Come and see us at DSEI on Stand N2–164 AEROSPACE

September 2017

INDIA’S SPACE PROGRAMME NEW FLIGHT TRAINING FOR DIGITAL NATIVES WHAT ARE THE FUTURE AEROSPACE CAREERS?

www.aerosociety.com September 2017 Volume 44 Number 9

AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS Royal Aeronautical Society TIME TO TEACH ROBOTS ETHICS? ONLINE VISITOR THE DESTINATION REGISTRATION FOR AEROSPACE NOW OPEN

12-16 NOVEMBER 2017 DWC, DUBAI AIRSHOW SITE

WWW.DUBAIAIRSHOW.AERO Volume 44 Number 9 September 2017 Teaching robots Do AvGeeks dream of ethics electric fleets? Can autonomous Urban mobility – are 14 military systems we on the cusp of be taught the rules 22 a revolution in air of war? transport? Airbus Contents BAE Systems Correspondence on all aerospace matters is welcome at: The Editor, AEROSPACE, No.4 Hamilton Place, W1J 7BQ, UK [email protected] Comment Regulars 4 Radome 12 Transmission The latest aviation and Your letters, emails, tweets aeronautical intelligence, and feedback. analysis and comment. 58 The Last Word Wanted: Digital natives 10 Antenna Keith Hayward on the Howard Wheeldon considers maiden voyage of the Royal Franco-German plans to Navy’s new Queen Elizabeth Mars colonist? VTOL aerial taxi entrepreneur? Battle UCAV AI tactician? 3D develop a Eurofighter/ aircraft carrier. printing optimiser? There is no doubt that the aerospace careers of tomorrow Rafale replacement. will be as varied as the multitude of aerospace, aviation and space careers today – with ones that we cannot even imagine. Yet a common thread links many of these – the unstoppable rise of digitisation of the ‘Fourth industrial Features revolution’ that is seeing our lives transformed at a dizzying speed by Big COMAC Data, AI and robotics. Three articles in this issue serve to make that point: 18 In ‘Training for tomorrow today’ David Learmount looks at how Boeing is updating its flight training for Millennials. In ‘Workers at the dawn of new aerospace’ Rosalind Azouzi looks at the digital skills that will be needed for this new generation of aerospace professionals. Finally, in ‘Time for a British 34 Third Offset’ – digitalisation and the ‘start-up’ tech gurus may also hold the key to the RAF recovering its competitive edge and becoming a 21st century Is the COMAC C919 China’s great leap forward? Workers at the dawn of information-driven military force. While much has been written about ‘robots Will China’s new commercial new aerospace taking away jobs’, it is likely that the most fulfilling aerospace careers in the challenge the Airbus/ As the RAeS Careers future will be ones in which computers complement humans and vice versa Boeing duopoly? Centre celebrates its 20th anniversary, what will be the – each playing to each other’s strengths. All these suggest that aerospace is 26 Time for a British ‘Third aerospace careers of the entering an exciting new era – powered not by kerosene and Jet-A1 but by Offset’? future? Big Data, analytics and ‘the Cloud’. Caution is required about some of these Can harnessing tech sector Boeing claims of tech ‘disruption’ – it is worth remembering that aviation has always innovation and agility help the West regain its military edge? been an innovative industry. In seeking out these ‘digital natives’, it is important that the industry holds on to its roots – and especially the human element. ISRO Social media, for example, allows people to connect with like-minded others around the world, yet it may be that it is a complete stranger you bump into, 30 purely by chance at your local RAeS Branch lecture, who sets in motion an idea, business or technology that changes the world. 38 Training for tomorrow Tim Robinson, Editor-in-Chief today David Learmount reports on [email protected] India on track to the stars how Boeing has adopted new NEWS IN BRIEF and beyond learning philosophies to help An update on India’s pilots and engineers master Editor-in-Chief AEROSPACE is published by the Royal 2017 AEROSPACE subscription more complex systems. Tim Robinson Aeronautical Society (RAeS). rates: Non-members, £160 ambitious space programme. +44 (0)20 7670 4353 Chief Executive Please send your order to: [email protected] Simon C Luxmoore Chris Male, RAeS, No4 Hamilton Place, Deputy Editor Advertising London W1J 7BQ, UK. 41 Afterburner Bill Read Simon Levy +44 (0)20 7670 4352 +44 (0)20 7670 4351 +44 (0)20 7670 4346 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Any member not requiring a print Publications Manager Unless specifically attributed, no version of this magazine, please 42 Message from our President Chris Male contact: [email protected] material in AEROSPACE shall be taken 43 Message from our +44 (0)20 7670 4352 to represent the opinion of the RAeS. USA: Periodical postage paid at [email protected] Chief Executive Reproduction of material used in this Champlain New and additional Production Editor offices. Online publication is not permitted without the 44 Book Reviews Wayne J Davis written consent of the Editor-in-Chief. Postmaster: Send address changes Additional features and content +44 (0)20 7670 4354 to IMS of New York, PO Box 1518, 47 Library Additions [email protected] Printed by Buxton Press Limited, are available to view online on Palace Road, Buxton, Derbyshire Champlain NY 12919-1518, USA. 48 Henson & Stringfellow www.media.aerosociety.com/ Book Review Editor SK17 6AE, UK Lecture aerospace-insight Brian Riddle ISSN 2052-451X 50 Corporate Partners Including: Rise of the airport robots, Editorial Office Distributed by Royal Mail 3D printing takes-off, Airport Art, Time for a Royal Aeronautical Society 52 Diary British Third Offset?, Briefing better, In the No.4 Hamilton Place August issue of AEROSPACE, London W1J 7BQ, UK 54 Obituaries Teaching robots ethics, European and +44 (0)20 7670 4300 56 RAeS Elections [email protected] UK defence collaboration, Taxi to LEO, please. www.aerosociety.com Front cover: Lockheed Martin VARIOUS UCAV. Lockheed Martin

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INTELLIGENCE / ANALYSIS / COMMENT Extended range Volga-Dnepr forsees an outsize freighter with more than double the range (8,000- 10,000km) of the current An-124-100 (4,500km), making non-stop flights across the Pacific feasible. Volga-Dnepr Volga-Dnepr

More automation? Volga-Dnepr is coy on the specifics of the super cargo airlifter flightdeck and avionics, apart from its Technical Director noting that it will comply with ICAO requirements to 2060 and have 100% automated flight functionality. Volga-Dnepr

4 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 Super-sized efficiency Volga-Dnepr predicts that a super-heavy airlifter should be some 35-40% more efficient than the current An-124-100. New engines, advances in aerodynamics modelling and a semi-blended wing body configuration will help achieve that.

