Chapter 6. Color and Style

6.1 Composite Color

The primary purpose of this lesson is to learn sufficient color theory to guide you in choosing legible color schemes.

Visible light comes in assorted wavelengths, which are commonly known as colors. A rainbow is made up of a continuous range of wavelengths of light, all arranged in order. Red is about 650 nm, and blue is about 475. When two or more wavelengths are combined, our eyes perceive a single color. So a combination of red and yellow light mixed appears orange, as though there were simply orange wavelength light present.

Even mixtures of all visible colors appear as a shade of grey anywhere between white and black.

Figure 1-from Computers display color by adjusting the amount of red, green, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ligh and blue light to be mixed together. These three colors are the t_spectrum_%28precise_colors%29.svg primary colors, and they are the components of mixed colors. Each component has 256 levels of brightness from 0 (darkest) to 255 (lightest).

Pure Colors Pure red is rgb(255, 0, 0) Pure green is rgb(0, 255, 0) Pure blue is rgb(0, 0, 255)

White (all colors) Mix all colors together rgb(255, 255, 255) to get white

Black (no color) No color at all rgb(0, 0, 0) is black

Secondary colors are obtained by cyan rgb(0, 255, 255) mixing two primaries together magenta rgb(255, 0, 255) yellow rgb(255, 255, 0

Colors between primaries and secondaries are obtained by interpolation. Orange rgb(255,165,0) is between red rgb(255, 0, 0) and yellow rgb(255, 255, 0).

Colors are darkened by decreasing all values, or lightened by increasing all values proportionally. Colors are made subtler by making the numbers less extreme.

255,0,0 Red 204,255,255 Light Turquoise 139,0,0 Dark Red 0,255,255 Turquoise

This is a color picker tool (from Microsoft Word 2016, specifically, but there are many other products where similar tools are available). Note that the selector allows the user to type in the exact values to use for red, green, and blue.

6.2 Hexadecimal Notation for Color Hexadecimal notation is traditionally used to number colors. Hexadecimal digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Colors can be represented by three hexadecimal digits (one per color) or six hexadecimal digits (two per color for fine tuning). In hexadecimal notation, red is #F00 or #FF0000. Colors can also be expressed as percentages such as rgb(100%,0%,0%) for red.

Notice that one more column has been added to the table for the hexadecimal notation of each color. In particular, 255 is FF in hex. The # appears at the beginning because it indicates the color is being represented as a hex number, not a word.

Pure Colors Pure red is rgb(255, 0, 0) #FF0000 Pure green is rgb(0, 255, 0) #00FF00 Pure blue is rgb(0, 0, 255) #0000FF

White (all colors) Mix all colors together rgb(255, 255, 255) #FFFFFF

Black (no color) No color at all rgb(0, 0, 0) is black #000000

Secondary colors are cyan rgb(0, 255, 255) #00FFFF obtained by mixing two magenta rgb(255, 0, 255) #FF00FF primaries together yellow rgb(255, 255, 0 #FFFF00

The next page contains a list of X11 colors from Wikipedia. The X11 list was created in the early days of browsers and has become a defacto standard for named colors. These color names are recognized by modern Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer browsers.

6.3 Color Chart

Name Code Decimal Name Code Decimal Name Code Decimal

Red colors Green colors Brown colors

IndianRed CD 5C 5C 205 92 92 GreenYellow AD FF 2F 173 255 47 Cornsilk FF F8 DC 255 248 220

LightCoral F0 80 80 240 128 128 Chartreuse 7F FF 00 127 255 0 BlanchedAlmond FF EB CD 255 235 205

Salmon FA 80 72 250 128 114 LawnGreen 7C FC 00 124 252 0 Bisque FF E4 C4 255 228 196

DarkSalmon E9 96 7A 233 150 122 Lime 00 FF 00 0 255 0 NavajoWhite FF DE AD 255 222 173

LightSalmon FF A0 7A 255 160 122 LimeGreen 32 CD 32 50 205 50 Wheat F5 DE B3 245 222 179

Crimson DC 14 3C 220 20 60 PaleGreen 98 FB 98 152 251 152 BurlyWood DE B8 87 222 184 135

Red FF 00 00 255 0 0 LightGreen 90 EE 90 144 238 144 Tan D2 B4 8C 210 180 140

FireBrick B2 22 22 178 34 34 MediumSpringGreen 00 FA 9A 0 250 154 Name Code Decimal

DarkRed 8B 00 00 139 0 0 SpringGreen 00 FF 7F 0 255 127 Brown colors

Pink colors MediumSeaGreen 3C B3 71 60 179 113 RosyBrown BC 8F 8F 188 143 143

Pink FF C0 CB 255 192 203 SeaGreen 2E 8B 57 46 139 87 SandyBrown F4 A4 60 244 164 96

LightPink FF B6 C1 255 182 193 ForestGreen 22 8B 22 34 139 34 Goldenrod DA A5 20 218 165 32

HotPink FF 69 B4 255 105 180 Green 00 80 00 0 128 0 DarkGoldenrod B8 86 0B 184 134 11

