appendix A ERP Agricultural Plans Appendix B Correspondence Appendix C Florida Master Site File Form Appendix D Survey Log

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LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, AND PHOTOGRAPHS

Figure

Figure 1.1. Location of the Gopher Ridge South Farm Project Area...... 1-2 Figure 1.2. Location of APE (farms, reservoirs, dikes, swales, canals) relative to the Project Area. . 1-3 Figure 2.1. Environmental setting of the project area...... 2-2 Figure 2.2. Soil type distribution within the project area...... 2-5 Figure 3.1. Florida Archaeological Regions...... 3-1 Figure 3.2. 1839 Mackay and Blake map showing the approximate location of the project area...... 3-8 Figure 3.3. 1856 Ives map showing the approximate location of the project area...... 3-10 Figure 3.4. 1873 and 1874 plats showing the project area...... 3-12 Figure 3.5. 1954 Collier County soil map showing the project area...... 3-15 Figure 3.6. 1947 Collier County map (Copeland 1947) showing the project area...... 3-16 Figure 3.7. 1940 aerial photograph showing the project area...... 3-18 Figure 3.8. 1980 aerial photograph showing the project area...... 3-19 Figure 4.1. Previously recorded cultural resources within 1.6 km (1 mi) of the project area...... 4-2 Figure 4.2. Previous CRAS projects conducted within the project area...... 4-3 Figure 4.3. Soil type distribution by archaeological site occurrence...... 4-6 Figure 5.1. Location of the shovel tests and resources within the western project area...... 5-2 Figure 5.2. Location of the shovel tests and resources within the eastern project area...... 5-3

Table

Table 2.1. Soil types within the project area...... 2-4 Table 4.1. Surveys conducted within 1.6 km (1 mile) of the project area...... 4-3 Table 4.2. Distribution of sites by water type and distance...... 4-4 Table 4.3. Distribution of sites by drainage and soil types...... 4-4

Photo

Photo 2.1. Inundated farm fields, facing north...... 2-1 Photo 2.2. Improved pasture, facing south...... 2-3 Photo 2.3. Flooded palm hammock, facing west...... 2-3 Photo 2.4. Pine flatwoods, facing west...... 2-4 Photo 5.1. Stratigraphy in the fields...... 5-1 Photo 5.2. Stratigraphy in the hammock areas...... 5-4 Photo 5.3. Inundated shovel test...... 5-4 Photo 5.4. Aermotor Co. Chicago Windmill (8CR01605), looking east...... 5-5 Photo 5.5. Aermotor Co. Chicago Windmill (8CR01605), looking northwest...... 5-5

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Archaeological Consultants, Inc. (ACI) conducted a cultural resource assessment survey (CRAS) of the 2576-acre (ac) Gopher Ridge South property in Collier County for Collier Enterprises Management, Inc. (Figure 1.1). This project proposes three above-ground reservoirs (295.9 ac total) to be constructed by enclosing existing areas within an earthen dike. Each reservoir will serve one or more farms (six farms totaling 618.6 ac) and will have its own discharge structures. The farm drainage will be pumped into its reservoir using a single or multiple 12,000-gpm pumps. Pumps will be operated as needed during the growing season. The proposed discharge structures discharge into adjacent open land with a spreader swale and the overflow structure will return overflow back to the farm (Agnoli 2020). The plans and typical sections for this project are included in Appendix A.

The CRAS, conducted in September 2020, was requested by the Florida Division of Historical Resources (FDHR), who reviewed the project in accordance with Chapters 267.061 and 373.414, Florida Statutes (FS), and implementing state regulations, for possible effects on historic properties listed, or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), or otherwise of historical, architectural, or archaeological value (Parsons 2020) (Appendix B). Although partially within the area surveyed for seismic testing (ACI 2016), “based on the results of previous investigations and the potential for the discovery of cultural resources during ground-disturbing activities, we recommend that the portions of the project not included in the above referenced survey be subjected to a professional CRAS” (Parsons 2020).

The purpose of this CRAS was to locate and identify any cultural resources within the Area of Potential Effect (APE) and to assess their significance in terms of eligibility for listing in the NRHP. As defined in 36 CFR Part § 800.16(d), the APE is the “geographic area or areas within which an undertaking may directly or indirectly cause alterations in the character or use of historic properties, if any such properties exist.” Based on the scale and nature of the activities, the project has a limited potential for any indirect (visual or audible) or cumulative effects outside the immediate footprint of construction. The archaeological APE was defined as the project footprint, and the historical APE was the project footprint and adjacent properties. The APE consists of the areas where subsurface disturbance will take place; the remainder of the property, referenced as the project area, was not subject to archaeological survey. The survey was conducted in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and its implementing regulations in 36 CRF Part 800: Protection of Historic Properties. It also complies with the provisions contained in Chapter 267 and 373, FS. It was carried out in conformity with the standards contained in the FDHR’s Cultural Resource Management Standards and Operational Manual (FDHR 2003). In addition, this study meets the specifications set forth in Chapter 1A-46, Florida Administrative Code. The Principal Investigators meet the Secretary of the Interior's Historic Preservation Professional Qualification Standards (48 FR 44716) for archaeology, history, architecture, architectural history, or historic architecture.

Background research preceded the field investigations. Such research provides and informed set of expectation as to the types and locations of resources expected within the APE. In addition, the data can be used to assess the significance of any sites discovered.

ACI 1-1 CRAS Gopher Ridge South Farm P20093

Figure 1.1. Location of the Gopher Ridge South Farm Project Area.

ACI 1-2 CRAS Gopher Ridge South Farm P20093

Figure 1.2. Location of APE (farms, reservoirs, dikes, swales, canals) relative to the Project Area.

ACI 1-3 CRAS Gopher Ridge South Farm P20093

2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

Environmental factors such as geology, topography, relative elevation, soils, vegetation, and water are important in determining where archaeological sites are likely to be located. These variables influenced what types of resources were available in an area, which in turn influenced decisions regarding settlement location and land-use patterns. Because of the influence of these environmental factors upon the inhabitants, a discussion of the environment is included.

2.1 Project Location

The 2576-acre project area is located in Sections 25, 35, and 36 of Township 46 South, Range 29 East; Sections 30-31 of Township 46 South, Range 30 East; Sections 1-2 of Township 47 South, Range 29 East, and Section 6 of Township 47 South, Range 30 East (United States Geological Survey [USGS] Immokalee and Immokalee NE) in Collier County, Florida. It is north of County Road 846 (Immokalee Road), between Dupree Road and the Immokalee Airport (Figure 2.1). The area consists of currently fallow farm fields and unimproved cattle pastures actively being grazed. Based on the Florida Department of Environmental Protection’s (FDEP) statewide land use land cover data, the property also contains freshwater marshes, wet prairies, upland mixed forests, pine flatwoods, and mixed wetland hardwoods (FDEP 2012-2019) (Photos 2.1-2.4).

Photo 2.1. Inundated farm fields, facing north.

2.2 Physiography and Geology

According to White (1970), Collier County is included in the southern, or distal, physiographic zone, and more specifically, the project area is within the Immokalee Rise. It sits at an elevation of eight to nine meters (m) (25-305 feet [ft]) above mean sea level. The property is underlain by the Tamiami formation, which is surficially evidenced by medium fine sand and silt.

ACI 2-1 CRAS Gopher Ridge South Farm P20093

Figure 2.1. Environmental setting of the project area.

ACI 2-2 CRAS Gopher Ridge South Farm P20093

Photo 2.2. Improved pasture, facing south.

Photo 2.3. Flooded palm hammock, facing west.

2.3 Soils and Vegetation

According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the project area is situated within the Immokalee-Oldsmar-Basinger and Holopaw-Wabasso-Winder soil associations (Liudahl et al. 1998). The former is characterized by nearly level, poorly drained soils on flatwoods and in sloughs. The native vegetation of the flatwoods consists of saw palmetto and scattered areas of South Florida slash pine, waxmyrtle, and gallberry. The natural vegetation in the sloughs consists of scattered areas of slash pine, scrub cypress, cabbage palm, saw palmetto, wax myrtle, sand cordgrass, pineland threeawn, panicums, and chalky bluestem.

ACI 2-3 CRAS Gopher Ridge South Farm P20093

Photo 2.4. Pine flatwoods, facing west.

The latter association is characterized by nearly level, poorly and very poorly drained sandy soils that have a loamy subsoil. It occurs on flatwoods, in sloughs, and in small, closed depressions. The natural vegetation of the flatwoods is saw palmetto and scattered areas of South Florida slash pine, gallberry, and waxmyrtle. The sloughs contain scattered areas of South Florida slash pine, scrub cypress, cabbage palm, saw palmetto, waxmyrtle, sand cordgrass, pineland threeawn, panicums, and chalky bluestem. There are ten soil types within the project area, and they are listed in Table 2.1 and their locations are depicted on (Figure 2.2).

Table 2.1. Soil types within the project area. Soil type, % slopes Drainage Setting Boca fine sand Poor Flatwoods Chobee, Winder & Gator soils, depressional Very poor Depressions and marshes Hilolo, Jupiter & Margate fine sands Poor Hammocks and flatwoods Holopaw fine sand Poor Sloughs and poorly defined drainageways Immokalee fine sand Poor Flatwoods Myakka fine sand Poor Flatwoods Oldsmar fine sand Poor Flatwoods Pineda and Riviera fine sands Poor Sloughs and poorly defined drainageways Tuscawilla fine sand Poor Flatwoods and hammocks Wabasso fine sand Poor Flatwoods

2.4 Paleoenvironmental Considerations

The early environment of the region was different from that seen today. Sea levels were lower, the climate was arid, and fresh water was scarce. An understanding of human ecology during the earliest periods of human occupation in Florida cannot be based on observations of the modern environment because of changes in water availability, botanical communities, and faunal resources. Aboriginal inhabitants would have developed cultural adaptations in response to the environmental changes taking place, which were then reflected in settlement patterns, site types, artifact forms, and subsistence economies.

ACI 2-4 CRAS Gopher Ridge South Farm P20093

Figure 2.2. Soil type distribution within the project area.

ACI 2-5 CRAS Gopher Ridge South Farm P20093

Due to arid conditions between 16,500 and 12,500 years ago, the perched water aquifer and potable water supplies were absent. Palynological studies conducted in Florida and Georgia suggest that between 13,000 and 5000 years ago, this area was covered with an upland vegetation community of scrub oak and prairie (Watts 1969, 1971, 1975). However, the environment was not static. Evidence recovered from the inundated Page-Ladson Site in north Florida has clearly demonstrated that there were two periods of low water tables and dry climatic conditions and two episodes of elevated water tables and wet conditions (Dunbar 2006b).

By 5000 years ago, a climatic event marking a brief return to Pleistocene climatic conditions induced a change toward more open vegetation. Southern pine forests replaced the oak savannahs. Extensive marshes and swamps developed along the coasts and subtropical hardwood forests became established along the southern tip of Florida (Delcourt and Delcourt 1981). Northern Florida saw an increase in oak species, grasses, and sedges (Carbone 1983). In south central Florida, pollen cores were dominated by wax myrtle and pine. The assemblage suggests that by this time, a forest dominated by longleaf pine along with cypress swamps and bayheads were present (Watts 1971, 1975). About 5000 years ago, surface water was plentiful in karst terrains and the level of the Floridan aquifer rose to 1.5 m (5 ft) above present levels. With the establishment of warmer winters and cooler summers than in the preceding early Holocene, the fire-adapted pine communities prevailed. These depend on the high summer precipitation caused by the thunderstorms and the accompanying lightning strikes to spark the fires (Watts et al. 1996; Watts and Hansen 1994). The increased precipitation also resulted in the formation of the large swamp systems such as the Okefenokee and Everglades (Gleason and Stone 1994). After this time, modern floral, climatic, and environmental conditions began to be established.

ACI 2-6 CRAS Gopher Ridge South Farm P20093

3.0 CULTURE HISTORY

A discussion of the culture history the region provides a framework within which the local archaeological and historic record can be examined. Archaeological and historic sites are not individual entities but are the remains of once dynamic cultural systems. As a result, they cannot be adequately examined or interpreted without reference to other sites and resources in the area. In general, the culture history of an area (i.e., an archaeological region) outlines the sequence of archaeological cultures through time. These cultures are defined largely in geographical terms but also reflect shared environmental and cultural factors. The project area is situated at the interface of the Caloosahatchee and Glades archaeological regions, but is inland far enough to be considered part of the Glades culture area due to the lack of intensive coastal interaction (Carr and Beriault 1984; Griffin 1988) (Figure 3.1). It should be noted that this regional assignment is one of several competing interpretations for the area, and Griffin (1988) supplies an excellent discussion of alterative groupings.

Figure 3.1. Florida Archaeological Regions.

The area is better understood after the introduction of pottery (ca. 500 BCE [Before Common Era]). Prior to this, regional characteristics of native populations are not easily identified, as malleable materials such as textiles and basketry, which lend themselves to cultural expression, are typically destroyed by environmental processes. With the arrival of pottery, the clay provided both a means of cultural expression and an archaeologically durable artifact. Thus, the use of pottery as a marker of cultural diversity probably post-dates the inception of distinct Florida cultures by many centuries.

The local history of the region is divided into four broad periods named with reference to the prevailing governmental powers or historical trends. The first period, Colonialism, occurred during the exploration and control of Florida by the Spanish and British from around 1513 until 1821. At that time, Florida became a territory of the United States and 21 years later became a State (Territorial and

ACI 3-1 CRAS Gopher Ridge South Farm P20093

Statehood). The Civil War and Aftermath (1861-1899) period covers the Civil War, the period of Reconstruction following the war, and the late 1800s, when the transportation systems were dramatically increased and development throughout the state expanded. The Twentieth Century period has subperiods based on important historic events such as the World Wars, the Boom of the 1920s, and the Depression. Each of these periods evidenced differential development and utilization of the region, thus effecting the historic archeological site distribution.