Next gen engines While the Antonov An-124-100 uses the 1980’s era (44,000lb thrust) Progress D-18 turbofan, a next generation super-heavy cargo aircraft will require a new, more fuel-efficient powerplant. Victor Tolmachev, An-124 Chief Designer and Volga-Dnepr’s Technical Director, believes an engine in the (66.500lb thrust) GE GEnx-2B67 class, used on the 747-8, will be needed.

AIR TRANSPORT Cargo giant of the future Russian outsize air freight and logistics airline, Volga-Dnepr has revealed its concept and potential specifications for a successor to the giant Antonov An-124-100 airlifter – available for the 2040s up until 2070. Outlined in the online newsletter RusaviaInsider, Volga-Dnepr's concept shows a four-engined transport, able to carry 150-170t with a trans-Pacific range and up to 40% more efficient than the current An-124. The airline currently operates 12 An-124-100s, which are now some 40 years old and is seeing sustained growth in the outsized and super-heavy cargo market – with a 23% rise in An-124 traffic in the first half of 2017. To meet this future demand, the company believes that it will need between 50 and 100 new super cargo aircraft. Interestingly, the article on RusaviaInsider also speculated that any super heavy airlifter might well have to be an international project.

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DEFENCE AIR TRANSPORT Meet the Su-57 A Bombardier CSeries regional airliner has made its first revenue flight into . The Swiss International Airlines (SWISS) CS100 flew to the airport from Zurich The head of Russia's 12 Su-57s are expected on 8 August. The airline plans to use the CSeries as part of a regular service to Zurich aerospace forces, Col to begin in 2019. The air with an additional route starting from Geneva over the summer. Gen Viktor Bondarev, has force expects to field 55 revealed the official Su-57s by 2020. The

designation of TA fighter is currently S S Sukhoi PAK-FA flying with an T-50 fifth- interim 117S generation engine, with stealth fighter the aircraft set is Su-57. First to fly with a new flown in 2010, uprated izdeliye 30 deliveries of the first powerplant, in the third Swiss begins London City pre-production batch of quarter of 2017. services with CSeries Bombardier Bombardier AEROSPACE SPACEFLIGHT Shake-up in avionics sector Musk sets date for Falcon Boeing is to establish its own in-house avionics division, in a reversal of a previous strategy Heavy debut of outsourcing work on its products. The new Boeing Avionics division aims to insource avionics and electronics systems and capture a larger slice of aftermarket and upgrade work for the company. Elon Musk has revealed into LEO or 24t into  Meanwhile, news outlets have reported that United Technologies (UTC) group is mulling that SpaceX’s newest geostationary orbit. As well the acquisition of avionics and equipment supplier Rockwell Collins, in a deal that could be Falcon Heavy launcher as a core reusable Falcon worth over $19bn. is set to make its 9 first stage, the Falcon

maiden flight this S Heavy’s twin p a c November. The e boosters will also X Falcon Heavy, land vertically to powered by 27 be refurbished Merlin engines The 5.13 million in its first stage, is lb take-off thrust the most powerful Falcon Heavy is US-built rocket since set to be launched from NASA’s Saturn V and Kennedy Space Center’s will be able to put 60t Launch Pad 39A in Florida. Rockwell Collins Rockwell NEWS IN BRIEF

21 Embraer ERJ145 the accident occurred. carried to altitude by the to Australia in early COMAC has reported regional jets. The aircraft According to the report: WhiteKnightTwo carrier 2018 where they will be to have powered up its will be used to replace ‘once the vehicle had aircraft, saw the spacecraft upgraded with new General second C919 airliner Bombardier Dash-8 started to descend, parts fly with most of its fuel Electric T700 engines, prototype – ahead of the turboprop aircraft by of the aircraft broke off, tanks full, making it a ‘dry upgraded gearboxes, a aircraft joining its test fleet. January 2018. including the main rotor run’ for upcoming powered terrain awareness and Meanwhile, the first blades.’ Both crew on test flights. warning system (TAWS) and prototype, which made its An accident investigation board were killed in the a general overhaul. maiden flight in May, has report into the fatal accident. Sikorsky is to partner with yet to make a second flight. crash of a German Tiger Australian companies Kaan Airbus has reported A total of six aircraft will be military helicopter on a On 4 August, Virgin Air and StarFlight Australia a one-third slump in used in the test fleet. peacekeeping mission Galactic conducted a to convert ten former US operating profits due to in Mali claims that the sixth unpowered glide military UH-60 Black Hawk continuing Pratt & Whitney CommutAir has signed aircraft lost its main rotor test of its VSS Unity utility helicopters to aerial engine delivery issues for a memorandum of before going down. The sub-orbital spaceplane firebombing and disaster its A320neo. Operating understanding (MOU) helicopter had been flying from Mojave Spaceport relief configurations. profits for the second with United Airlines for at 135kt at 1,800ft when in California. The Unity, The ten Black Hawks will quarter were down 27%

6 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 GENERAL AVIATION AEROSPACE 747 water UBS study says $35bn savings cleared for fire-fighting from pilotless Global SuperTanker Israel in the past year, can A new study from Swiss bank UBS claims that the Services’ highly- carry 19,200 gallons introduction of pilotless airliners could improve safety modified Boeing G of water or fire and save airlines up to $35bn per year from reduced lo b

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c e US Government s limit of 5,000 gallons 8,000 people said they would approval to fight for aerial firefighting. be ‘reluctant’ to take a wildfires by the Department This means that, at the pilotless flight with only 17% of Agriculture. moment, the Global saying they would ‘welcome the opportunity’. However, the giant air Supertanker is restricted tanker, which has been to operating in California or fire-fighting in Chile and one county in Colorado. DEFENCE AIR TRANSPORT The Pan-European defence procurement agency OCCAR has announced that FAA asked to re-consider international partners have reached a milestone in defining the future European MALE (Medium Altitude Long Endurance) UAV. The project, formerly known as Euro passenger seat size MALE2020 and involving Airbus Defence, Dassault and Leonardo, has settled on a twin-turboprop configuration for the UAV. The next development phase is scheduled A US appeal court has group had argued that to begin in 2018, with a projected in-service date of 2025. The configuration choice ruled that the FAA must decreasing seat sizes (from harks back to BAE Systems Mantis UAV (pictured), a joint development of which, with look again at a petition 35in pitch in the 1960s Dassault, the Telemos was cancelled in 2012. from a consumer group to 28in today and width campaigning for a legal from 18.5in to 17in), along minimum airline passenger with increased body size seat width. The FAA of passengers poses an originally dismissed the evacuation issue. However, case by ‘Flyers Rights’ in a Washington DC Court 2015, arguing that smaller of Appeals has upheld the seat sizes did not pose groups plea and asked the any “immediate safety or FAA to review its original EuroMALE configuration set security concern.” The response. BAE Systems

