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Wetlands Not Wastelands Marjory Stoneman Douglas Overcoming the Barrier of Public Unawareness and the Profit Motive in South Florida

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Wetlands Not Wastelands Marjory Stoneman Douglas Overcoming the Barrier of Public Unawareness and the Profit Motive in South Florida The Everglades: Wetlands not Wastelands Marjory Stoneman Douglas Overcoming the Barrier of Public Unawareness and the Profit Motive in South Florida Manav Bansal 11th Grade Old Westbury, NY Paper Length: 2,486 Words Bansal 1 "Marjory was the first voice to really wake a lot of us up to what we were doing to our quality of life. She was not just a pioneer of the environmental movement, she was a prophet, calling out to us to save the environment for our children and our grandchildren."1 - Florida Governor Lawton Chiles, 1991-1998 ​ Introduction Marjory Stoneman Douglas was the vanguard in her ideas and approach to preserve the Everglades, convincing society that Florida’s wetlands were not wastelands. Beginning in the 1600’s, when approximately 221 million acres of wetlands existed in the United States, colonization and societal priorities resulted in a significant decline, with only 103 million acres remaining by the mid-1980’s.2 In the first half of the 20th century, American involvement in two World Wars, a rapidly increasing population, and industrial growth fueled a thirst for land, resulting in the creation of projects dedicated to manipulating water resources across the United States.3 In Florida, attempts were underway to drain large parts of the Everglades for economic gain.4 But from the mid to late 20th century, Marjory Stoneman Douglas fought endlessly to bring widespread attention to the deteriorating Everglades and increase public awareness of the importance of these wetlands. To achieve this goal, Douglas broke barriers regarding the lack of familiarity towards environmental conservation, using her voice as a catalyst for change in society, protecting the Florida Everglades from urban development and draining; two actions which would greatly impact the surrounding ecosystem, wildlife, and ultimately help mitigate the effects of climate change. Perhaps her greatest barrier was societal unawareness and political 1 Richard Severo, "Marjory Douglas, Champion of Everglades, Dies at 108," The New York Times (New York City, New York ), May 15, 1998, ​ ​ https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1998/05/15/956759.html?pageNumber=23. 2 T.E. Dahl and C.E. Johnson, Wetlands-Status and Trends in the Conterminous United States, Mid-1970's to Mid-1980's, Updates of the National ​ ​ Wetlands Status Report (Washington, DC.: United States Congress, 1991), 1. 3 Thomas E. Dahl and Gregory J. Allord, "History of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States," U.S. Geological Survey: National Water ​ Su​ mmary on Wetland Resources 2425 (1996): 22, PDF. ​ 4 M.J. Clarke, An Economic and Environmental Assessment of Florida Everglades Sugarcane Industry (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins ​ ​ U​niversity, 1977), 140. Bansal 2 ignorance of the downstream consequences of Florida’s development. By facilitating the acknowledgement of the facts, she not only served as a model for a new wave of activism coupled with environmentalism, she paved the way for the modern environmental movement. Public Perception of Wetlands in the mid 1900’s It was a widely-accepted practice to drain wetlands for farming or to use them as dumping grounds, and the Everglades were no exception. Spanning over two million acres5, the Everglades were considered “unsightly areas and mucky barriers to progress,”6 whose sole purpose was to breed mosquitoes. The facts, however, told a much different story. The architecture of the Everglades is unique. It catches and holds water, thereby preventing flooding, while feeding streams and maintaining lakes/ponds in dry weather.7 Home to over 70 endangered species, 40 different mammal species, 50 unique reptiles, more than 300 species of fish8, 360 species of birds9, and 700 kinds of plants, the Everglades play an integral role in the preservation of wildlife.10 Interestingly, birds and fish also keep the mosquito population in check.11 Moreover, supplied by rainfall, it provides critical fresh drinking water to the population. Despite these benefits, governmental incentives coupled with public perception, drove momentum to destroy the Everglades. But one woman stood in the way. Majory Stoneman Douglas was a resonating and constant voice that educated the uninformed public and politicians 5 Appendix I ​ 6 "The Wetlands," The New York Times (New York City, NY), May 19, 1974, accessed February 8, 2020, ​ ​ ht​ tps://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1974/05/19/117537124.html?pageNumber=222. 7 “The Wetlands.” 