3.1 Paleoindian

Current archaeological evidence indicates that the earliest human occupation of the Florida peninsula dates back some 13,500 years ago or ca. 11,500 BCE (Widmer 1988). The earliest occupation is referred to as the Paleoindian period, which lasted until approximately 7000 BCE. During this time, the climate of South Florida was much drier than today. Sea level was 80 to 130 m (260-425 ft) lower than present and the coast extended approximately 160 kilometers (km) (100 miles) seaward on the Gulf coast. With lower sea levels, today’s well-watered inland environments were arid uplands (Milanich 1994). Lake Okeechobee, the Caloosahatchee, Myakka, and Peace Rivers, the Big Cypress, and the Everglades were probably dry. Because of drier global conditions and little or no surface water available for evaporation, Florida’s rainfall was much lower than at present (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980). Potable water was obtainable at sinkholes where the lower water table could be reached. Plant and animal life were also more diverse around the oases that were frequented by both people and game animals (Milanich 1994; Widmer 1988).

Thus, the prevailing environmental conditions were largely uninviting to human habitation during the Paleoindian period (Griffin 1988:191). Given the inhospitable climate, it is not surprising that the population was sparse and Paleoindian sites are uncommon in south Florida. Exceptions include two sites to the north in Sarasota County, Little Salt Springs (Clausen et al. 1979) and Warm Mineral Springs (Clausen et al. 1975a, 1975b; Cockrell and Murphy 1978) and one site to the southeast, Cutler Fossil Site, in Dade County (Carr 1986).

Archaeologists hypothesize that this period was characterized by small groups utilizing a hunting and gathering mode of subsistence. Dunbar (2006a:540) suggests that Paleoindians identified and migrated to “unexploited resource-rich areas” of food. Permanent sources of water, scarce during this time, were very important in settlement selection as well (Daniel and Wisenbaker 1987). This settlement model, often referred to as the Oasis Hypothesis (Milanich 1994:41), has a high correlation with geologic features in southern Florida such as deep sink holes like those noted in Sarasota and Dade counties. Sites of this period are most readily identified based on distinctive lanceolate shaped stone projectile points including those of the Simpson and Suwannee types (Bullen 1975). The tool assemblage also included items manufactured of bone, wood, and very likely leather, as well as plant fibers (Clausen et al. 1979).

3.2 Archaic

The succeeding Archaic period is divided into three temporal periods: Early Archaic (ca. 7000 to 5000 BCE), Middle Archaic (ca. 5000 to 2000 BCE), and the Late Archaic (ca. 2000 to 500 BCE). According to Widmer (1988), the extreme aridity of the south Florida region during the Early Archaic period may have led to the abandonment of the area. Sites of the Early Archaic and Middle Archaic are not common in southern Florida. In a recent archaeological context, James Pepe confirms the locations of three Early Archaic and 13 Middle Archaic sites in the 13 county Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Project (CERP) area (Janus Research 2008). Initially, the settlement patterns and tools of

ACI 3-2 CRAS Gopher Ridge South Farm P20093

the Early Archaic were like those of the preceding Paleoindian period, but through time, more wetland habitats began to emerge.

During the Archaic, marked environmental changes occurred that had profound influence upon human settlement and subsistence practices. Humans adapted to this changing environment and regional differences are reflected in the archaeological record (Russo 1994a, 1994b; Sassaman 2008). Among the landscape alterations were rises in sea and water table levels that resulted in the creation of more available surface water. It was during this period that Lake Okeechobee, the Everglades, the Big Cypress Swamp, and the Caloosahatchee and Peace Rivers formed. In addition to hydrological changes, this period is characterized by the spread of mesic forests and the beginnings of modern vegetation communities including pine forests and cypress swamps (Griffin 1988; Widmer 1988).

Two Early Archaic horizons, the Bolen and the Kirk, have been identified (Janus Research 2008). The main diagnostic markers for the Bolen Early Archaic are side-notched projectile points such as the Bolen and Greenbriar types (Austin 1997; Bullen 1975) as well as Kirk Corner-Notched (Farr 2006). Other stone artifacts include adzes, Edgefield scrapers, end scrapers, spokeshaves with graver spurs, side scrapers, and Waller knives (Purdy 1981).

In southern Florida, the archaeological record for the Middle Archaic is better known than the Early Archaic. Among the material culture inventory are several varieties of stemmed, broad blade projectile points including those of the Newnan, Levy, Marion, and Putnam types (Bullen 1975). At sites where preservation is good, such as sinkholes and ponds, an elaborate bone tool assemblage is recognized along with shell tools and complicated weaving (Beriault et al. 1981; Wheeler 1994). In addition, artifacts have been found in the surrounding upland areas, such as the upland palmetto and pine flatwoods surrounding the Bay West Site (Beriault et al. 1981). Along the coast, excavations on both Horr’s Island in Collier County and Useppa Island in Lee County (Milanich et al. 1984; Russo 1991) have uncovered pre-ceramic shell middens that date to the Middle Archaic period. The Horr’s Island shell ring is accompanied by at least three ceremonial mounds. Large architectural features such as these were designed to divide, separate, and elevate above other physical positions within the settlement as a reflection and reinforcement of the social segmentation within society (Russo 2008:21). Mortuary sites, characterized by interments in shallow ponds and sloughs, as discovered at the Little Salt Springs Site in Sarasota County (Clausen et al. 1979) and the Bay West Site in Collier County (Beriault et al. 1981), are also distinctive of the Middle Archaic.

The beginning of the Late (or Ceramic) Archaic period is like the Middle Archaic but includes the addition of pottery. The earliest pottery in the south Florida region is fiber-tempered (Orange Plain and Orange Incised), as represented at sites on Key Marco (Cockrell 1970; Widmer 1974). Projectile points of the Late Archaic are primarily stemmed and corner-notched, and include the Culbreath, Clay, and Lafayette types (Bullen 1975). Other Late Archaic lithic tools included hafted scrapers and ovate and triangular-shaped knives (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980)

Essentially modern environmental conditions were reached by the beginning of the Late Archaic period, when freshwater resources were available throughout southern Florida. Sea levels continued to rise slightly during the post Archaic periods, inundating small knolls located along the edge of the Everglades in the process (Carr et al. 1991:125-126; Wheeler 2004:49). The emergence of stable coastal environments led to greater estuarine richness, which permitted larger human populations and regionalization of cultures as people adapted to specific habitats (Milanich 1994:83). The South Florida Native Americans increased their reliance on marine resources in coastal areas and expanded hunting, fishing, and plant collection throughout the interior (Carr 2002:195).

ACI 3-3 CRAS Gopher Ridge South Farm P20093

Until recently, variations of Bullen’s chronology for the Late Archaic Orange culture in northeastern Florida were generally used for the Late Archaic in southern Florida. Fiber-tempered pottery, the earliest known for all North America, was considered a marker for the ceramic portion of the Late Archaic. The use of this standard fiber-tempered sequence for the Late Archaic in southern Florida has come into question. Based on his research in southwestern Florida, Widmer (1988:68) hypothesized that the earliest Late Archaic sites included “untempered chalky pottery and limestone- tempered pottery as well as the usual fiber-tempered Orange pottery.” Austin (1997:136) stated that the “identification of a true Orange Horizon in south Florida is debatable.” Instead, what is more common is the presence of “semi-fiber tempered” pottery in the basal levels of middens, “often in association with thick St. Johns Plain or sand tempered plain sherds, and overlying either culturally sterile sands, or sparse scatters of lithic artifacts” (Austin 1996, 1997). Both Widmer and Austin agreed that semi- fiber tempered components at sites throughout southern Florida are “ephemeral” and soon replaced in the archaeological record by components consisting exclusively of sand-tempered pottery (Austin 1997:136; Widmer 1988:72-73).

Importantly, it is now becoming clear that many of the ubiquitous faunal bone middens located in the interior wetlands of southern Florida date to the Late Archaic, even though many of them lack pottery. Such sites are difficult to date because, not only do they often lack chronologically diagnostic artifacts, most of the faunal bone at the sites lacks collagen, the datable material in bone samples that are sent to radiocarbon labs. Nonetheless, ongoing research by the National Park Service in the Big Cypress National Preserve and Everglades National Park has yielded dense aceramic faunal bone middens yielding radiocarbon dates between 2800 and 1500 BCE (Schwadron 2006).

3.3 Glades

The termination of the Late or Ceramic Archaic corresponds to a time of environmental change. The maturing of productive estuarine systems was accompanied by cultural changes leading to the establishment of what John Goggin originally defined as the “Glades Tradition” (Griffin 1988:133). The Glades Tradition was characterized by “the exploitation of the food resources of the tropical coastal waters, with secondary dependence on game and some use of wild plant foods. Agriculture was apparently not practiced, but pottery was extensively used” (Goggin 1949:28). Unlike much of peninsular Florida, the region does not contain deposits of chert, and as such, stone artifacts are rare. Instead of stone, shell and bone were used as raw materials for tools (Milanich 1994:302).

Most information concerning the post-500 BCE aboriginal populations is derived from coastal sites where the subsistence patterns are typified by the extensive exploitation of fish and shellfish, wild plants, and inland game, like deer. Inland sites show a greater reliance on interior wetland resources. Known inland sites often consist of sand burial mounds and shell and dirt middens along major water courses, and small dirt middens containing animal bone and pottery in oak/palm hammocks, or palm tree islands associated with freshwater marshes (Griffin 1988). These islands of dry ground provided space for settlements (Carr 2002).

Glades I - Beginning around 500 BCE, fiber-tempered and semi fiber-tempered pottery of the Late Archaic period was replaced by sand-tempered pottery (Glades Plain). This change in tempering agent marks the beginning the Glades cultural tradition. For 700 years, sand-tempered plain pottery dominated the assemblage, but from 200 CE (Common Era) and lasting until 800 CE, Gordon’s Pass Incised, Sanibel Incised, and an, as of yet unclassified decorated pottery type, were the predominant decorated types (Carr and Beriault 1984; Griffin 1988). The tremendous increase in Glades I sites within the Big Cypress indicates a dramatic increase in the usage of the area during this time (Widmer

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1988), and the geographic extent of the Glades I diagnostics indicates a considerable degree of interchange and interaction (Griffin 1988).

Glades II - The Glades II era (800 to 1200 CE) is marked by a tremendous diversity in decorated ceramic types. Goggin (n.d.) described the decorations as being “neatly and cleanly cut and apparently made with swift cutting strokes while the clay is partially dry.” Glades IIa (750-900 CE) is identified by the presence of Key Largo Incised, Opa Locka Incised, and Miami Incised. During Glades IIb (900-1100 CE), Key Largo Incised remained the primary decorated ware. The number of sites increased, and the period would appear to be one of “relative stability in technology and subsistence” (Griffin 1988:140). From ca. 1100 to 1200 CE there is conspicuous absence of decorated pottery and the number of sites drops dramatically (Griffin 1988:142). This cultural hiatus has been correlated to the NeoAtlantic warm period and associated with high sea levels (Fairbridge 1984; Gleason et al. 1984).

Glades III - The Glades III era begins with the reintroduction of decorated ceramics; however, the motifs and techniques are noticeably different from previous styles. Glades IIIa (1200-1400 CE) is identified by the appearance of Surfside Incised, St. Johns Check Stamped, and Safety Harbor wares. There is also an accompanying increase in bone ornaments. Then again, ca. 1400 CE, ceramic decoration ceases except for tooled rim types (Griffin 1988). Griffin hypothesizes that this ceramic style might have been associated with increasing Calusa influence in the area (Griffin 1988:142).

Whereas the earlier cultural periods of the Glades area are defined exclusively by the archaeological record, historical documents provide greater information, including tribal names, for the peoples of the terminal Glades III period. Much of the early historical ethnographic information is derived from the account of Hernando d’Escalante Fontaneda, a Spanish captive of the Calusa (True 1944). During his 17-year captivity, Fontaneda learned of the political structure, economy, social hierarchy, and religion of the south Florida Indians.

3.4 Colonialism

The cultural traditions of the native Floridians changed because of European expansion into the New World. The initial events, authorized by the Spanish crown in the 1500s, ushered in devastating European contact. After Ponce de Leon’s landing near St. Augustine and circumnavigation of the peninsula in 1513, official Spanish explorations were confined to the west coast of Florida until 1565. Florida’s east coast, lacking deep-water harbors like Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor, was left to a few shipwrecked sailors from treasure ships, which, by 1551, sailed through the Straits of Florida on their way to Spain. When the first Europeans arrived in coastal southwest Florida in the 16th century, they encountered the Calusa, a powerful, complex society ruled by a paramount chief. The principal town of the Calusa is thought to have been on Mound Key in Estero Bay. Documents suggest that the Calusa chief ruled over 50 towns, from which he exacted tribute (Widmer 1988).

Between 1513 and 1558, Spain launched several expeditions of exploration and ultimately failed, colonization of La Florida. Archaeological evidence of contact can be found in the form of European trade goods such as glass beads, bells, and trinkets recovered from village sites. Prior to the settlement of St. Augustine in 1565, European contact with the indigenous peoples was sporadic and brief; however, the repercussions were devastating. The southeastern Native American population of 1500 has been estimated at 1.5 to 2 million (Dobyns 1983). Following exposure to Old World diseases such as bubonic plague, dysentery, influenza, and smallpox, epidemics to which they had no immunity, the Native American population of the New World was reduced by as much as 90% (Ramenofsky 1987). The social consequences of such a swift and merciless depopulation were staggering. Within 87 years of Ponce de Leon’s landing, the Mississippian cultures of the Southeast were collapsed (Smith

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1987). In 1708, the Spanish government reported that three hundred refugees were all that remained of the original Florida population (Mulroy 1993).

Along the Gulf Coast between Charlotte Harbor and Tampa Bay, Spanish and Cuban fishermen established communities, or “ranchos,” with the earliest being at Useppa Island and San Carlos Bay (Hammond 1973; Palov 1999). There is growing archaeological evidence that the surviving Native Americans of the region were assimilated into these mixed communities (Almy 2001; Hann 1991; Neill 1968; Palov 1999). These west coast ranchos supplied dried fish to Cuban and northern markets until the mid-1830s, when the Seminole Indian Wars and customs control closed the fisheries.