to $1bn. The manufacturer AerCap. The aircraft are Norfolk, Virginia coast. The part-telemetry equipment. delivered 239 A320s in scheduled to be delivered aircraft was also recovered As AEROSPACE goes Airbus Defence and Space the first half of 2017 but from the end of 2018. using the new advanced to press, the second has completed ground only 59 of these were neos arresting gear. Electron rocket, named and flight trials of its new and just 16 were the P&W The US Navy’s newest ‘Still Testing’ is expected SAGITTA jet-powered UAV GTF-powered version. aircraft carrier, the Rocket Lab has revealed to roll out to the launch demonstrator. Meanwhile, the airframer USS Gerald R Ford has the cause of the failure pad in about eight weeks. The tests were conducted also revealed that it is to conducted the first ever behind its Electron at Overberg in South Africa reduce delivery rates of its at-sea launch of the rocket test of 25 May Western Michigan and included a seven- slow-selling A380 to just EMALS (Electromagnetic launched from New University has ordered minute autonomous flight. eight in 2019, down from Aircraft Launch System) Zealand. Though the two new Garmin a previously announced 12 which replaces the rocket reached 224km, 1000X-equipped Piper Two pilots have reportedly in 2018. traditional steam catapult. it did not reach orbit Seminoles for pilot training. been suspended and an The test, on 28 July, saw due to an “independent They will be used at the investigation underway Kazakhstan carrier Air the Ford launch a Boeing contractor’s ground University’s campus in after an Air India A320 Astana is to lease five new F/A-18F Super Hornet equipment issue”, namely Battle Creek, Michigan and flew nearly two hours with Embraer E190-E2s from using the EMALS off the misconfiguration of third- Punta Gorda, Florida. its undercarriage down.

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AIR TRANSPORT AEROSPACE Etihad profits plunge Perlan 2 glider altitude record – take 2 Airbus has resumed its the Airbus-sponsored team

Perlan Mission II Pe will attempt to ride on rl an attempt to fly p stratospheric rising ro je c a glider to t air currents to the edge of break the world space. gliding altitude The Perlan record of 2 team has 50,671ft, set by Abu Dhabi-based airline Etihad Airways has posted a huge $1.87bn loss for returned to Perlan 1 in 2006. 2016 – the first profit drop in five years. This compares with a $103m profit the Argentina where it A similar attempt was previous year. The carrier blames the loss on a $1.06bn charge caused by writing flew the pressurised glider made by Perlan 2 last year down aircraft values and a $808m loss from stakes in other airline partners, to a height of 32,500ft. but failed to break the including Air Berlin and Alitalia. Over the next two months, record. Etihad Airways DEFENCE SPACEFLIGHT USAF OA-X light attack Cargo Dream Chaser to use demo kicks off Atlas V On 31 July, the US part are Embraer’s Sierra Nevada Corporation has chosen ULA’s Atlas V rocket to launch the Air Force began its A-29 Super Tucano, first two missions of its unmanned Dream Chaser spaceplane as part of experimental light attack L-3 Communications' NASA’s second ISS Cargo Resupply Services 2 contract. The first Dream demonstration at Holloman Air Tractor AT-802L Chaser cargo mission to the ISS will lift off in 2020, with the second in 2025. AFB, Nevada. The Light Longsword, Textron Attack Experiment, Aviation’s Beechcraft AT-6 (OA-X) trial aims to rapidly Wolverine and Textron evaluate a number of AirLand’s Scorpion Jet. off-the-shelf contenders The next phase of the for a light attack/COIN fly-off could see shortlisted platform with four aircraft winners deployed to take being trialled. Taking part in combat field trials. Sierra Nevada Corporation NEWS IN BRIEF

management of the Spitzer were reported to the two The US Army has ordered Space Telescope to an Gulfstream Aerospace has flight test pilots onboard at On 30 July North Korea its personnel to cease academic institution or delivered its 550th G550 the time. tested an intercontinental using Chinese-made off- private operator in 2019 business jet. The delivery, to ballistic missile (ICBM) the-shelf DJI UAVs due to due to a lack of funding. an undisclosed customer, French flag carrier Air which it claims has a concerns over ‘cyber- Launched in 2003 on an comes 14 years after the France is to launch a new range of 10,000km. vulnerabilities’. A memo initial five-year mission, large-cabin bizjet entered subsidiary airline Joon The latest test saw the tells troops to stop using the infrared observatory service. aimed at millennial (aged missile travel 1,000km any DJI drones, uninstall is moving further away 18-35) travellers. The and reach an altitude of software/apps and any from the Earth, making Lockheed Martin/ new carrier – set to start 3,700km pointing to a sub-components. DJI is the communications more Sikorsky’s S-97 Raider services in September – will more advanced design biggest consumer drone complicated. If funding coaxial helicopter feature a relaxed, innovative than an earlier test in July. manufacturer, with over is obtained, then Spitzer prototype was damaged atmosphere onboard. US intelligence estimates 70% of the global market. would be loaned to a on 2 August after a hard The airline will use Airbus that North Korea may now . private operator while landing at Sikorsky's flight A320s and A340s with have 60 nuclear warheads NASA says it may NASA would retain test facility in Palm Beach long-haul flights to begin small enough to be used have to hand over the ownership. County, Florida. No injuries in 2018. on ICBMs.

8 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 GENERAL AVIATION DEFENCE Ka-226T hot‘n’high testing in Iran and Draken team up for UK ASDOT

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partnership u provides p to bid for the ‘aggressor’ UK MoD’s training in the upcoming US with a fleet ASDOT (Air of L-39, L-159 Support to Defence and A-4s. ASDOT is Operational Training) expected to formally be requirement. Cobham launched later this year. Russian Helicopters Russian Helicopters’ Kamov Ka-226T light utility helicopter is undergoing testing in Iran, with a focus on evaluating the coaxial helicopter at very high temperatures – up to 50°C. AIR TRANSPORTINFLIGHT CONNECTIVITY: AEROSPACE INFOGRAPHIC:BRINGING FREEDOM Connectivity ‘a necessity’TO THE SKIES finds Inmarsat survey UK to require registration of drone users GLOBAL The UK is to require canopy and airliner Inflight connectivity (IFC) owners of UAVs over 250g windscreens measured to register their drones and using kinetic tests and determines airline choice and loyalty understand safety rules computer modelling. As after new research into the well as the registration IFC enables passengers to communicate seamlessly effects of collisions with of UAVs, the British inflight via a global satellite network aircraft and helicopters. Government also plans Of passengers who have experienced high quality The research, conducted enhanced ‘geofencing’ to inflight Wi-Fi: on behalf of pilots’ union restrict where consumer BALPA, saw the effects of UAVs can fly, such as drone strikes on helicopter airports and prisons. 61% 40% 1 Price rank IFC as a 2 Schedule of passengers top 3 driver of 3 IFC ON THE consider it more airline choice important than inflight entertainment (IFE) MOVE Horizon Air has appointed President and CEO of Captain John Hornibrook APAC 62% the Aerospace Industries as VP Flight Operations U.S. 61% 60% Association (AIA) David F and Brooke Vatheuer EU 56% of passengers globally Melcher has announced as VP of Finance and M East 56% believe that inflight Wi-Fi his retirement at the end Planning. LATAM 54% is a necessity not a luxury of 2017. John Zuzu has been Katherine Bennett has promoted to MD Quality inflight connectivity drives customer loyalty been appointed as Senior Corporate Facilities for VP of Airbus in the UK. Southwest Airlines. 44% Robert Sumwalt is to be Andy Keough is to be the 14th chair of the US the new MD of Saab would stop using their preferred National Transportation Australia, taking up his airline if it o‡ered Safety Board. post in November. poor quality IFC Inmarsat