DeepPink FF 14 93 255 20 147 DarkGreen 00 64 00 0 100 0 Peru CD 85 3F 205 133 63

MediumVioletRed C7 15 85 199 21 133 YellowGreen 9A CD 32 154 205 50 Chocolate D2 69 1E 210 105 30

PaleVioletRed DB 70 93 219 112 147 OliveDrab 6B 8E 23 107 142 35 SaddleBrown 8B 45 13 139 69 19

Orange colors Olive 80 80 00 128 128 0 Sienna A0 52 2D 160 82 45

LightSalmon FF A0 7A 255 160 122 Name Code Decimal Brown A5 2A 2A 165 42 42

Coral FF 7F 50 255 127 80 Green colors Maroon 80 00 00 128 0 0

Tomato FF 63 47 255 99 71 DarkOliveGreen 55 6B 2F 85 107 47 White colors

OrangeRed FF 45 00 255 69 0 MediumAquamarine 66 CD AA 102 205 170 White FF FF FF 255 255 255

DarkOrange FF 8C 00 255 140 0 DarkSeaGreen 8F BC 8F 143 188 143 Snow FF FA FA 255 250 250

Orange FF A5 00 255 165 0 LightSeaGreen 20 B2 AA 32 178 170 Honeydew F0 FF F0 240 255 240

Yellow colors DarkCyan 00 8B 8B 0 139 139 MintCream F5 FF FA 245 255 250

Gold FF D7 00 255 215 0 Teal 00 80 80 0 128 128 Azure F0 FF FF 240 255 255

Yellow FF FF 00 255 255 0 Blue colors AliceBlue F0 F8 FF 240 248 255

LightYellow FF FF E0 255 255 224 Aqua 00 FF FF 0 255 255 GhostWhite F8 F8 FF 248 248 255 LemonChiffon FF FA CD 255 250 205 Cyan 00 FF FF 0 255 255 WhiteSmoke F5 F5 F5 245 245 245

LightGoldenrodYellow FA FA D2 250 250 210 LightCyan E0 FF FF 224 255 255 Seashell FF F5 EE 255 245 238

PapayaWhip FF EF D5 255 239 213 PaleTurquoise AF EE EE 175 238 238 Beige F5 F5 DC 245 245 220

Moccasin FF E4 B5 255 228 181 Aquamarine 7F FF D4 127 255 212 OldLace FD F5 E6 253 245 230

PeachPuff FF DA B9 255 218 185 Turquoise 40 E0 D0 64 224 208 FloralWhite FF FA F0 255 250 240

PaleGoldenrod EE E8 AA 238 232 170 MediumTurquoise 48 D1 CC 72 209 204 Ivory FF FF F0 255 255 240

Khaki F0 E6 8C 240 230 140 DarkTurquoise 00 CE D1 0 206 209 AntiqueWhite FA EB D7 250 235 215

DarkKhaki BD B7 6B 189 183 107 CadetBlue 5F 9E A0 95 158 160 Linen FA F0 E6 250 240 230

Name Code Decimal SteelBlue 46 82 B4 70 130 180 LavenderBlush FF F0 F5 255 240 245

Purple colors LightSteelBlue B0 C4 DE 176 196 222 MistyRose FF E4 E1 255 228 225

Lavender E6 E6 FA 230 230 250 PowderBlue B0 E0 E6 176 224 230 Grey colors

Thistle D8 BF D8 216 191 216 LightBlue AD D8 E6 173 216 230 Gainsboro DC DC DC 220 220 220

Plum DD A0 DD 221 160 221 SkyBlue 87 CE EB 135 206 235 LightGrey D3 D3 D3 211 211 211

Violet EE 82 EE 238 130 238 LightSkyBlue 87 CE FA 135 206 250 Silver C0 C0 C0 192 192 192

Orchid DA 70 D6 218 112 214 DeepSkyBlue 00 BF FF 0 191 255 DarkGray A9 A9 A9 169 169 169

Fuchsia FF 00 FF 255 0 255 DodgerBlue 1E 90 FF 30 144 255 Gray 80 80 80 128 128 128

Magenta FF 00 FF 255 0 255 CornflowerBlue 64 95 ED 100 149 237 DimGray 69 69 69 105 105 105

MediumOrchid BA 55 D3 186 85 211 MediumSlateBlue 7B 68 EE 123 104 238 LightSlateGray 77 88 99 119 136 153

MediumPurple 93 70 DB 147 112 219 RoyalBlue 41 69 E1 65 105 225 SlateGray 70 80 90 112 128 144

BlueViolet 8A 2B E2 138 43 226 Blue 00 00 FF 0 0 255 DarkSlateGray 2F 4F 4F 47 79 79

DarkViolet 94 00 D3 148 0 211 MediumBlue 00 00 CD 0 0 205 Black 00 00 00 0 0 0

DarkOrchid 99 32 CC 153 50 204 DarkBlue 00 00 8B 0 0 139

DarkMagenta 8B 00 8B 139 0 139 Navy 00 00 80 0 0 128 This list of X11 colors is from Purple 80 00 80 128 0 128 MidnightBlue 19 19 70 25 25 112 WikiPedia.