During the two centuries following the settlement of St. Augustine, the Spanish widened their Florida holdings to include the settlement at Pensacola and a garrison at Saint Marks. With the English to the north and the French to the west, the Spanish colony of La Florida was extremely fragile. In the early 1700s, Spain invited some of the Lower Creek Indians, displaced by British settlements, into La Florida to provide a hostile buffer against the British (Mulroy 1993). What formed as a border population evolved as other bands of Lower Creek extraction moved into the peninsula. This first migration formed a confederation, which included Cowkeeper and his Alachua band, the Apalachicolas, and the Mikasukis (Mulroy 1993).

The Treaty of Paris (1763) reallocated the English, French, and Spanish holdings in the New World. As a result, Florida was ceded to the English. After this, bands of Upper Creek, Muskogee speakers, began moving into Florida, increasing the Native American population to around two thousand by 1790 (Mulroy 1993). Although cultural distinctions existed between the various Native American groups entering Florida, Europeans collectively called them Seminoles:

The word Seminole means runaway or broken off. Hence Seminole is a distinctive appellation, applicable to all the Indians in the Territory of Florida, as all of them run away, or broke off, from the Creek or Nuiscoge [Muskogee] nation (U.S. Congress 1837).

The Seminoles formed, at various times, loose confederacies for mutual protection against the new American Nation to the north (Tebeau 1980:72) which considered them to be “the wildest and fiercest remnant of a tribe which has been distinguished for their ceaseless opposition to the arts of civilization” (U.S. Congress 1850). The Seminoles were joined by escaped slaves from South Carolina and Georgia (Porter 1996), “many of whom were seduced from the service of their masters” (Jackson et al. 1817-1818). The loss of slave labor, particularly considering the abolitionists’ movement in the northeast, coupled with the anxiety of having a free and hostile slave population immediately to the south, caused great concern among plantation owners. This historically underestimated nuance of the Seminole Wars prompted General Thomas S. Jesup to say, “This you may be assured is a negro and not an Indian War” (Knetsch 2003:104).

Following the treaty of Paris (1763), the ensuing decades witnessed the American Revolution during which English loyalists immigrated to Florida. Following the Revolution, the second Treaty of Paris (1783) returned Florida to Spain; however, Spanish influence was nominal during this second period of ownership. For the next 36 years, Spain, from the vantage of Florida, watched with growing concern as the infant American Nation to the north gained momentum. When the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803, Spain was hemmed in.

When the Seminoles began cross-border raids from Spanish Florida into the United States, General Andrew Jackson was commission to defend the nation. His orders permitted him to cross the international border to pursue Seminoles, but he was to respect Spanish authority. General Jackson’s

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subsequent actions belie either tacit instructions or a personal agenda, as he killed hundreds of Indians and runaway slaves, took control of several Spanish garrisons and towns, confiscated the Spanish royal archives, named an American as governor of the area, and announced that the Spanish economic laws would be replaced by the revenue laws of the United States (Tebeau 1980). This aggression understandably strained relations between the United States and Spain. Spain, who had more pressing concerns with its Central and South American colonies, ceded Florida to the United States in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 in exchange for the territory west of the Sabine River.

3.5 Territorial and Statehood

Andrew Jackson, named provisional governor of Florida, divided the territory into St. Johns and Escambia Counties. At that time, St. Johns County encompassed all of Florida lying east of the Suwannee River, and Escambia County included the land lying to the west. In the first territorial census in 1825, some 317 persons reportedly lived in South Florida; by 1830 that number had risen to 517 (Tebeau 1980:134).

Although what became known as the First Seminole War (the cross border hostilities between the United States and the Seminoles) was fought in north Florida, the Treaty of Moultrie Creek in 1823, at the end of the war, was to affect the settlement of south Florida. In exchange for occupancy of a four- million-acre reservation south of Ocala and north of Charlotte Harbor, the Seminoles relinquished their claim to the remainder of the peninsula (Covington 1958; Mahon 1985). The treaty satisfied neither the Indians nor the settlers. The inadequacy of the reservation, the desperate situation of the Seminoles, and the demand of would-be settlers for their removal, produced another conflict.

By 1835, the Second Seminole War was underway, initiated with the Seminole attack on Major Dade’s company in route to Fort King. Although much of the Second Seminole War occurred in central Florida, as the Seminoles fled southward into the Big Cypress and Everglades, U.S. forces pursued them. In October 1840, U.S. Secretary of War Joel Poinsett advised commander Armistead that the construction of fixed post installations should be discontinued, and temporary depots should be adopted (Knetsch 2003). This new strategy was a direct response to the guerilla-like warfare utilized by the Seminoles and the abandonment of set piece warfare. Because of this directive, the landscape of south Florida was dotted with depots and only slightly more substantial “forts.” The forts of south Florida very rarely approximated the size and permanency of forts such as Brooke, King, and Mellon. The Mackay and Blake map from this time shows several roads/trails in the vicinity and Forts Adams, Deynaud, and Thompson to the north and Fort Keais to the south (Mackay and Blake 1839) (Figure 3.2). Geo-referencing maps from this time is a difficult proposition, thus this figure shows the approximate location of the project area.

The federal government ended the Second Seminole War in 1842 by withdrawing troops from Florida. At the war’s end, some of the battle-weary Seminoles were persuaded to emigrate to the Oklahoma Indian Reservation where the federal government had set aside land for them. After much political deliberation over the fate of black Seminoles (Knetsch 2003:126), approximately 500 black Seminoles could accompany the “red Seminoles” west (Porter 1996). Those Seminoles who wished to remain in Florida could do so, but the reservation boundary was redrawn, reducing Seminole lands to south and west of Lake Istokpoga in Highlands County. To limit contact between the Seminoles and Cuban fishermen, the offshore islands were excluded from the territory (Covington 1982:3). The government considered these two and one half million acres “a temporary hunting and planting reserve” (Covington 1982:3), and continued to pressure the remaining Seminoles to leave by “sending a delegation of their tribe, which have emigrated West, to visit their brethren in Florida, and explain to them the advantages of rejoining their tribe” (U.S. Congress 1850).

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Figure 3.2. 1839 Mackay and Blake map showing the approximate location of the project area.

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In 1845, the Union admitted the State of Florida with Tallahassee as the state capital and survey and exploration of the Big Cypress and Okeechobee areas was intensified. Tension mounted as the Seminoles watched with growing alarm the passage of military patrols and survey parties, and complaints were made to Indian Agent Captain Casey that such activities made hostilities inevitable (Covington 1982:30). Patrols typically found little remaining of previous military installations; however, navigation and location was always in doubt given the limited cartography and featureless swamps. One officer lamented that “The maps represent the shape of the Big Cypress so differently in this portion of it and also the course of the creek Okholoakooche [Okaloacoochee Slough] from what I found that I felt doubts if I had yet reached the right place” .

On January 22, 1855, Lt. George Hartsuff, appointed topographical engineer and main surveyor, began exploration of the Big Cypress and Everglades. During this time, he helped establish Forts Simon Drum and Shackleford. When the rainy season of June 1855 set in, survey was suspended and Hartsuff began work on his field notes and maps. In a sketch furnished to the War Department, he showed the exact location of many Indian villages and noted that he had been into the chief haunt of the Indians that contained most of their villages, gardens, and cattle pens (Covington 1982:35). Sampson Forrester, a Black Seminole, provided the following account of the Seminole existence in the swamps:

Within the swamp are many pine-islands, upon which the villages are located. They are susceptible of cultivation; and between them is a cypress swamp, the water from two to three feet deep. The Indians rely principally upon their crops, which, though small, add much to their comfort. Corn, pumpkins, beans, wild potatoes, and cabbage palmetto, afford subsistence. The scarcity of powder deprives them partially of game; though bears and turkey are frequently killed with arrows. Discharging a rifle was forbidden, as in a country so flat and wet the reverberation is in abundance; but there they apprehend discovery. A few ponies, cattle, hogs, and chickens are owned by the chief (Tampa Tribune 1955).

On December 7, 1855, Lieutenant Hartsuff again set out for the Big Cypress with orders to make reconnaissance and take note of any Indian fields and settlements (Covington 1982:1). Within a few days, the company found the charred ashes of Forts Simon Drum and Shackelford, which had been abandoned during the rainy season. Every Indian village entered was found to be deserted, and when leaving Billy Bowlegs’ village on December 18, 1855, artillerymen took bunches of planted bananas. Later, in the day, the company received orders to return to Fort Myers and they began the trip westward. They camped for the evening in a small grove south of present-day Immokalee; 30 Seminole warriors led by Billy Bowlegs ambushed them at 5:00 AM (Covington 1982:1). In what was perhaps the result of misunderstood aggression, and tragically ill-timed orders (had they only left a day earlier), the Third, and final, Seminole War began.

For the following two and a half years, hit and miss skirmishes extended from the Big Cypress and Everglades to Darby in Pasco County and New Smyrna Beach in Volusia County. Through this period, U.S. military strategy ranged from the use of poorly disciplined militia, to aggressive campaigns, to truce offerings. After several previous betrayals, the Seminoles did not respond to the latter tactic. By the summer of 1857, the focus was on Billy Bowlegs in the Big Cypress. This effort was greatly aided using shallow draft boats (Covington 1982). When found, villages were burned, fields were destroyed, horses and cattle were slaughtered, and Seminoles captured. As Seminole warriors were occupied hunting or scouting, captured villagers were typically women and children, the wounded, and the elderly. On November 19, 1857, Captain William Cone’s company discovered an occupied village. Two Seminole guards were killed and five women, thirteen children, and a wounded warrior were taken prisoner (Covington 1982:72).

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During the Seminole War, the U.S. Army Engineers surveyed the region south of the Caloosahatchee River. The Ives map depicts numerous trails in the area as well as Fort Simon Drum to the east and Forts Keais and Doane to the south; the northward trending road leads to Fort Deynaud (Figure 3.3.) (Ives 1856).

Figure 3.3. 1856 Ives map showing the approximate location of the project area.

After years of running, struggling to provide for his people, and mounting attacks when possible, Billy Bowlegs finally surrendered to federal forces at Fort Myers. On May 4, 1858, the ship

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Grey Cloud departed Fort Myers for Egmont Key with 38 warriors and 85 women and children. An additional 45 captives were boarded at Egmont, and the ship set sail for New Orleans where they would depart for Oklahoma. Although some Seminoles remained in the Big Cypress and the Everglades, the U.S. government did not deem it worthy to pursue them. This half-starved and battle-weary population was left to eke out an existence in the south Florida swamps (Covington 1982).

As settlers moved into the Big Cypress region, cattle ranching served as one of the major economic activities. Mavericks left by early Spanish explorers such as DeSoto and Narvaéz provided the stock for the herds raised by the mid-eighteenth century “Cowkeeper” Seminoles. As the Seminoles were pushed further south during the Seminole Wars and their cattle were either sold or left to roam, settlers captured or bought the cattle. By the late 1850s, the cattle industry of southwestern Florida was developing on a significant scale. By 1860, cattlemen from all over Florida drove their herds to Fort Brooke (Tampa) and Punta Rassa for shipment to Cuba, at a considerable profit. During this period, Jacob Summerlin became the first cattle baron of southwest Florida. Known as the “King of the Crackers,” his herds ranged from Ft. Meade to Ft. Myers (Covington 1957).

3.6 Civil War and Aftermath

In 1861, Florida followed South Carolina’s lead and seceded from the Union as a prelude to the Civil War. Florida had much at stake in this war as evidenced in a report released from Tallahassee in June of 1861. It listed the value of land in Florida at $35,127,721 and the value of the slaves at $29,024,513 (Dunn 1989:59). Although the Union blockaded the coast of Florida during the war, the interior of the state saw very little military action. Florida became one of the major contributors of beef to the Confederate government (Shofner 1995:72). Summerlin originally had a contract with the Confederate government to market thousands of head a year at eight dollars per head. However, by driving his cattle to Punta Rassa and shipping them to Cuba, he received 25 dollars per head (Grismer 1946:83). To limit the supply of beef transported to the Confederate government, Union troops stationed at Ft. Myers conducted several raids into the Peace River Valley to seize cattle and destroy ranches. In response, Confederate supporters formed the Cattle Guard Battalion, consisting of nine companies under the command of Colonel Charles J. Mannerlyn (Akerman 1976). The cattlemen and the farmers in the state lived simply. The typical home was a log cabin without windows or chinking, and settlers’ diets consisted largely of fried pork, corn bread, sweet potatoes, and hominy. The lack of railway transport to other states, the federal embargo, and the enclaves of Union supporters and Union troops holding key areas such as Jacksonville and Ft. Myers prevented an influx of finished materials. As a result, settlement remained limited until after the Civil War.

Immediately following the war, the South underwent a period of “Reconstruction” to prepare the Confederate States for readmission to the Union. The program was administered by the U.S. Congress, and on July 25, 1868, Florida officially returned to the Union. After the war ended, southerners who faced reconstruction and rebuilding saw Florida as a frontier full of opportunity and welcome. In southwest Florida, settlers first arrived by ones or twos, drifting through the area. Many of the early arrivals, however, were apparently “squatters” (Tebeau 1966:167). In most of the early settlements, development followed the earlier pattern with few settlers, one or two stores, and a lack of available overland transportation.

In the 1870s, while the region was still part of Monroe County, settlement of Collier County evolved slowly and in isolated pockets. Immokalee, Everglades City, Chokoloskee, Marco, Caxambas, Goodland, and Naples served as the early centers for settlement (Tebeau 1966:96). These first permanent pioneers were farmers; the hunters and fishermen who had preceded them established only

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temporary camps. As the land was largely impassable, their market was Key West, a growing city which produced almost none of its own food (Tebeau 1966).

The Homestead Act, created by Congress in 1862, allowed settlers to obtain title to 160 acres by residing on and working the land. The property had to first be surveyed by the government. It was not until the 1870s that M.H. Clay, Samuel Hamblen, W.L. Apthorp, and T.S. Stearns surveyed the lands within Townships 46 and 47 South, Ranges 29 and 30 East (State of Florida 1873b, 1873c, 1874b, 1874c). Other than the Southeast Road, an old military road with a branch leading to Fort Simon Drum, no historic features were identified within or proximate to the project area (Figure 3.4). The lands within the project area were primarily described a 3rd rate prairie (dry and wet) with scattered pines, ponds, and cypress (State of Florida 1872b:859-862, 1872a:27-29, 158, 185, 1873a:747-748, 1874a:366, 406-408, 417).