IFC gives passengers freedom and @aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 more choice than IFE 9

Passengers can have their own content on their favourite devices 55% 66% of IFC users have connected more than of families said one device on at inflight Wi-Fi would least one flight in the be a life saver past year when travelling with children

Stay connected above the clouds 52% of passengers would 61% take advantage of the of flyers said Wi-Fi ability to buy items on a access relieves anxiety flight and collect them upon arrival

Inmarsat’s annual Inflight Connectivity Survey is the world’s largest poll of passenger sentiment. Now in its third year, it has become an industry barometer, compiled with market research company GfK. We spoke to more than 9,000 people in 18 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Middle East and North and Latin America.

We have been tracking the increasing usage of high bandwidth amongst those that have connected:

100%

90%

80% 67% 70% 59% 60%

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30% 20% 21% 21% 20% 7% 10%

0% Low Medium High bandwidth bandwidth bandwidth users users users

Low bandwidth: a few low bandwidth activities used e.g. internet browsing

Medium bandwidth: a few medium bandwidth activities used e.g. basic email, social networks, or lots of low bandwidth activities

High bandwidth: high bandwidth activities used e.g. streaming video, downloading movies, or lots of low/ medium activities

Key: 2016 global

2017 global Global Outlook and Analysis with antenna:HOWARD WHEELDON Franco-German future fighter co-operation – a wake-up call? o one should be in any doubt that the have and continue to collaborate on the development decision by the French and German of a new UCAV. This will not be affected in any way Governments to collaborate on a study by what Germany and France have announced. I that may lead to the development of note that, in his own confirmation of this view, Eric a next generation manned military Trappier, CEO of Dassault, suggested that it might Ncombat aircraft which they presumably see as being also be possible for Britain to join in with France and a potential successor to Dassault Rafale, Panavia Germany – despite fears that Brexit could isolate the Tornado and , may also be seen UK from future defence programmes. as a warning signal of intent that, in a post Brexit True, the Franco/German combat jet study can environment, Britain might no longer be seen as a equally be seen as confirmation of the intention to desirable partner. build an EU-wide defence-based system equal in The study collaboration agreement and the stature to the economic and political union. With intention to draw up a roadmap for any potential increasing signals of Germany and France working development that comes out of the study by mid next closer together on defence-based projects, including year, was announced in July by German Chancellor, attack helicopters, air-to-ground missiles, tanks and Angela Merkel and the new French President, artillery and, with other partners, long-endurance Emmanuel Macron. Not surprisingly, the plan, which remotely-piloted air systems, the UK would be silly to caught most defence watchers on the hop, has been dismiss signals of what France and Germany may be the cause of much conversation ever since. However planning longer term. is the notion of France and Germany developing a new military combat jet without engaging other Out in the cold partners realistic? My own view is certainly not. While foundations for France and Germany to So, should we fear the prospect that the UK's still very collaborate on any future development are a very strong aerospace and defence industry might be at long way from being laid, the notional idea has fuelled increasing risk of being damaged by French/German speculation that the UK defence industry could soon intentions? Alternatively, should Britain be reassured find itself isolated from the rest of Europe, meaning that, due to a variety of reasons, both political and that the only routes left might be further collaboration affordability-based, the chances of Germany and with the US. This is nonsense and, while the UK is France developing a combat jet together is unlikely? very well placed with its US partners, so too is it with The answer is both. While I do not believe that potential European partners as well. the opportunity for the UK to play a significant role While few would argue that, due to affordability on international defence programme developments and high risk of developing a next generation jet will be diminished by the French/German study plan, I in Europe would require a fixed partnership and believe that, without the UK being involved, the costs collaboration route, the idea that German politicians would be prohibitive. Such views are not intended would be content to move ahead with development of to be seen as either arrogant or complacent on my a new fighter jet is harder to envisage. German voters part and I well know that France has developed two are also likely to express concern and they have long generations of jets on its own. been sensitive on the subject of combat aircraft, just It is important to realise that, while the UK as they have across most aspects of defence. Indeed, Government has been somewhat risk averse in while Chancellor Merkel has confirmed an intention recent years, particularly in regard of providing that Germany will be spending 2% of GDP on defence funding for military research and development by 2025/6, little consideration appears to have been projects, neither has it been standing still in respect given to the fact that travelling along such a route in of developing technology. order to meet the NATO commitment would mean all Note also that Chris Boardman, Managing but doubling the size of German military capability. Director of BAE Systems Military Air and Information Britain already has a joint venture programme (MAI) was quick to react to the announcement, with France in which Dassault and BAE Systems saying not only that he 'welcomed it', but that