Indigo 4B 00 82 75 0 130

SlateBlue 6A 5A CD 106 90 205

DarkSlateBlue 48 3D 8B 72 61 139

6.4 Color Picker

It is handy to learn color names, but it is not required. Programs to author web pages contain color picker dialog boxes, such as the one from Microsoft Word earlier in the chapter.

The color picker dialog shows the amount of red, green, and blue in any color, along with the corresponding hexadecimal (hex) code. It also shows an alternate set of numerical values: Hue, saturation, and value that represent the color. Hue is what you call color of the rainbow that the color is. Saturation is a measure of how colorful the color is. And value is how light it is.

6.5 Applying Color to Style Properties Either color names or color codes can be used for style values. Each is shown below.

Everyone should be quick to listen.

6.6 Improving Contrast in Color Notice how difficult it is to read this dark text against its dark background. Use the same technique to change the text color of the paragraph to yellow.

Everyone should be quick to listen.

Now the text is much easier to read.

Light text on a dark background or dark text on a light background improves legibility of your web page. When the color of the foreground and background are nearly the same in luminance, it becomes difficult to read the text. Blue appears as a dark color to our eyes, and yellow appears bright, because our eyes are more sensitive to some colors than others.

Open the text properties dialog box again for the same paragraph. Notice the sample text for viewing the effects of your color on text.

What about red?

Notice how much harder it is to read the text with the green removed. (Recall that yellow was created by mixing red and green.)

What about green?

Against the blue background, the green text is much easier to read than the red. You might have thought of red as being a bright color, but now you can see that it isn't really as bright to our eyes compared to green as we might expect. Our eyes are much more sensitive to green, so this green color gives better contrast against the blue background.

There is a formula that we can use to determine how bright a color appears to the eye. LUMINANCE = measure of how We call this value luminance. The amount of luminance in white light is bright a color 100%. The amount of luminance in each of the three components is shown appears to the eye. in the bar chart that follows. The green component at its full power has about seven times as much luminance as the blue component, and the red at its full power has only about twice the luminance as the blue, so this pure red does not contrast against the blue as well as this pure green.

6.7 Luminance Luminance of a color can be roughly calculated by the sum of three parts:  20% of the red value over its maximum possible  70% of the green value over its maximum possible  10% of the blue value over its maximum possible

These are rough values. For further explanation of more precise numbers that correspond to values of about 26.5%, 66.8%, and 6.6%, see NASA's website on luminance contrast in color graphics:

http://colorusage.arc.nasa.gov/design_lum_1.php

The numbers on that site are scaled from 0 to 57.3, rather than being given as percentages of the maximum value.

We will use rounded percentages 20%, 70%, and 10% for simplicity because they are easier to remember, and also because there is variation in perception by observers and variation in rendering by equipment used for viewing.

Using our simple formula, the luminance of black rgb(0,0,0) is zero.

The luminance of white rgb(255,255,255) is 100% as shown:

255 255 255 20%  255 + 70%  255 + 10% 255 = 100%,

which is the same as white rgb(100%,100%,100%), which is

100% 100% 100% 20% 100% + 70% 100% + 10%  100% = 100%

The luminance of red rgb(255,0,0) is 20%

255 20%  255 = 20%,

which is the same as red rgb(100%,0,0)

100% 20% 100% = 20%

The luminance of green rgb(0,255,0) is

255 70%  255 = 70%,

which is the same as green rgb(0,100%,0), which is

100% 70% 100% = 70%

The luminance of yellow rgb(255,255,0) is the two added together 255 255 20%  255 + 70%  255 = 90%,

which is the same as yellow rgb(100%,100%,0), which is

100% 100% 20% 100% + 70% 100% = 90%

The luminance of orange rgb(255,165 ,0) between red & yellow is

165 + 70%  255 ≈ 65%,

which is the same as orange rgb(100%,64.7%,0%), which is

64.7% + 70%  100% ≈ 65%

These formulas show which colors appear bright (near 100% luminance) and which colors appear dark (closer to 0% luminance)

As yellow luminance is 90%, which is close to the luminance of white, 100%, yellow is very bright. Green is also bright with 70% luminance, though not quite as bright as yellow.

Blue on the other hand has a luminance of only 10%, which is close to the luminance of black 0%. Red is also surprisingly dark, with 20% luminance, though not quite as dark as blue.

Since the luminance of these blue and green colors differ by more than the luminance of these blue and red colors, the green provides better contrast and legibility than the red when this blue background is used. If you want a blue background with red letters, it will be important to lighten the blue color instead of using pure blue.

The luminance of lightblue rgb(173,216 ,230) is

173 216 230 20%  255 + 70%  255 + 70%  255 ≈ 79%, which is a light color, compared to the 20% luminance of red.

Here's how red appears against lightblue. Try it yourself.

compared to

So now we have some simple tools for quantifying color contrast to help pick colors, and we have a technique for adjusting color that has poor contrast.