Figure 3.4. 1873 and 1874 plats showing the project area.

By the early 1880s, the State of Florida faced a fiscal crisis involving title to public lands. By act of Congress in 1850, the federal government turned over to the states for drainage and reclamation all “swamp and overflow land.” Florida received approximately 10,000,000 acres. To manage that land and the 5,000,000 acres the state had received on entering the Union, the state legislature in 1851 created the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Fund. In 1855, the legislature established the actual fund (the Florida Internal Improvement Fund), in which state lands were to be held. The fund became mired in debt after the Civil War and under state law no land could be sold until the debt was cleared. In 1881, the Trustees started searching for a buyer capable of purchasing enough acreage to pay off the fund’s debt and permit the sale of the remaining millions of acres that it controlled. In 1881, Hamilton Disston, a member of a prominent Pennsylvania saw manufacturing family entered into an agreement with the State of Florida to purchase four million acres of swamp and overflowed land for one million dollars. In exchange, he promised to drain and improve the land. This transaction, which

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became known as the Disston Purchase, enabled the distribution of large land subsidies to railroad companies, inducing them to begin extensive construction programs for new lines throughout the state. The purchase, although technically legal, was extremely generous with the designation “swamp and overflow land.” Grismer (1946) estimates that at least half of the acreage was “high and dry.” Disston and the railroad companies, in turn, sold smaller parcels of land to developers and private investors (Tebeau and Carson 1965:252). The land within the project area was deeded to the Plant Investment Company (1886), the Carrabelle, Tallahassee & Georgia Railroad Company (1894), the Florida Commercial Company (1886), and the Jacksonville, Tampa, Key West Railroad Company (1890) (State of Florida n.d.-a:159-160, n.d.-b:266-268).

By the late 1880s, squatters were sufficient in numbers to protest when “their land” became the property of Hamilton Disston. Squatters could have purchased the land on which they had taken up residence and constructed improvements, for such a provision was made in the Disston contracts. But the early settlers believed they should each be permitted to homestead 160 acres of high and dry land. They had not been able to do so because the land was designated “swamp and overflowed” and title to it had been transferred to the state (Tebeau 1966:167).

Disston’s purchase included what is now Naples, and he formed the Florida Land and Improvement Company. In 1886, Charles Adams bought a parcel from Disston which formed the basis for the Naples Town Improvement Company of Tallahassee. When John Williams and Walter Haldeman, both from Kentucky, decided “Naples” was the perfect place to develop a city, they bought the controlling interest in the Naples Town Improvement Company. They reorganized it, gave it new direction, and renamed it the Naples Company. With Haldeman directing the work, the company was ready, by December 1887, to embark into a new period of full-scale town building and improvement including a hotel, churches, and shops. The name “Naples” is attributed to numerous Florida developers’ sales schemes to romanticize the Florida peninsula into a pleasant “Italian” seaside resort. Unfortunately, the only activity for the next few years was on paper - the buying and selling of land; little construction took place (Jamro and Lanterman 1985). In 1887, the land, which today is Collier County, became part of the newly created Lee County. It was named for Barron Gift Collier, a Memphis born businessman who promoted the region’s development.

When Billy Bowlegs departed for Oklahoma, Old Tiger Tail became the de facto leader of the remaining Seminoles. He lived at the headwaters of the Okaloacoochee Slough and his holdings included cattle, agricultural fields, and Corn Dance Grounds (West 1990). In 1891, under the direction of Amelia S. Quinton, the Women’s National Indian Association resolved to establish a mission near Immokalee (then known as Allen’s Place) (West 1990). Dr. J.E. Brecht and his wife were hired as missionaries, and the mission consisted of a residence, a schoolhouse, barn, and fenced land. It was as this time that Allen’s Place became known as Immokalee (Mikasuki for “home”). A lumber mill was established in 1892 to provide the Native Americans with employment and industrial training, although it burned down the following year (FPS 1986:62). In 1893, the Episcopal Dioceses established a mission for the Seminoles and the federal government established an agency there. The Episcopal Indian Mission held its first service in 1896, though established for the Indians, white settlers made use of the church until 1924 (Tebeau 1966). In 1896, trader Bill Brown established a post on the western rim of the Everglades. Over time, the missionary activities shifted from Immokalee to Brown’s Landing where the Glade Cross Mission was established. As a result, when the Big Cypress Reservation boundaries were drawn, they included the Glade Cross Mission, but Immokalee was excluded. When the reservation was created, Bill Brown’s son, Frank, who grew up amongst the Seminoles, was appointed the Agent for the reservation (Brown 1989).

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3.7 Twentieth Century

From 1899 until 1914, the Naples Company struggled but the town slowly grew. In 1914, E. W. Crayton, an Ohio real estate developer with a successful track record in St. Petersburg, purchased the controlling interest in the company and renamed it the Naples Improvement Company. His direction is credited with leading Naples into the future. In 1925, Naples was incorporated and by 1927, reached by two railroad lines (Dean 1991).

In 1911, successful New York City advertiser, Barron Gift Collier, visited Useppa Island. Collier was captivated, “Frankly, I was fascinated with Florida and swept off my feet by what I saw and felt. It was a wonderland with a magic climate, set in a frame of golden sunshine” (Collier County Museum 2010). Over the next decade, Collier amassed over one million acres in southwest Florida and his property stretched from the Ten Thousand Islands to Useppa Island, and from the coast to the Big Cypress and the Everglades (Clement n.d.). Collier was the largest landholder in the state and created a luxury resort, the Useppa Inn, which was visited by corporate giants, presidents, movie stars, authors, and sports celebrities. To facilitate development, Collier made a pledge to the Florida State Legislature to complete the Tamiami Trail from Tampa to Miami (Naples Daily News 1976). The roadway was finished in 1928 and as traffic increased, southwest Florida’s tourist industry was born (Scupholm 1997). The construction of the Tamiami Trail had a tremendous effect on Seminole settlement patterns. The roadway interrupted traditional canoe routes and as a result, Seminoles were forced to use the Tamiami Canal, which was created during road construction. Many Seminole families moved closer to the Tamiami Canal to facilitate canoe transportation (Carr 2002).

On July 7, 1923, the state legislature created Collier County and named Everglades City as county seat. Collier became the second largest county in Florida with a land area of 2032 square miles. At the time of its creation, the county consisted of pine and cypress land and extensive swampland. The towns within the county, Immokalee, Naples, Marco, Caxambas, Chokoloskee, Deep Lake, and Everglades City, were all small settlements separated by almost inaccessible terrain.

Barron Collier was instrumental in bringing modern communications, roadways, and railroads to his namesake county (Collier County Museum 2010). His promotions eventually opened the area’s enormous agricultural and resort potential, but the Great Depression halted growth. The number of residents in 1925 of 1256 grew to only 2883 by 1930 (Tebeau 1966:212). By the mid-1930s, federal programs, implemented by the Roosevelt administration, started employing large numbers of construction workers, helping to revive the economy of the state. The programs were instrumental in the construction of parks, bridges, and public buildings. However, Collier County’s economy and population remained at a virtual standstill until the end of WWII when a new wave of national prosperity sent thousands of people to Florida (Dean 1991).

Improvements in transportation included the 1921 Atlantic Coast Line (ACL) Railway Company’s extension south from LaBelle to Immokalee. The town took on new importance and became a center for inland activity in Collier County (Tebeau 1966). While Barron Collier was promoting the Tamiami Trail, he and his supporters were also trying to open a direct highway route from Immokalee to the county seat of Everglades City. By 1923, an unimproved road from LaBelle through Immokalee, terminating at Deep Lake, was depicted on a Florida State Map (Kendrick 1964). This road was completed between Immokalee and Everglades City in the early 1920s (FPS 1986). Collier County induced the ACL to continue its line south to Everglades City around 1927. The two projects linked the town with outer areas of the county and the Tamiami Trail. With the arrival of the railroad and road Immokalee became a center for ranching, farming, and lumbering (Tebeau 1966).

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In 1923, Collier County had one of the largest stands of virgin cypress and pine timber in the country (Tebeau 1966). Roads leading into the Everglades were completed in the 1920s, enabling logging companies to exploit the region’s cypress (Klinkenberg 1994). From the 1920s to the late 1950s, steam powered mills cut cypress board, which was valued for its durability and imperviousness to water. “Swamp Loggers” would fell the trees and oxen and mules would pull the downed trees to temporary tram railways where they were loaded for transport to the nearby mills. Logging activities in the Big Cypress Swamp and Fakahatchee Strand were prevalent in the 1940s in response to wartime needs (U.S. Fish and Wildlife n.d.). The cypress was used in the construction of P.T. boats, and, later, was shipped to Europe to supply the post-war rebuilding efforts (Klinkenberg 1994). Two of the companies with logging operations in the area were the Lee Tidewater Cypress Company and the C. J. Jones Logging Company. The logging industry required the construction of rail lines traversed by steam locomotives, which resulted in the establishment of several sawmills and lumber towns within the region. The largest of these towns was Jerome, located off present-day State Road 29, north of US 41 (Tamiami Trail) (Klinkenberg 1994). Two mills, one at Naples and the other at Bonita Springs, reached into the timber lands from the west coast (Tebeau 1966:252). However, because of heavy lumbering activities from the 1940s to 1957, much of the trees were cleared (FDEP n.d.; Tebeau 1966; U.S. Fish and Wildlife n.d.). Based on maps from the USDA 1954 Soil Survey for Collier County, Florida, a series of trails and tram lines once spread into the swampy interior region of the County from the west coast. The railroad grades in the region appear to have led to a north-south trending line near the coast, running several miles inland. These appear to have been part of the county’s cypress and pine timbering industry (USDA 1954) (Figure 3.5). There are several trails or possible tram lines that traversed the project area, many of them are also seen on the earlier 1947 map of Collier County (Copeland 1947) (Figure 3.). When the cypress supply was exhausted, logging establishments became ghost towns, and the rail lines were abandoned, leaving only remnant segments of trails and ditches.

Figure 3.5. 1954 Collier County soil map showing the project area.

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Figure 3.6. 1947 Collier County map (Copeland 1947) showing the project area.

In 1943, the first commercial oil well in Florida was drilled in Sunniland. The Humble Oil and Refining Company (now Exxon) struck crude, finally proving that there is oil in Florida. Sunniland remained the state’s only commercial oil field until 1964. In the 1950s, thousands of acres of cheap farmland opened due to the extensive drainage projects. Drainage of the project area began in the 1960s when farming was initiated (Agnoli 2020). At approximately this time, the agricultural thrust in Collier County began with approximately 640 cultivated acres near Ochopee-Copeland. By the early 1970s, citrus, watermelons, tomatoes, bell peppers, and cucumbers were the largest producing crops in the area. Other vegetable crops included squash, cantaloupes, potatoes, melons, cabbage, lettuce, eggplant, corn, beans, and okra (Naples Daily News 1973).

Like many Florida communities, World War II changed the face of Naples and later added to its growth. Largely, the post-World War II development of Collier County is like that of the rest of America: increasing numbers of automobiles and asphalt, an interstate highway system, suburban sprawl, and strip development along major state highways. The county, like most of Florida, experienced a population boom in the 1950s. Florida’s population increased from 1,897,414 in 1940 to 1950 in 2,771,305. Collier County’s population grew from 5082 in 1940 to 6488 in 1950 (Forstall 1995). After the war, car ownership increased, making the American public more mobile, making vacations more inexpensive and easier. Many who had served at Florida’s military bases during World War II also returned with their families to live. As veterans returned, the trend in new housing focused on the development of small tract homes in new subdivisions.

The agricultural growth of the county led to an influx of migrant workers into the area. In 1966, Collier County began its first effort to house these workers. The Farm Workers Village, located along

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SR 29, was a 491-unit apartment complex operated by the county Housing Authority, it provided affordable housing to the workers as well as daycare, postal services, a convenience store, laundromat, and educational facilities (Naples Daily News 1991). The number of permanent Collier County residents grew rapidly from 6,488 in 1950 to 85,000 by 1980. In 1967, SR 84 (Alligator Alley) or the Everglades Parkway was built. In 1970, FDOT appointed an advisory panel to evaluate possible routes across south Florida for the proposed I-75. The plans were prepared by 1972 and the Interstate was built thereafter, utilizing existing lanes from Alligator Alley for eastbound traffic. Two westbound lanes were built on the vacant strip of land between Alligator Alley and the canal (Duever et al. 1985).

From 1980 to 1990, Collier County experienced a 77% percent increase in population and between 1990 and 2000, the population increased 65%. The population continued to increase in the county, albeit at a slower rate of 28% from 2000 to 2010 with an estimate of 357,470 individuals for 2017. Leisure and hospitality (19.4%) and trade, transportation, and utilities (18.8%) are the two largest sectors of employment in the county today (Enterprise Florida 2017).

3.8 Project Area Specifics

The project area has had a complex ownership history that is difficult to summarize. Essentially, the property as it is today has been acquired in increments over the last century by Barron Collier and family. Today, most of the land is used for cattle ranching, with individual parcels leased out for agriculture (tomatoes, citrus, watermelon, peppers, etc.) and other commercial enterprises (Stoner 2016).

The railroad came through Immokalee in 1921, and logging in the area increased. Most of the logging of pine in the project area took place during the mid-1930s, with a focus on cypress during the 1940s. C.J. Jones cut pine for Collins, with Lee Tidewater Cypress and Cumber and Sons cutting most of the cypress. During the 1930s, Pole Crossing was established by laying trees across Okaloacoochee Slough to facilitate logging; this crossing was located south of today’s CR 846 (Townsend 2016).