10 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 neither did he “feel threatened by it”, adding a view Eurofighter that: “I would like to see how (the project) matures”. Emphasising a belief that BAE Systems will “one way or another” have an involvement in a future French/German programme, Boardman also took the opportunity to remind everyone that BAE Systems was already involved in two separate jet fighter development programmes, one between Britain and Turkey and the other between Britain and Japan. I suppose that a follow on question might be whether Germany might attempt to lure France away from the Anglo French Future Combat Air System (FCAS) and unmanned air vehicle prototype development project which is also a potential successor to some elements of existing manned fast- jet capability in Europe which involves BAE Systems, Dassault, Finmeccanica Airborne and Space Systems, Collaboration on big defence projects is the Rolls-Royce, Snecma/Safran and Thales. only way forward but for France and Germany to Affordability and national political views will, seemingly go it alone is fraught with difficulty. Europe Can France and be crucial factors in respect of where the study has a long and successful history of collaboration in Germany plan goes from here. While the German economy military aircraft design/development that stretches is strong, there is little political appetite to spend back to the Anglo/French Sepecat Jaguar attack co-operate to on defence projects. The French economy remains aircraft. A decade later, the UK, Germany and Italy build a successor weak and, in regard of defence affordability, it too has formed a partnership to develop a swing-wing jet that to Eurofighter, problems. would later be known as the . While above, and export sales on both aircraft were limited (in the case The French dilemma of the Jaguar only to India and for Panavia Tornado, Rafale? only to Saudi Arabia), from a capability perspective For France to stay within the EU’s 3% of GDP deficit both military aircraft types deservedly won many rules limit, the Finance Minister, Bruno Le Maire, plaudits. Indeed, Jaguar aircraft continued to be built will need to slash public sector spending by at least in India until 2008. While the RAF will retire the last €4.5bn in 2017 alone! As is often the case for of its Panavia Tornado GR4 aircraft in March 2019, politicians, defence can be a too easy option to cut. 45 years after the first of the two variants flew, That said, the reality of the current position is that Germany and Italy plan to continue Panavia Tornado French military forces are heavily deployed in Africa operation until at least 2025. In total, 992 Tornado and the Middle East and also in the fight against aircraft were built. terrorism at home. Budget cuts are no easy option There was to be one further attempt at European- here. based military aircraft collaboration, first known as WHILE THE True, the French Air Force may have an over- the European Collaborative Fighter project, when the supply of Rafale fast-jet capability but it is very short formal proposals from BAE Systems and its German GERMAN of helicopters and UAVs and, as we have seen in the equivalent, Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm, were put ECONOMY support that the has been assisting forward to their respective governments in 1979. IS STRONG, French troops deployed in Mali, Chad, Niger and Brilliant though the capability certainly is and how THERE IS LITTLE the Ivory Coast delivering supplies, France lacks it will be when full multi-role capability is reached in sufficient military air heavylift capability. That support a couple of years from now, as a programme it has POLITICAL arrangement has recently been extended by the UK taken far too long to develop the Eurofighter Typhoon. APPETITE TO Ministry of Defence. Conversely, of course, with the This project has been beset with political rather than SPEND ON UK having no specialist maritime search capability, technical development problems, most falling into DEFENCE the French Air Force has been assisting the UK in the category of differing capability requirements, hunting Russian submarines off and around the coast squabbles over numbers and work share among PROJECTS. of Britain. the British, German, Italian and Spanish partner THE FRENCH Note too that, with the previous French governments, combined with defence budget restraints ECONOMY Government having announced a proposed cut of and various internal political issues in Germany that €850m in the current defence budget, it seems that seriously impacted on the decision-making process. REMAINS WEAK not even the resignation of General Pierre de Villiers, While collaboration remains the only way forward AND, IN REGARD the highly respected chief of the general staff, has on the basis of affordability and while lessons from OF DEFENCE managed to persuade President Macron to reverse Eurofighter Typhoon and A400M collaborations must AFFORDABILITY, the cut, although he has at least indicated that the be learned, I find it difficult to believe that France defence budget will rise by €1.5bn in 2018 to an and Germany will benefit financially or militarily from IT TOO HAS estimated €34.2bn. building a new combat jet alone. PROBLEMS

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LETTERS AND ONLINE

African airlines Magnetic debate RAF

Referring to the excellent article, North by North

Rafaël Delaed in the August edition(2), the military has also experienced issues with magnetic variation. I was president of an accident investigation into a mid-air collision between two RAF Tornados over where magnetic variation was a contributory factor. Tornados refuelling from an RAF TriStar tanker. The Tornados were Virgin Nigeria Airbus A320. transiting in company with the inside converged with to read a compelling a TriStar tanker that was the tanker by 18deg (Mag argument for the retention the formation lead. Tornado Var). Regrettably, they of Mag. Switching to True Good to see the article enter these markets and operated True, the TriStar collided in their manoeuvre may also be good for the on African Airlines by start competing with our operated Mag but the brief to avoid hitting the TriStar. environment. After all, it is Keith Hayward(1) which fledgling Virgin sister that was to call all headings There are too many practically impossible to fly gives some exposure to a we had done everything to in True. After a navigation examples of accidents an accurate small arc of a continent much neglected nurture. Nigerian aviation turn, where the TriStar occurring because of great circle using Mag. by most in the developed would be in a very different handling pilot mistakenly confusion between two aviation world. I have place today if Sir Richard called the roll-out heading units of measurement Kevin Smith to suggest a couple of Branson’s bold and brave in Mag, two Tornados on and I would be interested FRAeS corrections, however: move had been allowed to succeed by the very bunch programme office where 1. The Virgin Group was of politicians that had Wind tunnel celebration I got the work of doing not reluctant to let Virgin initially encouraged it. Airbus trade-off studies for when Nigeria fly international an improved version of the routes ‘in part because of 2. I seriously question was launched the competition this would the notion that ‘Most (ah such dreams!) In 1967 have generated for Virgin intra-African routes are I got the feeling that there Atlantic’. I was Commercial unprofitable’: the yields are must be more to life than Director for often famously high and this and started looking (VS) at the time, and thinking that ‘Ethiopian (ET) around and saw an advert one of Virgin Nigeria’s cross subsidises its African in the Financial Times that principal ‘correspondents’ services from profits made Sikorsky Aircraft were in Crawley: we were flying to Europe as part of looking for engineers actually very keen that a wider feeder network’ capable of doing trade off Virgin Nigeria take up either reveals ET’s rather studies in its Advanced the international rights eccentric cost allocation or Design Branch. I applied, afforded them by the the author’s unquestioning was accepted, and become Virgin Group/Nigerian faith in their PR. I know swept up in the Brain Government Agreement from experience with SAA, Drain. I, my wife and our for five years exclusive Virgin and more recently two children arrived in access under Nigerian with TAAG that, if one can the States in 1967. Thus bilaterals to London, find the routes with the Concorde model in 1969 wind-tunnel test. started a wonderful life Jeddah, Johannesburg, right traffic flows, African where a British Public Dubai and New York. yields and route profitability In the July edition of 1956 I became the first School education met One only, Lagos-London, are second to none. One AEROSPACE, I saw a Head of the No 4 Wind management, American competed directly with small example, we earn celebration of 60 years tunnel, taking it through style. I recently had my 90th VS and that was a rich more money flying a kilo of the Filton No 4 wind its calibration and setting birthday (I was born on the traffic stream that we of cargo an hour within tunnel(3). I joined the Bristol up. As you say, most actual day that Lindbergh were content to share. Angola than on an eight- Aeroplane company at of the work at the time landed at Le Bourget) and The reason for Virgin hour sector to Europe. Filton in 1953 and, already was with the BAC-111 I presume that I am one of Nigeria’s failure was, having been trained in the and Concorde, although the oldest members of the rather, that within months Willy Boulter art of wind tunnels, was I vaguely recall a twin- Society. the Obasanjo regime FRAeS added to the small team engined VC-10. Wanting reneged on the Agreement Chief Commercial Officer designing the new big a change of scenery, I was John C Green and allowed Arik Air to TAAG Angola Airlines low-speed wind tunnel. In moved to the Concorde FRAeS