8 N​ ational Park Service, "Threatened and Endangered Species," National Park Service, accessed February 8, 2020, ​ https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/nature/techecklist.htm. 9 National Park Service, Birds, National Park Service, accessed February 8, 2020, https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/nature/birds.htm. 10 Nina Burleigh, "Tears for the Magnificent and Shrinking Everglades, a 'River of Grass,'" The New York Times, January 27, 2020, accessed ​ ​ Fe​bruary 8, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/27/travel/everglades-florida.html. 11 “The Wetlands.” ​ Bansal 3 on the value of the Everglades, ultimately steering the path away from urban development to protection and restoration. Douglas’s Rise as the “Grande Dame of the Everglades” After graduating from Wellesley college in 1912 and leaving a problematic marriage to Kenneth Douglas, Marjory moved to Miami to join her father who owned the Miami Herald.12 It ​ ​ was here that her writing career was launched. While first writing about weddings and other “women” issues, her underlying desire to write about civil and women’s rights, as well as urban planning and sanitation began to emerge.13 When a fellow environmentalist, Ernest Coe, asked her to help save the Everglades, she was initially skeptical, not actually understanding herself the value of this “too buggy, too wet, too generally inhospitable” wetland.14 After 5 years of research, its importance to the Southern Florida ecosystem was clear. Therefore, when she was asked to write a book on the Miami River as part of a larger collection about the rivers of America, she pushed to write The Everglades: River of Grass. This book represented the birth of ​ ​ her environmental activism. National and Regional Economic and Political Factors Posing a Barrier to Everglade Preservation Both local and national unawareness regarding the importance of wetlands in society led to the diminished protection of the environment. The prevailing sentiment was that wetlands could be a primary source of profit if developed. This notion originated in the 19th century with national expansion promoting the draining of the Everglades and other wetlands for agricultural 12 Sandy Levins, "Marjory Stoneman Douglas: Grand Dame of the Everglades," Wednesday's Women, last modified March 14, 2018, accessed Fe​bruary 12, 2020, https://wednesdayswomen.com/marjory-stoneman-douglas-grand-dame-of-the-everglades/. 13 Levins, "Marjory Stoneman," Wednesday's Women. 14 L​ evins, "Marjory Stoneman," Wednesday's Women. ​ Bansal 4 use15 and prompted an era of innovative technology and industrial growth. “From the middle of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century, the United States went through a period in which wetland removal was not questioned. Indeed, it was considered the proper thing to do.”16 In 1881, real-estate developer Hamilton Disston attempted, for the first time, to drain the Everglades in order to increase land for agriculture,17and while he was unsuccessful, he opened the door for politicians to promote the draining of the Everglades for economic gain and political status. In 1904, Gubernatorial candidate Napoleon Bonaparte Borward centered his platform on draining “that abominable pestilence-ridden swamp.”18,19 These promises attracted tourists and, unfortunately, a surge of hunters, resulting in a rapid decline of native species.20,21 Continued legislation in the 1930’s, such as the Sugar Cane Act of 1934, converted wetlands for sugarcane production,22 causing yields to increase from 410,000 to 873,000 tons between 1931 to 1941.23 Major governmental support to farmers to drain wetlands accelerated Everglade consumption, most notably in 1948,24 when Congress approved the Central and South Florida Project, which enabled the Army Corps of Engineers to divert all of the water flowing 15 Dahl and Allord, "History of Wetlands," 22. ​ 16 Christopher F. Meindl, Derek H. Alderman, and Peter Waylen, "On the Importance of Environmental Claims-Making: The Role of James O. Wr​ ight in Promoting the Drainage of Florida's Everglades in the Early Twentieth Century," Annals of the Association of American Geographers ​ 92, no. 4 (2002): 683, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.00311. 17 "Hamilton Disston Found Dead ," The New York Times (New York City , NY), May 1, 1896, ​ ​ https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1896/05/01/105747339.html?pageNumber=1. 18 "Napoleon B. Broward: Life And Times Of A Florida Governor," last modified 1974, PDF. 19 N​ ational Park Service , "Drain the Swamp: Reclaiming the Everglades ," National Park Service, accessed November 28, 2019, ​ https://www.nps.gov/subjects/southfloridacollections/drain-the-swamp.htm. 20 Michael Grunwald, The Swamp: The Everglades, Florida, and the Politics of Paradise (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), 120. ​ ​ ​ 21 Bill White, "Just About Everything ," Adirondack Daily Enterprise (Saranac Lake, NY), January 27, 1953, ​ ​ http://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn86033360/1953-01-27/ed-1/seq-6/. 22 Clarke, An Economic, 140. ​ ​ ​ 23 Clarke, An Economic, 141. ​ ​ ​ 24 R.W. Burwell and L.G. Sugden, "Potholes: Going, Going, ...," in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and North Dakota State University Extension ​ Ser​ vices, 375, previously published in Waterfowl Tomorrow (Washington, D.C.), 1964, 369-80, PDF. ​ ​ ​ Bansal 5 from Lake Okeechobee into the Everglades.25.26 However, Douglas literally and figuratively entered the landscape and her fight to preserve the Everglades began. Stoneman Douglas’ Strategies to Break Barriers Having done extensive research on the complex ecosystem of the Everglades to write her book, Rivers of Grass,27.28 Douglas’ major barrier was effectively disseminating her knowledge ​ ​ to the public.29 “There are no other Everglades in the world.
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