The Gopher Ridge Farm property, and all of Florida, was largely unfenced until the mid- twentieth century. Prior to that, land was Open Range, wherein livestock could lawfully be permitted to range freely. In 1949, a law was enacted that brought open range to an end, and barbed wire fencing began to be used extensively. In 1951, Immokalee Ranch was established on the north side of CR 846 in the southern portion of the project area. This ranch is still in operation today. Three structures associated with the ranch complex were recorded as part of Tocala-Sunniland survey (ACI 2016). Many changes in the property have occurred due to landscape alteration and vegetation growth since the 1940s, as can be seen in a comparison of historic and current aerial photographs (Figures 3.7 and 3.8).

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Figure 3.7. 1940 aerial photograph showing the project area.

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Figure 3.8. 1980 aerial photograph showing the project area.

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4.0 RESEARCH CONSIDERATIONS AND METHODS

4.1 Background Research and Literature Review

A review of archaeological and historical literature, records and other documents and data pertaining to the project area was conducted. The focus of this research was to ascertain the types of cultural resources known in the project area and vicinity, their temporal/cultural affiliations, site location information, and other relevant data. This included a review of sites listed in the NRHP, the Florida Master Site File (FMSF), CRAS reports, published books and articles, aerial photographs, unpublished manuscripts, and maps. In addition to the NRHP and FMSF, other information relevant to the historical research was obtained from the files of ACI. The FMSF data in this report were obtained in July 2020, which is the most recent edition. However, according to FMSF staff, input may be a month or more behind receipt of reports and site files. No individuals with knowledge of historic or prehistoric activities specific to the APE were encountered during this project; thus, no informant interviews were conducted.

4.2 Archaeological Considerations

Background research indicated that two archaeological sites have been recorded within 1.6 km (1 mile) of the project area (Figure 4.1). 8CR01443 and 8CR01449 are small middens that were discovered during the survey of the Tocala-Sunniland tract (ACI 2016). These consist of low-density bone scatters, both of which have been determined ineligible for listing in the NRHP by the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). The Gopher Ridge South Farm has been partially surveyed during the Tradeport DRI and Tocala-Sunniland projects (Figure 4.2) (ACI 2007, 2016). Table 4.1 provides a list of the CRAS projects conducted within 1.6 km (1 mile) of the project area. These have been conducted for transportation projects, a variety of developments, a seismic survey, a transmission line, and historic resources identification.

Based on these data, and other regional site location predictive models (ACI 1992, 1999, 2014a, 2014b; Austin 1987; Bellomo and Fuhrmeister 1991; Carr 1988; Dickel 1991; Smith 2008) and informed expectations concerning the types of sites likely to occur within the project area, as well as their probable environmental settings, was generated. As archaeologists have long realized, aboriginal populations did not select their habitation sites and activity areas in a random fashion. Rather, many environmental factors had a direct influence upon site location selection, including soil drainage, distance to water, topography, and proximity to resources. It should be noted that the settlement pattern noted below cannot be applied to sites of the Paleoindian and Early Archaic periods, which precede the onset of modern environmental conditions.

Analysis of the April 2020 data for the 32 aboriginal archaeological sites, with known locations in the Immokalee Rise physiographic region of Collier County that is outside of National Park Service (NPS) lands, was conducted. The NPS lands were not included as there is not a modern soil survey for that area. Historic archaeological sites and aboriginal archaeological sites that were plotted “per vague verbal description” were deleted from this analysis. Although this is a small sample size, it can give us clues as to which areas were preferred.

Proximity to water is an important site location feature. Over 96% of the sites are located within 100 m (328 ft) of a water source, and only one of the sites further than 200 m (656 ft) from a water source (Table 4.2). Ninety percent of the sites are proximate to a wetland or swamp, while three sites are associated with a lake.

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Figure 4.1. Previously recorded cultural resources within 1.6 km (1 mi) of the project area.

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Figure 4.2. Previous CRAS projects conducted within the project area.

Table 4.1. Surveys conducted within 1.6 km (1 mile) of the project area. # of # of Newly Previously REFERENCE PROJECT Recorded Recorded Resources Resources 1108 / (FPS 1986) Historical/architectural Survey of Collier County. 120 0 Cultural Resources Assessment Survey SR 29, from 1.5 4140 / (ACI 1995) Miles North of Oil Well Road to South of CR 846 (Two 1 0 Miles and One Bridge) Collier County, Florida An Archaeological and Historic Reconnaissance Survey 10926 / (Beriault of the Immokalee Regional Airport Parcel, Collier 0 0 2004) County, Florida An Addendum to the Cultural Resource Predictive 14027 / (ACI 2007) Model Collier Enterprises, LTD. The Tradeport DRI, 1 0 Collier County, Florida An Intensive Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of 15682 / (Bland 2008) the Proposed Florida Army National Guard Readiness 0 0 Center, Collier County, Florida Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Tocala- 23218 / (ACI 2016) Sunniland 3D Seismic Survey Project Collier and 46 1 Hendry Counties, Florida Cultural Resource Assessment Survey for the State 25332 / (Janus Road 29 Project Development & Environmental Study 44 2 Research 2018) from Oil Well Road (County Road 858) to State Road 82, Collier County, FL

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# of # of Newly Previously REFERENCE PROJECT Recorded Recorded Resources Resources Cultural Resource Assessment Survey for the 25900 / (Janus Immokalee Complete Streets Tiger Grant IX Project, 0 0 Research 2019a) Collier County, FL 26188 / (Janus Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Orange River to 0 0 Research 2019b) Terrytown 500 kV Transmission Line Rebuild

Table 4.2. Distribution of sites by water type and distance. Type ≤100 m (356 ft) ≤200 m (656 ft) ≤300 m (984 ft) Total Cnt % Cnt % Cnt % Cnt % Lake 3 9.38% 0.00% 0.00% 3 9.38% Swamp/wetland 28 87.50% 0.00% 1 3.13% 29 90.63% Total 31 96.88% 0 0.00% 1 3.13% 32 100.00%

Soil types and their drainage characteristics can also be used to assess the likelihood for aboriginal site occurrence (Almy 1978). There are 45 soil types within this study area; of which 36 have recorded archaeological sites (Table 4.3). Many of the sites occurred on more than one soil type. This analysis only includes the four types covering the greatest acreage for each site, which totaled 41 soil type occurrences. The column “1”, indicates that this soil type had the greatest area of the site, and so on down the line, so that the “4” column had the smallest site acreage. However, this analysis may not prove an accurate representation of the site distribution. While we know the percentage of sites on the various soil types, we do not have an accurate assessment as to how much of each soil type has been surveyed for archaeological sites.

Table 4.3. Distribution of sites by drainage and soil types. % of % of DRAINAGE/Soil Type, % slopes 1 2 3 4 Total difference Area Sites MODERATELY WELL DRAINED Pomello fine sand, 0-2% 0.95% 1 0 1 2.44% 1.49% Total 0.95% 1 0 1 2.44% 1.49% POORLY DRAINED Basinger fine sand, 0-2% 5.79% 0 0.00% -5.79% Boca fine sand, 0-2% 1.52% 2 2 4.88% 3.35% Ft. Drum and Malabar, high, fine sands 1.34% 0 0.00% -1.34% Hallandale and boca fine sands 0.06% 0 0.00% -0.06% Hallandale fine sand, 0-2% 0.04% 0 0.00% -0.04% Hilolo, Jupiter, and Margate fine sands 0.80% 6 6 14.63% 13.83% Holopaw fine sand, 0-2% 4.44% 2 2 4.88% 0.44% Holopaw fine sand, limestone 0.25% 0 0.00% -0.25% substratum (ls) Immokalee fine sand, 0-2% 19.19% 1 1 2.44% -16.75% Malabar fine sand, 0-2% 4.50% 4 4 9.76% 5.26% Myakka fine sand, 0-2% 1.44% 0 0.00% -1.44% Oldsmar fine sand, 0-2% 12.71% 0 0.00% -12.71% Oldsmar fine sand, ls 0.99% 1 1 2.44% 1.45% Pennsuco silt loam 0.06% 0 0.00% -0.06% Pineda and Riviera fine sands 3.67% 2 1 1 4 9.76% 6.08% Pineda fine sand, ls 0.23% 0 0.00% -0.23% Riviera fine sand, ls 0.65% 0 0.00% -0.65% Riviera, ls-Copeland fine sands 1.02% 1 1 2.44% 1.42%

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% of % of DRAINAGE/Soil Type, % slopes 1 2 3 4 Total difference Area Sites Tuscawilla fine sand 4.30% 2 2 4 9.76% 5.45% Wabasso fine sand, 0-2% 5.40% 2 2 4.88% -0.52% Total 68.41% 22 4 1 0 27 65.85% -2.55% VERY POORLY DRAINED Boca, Riviera, ls, and Copeland fine 7.11% 3 1 4 9.76% 2.64% sands, depressional (depr) Chobee, ls, and Dania mucks, depr 0.21% 0 0.00% -0.21% Chobee, Winder, and Gator soils, depr 6.94% 1 1 2 4.88% -2.06% Holopaw and Okeelanta soils, depr 1.19% 0 0.00% -1.19% Winder, Riviera, ls, and Chobee soils, 13.13% 2 2 4 9.76% -3.38% depr Total 28.59% 6 4 0 0 10 24.39% -4.20% OTHER Urban land 0.01% 0 0.00% -0.01% Urban land-Holopaw-Basinger complex 0.01% 0 0.00% -0.01% Urban land-Immokalee-Oldsmar, ls, 0.95% 0 0.00% -0.95% complex Urban land-Matlacha-Boca complex 0.02% 0 0.00% -0.02% Water 1.07% 3 3 7.32% 6.25% Total 2.05% 3 0 0 3 7.32% 5.27% Grand Total 100.00% 32 8 1 0 41 100.00% 0.00%

This portion of Collier County is damp and soggy as evidenced by the fact that 68% of the soils are poorly drained and another 29% of the soils are very poorly drained. The moderately well drained soils do not even make up 1% of the area. Water and urban land underlie the remaining portion (2%) of the study area.

Those soils that have a higher percentage of sites as compared to area (2% or greater) are marked in red on the table, while those that seem less likely to be used (-2% or less) are marked in blue. There are six preferred soil types; in order of preference are: Hilolo, Jupiter, and Margate fine sands; Pineda and Riviera fine sands; Tuscawilla fine sand; Malabar fine sand 0-2% slopes; Boca fine sand, 0-2% slopes; and Boca, Riviera, limestone substratum, and Copeland sands, depressional. The last soil type may have been chosen as a water hole as opposed as a camping area. There are three soils that appear to have been avoided. In order of avoidance, they area Immokalee fine sand, 0-2% slopes; Oldsmar fine sand, 0-2% slopes; and Basinger fine sand, 0-2% slopes.

Based on the environmental setting, the project area was considered to have a variable probability for aboriginal archaeological site occurrence. Four of the preferred soil types are present within the property, as are numerous water sources. Conversely, much of the property is underlain by Immokalee and Oldsmar sand that have a high negative correlation with sites. Figure 4.3 shows the soil types based on preference, from highest to lowest in the legend. Soils with a positive correlation have a hatched symbol, neutral soils have a solid symbol, and negative correlation soils are cross hatched. The Chobee, Winder, and Gator soils, depressional would have been associated with water sources. The figure also includes the location of the dikes, canals, and swales.

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Figure 4.3. Soil type distribution by archaeological site occurrence.

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4.3 Historical Considerations

A review of the FMSF and NRHP revealed that five historic resources (8CR00969, 8CR01454, 8CR01455, 8CR01456, and 8CR01457) were previously recorded within the APE (Figure 4.1). These include one linear resource, the Tradeport Trail (8CR00969), one building complex resource group (8CR01457) that is comprised of two Frame Vernacular style buildings (8CR01454 and 8CR01455), and one Quonset Hut storage building (8CR01456) constructed between circa (ca.) 1950 and ca. 1955. The Tradeport Trail (8CR00969) was identified during the Addendum to the Cultural Resource Predictive Model Collier Enterprises, Ltd. Tradeport DRI Collier County, Florida conducted by ACI in 2007 (Survey No. 14027). It is used as a farm road today. These resource group and three contributing buildings were identified and recorded during the Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Tocala- Sunniland 3D Seismic Survey Project Collier and Hendry Counties, Florida conducted by ACI in 2016 (Survey No. 23218). All five resources have been determined ineligible for listing in the NRHP by the SHPO.

In addition, two previously recorded resources are located adjacent to, but outside of the APE. The World War II-era Immokalee Regional Airport (8CR01087) and a ca. 1942 Drainage Ditch (8CR01499) were recorded during the Cultural Resource Assessment Survey for the State Road 29 Project Development & Environmental Study from Oil Well Road (County Road 858) to State Road 82, Collier County, Florida conducted by Janus Research in 2018 and determined ineligible for listing in the NRHP by the SHPO the same year (Janus Research 2016; Survey No. 25332).

A review of relevant historic United States Geographical Survey (USGS) quadrangle maps, historic aerial photographs, and the Collier County property appraiser’s website data suggested the potential for no new historic resources 50 years of age or older (constructed in 1970 or earlier) within the APE (Skinner 2020).

4.4 Field Methodology

The FDHR’s Module Three, Guidelines for Use by Historic Professionals, indicates that the first stage of archaeological field survey is a reconnaissance of the project area to “ground truth,” or ascertain the validity of the predictive model (FDHR 2003). During this part of the survey, the researcher assesses whether the initial predictive model needs adjustment based on disturbance or conditions such as constructed features (i.e., parking lots, buildings, etc.), underground utilities, landscape alterations (i.e., ditches and swales, mined land, dredged and filled land, agricultural fields), or other constraints that may affect the archaeological potential. Additionally, these Guidelines indicate that non-systematic “judgmental” testing may be appropriate in urbanized environments where pavement, utilities, and constructed features make systematic testing unfeasible; in geographically restricted areas such as proposed pond sites; or within project areas that have limited high and moderate probability zones, but where a larger subsurface testing sample may be desired. While predictive models are useful in determining preliminary testing strategies in a broad context, it is understood that testing intervals may be altered due to conditions encountered by the field crew at the time of survey.