12 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 @MichaelJPryce No. P1A anniversary Dunkirk film Thirty years of reduced spending and 50 years of collaborations that produced less than what the RAF wanted are not fixed by nerds. NAL RAeS f Brothers Warner @thedelphivision I remember Hammond crediting Twitter with Flight test interviews The first helping RN follow Russian P1A, WG760 in flight. @keirinjoyce [On @Mach_2_tweets And Navy. I don’t see techies The classic flight test ‘Dunkirk’ movie] Love the Spitfire landing with affecting large-scale pilot recordings are great @yetanothersue [On aeroplanes? Old ones? gear down on a beach, as (4) modernisation projects. interviews . You should anniversary of P1A first You need to check out opposed to a much safer share them on the Aviation flight 4 August 1954] A @dunkirkmovie – real belly landing. Still ... loved and Aerospace Podcast beautiful, noisy, polluting, Spitfires, real action, no the film. @jpsrose Can we stop Group page. fuel gobbling thing of green screen, awesome! investing in manned- wonder. planes which are already Pieter Johnson @hervepmorvan Yep, out of date and start @ManinFenham A @tropicostation Love the canopy bit surprised getting behind innovation phenomenal aircraft! seeing wings flexing me too; in particular when like @ReactionEngines When Britain ruled the and movement in air it was deliberately closed! more please? skies! Innovation ruined by – so much better than Great aerials scenes, and successive governments!? CGI. Also, POVs closely soundtrack, however. Flight briefings matched feel of real gun camera footage. @RichardDeCrep [On Autonomous robots @DnGough I’d go for the Briefing Better(7)]Excellent TWMBooth [On Teaching open option, nowt worse article. We used to have robots ethics(8)] Given @beatgr Viewing (and than a jammed canopy as to give long repetitive record of Predator and hearing) Dunkirk, sounded you’re sinking beneath the briefs. Many years ago, Reaper operations in like I was in cockpit, waves! ?? British third offset after getting my command, Afghanistan, this is a almost too much. I remember injecting: “I @ianmac67_SE [On Pandora’s Box that we attacked my grandmother,” Time for a British ‘Third should not open. @BakerPictures That’s into a take-off brief. No Offset’ blog(5)] The RAF @ali_hayden Superb. So the second picture I’ve one noticed! has never invested in this realistic and gives a true seen today of a landed, area properly and has @TyphoonAir Correct feeling of what it’s like in intact but burned Spitfire @HerbCarmen “Manup in fact cut back such as way is to Code them, given the cockpit when carrying at #Dunkirk. One helluva 9:15. Starts at 9:40. disestablishment of the they are machines. out the turns. Excellent film. final scene. Take-off 10:00. ETA System Development Fallon 10:45. V1 is 108. Centre (SDC). Questions? Briefed.” @BanKillerRobots @icarus1054 Spitfire @ShooterSix As an Yes, ‘non-governmental gliding from ~1,000ft aside: that had to be organisations have got manages to shoot down the longest and most together to promote the Stuka and make a perfect successful combat glide Airport art ‘Campaign to Stop Killer glide landing, still hand- by a Spitfire in aviation pumping undercarriage history?? @MarkTammadsb Robots’ – a vociferous down at 5ft? [On Corncorde airport protest group.’ sculpture(6)] If veg could fly...... ‘Corncorde’ sculpture at Atlanta 1. AEROSPACE, August 2017, p 28, Africa’s airline travails Hartsfield-Jackson Airport. 2. AEROSPACE, August 2017, p 14, North by North 3. AEROSPACE, July 2017, p 58, Low-speed wind tunnel @Kamali_antonio Wow, @Varcs Jolly Green Giant? 4. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/classic-test-pilot-interviews-on-the-hawker-typhoon-comet-and-xb-70-valkyrie/ that’s pretty corny. Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson Airport. 5. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/time-for-a-british-third-offset/ 6. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/airport-art/ 7. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/briefing-better/ @rohanmuralee Lol! 8. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/teaching-robots-ethics/ @angmhalp Hate to Airports need more of this. have to write the ‘at work incident’ report if that fell Online and cobbed someone. @jigsawuk A-maize-ing. Additional features and content are available to view online at http://media.aerosociety.com/aerospace-insight

@aerosociety i Findlinkedin.com/raes us on LinkedIn f facebook.com/raesFind us on Facebook. www.aerosociety.comwww.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 13 DEFENCE Autonomous weapons Teaching robots ethics BILL READ FRAeS looks at how the potential future development of autonomous weapons systems without human control is raising concerns over the ethical and legal implications of their development and use.

ver since the first Predator remotely systems which can replicate the human ability to piloted UAV was used to launch an process different sources of data and use them to attack in Afghanistan in 2002, there has make its own decisions – a development that has been a fierce debate over the morals been described as ‘the third revolution in warfare of using weapons which are controlled after gunpowder and nuclear arms’. Efrom hundreds or even thousands of miles away. FULLY Up to now, unmanned military systems have always Killer drones? AUTONOMOUS retained a ‘human in the loop’ who must follow certain rules and use their judgement and training Questions are being raised over how such future SYSTEMS ... to make the final decision over whether to launch autonomous systems would replicate the human THE THIRD weapons. However, military systems are constantly decision process. What rules would they follow? REVOLUTION IN evolving. Dispensing with a human operator and Could they be ‘taught’ to make ethical decisions? WARFARE AFTER enabling an unmanned system to make its own Who would be responsible for their actions? decisions would enable a military force to be ‘quicker The Center for a New American Security (CNAS) GUNPOWDER on the draw’. Such weapons are now possible, as has launched a project to examine the legal, moral, AND NUCLEAR artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have reached ethical, policy and strategic stability dimensions USAF ARMS a point where is feasible to create fully autonomous of increased autonomy in future(1). The issue of