Archaeological field survey methods consisted of surface reconnaissance combined with systematic subsurface testing. Testing was conducted at 200 m (656 ft) intervals along the dikes/canals/ swales in the areas of low archaeological potential (negative correlation soils and absence of water). The testing intervals was decreased to 50 m (164 ft) intervals where the dikes/canals/swales are adjacent to a wetland. Testing was conducted at 100 m (338 ft) intervals along the dikes/canals/swales in the positive correlation soils not near water. Testing was conducted at 25 m (81 ft) intervals adjacent to the wetlands where the preferred soils types are located. Judgmental testing was conducted in areas that

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appeared to have been hammocks on the 1940 aerial photo within the reservoirs or farms. Shovel tests were circular and measured approximately 50 centimeters (cm) (20 inches [in]) in diameter by at least 1 m (3.3 ft) in depth unless precluded by water. All soil removed from the shovel tests was screened through a 0.64 cm (0.25 in) mesh hardware cloth to maximize the recovery of artifacts. The locations of all shovel tests were recorded using the data collection application by ESRI, Collector, with a Trimble R2 with sub-meter module GNSS receiver. Following the recording of relevant data such as stratigraphic profile, all shovel tests were refilled.

Historical/architectural field methodology consisted of a field survey of the APE to determine and verify the location of all buildings and other historic resources (i.e. bridges, roads, cemeteries) that are 50 years of age or older (constructed in or prior to 1970), and to establish if any such resources could be determined eligible for listing in the NRHP. The field survey focused on the assessment of existing conditions for all previously recorded historic resources located within the project APE, and the presence of unrecorded historic resources within the project area. For each property, photographs were taken, and information needed for the completion of FMSF forms was gathered. In addition to architectural descriptions, each historic resource was reviewed to assess style, historic context, condition, and potential NRHP eligibility. Also, informant interviews would have been conducted, if possible, with knowledgeable persons to obtain site-specific building construction dates and/or possible associations with individuals or events significant to local or regional history.

4.5 Inadvertent/Unanticipated Discoveries

Occasionally, archaeological deposits, subsurface features or unmarked human remains are encountered during development, even though the project area may have previously received a thorough and professionally adequate cultural resources assessment. Such events are rare, but they do occur. In the event that human remains are encountered during development, the procedures outlined in Chapter 872, FS must be followed. No human remains were anticipated within the APE; however, the field crew was prepared to follow Chapter 872, FS should such materials be located.

In the event such discoveries are made during the development process, all activities in the immediate vicinity of the discovery will be suspended, and a professional archaeologist will be contacted to evaluate the importance of the discovery. The area will be examined by the archaeologist, who, in consultation with staff of the Florida SHPO, will determine if the discovery is significant or potentially significant. In the event the discovery is found to be not significant, the work may immediately resume. If, on the other hand, the discovery is found to be significant or potentially significant, then development activities in the immediate vicinity of the discovery will continue to be suspended until such time as a mitigation plan, acceptable to SHPO, is developed and implemented. Development activities may then resume within the discovery area, but only when conducted in accordance with the guidelines and conditions of the approved mitigation plan.

4.6 Laboratory Methods/Curation

No cultural materials were recovered; thus, no laboratory methods were utilized. All project related material (including field notes, maps, digital data, and photographs) will be stored at ACI in Sarasota (P20093), unless the client requests otherwise.

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5.0 RESULTS AND CONCLISIONS

5.1 Archaeological Results

Archaeological field survey included surface reconnaissance and the excavation 224 new shovel tests; there were 102 previously excavated shovel tests with the tract, and so these areas were not subject to resurvey (Figures 5.1 and 5.2). Testing was conducted at 200 m (656 ft) intervals along the dikes/canals/ swales in the areas of low archaeological potential (negative correlation soils and absence of water). The testing intervals was decreased to 50 m (164 ft) intervals where the dikes/canals/swales are adjacent to a wetland. Testing was conducted at 100 m (338 ft) intervals along the dikes/canals/swales in the positive correlation soils not near water. Testing was conducted at 25 m (81 ft) intervals adjacent to the wetlands where the preferred soils types are located. Judgmental testing was conducted in areas that appeared to have been hammocks on the 1940 aerial photo within the reservoirs or farms.

All shovel tests were negative, and no archaeological sites were discovered. Wet prairies made into agricultural fields had 30 cm (12 in) of dark grey sand, followed by 20 cm (8 in) of dark grey sand, and 40 cm (16 cm) of light grey sand with flooding usually at 40 cm below surface (cmbs) (16 in), or 40 cm (16 in) of brown wet sand overlying impenetrable brown grey clay (Photo 5.1). Small slightly disturbed hammock environments on slight elevations typically had 10 cm (4 in) of dark grey sand, followed by 20 cm (8 in) of light grey wet sand, and 20 cm (8 in) of brown wet sand before water intrusion prevented further excavation (Photo 5.2). Flooding was encountered in all regions and environments of the APE ranging from 0 cm to 80 cm of depth (Photo 5.3).

Photo 5.1. Stratigraphy in the fields.

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Figure 5.1. Location of the shovel tests and resources within the western project area.

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Figure 5.2. Location of the shovel tests and resources within the eastern project area.

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Photo 5.2. Stratigraphy in the hammock areas.

Photo 5.3. Inundated shovel test.

5.2 Historical Results

Background research revealed that five historic resources (8CR00969, 8CR01454, 8CR01455, 8CR01456, and 8CR01457) were previously recorded within the project area. These include one linear resource, the Tradeport Trail (8CR00969), one building complex resource group (8CR01457) that is comprised of two Frame Vernacular style buildings (8CR01454 and 8CR01455), and one Quonset Hut storage building (8CR01456) constructed between circa (ca.) 1950 and ca. 1955. The resources were determined ineligible for listing in the NRHP by the SHPO in 2007 and 2016, respectively. The Tradeport Trail is currently used as a farm road. As a result of the historical/architectural field survey, one resource, a ca. 1925 Aeromotor Co. Chicago Windmill (8CR01605) was identified, recorded, and

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evaluated within the APE (Figures 5.1 and 5.2). The resource is a common model and design found throughout rural Florida and has no known significant historical associations; therefore, the resource does not appear eligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as part of a historic district. A description and photograph of the newly identified resource follows, and a copy of the FMSF form is included in Appendix C. Furthermore, the five previously recorded resources (8CR00969, 8CR01454, 8CR01455, 8CR01456, and 8CR01457) were identified and no significant alterations have occurred since they were evaluated by SHPO; therefore, an updated FMSF form was not prepared.

Photo 5.4. Aermotor Co. Chicago Windmill (8CR01605), looking east.

Photo 5.5. Aermotor Co. Chicago Windmill (8CR01605), looking northwest.

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8CR01605: The Aermotor Co. Chicago Windmill at 4505 County Road 846 East was constructed in ca. 1925 (Photos 5.4 and 5.5). The windmill includes a deteriorated wheel with approximately ten metal blades and a metal tail vane that reads “Aermotor Chicago”. The wheel and tail are supported by a tower comprised of four angled metal posts. It appears to be attached to a water pump with a central pipe and the footing was obstructed by vegetation. The wind-powered water pump sits abandoned in a field and is overgrown with vegetation. The Aeromotor Company was established in Chicago, Illinois in ca. 1888 (Aermotor Windmill Company n.d.). The company has been a dominant windmill manufacturer throughout the years, introducing mass production methods and automatically oiling structures. The resource is a common model and design found throughout rural Florida and no longer retains historic integrity. In addition, background research did not reveal any historic associations with significant persons and/or events. As a result, 8CR01605 does not appear eligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as part of a historic district.

5.3 Conclusions

As result of the archaeological investigations, which included the excavation of 224 shovel tests, no archaeological sites were discovered. The historical/architectural background research revealed that five historic resources (8CR00969, 8CR01454, 8CR01455, 8CR01456, and 8CR01457) were previously recorded within the project area. These include one linear resource, the Tradeport Trail (8CR00969), one building complex resource group (8CR01457) that is comprised of two Frame Vernacular style buildings (8CR01454 and 8CR01455), and one Quonset Hut storage building (8CR01456). The resources were determined ineligible for listing in the NRHP by the SHPO in 2007 and 2016, respectively. As a result of the historical/architectural field survey, one resource, a ca. 1925 Aeromotor Co. Chicago Windmill (8CR01605) was identified, recorded, and evaluated within the APE. The resource is a common model and design found throughout rural Florida and has no known significant historical associations; therefore, the resource does not appear eligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as part of a historic district. Furthermore, the five previously recorded resources (8CR00969, 8CR01454, 8CR01455, 8CR01456, and 8CR01457) were identified and no significant alterations have occurred since they were evaluated by SHPO; therefore, an updated FMSF form was not prepared.

Given the results of background research and field survey, no archaeological sites or historic resources that are listed, eligible for listing, or that appear potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP were located within the APE.

ACI 5-6 CRAS Gopher Ridge South Farm P20093

6.0 REFERENCES CITED

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APPENDIX A

ERP Agricultural Plans

ERP AGRICULTURAL PLANS FOR: GOPHER RIDGE SOUTH FARMS PROJECT LOCATED IN: SITE DATA PROPERTY ZONING: 34142 SECTIONS 1, 2 , TOWNSHIP 47 S, RANGE 29 E PARCEL No.: 00115320002 SECTION 6 , TOWNSHIP 47 S, RANGE 30 E 00115480007 00139040009 SECTIONS 25, 35 & 36 TOWNSHIP 46 S, RANGE 29 E 00068280008 00088920005 SECTIONS 30, 31 TOWNSHIP 46 S, RANGE 30 E 00088840004 00090360006 COLLIER COUNTY, FLORIDA PROJECT VICINITY 00090480009

STATE VICINITY MAP

SHEET INDEX PROJECT SHT. # LOCATION SHEET DESCRIPTION 1 COVER SHEET 2 EXISITING TOPOGRAHIC PLAN 3 FLUCFCS PLAN 4 WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN 5 EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL PLAN 6 PROJECT AERIAL 2019 7 TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS 1 8 TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS 2

PROJECT LOCATION PROJECT CONSULTANTS

CIVIL: AGNOLI, BARBER & BRUNDAGE, INC. 7400 TRAIL BLVD., SUITE 200 NAPLES, FLORIDA 34108 TEL: (239) 597-3111

ENVIRONMENTAL: Passarella & Associates, Inc 13620 Metropolis Ave # 200 Fort Myers, FL 33912 TEL: (239) (239) 274-0067

AERIAL ZONING MAP

PLANS PREPARED FOR: REVIEWING AGENCIES WATER MANAGEMENT: SOUTH FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT 2301 MCGREGOR BOULEVARD FORT MYERS, FL 33901 Collier Enterprises Management, Inc. TEL: [239] 338-2929 975 New Harvest Rd., Immokalee, FL 34142 PROJECT LOCATION MAP

PLANS PREPARED BY:

AGNOLI RESPONSIBILITY NOTES: ARBER & 1. ______IS RESPONSIBLE FOR B MAINTENANCE OF WATER MANAGEMENT FACILITIES BRUNDAGE, INC. 2. ______IS RESPONSIBLE Professional Engineers, Planners, Surveyors FOR MAINTENANCE OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE ON SITE, & Landscape Architects PLAN STAGE: 1st Submittal I.E. OPEN SPACE, PAVED AREAS, UTILITIES, ETC. 7400 Trail Blvd, Suite 200 - Naples, FL - 34108 Ph.: (239) 597-3111 - Fax: (239) 566-2203 Certificate of Authorization Nos. LB 3664, EB 3664 & LC26000620 DATE: JUNE 2020 12358 1 8 G N O L A I B . A C

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ARBER & ARBER GNOLI B

4-3 B

A

Professional Engineers, Planners, Surveyors Planners, Engineers, Professional

Certificate of Authorization Nos. LB 3664, EB 3664 & LC26000620 & 3664 EB 3664, LB Nos. Authorization of Certificate 7400 Trail Blvd, Suite 200 - Naples, FL - 34108 - FL Naples, - 200 Suite Blvd, Trail 7400 & Landscape Architects Landscape & LEGEND x - EXISTING CATTLE WELL

- PROPOSED FARM WELL

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4-8

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35-1 4-18 ERP PERMIT PLANS GOPHER RIDGE SOUTH EXISTING TOPOGRAPHIC PLAN

4-17 ???

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6-1 4-27 6-2 4-21 1-1 4-24 ??? ??? ??? 4-28 ???