14 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 autonomous weapons has also been debated by the One example of a current ‘human out of the IAI United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional loop’ weapon are loitering munitions launched into Weapons (CCW). This year, the UN said that it is a general area where they look for targets within a ‘closely following developments related to the prospect general class, such as , ships or tanks, and then of weapons systems that can autonomously select engage them without human intervention. There have and engage targets, with concern that technological also been tests using swarms of drones designed developments may outpace normative deliberations.’ to overcome enemy defences with sheer numbers A more vociferous protest group are a group which are too numerous to be each controlled of 54 non-governmental organisations which by individuals and have to operate autonomously NASA have got together to promote the ‘Campaign to following general rules. Stop Killer Robots’(2) which says that development of autonomous weapon systems would pose: ‘a Systems and decision making fundamental challenge to the protection of civilians and to compliance with international human rights Speaking at a recent RAeS lecture(3) , Keith and humanitarian law’. The Campaign also argues Rigby, Principal Technologist – Weapons Systems that: ‘Allowing life or death decisions to be made Integration at BAE Systems, explained how the by machines crosses a fundamental moral line. current generation of an armed UAVs required USN Autonomous robots would lack human judgment two elements to operate – systems and decision and the ability to understand context. These qualities making. In addition to the basic requirement of are necessary to make complex ethical choices being able to fly over certain distances for certain on a dynamic battlefield, to distinguish adequately lengths of time, the platform needs to be equipped between soldiers and civilians, and to evaluate the with systems which enable it to speedily provide its proportionality of an attack.’ operator with accurate information to enable them to make informed decisions. These include sensors, RAF Autonomous systems communication links and speed of processing. “All these system components are provided by different Questions are being raised over how such future organisations and need to be integrated to make autonomous systems would replicate the human them work together,” said Rigby. “However, the decision process. What rules would they follow? overall system performance is dictated by a sum of USAF Could they be ‘taught’ to make ethical decisions? its parts and a system is only as good as the weakest Who would be responsible for their actions? link in the chain. Sensors are limited by the laws of There is currently no standard definition of physics and may operate differently depending on exactly what constitutes an autonomous weapon. different weather conditions and whether it is night Autonomy can be used to define the command-and- of day. The speed of data processing is limited by control relationship between human and machine, current technology, communication links are limited how complex the machine is or the type of decision by available and usable bandwidth and satellite being automated. Focusing on the first definition, communications can drop out.” autonomous weapons can be divided into three basic types defined by the relationship between the Following the rules Left page: USAF Reaper. machine and a human controller: Above (from top): (a) Semiautonomous (human in the loop) – weapons However, even once all the information has been IAI’s Harop loitering munition that perform certain functions and then stop to integrated and sent back, it still needs to be assessed can operate with a man in the loop or fully autonomously. wait for human input; and interpreted by the UAV operator. This is not an easy task. “How good is a remote operator’s NASA X-45 UCAV (b) Human-supervised autonomous (human on the Technology demonstrator situational awareness?” asked Rigby. “Can they loop) – weapons that can perform a function on 2002. distinguish a military target from a civilian building, their own but are monitored by humans and can Some autonomous weapons such as a school or a hospital? be overridden if the machine malfunctions; and are already in operation. Human controllers of armed UAVs also have to Used as a last line of defence (c) Fully autonomous (human out of the loop) – ensure that the weapon complies with the laws of system against anti-ship Weapons that can operate on their own with armed conflict (LOAC). A part of international law missiles, the Phalanx close-in humans unable to intervene weapons system has an created under the 1949 Geneva Conventions, the automated fire-control system Human on the loop supervised systems are LOAC regulates the conduct of armed hostilities, which can detect and destroy used to defend human-occupied targets against as well as protecting civilians, prisoners of war, targets automatically. incoming threats that meet certain criteria, such as the wounded, sick, and shipwrecked(4). Signatory In 2012 RAF 13 Squadron air and missile defence systems. Human controllers governments are required to design a program that became the first UK-based are aware of the targets being engaged but do not ensures that the laws are observed, violations are Reaper operator. have to give permission to engage specific targets. prevented and reported if they do happen and that A swarm of Perdix Human controllers can halt the weapon system either all forces are trained in LOAC. It also includes a micro-UAVs released from US fighters in a test in January electronically or through hardware-level overrides in requirement for a legal review of new weapons to 2017. the event of a software malfunction or cyber attack. that ensure military personnel do not use any that

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 15 DEFENCE Autonomous weapons USN the machine itself, the government or the armed forces that operated it, the manufacturer or the engineers that designed and built it? Rigby explained how engineering teams would have to programme the autonomous system to follow the same ethical and legal requirements observed by humans. He considered that engineers working on autonomous systems would have to confirm to the Statement of Ethical Principles for the Engineering Profession which state that: ● Professional engineers and technicians should give due weight to all relevant law facts, published guidance and the wider public interest ● They should ensure all work is lawful and justified ● They should minimise and justify any adverse effect on society or on the natural environment Above: Northrop Grumman’s X-47B demonstrator is said to be capable of autonomous operation. for their own and succeeding generations ● They should hold paramount the health and violate international law, such as poison weapons and safety of others, act honourably, responsibly and expanding hollow point bullets. lawfully and uphold the reputation, standing and The LOAC has three principles governing armed dignity of the engineering profession conflict: 1. Military necessity – Combat forces should only Who’s rules? engage in those acts necessary to accomplish a legitimate military objective. But what rules should engineers follow? Currently, the only countries to have defined rules relating 2. Distinction – requires that combatants only to the use of autonomous military systems are engage valid military targets and discriminate the UK and the USA. The US Department of between lawful combatant targets and Defence has a directive (Directive 3000.09) which noncombatant targets, such as civilians, civilian sets out guidelines over policy and responsibility property, POWs and wounded personnel out of regarding the development of autonomous combat. weapon systems and minimising the probability of 3. Proportionality – prohibits the use of force which ‘unintended engagements’(5). The directive states exceeds that needed to accomplish the military that: ‘Autonomous and semi-autonomous weapon objective. systems shall be designed to allow commanders and ENGINEERS ... In addition, an autonomous weapons system without operators to exercise appropriate levels of human MUST TAKE human control would have to follow the Rules of judgment over the use of force.’ It also includes ACCOUNT OF Engagement (ROE) which, in military doctrines, the requirement that semi-autonomous weapon provide authorisation for and limits on the use systems must be designed to avoid the risk of THE WIDER of force, positioning and posturing of forces and engaging targets not been previously selected by an ISSUES OF deployment of certain specific capabilities. ‘authorised human operator’. THE LEGAL The policy of the UK is that the ‘autonomous AND ETHICAL Who is responsible? release of weapons’ will not be permitted and that ‘… operation of weapon systems will always be under FRAMEWORKS Up to now, engineering teams working on a UAV or human control.’ In March 2014, the UK Government THAT RELATE other weapons systems have only been responsible published a report on a House of Commons Defence TO HOW THEY for creating the platforms and systems and left its Committee’s inquiry into ‘Remote Control: Remotely (6) MIGHT BE USED. actual operation to the military. However, with an Piloted Air Systems – current and future UK use’ autonomous system, engineers would also have to Research for the inquiry included a visit to RAF create the way that the machine thinks. XIII Squadron which has operated Reaper UCAVs Keith Rigby This development would have important in combat situations over Afghanistan. The report Principal implications regarding liability. Keith Rigby said stated that Reaper aircrews ‘exhibited a strong sense that the ongoing development of ‘smart’ precision of connection to the life and death decisions they Technologist – weapons had led to the expectation that, if you are sometimes required to take’ and only operated Weapons deployed a weapon, then it will hit a valid target. remotely piloted air systems (RPAS) in accordance Systems “People expect perfection whether or not you can with UK rules of engagement. achieve it.” However, other States have either not yet Integration If an autonomous weapon did cause non-military developed such policies or not discussed them BAE Systems casualties – who would be to blame? Would it be openly.