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LEGEND

RUNDAGE, INC. RUNDAGE,

ARBER & ARBER GNOLI

- EXISTING CATTLE WELL B 4-3 B A

WETLAND No. 2 - PROPOSED FARM WELL

Professional Engineers, Planners, Surveyors Planners, Engineers, Professional Certificate of Authorization Nos. LB 3664, EB 3664 & LC26000620 & 3664 EB 3664, LB Nos. Authorization of Certificate

WETLAND No. 3 34108 - FL Naples, - 200 Suite Blvd, Trail 7400 (1.95 Ac.±) Architects Landscape & (0.94 Ac.±) 115 AC. WETLAND No. 1 4-6 - WELL NUMBER (9.72 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 4 WETLAND No. 5 x (1.21 Ac.±) (3.63 Ac.±) - PROPERTY BOUNDRY OSW No. 1 (0.20 Ac.±) - SECTION LINE

OSW No. 2 (0.81 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 6 OSW No. 3 WETLAND No. 12 (8.33 Ac.±) (0.65 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 7 OSW No. 4 (2.26 Ac.±) OSW No. 5 WETLAND No. 9 (12.03 Ac.±) (0.18 Ac.±) (0.90 Ac.±) (5.85 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 11 OSW No. 6 25-1 (0.26 Ac.±) (1.72 Ac.±) 4-6 WETLAND No. 13 WETLAND No. 10 (1.04 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 21 (0.48 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 8 (7.30 Ac.±) x WETLAND No. 16 (167.58 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 23 (2.24 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 14 (0.76 Ac.±) (0.78 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 20 (20.96 Ac.±) x WETLAND No. 15 (0.54 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 17 (0.92 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 22 OSW No. 7 x (1.47 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 18 (0.16 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 35 (1.27 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 28 (20.19 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 24 WETLAND No. 19 (0.55 Ac.±) (1.60 Ac.±) (0.44 Ac.±) OSW No. 8 WETLAND No. 33 (0.08 Ac.±) 4-8 (5.43 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 26 (1.91 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 29 OSW No. 10 WETLAND No. 31 WETLAND No. 25 (13.14 Ac.±) (0.27 Ac.±) (1.27 Ac.±) (1.71 Ac.±) 4-4 31-1

85.5 AC. WETLAND No. 27 WETLAND No. 30 WETLAND No. 36 (1.25 Ac.±) 4-12 (0.97 Ac.±) (1.34 Ac.±) OSW No. 11 OSW No. 9 OSW No. 14 (0.11 Ac.±) (0.06 Ac.±) (0.22 Ac.±) OSW No. 18 WETLAND No. 51 OSW No. 12 (0.23 Ac.±) (1.33 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 37 WETLAND No. 39 WETLAND No. 40 (2.01 Ac.±) 31 46 30 31-2 WETLAND No. 34 WETLAND No. 53 OSW No. 15 WETLAND No. 32 (0.50 Ac.±) (0.95 Ac.±) (2.54 Ac.±) (2.95 Ac.±) (5.74 Ac.±) 36 46 29 (0.28 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 48 (1.28 Ac.±) 35 46 29 WETLAND No. 49 WETLAND No. 45 (0.82 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 50 (1.54 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 43 (2.03 Ac.±) OSW No. 16 4-15 (9.95 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 54 WETLAND No. 41 (2.18 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 44 (0.20 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 52 OSW No. 13 OSW No. 17 (0.29 Ac.±) (0.70 Ac.±) (0.32 Ac.±) (3.51 Ac.±) (0.23 Ac.±) (0.25 Ac.±) OSW No. 19 WETLAND No. 38 WETLAND No. 46 (0.09 Ac.±) (2.53 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 58 WETLAND No. 42 (1.03 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 70 WETLAND No. 71 (3.89 Ac.±) (4.45 Ac.±) 35-1 WETLAND No. 64 (2.30 Ac.±) (0.81 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 57 WETLAND No. 61 WETLAND No. 47 (1.73 Ac.±) 4-18(1.76 Ac.±) (0.57 Ac.±) (71.95 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 55 WETLAND No. 69 OSW No. 20 (0.53 Ac.±)

(1.22 Ac.±) FLUCFCS MAP WETLAND No. 56 (0.18 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 60 OSW No. 22 WETLAND No. 66 WETLAND No. 72 (3.69 Ac.±) (2.19 Ac.±) (0.27 Ac.±) (1.20 Ac.±) (0.57 Ac.±) ERP PERMIT PLANS WETLAND No. 62 OSW No. 21 WETLAND No. 65 (94.50 Ac.±) (0.21 Ac.±) (1.12 Ac.±) GOPHER RIDGE SOUTH WETLAND No. 74 WETLAND No. 59 WETLAND No. 68 WETLAND No. 73 (1.03 Ac.±) (42.15 Ac.±) (0.26 Ac.±) (0.31 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 63 4-17 WETLAND No. 67 (0.46 Ac.±) (2.01 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 91 WETLAND No. 76 WETLAND No. 88 (0.90 Ac.±) (0.15 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 86 (0.69 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 83 (0.34 Ac.±) (13.99 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 78 WETLAND No. 82 WETLAND No. 80 WETLAND No. 77 (1.12 Ac.±) (1.17 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 85 WETLAND No. 90 WETLAND No. 75 (0.40 Ac.±) (0.22 Ac.±) (2.30 Ac.±) (12.25 Ac.±) (1.32 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 79 WETLAND No. 84 WETLAND No. 87 (1.75 Ac.±) (0.87 Ac.±) 4-12 WETLAND No. 94 (1.50 Ac.±) (3.46 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 81 WETLAND No. 89 OSW No. 23 (0.77 Ac.±) (0.23 Ac.±) (0.13 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 93 WETLAND No. 103 WETLAND No. 109 (1.73 Ac.±) (3.40 Ac.±) (0.83 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 96 WETLAND No. 97 WETLAND No. 106 WETLAND No. 92 WETLAND No. 107 (2.42 Ac.±) (0.75 Ac.±) (0.13 Ac.±) (0.32 Ac.±) OSW No. 27 (0.61 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 99 (0.12 Ac.±) (0.34 Ac.±) OSW No. 24 WETLAND No. 98 WETLAND No. 114 OSW No. 25 WETLAND No. 101 WETLAND No. 102 WETLAND No. 108 (0.39 Ac.±) (1.72 Ac.±) OSW No. 26 (0.61 Ac.±) (0.78 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 100 (1.12 Ac.±) (0.26 Ac.±) (0.80 Ac.±) 6-1 (0.21 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 111 (0.58 Ac.±) 4-27 WETLAND No. 110 WETLAND No. 95 (5.73 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 112 6-2 (1.02 Ac.±) (1.56 Ac.±) OSW No. 28 (1.86 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 113 (0.27 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 105 WETLAND No. 116 4-21 (4.63 Ac.±) (1.24 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 104 (10.06 Ac.±) 1-1 (0.32 Ac.±) 4-24 OSW No. 29 WETLAND No. 118 (0.25 Ac.±) (2.85 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 122 WETLAND No. 126 WETLAND No. 121 OSW No. 35 (3.34 Ac.±) (1.30 Ac.±) 4-28 (0.15 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 123 WETLAND No. 124 (0.70 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 120 OSW No. 30 (3.22 Ac.±) (1.20 Ac.±) 6-3 WETLAND No. 115 (0.10 Ac.±) (1.47 Ac.±) OSW No. 33 (0.10 Ac.±) OSW No. 34 OSW No. 32 (0.88 Ac.±) (0.05 Ac.±) (0.36 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 127 2 47 29 1 47 29 (3.64 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 128 OSW No. 36 6 47 30 (0.16 Ac.±) (0.23 Ac.±) OSW No. 31 WETLAND No. 119 WETLAND No. 117 (2.72 Ac.±) WETLAND No. 125 12052 (0.30 Ac.±) (0.54 Ac.±) (0.85 Ac.±) IMMOKALEE ROAD (100' R.O.W.) 3 8 G N O L A I

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Professional Engineers, Planners, Surveyors Planners, Engineers, Professional

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PROP. FARM #3A

LEGEND

- EXISTING CATTLE WELL

25-1 - PROPOSED FARM WELL 4-6 4-6 - WELL NUMBER x - PROPOSED PUMP RESERVOIR 3 D3 157.1 AC - PROPERTY BOUNDRY x D3 292.7 AC. - SECTION LINE x

- RESERVOIR DIKE

D1 D1 4-8 - FARM DIKE

- CANAL 4-4 31-1 PROP. FARM #3B - SWALE 4-12 55.3 AC. D3 D3 - FARM FIELD 31-2 - RESERVOIR D2 4-15 PROP. FARM #3C - EXIST. WETLAND AREA D3

D2 D3 21.3 AC. - EXIST. SURFACE WATERS

35-1 - EMERGENCY 4-18 OVERFLOW STRUCTURE (SEE DETAIL D5) D1 D1 - PRINCIPAL DISCHARGE STRUCTURE ERP PERMIT PLANS SPREADER (SEE DETAIL D4) GOPHER RIDGE SOUTH SWALE WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN 90.7 AC. LAND USE TABLE: 4-17 PROP. FARM #1B PROPOSED LAND USE: OPEN/GREEN SPACE 974.9 AC 37.8 % D3 FARM 618.6 AC 24.0 % D1 D1 RESERVOIR 295.9 AC 11.5 % D3 WETLAND 686.6 AC 26.7 %

TOTAL 2576.0 AC 100 % D2 D2 4-12 D2

SPREADER PROP. FARM #1A SWALE D2 D1 D1 68.0 AC. RESERVOIR 1 88.6 AC RESERVOIR 2

SPREADER D3

D1 6-1 50.2 AC SWALE 4-27 D3 D3 6-2

4-21 D3 D1 1-1 PROP. FARM #2A 4-24 90.6 AC. 4-28 6-3

D1 D1 D1 D1

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Professional Engineers, Planners, Surveyors Planners, Engineers, Professional

7400 Trail Blvd, Suite 200 - Naples, FL - 34108 - FL Naples, - 200 Suite Blvd, Trail 7400 & Landscape Architects Landscape &

- PROPOSED PUMP x

- PROPERTY BOUNDRY LC26000620 & 3664 EB 3664, LB Nos. Authorization of Certificate

- SECTION LINE

- RESERVOIR DIKE RESERVOIR 3 157.1 AC - FARM DIKE 292.7 AC. - CANAL

- SWALE

- SILT FENCE x PROP. FARM #3B

55.3 AC. x - FARM FIELD BALES BACKED BY TYPE IV SILT FENCE

- RESERVOIR x

PROP. FARM #3C - EXIST. WETLAND AREA 21.3 AC. - EXIST. SURFACE WATERS

- EMERGENCY OVERFLOW STRUCTURE (SEE DETAIL D5) SPREADER SWALE - PRINCIPAL 90.7 AC. DISCHARGE STRUCTURE PROP. FARM #1B (SEE DETAIL D4)

SPREADER PROP. FARM #1A SWALE 68.0 AC. RESERVOIR 1 88.6 AC RESERVOIR 2 SPREADER 50.2 AC SWALE ERP PERMIT PLANS GOPHER RIDGE SOUTH PROP. FARM #2A 90.6 AC.

SILT FENCE APPLICATIONS EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL PLAN

IMMOKALEE ROAD (100' R.O.W.)

SEDIMENT CONTROL NOTES:

1. PRIOR TO COMMENCEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY, APPROPRIATE EROSION CONTROL DEVICES SHALL BE INSTALLED TO CONTOL AND REDUCE SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT TO OFF SITE AREAS. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL MAINTAIN THESE DEVICES THROUGHOUT THE DURATION OF CONSTRUCTION. ALL DEVICES SHALL REMAIN IN PLACE UNTIL THE SURROUNDING AREAS ARE ESTABLISHED. 2. SILT FENCE TO BE INSTALLED WHERE WETLANDS 50' OR LESS FROM CONSTRUCTION AREA. 3. RIP-RAP TO BE INSTALLED AT ALL PUMP DISCHARGE STRUCTURE OUTFALLS. SEE DETAIL D6. 4. DIKE SLOPES ARE TO NATURALLY VEGETATE. 5. SPREADER SWALES PROVIDE EROSION CONTROL AT THE OUTFALL OF ALL RESERVOIR DISCHARGE STRUCTURES.

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RUNDAGE, INC. RUNDAGE,

ARBER & ARBER GNOLI B B

A

Professional Engineers, Planners, Surveyors Planners, Engineers, Professional

Certificate of Authorization Nos. LB 3664, EB 3664 & LC26000620 & 3664 EB 3664, LB Nos. Authorization of Certificate 7400 Trail Blvd, Suite 200 - Naples, FL - 34108 - FL Naples, - 200 Suite Blvd, Trail 7400 & Landscape Architects Landscape & x x x x

31 46 30 35 46 29 36 46 29 ERP PERMIT PLANS GOPHER RIDGE SOUTH PROJECT AERIAL 2019

2 47 29 1 47 29 6 47 30

12052 IMMOKALEE ROAD (100' R.O.W.) 6 8

Ph.: (239) 597-3111 - Fax: (239) 566-2203 (239) Fax: - 597-3111 (239) Ph.:

RUNDAGE, INC. RUNDAGE,

ARBER & ARBER GNOLI B B

A

Professional Engineers, Planners, Surveyors Planners, Engineers, Professional

7400 Trail Blvd, Suite 200 - Naples, FL - 34108 - FL Naples, - 200 Suite Blvd, Trail 7400 & Landscape Architects Landscape &

x Certificate of Authorization Nos. LB 3664, EB 3664 & LC26000620 & 3664 EB 3664, LB Nos. Authorization of Certificate

TYPICAL SEEPAGE IRRIGATED VEGETABLE FARM x x x ERP PERMIT PLANS GOPHER RIDGE SOUTH TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS 1

12052 7 7

Ph.: (239) 597-3111 - Fax: (239) 566-2203 (239) Fax: - 597-3111 (239) Ph.:

RUNDAGE, INC. RUNDAGE,

ARBER & ARBER GNOLI B B

A

Professional Engineers, Planners, Surveyors Planners, Engineers, Professional

7400 Trail Blvd, Suite 200 - Naples, FL - 34108 - FL Naples, - 200 Suite Blvd, Trail 7400 & Landscape Architects Landscape &

x Certificate of Authorization Nos. LB 3664, EB 3664 & LC26000620 & 3664 EB 3664, LB Nos. Authorization of Certificate x x x ERP PERMIT PLANS GOPHER RIDGE SOUTH TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS 2

12052 8 7

APPENDIX B

Correspondence

RON DESANTIS LAUREL M. LEE Governor Secretary of State

South Florida Water Management District August 18, 2020 3301 Gun Club Road West Palm Beach, Florida 33406

RE: DHR Project File No.: 2020-4002, Received by DHR: June 30, 2020 Application No.: 200630-3781 Project: Gopher Ridge South County: Collier

To Whom It May Concern:

Our office reviewed the referenced project in accordance with Chapters 267.061 and 373.414, Florida Statutes, and implementing state regulations, for possible effects on historic properties listed, or eligible for listing, in the National Register of Historic Places, or otherwise of historical, architectural or archaeological value.

A review of the Florida Master Site File indicates that a portion of the project area has previously been surveyed for historical and archaeological resources, Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Tocala-Sunniland 3D Seismic Survey Project Collier and Hendry Counties, Florida (Florida Master Site File Manuscript No.: 23218). Based on the results of previous investigations and the potential for the discovery of cultural resources during ground-disturbing activities, we recommend that the portions of the project area not included in the above referenced survey be subjected to a professional cultural resources assessment survey. The resultant survey report should conform to the provisions of Chapter 1A-46, Florida Administrative Code, and should be sent to our office upon completion. The report will help us complete the review process and provide comments or recommendations to the permitting agency in a timely fashion.

The Division of Historical Resources cannot endorse specific archaeological or historic preservation consultants. However, the American Cultural Resources Association maintains a listing of professional consultants at www.acra-crm.org, and the Register of Professional Archaeologists maintains a membership directory at www.rpanet.org. The Division encourages checking references and recent work history.

If you have any questions, please contact Kelly L. Chase, Historic Preservationist, by email at [email protected] or by telephone at 850.245.6341 or 800.847.7278.

Sincerely,

Timothy A Parsons, Ph.D. Director, Division of Historical Resources & State Historic Preservation Officer

Division of Historical Resources R.A. Gray Building • 500 South Bronough Street• Tallahassee, Florida 32399 850.245.6300 • 850.245.6436 (Fax) FLHeritage.com

APPENDIX C

Florida Master Site File Form

Page 1 Site#8 ______CR01605 HISTORICAL STRUCTURE FORM 10-30-2020 FLORIDA MASTER SITE FILE Field Date ______† Original Form Date ______11-3-2020 Version 5.0 /1 † Update Recorder # ______Shaded Fields represent the minimum acceptable level of documentation. Consult the Guide to Historical Structure Forms for detailed instructions.

Site Name(s) (address if none) ______Aermotor Co. Chicago Windmill Multiple Listing (DHR only) ______Survey Project Name ______CRAS Gopher Ridge South Farm, Collier County Survey # (DHR only) ______National Register Category (please check one) † building † structure † district † site † object Ownership: †private-profit †private-nonprofit †private-individual †private-nonspecific †city †county †state †federal †Native American †foreign †unknown LOCATION & MAPPING Street Number Direction Street Name Street Type Suffix Direction Address: 4505 County Road 846 E Cross Streets (nearest / between) ______USGS 7.5 Map Name ______IMMOKALEE NE USGS Date ______1958 Plat or Other Map ______City / Town (within 3 miles)______Immokalee In City Limits? †yes †no †unknown County ______Collier Township ______47S Range ______30E Section ______6 ¼ section: †NW †SW †SE †NE Irregular-name: ______Tax Parcel # ______00139040009 Landgrant ______Subdivision Name ______Block ______Lot ______UTM Coordinates: Zone †16 †17 Easting 464151 Northing 2922315 Other Coordinates: X: ______Y: ______Coordinate System & Datum ______Name of Public Tract (e.g., park) ______HISTORY Construction Year: ______1925 †approximately †year listed or earlier †year listed or later Original Use ______Other From (year):______1925 To (year):______CURR Current Use ______From (year):______To (year):______Other Use ______Windmill From (year):______1925 To (year):______CURR Moves: †yes †no †unknown Date: ______Original address ______Alterations: †yes †no †unknown Date: ______Nature ______Additions: †yes †no †unknown Date: ______Nature ______Architect (last name first): ______Builder (last name first): ______Ownership History (especially original owner, dates, profession, etc.) Collier Land Holdings, Ltd. (2005); Collier Enterprises, Ltd. (2000); Miles C Collier and Barron G. Collier, II (1981); Miles and Inglis U. Collier Is the Resource Affected by a Local Preservation Ordinance? †yes †no †unknown Describe ______DESCRIPTION Style ______No style Exterior Plan ______Not applicable Number of Stories ______1 Exterior Fabric(s) 1. ______Metal 2. ______3. ______Roof Type(s) 1.______Not applicable 2. ______3. ______Roof Material(s) 1. ______2. ______3. ______Roof secondary strucs. (dormers etc.) 1. ______2. ______Windows (types, materials, etc.)

Distinguishing Architectural Features (exterior or interior ornaments) Approx. 10 intact blades, metal skeleton tower, "Aermotor Chicago" on the tail

Ancillary Features / Outbuildings (record outbuildings, major landscape features; use continuation sheet if needed.)

DHR USE ONLY OFFICIAL EVALUATION DHR USE ONLY NR List Date SHPO – Appears to meet criteria for NR listing: †yes †no †insufficient info Date ______Init.______KEEPER – Determined eligible: †yes †no Date ______† Owner Objection NR Criteria for Evaluation: †a †b †c †d (see National Register Bulletin 15, p. 2)

HR6E046R0, effective 05/2016 Florida Master Site File / Div. of Historical Resources / R. A. Gray Bldg / 500 S Bronough St., Tallahassee, FL 32399-0250 Rule 1A-46.001, F.A.C. Phone 850.245.6440 / Fax 850.245.6439 / E-mail [email protected] Page 2 HISTORICAL STRUCTURE FORM Site #8 ______CR01605

DESCRIPTION (continued)

Chimney: No.____0 Chimney Material(s): 1. ______2. ______Structural System(s): 1. ______Metal skeleton 2. ______3. ______Foundation Type(s): 1. ______Other 2. ______Foundation Material(s): 1. ______Other 2. ______Main Entrance (stylistic details) N/A

Porch Descriptions (types, locations, roof types, etc.) N/A

Condition (overall resource condition): †excellent †good †fair †deteriorated †ruinous Narrative Description of Resource The windmill includes a deteriorated wheel with approximately ten metal blades and a metal tail vane that reads “Aermotor Chicago”. The wheel and tail are supported by a tower comprised of four angled metal posts. Archaeological Remains ______† Check if Archaeological Form Completed RESEARCH METHODS (VHOHFW all that apply) † FMSF record search (sites/surveys) † library research † building permits † Sanborn maps † FL State Archives/photo collection † city directory † occupant/owner interview † plat maps † property appraiser / tax records † newspaper files † neighbor interview † Public Lands Survey (DEP) † cultural resource survey (CRAS) † historic photos † interior inspection † HABS/HAER record search † other methods (describe) ______USDA historic aerial photographs (PALMM) Bibliographic References (give FMSF manuscript # if relevant, use continuation sheet if needed) Publication of Archival Library and Museum Materials (PALMM), accessible online at: http://palmm.fcla.edu/

OPINION OF RESOURCE SIGNIFICANCE

Appears to meet the criteria for National Register listing individually? †yes †no †insufficient information Appears to meet the criteria for National Register listing as part of a district? †yes †no †insufficient information Explanation of Evaluation (required, whether significant or not; use separate sheet if needed) The resource is a common model and design found throughout rural Florida and no longer retains historic integrity. Background research did not reveal any historic associations with significant persons and/or events. Area(s) of Historical Significance (see National Register Bulletin 15, p. 8 for categories: e.g. “architecture”, “ethnic heritage”, “community planning & development”, etc.) 1.______3. ______5. ______2.______4. ______6. ______DOCUMENTATION

Accessible Documentation Not Filed with the Site File - including field notes, analysis notes, photos, plans and other important documents Document type ______All materials at one location Maintaining organization ______Archaeological Consultants Inc 1) Document description ______Files, photos, research, document File or accession #’s ______P20093 Document type ______Maintaining organization ______2) Document description ______File or accession #’s ______RECORDER INFORMATION Recorder Name ______Savannah Young Affiliation ______Archaeological Consultants Inc Recorder Contact Information ______8110 Blaikie Court, Ste. A / Sarasota, FL/ 34240 /[email protected] (address / phone / fax / e-mail)

n USGS 7.5’ MAP WITH STRUCTURE LOCATION CLEARLY INDICATED Required o LARGE SCALE STREET, PLAT OR PARCEL MAP (available from most property appraiser web sites) Attachments p PHOTO OF MAIN FACADE, DIGITAL IMAGE FILE When submitting an image, it must be included in digital AND hard copy format (plain paper grayscale acceptable). Digital image must be at least 1600 x 1200 pixels, 24-bit color, jpeg or tiff. Page 3 HISTORICAL STRUCTURE FORM Site # 8CR01605

PHOTOGRAPHS

Page 4 HISTORICAL STRUCTURE FORM Site # 8CR01605

AERIAL MAP

Page 5 HISTORICAL STRUCTURE FORM Site # 8CR01605

USGS Immokalee NE Township 47 South, Range 30 East, Section 6

APPENDIX D

Survey Log

Page 1

Ent D (FMSF only) ______Survey Log Sheet Survey # (FMSF only) ______Florida Master Site File Version 5.0 /1

Consult Guide to the Survey Log Sheet for detailed instructions.

Manuscript Information

Survey Project (name and project phase) CRAS Gopher Ridge South Farm, Collier Co. - Phase I

Report Title (exactly as on title page) Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of the 2576-acre Gopher Ridge South Farm Property, Collier County, Florida

Report Authors (as on title page) 1.______ACI 3. ______2.______4. ______Publication Year ______2020 Number of Pages in Report (GRQot include site forms) ______57 Publication Information (Give series, number in series, publisher and city. For article or chapter, cite page numbers. Use the style of American Antiquity.) ACI (2020) Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of the 2576-acre Gopher Ridge South Farm Property, Collier County, Florida. Conducted for Collier Enterprises Management, Inc., Immokalee by ACI, Sarasota. P20093. Supervisors of Fieldwork (even if same as author) Names ______Horvath, Elizabeth A. Affiliation of Fieldworkers: Organization ______Archaeological Consultants Inc City ______Sarasota Key Words/Phrases (Don’t use county name, or common words like archaeology, structure, survey, architecture, etc.) 1. ______3.______5. ______7.______2. ______4.______6. ______8.______Survey Sponsors (corporation, government unit, organization, or person funding fieldwork) Name. ______Collier Enterprises Management, Inc. Organization. ______Address/Phone/E-mail. ______975 New Harvest Road, Immokalee, FL 34142 Recorder of Log Sheet ______Horvath, Elizabeth A. Date Log Sheet Completed ______11-2-2020

Is this survey or project a continuation of a previous project? q No q Yes: Previous survey #s (FMSF only) ______

Project Area Mapping

Counties (select every county in which field survey was done; attach additional sheet if necessary) 1. ______Collier 3. ______5. ______2. ______4. ______6. ______

USGS 1:24,000 Map Names/Year of Latest Revision (attach additional sheet if necessary) 1. Name ______IMMOKALEE Year_____2013 4. Name ______Year_____ 2. Name ______IMMOKALEE NE Year_____2013 5. Name ______Year_____ 3. Name ______Year_____ 6. Name ______Year_____

Field Dates and Project Area Description

Fieldwork Dates: Start ______10-19-2020B End _ 10-29-2020B______Total Area Surveyed (fill in one) _____BB_hectares BB2567.00______acres Number of Distinct Tracts or Areas Surveyed ______1 If Corridor (fill in one for each) Width: ___B___meters ___B___feet Length: __B____kilometers ____B__miles

HR6E066R0, effective 05/2016 Florida Master Site File / Div. of Historical Resources / R.A. Gray Bldg / 500 S Bronough St., Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250 Rule 1A-46.001, F.A.C. Phone 850.245.6440, Fax 850.245.6439, Email: [email protected] Page 2 Survey Log Sheet Survey #______Research and Field Methods Types of Survey (select all that apply): archaeological architectural historical/archival underwater damage assessment monitoring report other(describe):. ______Scope/Intensity/Procedures background research, surface reconnaissance; systematic and judgmental subsurface testing (25, 50, 100 & 200 m) N=224, all negative; 50 cm diameter, 1 m deep, 1/4" screen; historic resources reconnaissance Preliminary Methods (select as many as apply to the project as a whole) q Florida Archives (Gray Building) q library research- local public q local property or tax records q other historic maps /,'$5 q Florida Photo Archives (Gray Building)q library-special collection q newspaper files q soils maps or data RWKHUUHPRWHVHQVLQJ q Site File property search q Public Lands Survey (maps at DEP) q literature search q windshield survey q Site File survey search q local informant(s) q Sanborn Insurance maps q aerial photography q other (describe):. ______

Archaeological Methods (select as many as apply to the project as a whole) q Check here if NO archaeological methods were used. q surface collection, controlled q shovel test-other screen size q block excavation (at least 2x2 m) PHWDOGHWHFWRU q surface collection, uncontrolled q water screen q soil resistivity RWKHUUHPRWHVHQVLQJ q shovel test-1/4”screen q posthole tests q magnetometer SHGHVWULDQVXUYH\ q shovel test-1/8” screen q auger tests q side scan sonar XQNQRZQ q shovel test 1/16”screen q coring q JURXQGSHQHWUDWLQJUDGDU *35 q shovel test-unscreened q test excavation (at least 1x2 m) q /,'$5 q other (describe):. ______

Historical/Architectural Methods (select as many as apply to the project as a whole) q Check here if NO historical/architectural methods were used. q building permits q demolition permits q neighbor interview q subdivision maps q commercial permits q ZLQGVKLHOGVXUYH\ q occupant interview q tax records q interior documentation q local property records q occupation permits q unknown q other (describe):. ______Survey Results Resource Significance Evaluated? q Yes q No Count of Previously Recorded Resources______41 Count of Newly Recorded Resources______List Previously Recorded Site ID#s with Site File Forms Completed (attach additional pages if necessary) CR00969, CR01454, CR01455, CR01456 - no updates as there was no change to the resources

List Newly Recorded Site ID#s (attach additional pages if necessary) CR01605

Site Forms Used: q Site File Paper Forms q Site File PDF Forms

REQUIRED: Attach Map of Survey or Project Area Boundary

SHPO USE ONLY SHPO USE ONLY SHPO USE ONLY Origin of Report: 872 Public Lands UW 1A32 # Academic Contract Avocational Grant Project # Compliance Review: CRAT # Type of Document: Archaeological Survey Historical/Architectural Survey Marine Survey Cell Tower CRAS Monitoring Report Overview Excavation Report Multi-Site Excavation Report Structure Detailed Report Library, Hist. or Archival Doc 'HVNWRS$QDO\VLV MPS MRA TG Other: Document Destination: ______Plottable Projects BB____ Plotability: ______

HR6E066R0, effective 05/2016 Florida Master Site File / Div. of Historical Resources / R.A. Gray Bldg / 500 S Bronough St., Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250 Rule 1A-46.001, F.A.C. Phone 850.245.6440, Fax 850.245.6439, Email: [email protected]

Gopher Ridge Farm Township 46 South, Range 29 East, Sections 25, 35‐36; Township 46 South, Range 30 East, Sections 30‐31; Township 47 South, Range 29 East, Sections 01‐02; and Township 47 South, Range 30 East, Section 06. USGS Immokalee, Immokalee NE. Collier County, Florida