16 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 Programming in ethics the user but also the wider issues of the legal and ethical frameworks that relate to how they might be Rigby admitted that developing an autonomous used.” system to follow these rules would not be an easy However, there are concerns that, even if the task. “Putting these drivers together to define major military powers were persuaded not an autonomy function is very to deploy autonomous weapons or they complex,” he admitted. were developed carefully to make a perfect “The competence of a system that would only work on legitimate UAV operator is influenced military targets, they might still be used by by their training, experience and rogue operators unconcerned with legal or individual knowledge – all factors beyond ethical niceties. “While we try to make the remit of the engineer who designed the original system perfect, an aggressor may systems. How can you validate a weapon to cover develop a system which beats every possible situation? How do you put rules of us to the military objective,” engagement into a UAV system when the ROE BAE one participant at the RAeS may not even stay the same during the course of a conference commented. “While BAE Systems’ Taranis UCAV mission? How can a robot replicate such qualities demonstrator was unarmed engineers take the moral high ground, there may be as ethics, courage, self discipline or harm limitation? but future autonomous UAVs other programmers out there with different ideas.” We can’t yet do this today but we may need to in the might not be. future.” Conclusion This conclusion was shared by an expert meeting organised by The International Committee of the The final word comes from a quote from an open Red Cross in March 2014(7), which concluded that: letter published in 2015 from a group of AI and ‘programming a machine to undertake the qualitative robotics researcher(8), whose signatories included judgements required to apply the IHL (international Prof Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, and Steve humanitarian law) rules of distinction, proportionality Wozniak: ‘Many arguments have been made for and precautions in attack, particularly in complex and and against autonomous weapons, for example dynamic conflict environments, would be extremely that replacing human soldiers by machines is good challenging. The development of software capable by reducing casualties for the owner but bad by of carrying out such qualitative judgements is not thereby lowering the threshold for going to battle. possible with current technology and is ‘unlikely to The key question for humanity today is whether be possible in the foreseeable future’. to start a global AI arms race or to prevent it from However, there might be a way that such starting. If any major military power pushes ahead programming could be done. Rigby went on to say with AI weapon development, a global arms race how developing ‘hard code’ to programme legal is virtually inevitable, and the endpoint of this and ethical attributes into an autonomous weapons technological trajectory is obvious: autonomous system was probably impossible and the only way weapons will become the Kalashnikovs of tomorrow. to achieve it would be to have a system in which the Unlike nuclear weapons, they require no costly or system learned and developed as it went along, a hard-to-obtain raw materials, so they will become future development that he described as ‘scary’. ubiquitous and cheap for all significant military powers to mass-produce. It will only be a matter Are autonomous systems inevitable? of time until they appear on the black market and in the hands of terrorists, dictators wishing Rigby concluded that: “There are two schools of to better control their populace, warlords wishing thought on the future development on autonomous to perpetrate ethnic cleansing, etc. We therefore weapon systems. You can try to ban them or you believe that a military AI arms race would not be can continue to develop them. If such autonomous beneficial for humanity. There are many ways in systems are created, then the engineers and which AI can make battlefields safer for humans, manufacturers involved in their development must especially civilians, without creating new tools for take account not only the military requirements of killing people.’ References 1. https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/documents/Ethical-Autonomy-Working-Paper_021015_v02.pdf 2. https://www.stopkillerrobots.org/ 3. RAeS lecture: Future Design Drivers for Autonomous Systems Technology, 19 July 2017. 4. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/27874/JSP3832004Edition.pdf 5. http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodd/300009p.pdf 6. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmdfence/611/611.pdf 7. https://www.icrc.org/en/.../4221-002-autonomous-weapons-systems-full-report.pdf 8. https://futureoflife.org/open-letter-autonomous-weapons/

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook.com www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 17 AEROSPACE China’s C919

Is the COMAC C919 China’s great leap forward?

On 5 May China’s new single-aisle airliner, the COMAC C919, took to the skies for the first time. TIM ROBINSON asks: is this the end of the Airbus-Boeing duopoly?

o outsiders, the world of Chinese live-streaming video from the flight deck. True, this aerospace may seem opaque at times. is not a military project (one has yet to see a J-20 Language differences, unfamiliar cockpit cam video) but it still represents a historic companies and natural secrecy about aviation first and a measure of confidence in the Livestreaming the C919 military projects, means that, to some aircraft. maiden flight from the flightdeck represented a bold TWestern observers, aeronautical goings-on behind The single-aisle, 190-seat COMAC C919, in aviation first. the ‘bamboo curtain’ can at times present a mystery development since 2008, is China’s latest civil wrapped in a riddle. Even Western suppliers to aviation flagship project and, as such, might be Chinese aerospace programmes have commented argued brings the country firmly into the same about how they were kept in the dark by Chinese league as Europe, Russia and the US in terms of partners over the state of progress on key projects. aerospace. While its previous civil airliner, AVIC’s Yet, in the first flight of COMAC’s C919 airliner ARJ21, might be comparable to an 1980’s airliner, on 5 May, China stunned the world by bringing the C919, equipped with the latest Western

unprecedented transparency to a first flight, by engines and avionics, comes perhaps very close but CCTV

18 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 COMAC sanctions –atleastintheshorttomediumterm. In China’product,wouldbevulnerabletotariffsor means thattheC919,despiteitsimageasa‘made replaced byC919s.DependencyonUSsuppliers for example, toorderallChinese-flown737sbe that itwouldbehard,ifnotimpossible,forBeijing, war ortariffsbreakout,theglobalcontentmeans patriotically ordertheC919,shouldaserioustrade Chinese airlineshavenodoubtbeenencouragedto between theUSandChinadeteriorate.Though interesting thoughtexperiment shouldrelations manner. the mostefficient,fastestandcost-effective Lego pieces,thesecretisinassemblingthese everyone havingaccessto(moreorless)thesame design, theintegrationandfinalassembly. With same suppliers,thekeypartishighvalue and soon.LikeAirbusBoeing,whousethe systems, Liebherrthelandinggear, UTC thelighting LEAP-1C engines,Honeywell the flightcontrol andFrance’sgiant GE SafranprovidetheCFM international suppliers.For example, USengine manufacturer integratesanumberofdifferent of today’s globalisedeconomy–wherethe pride andachievement isalso representative Yet, ironically, ofnationalaerospace thissymbol by the CFM LEAP-1C, theC919,likeother by theCFM weaknesses –particularlyinpowerplants.Powered aerospace industry, it alsohighlights some ofits key While theC919isitselfanachievement ofChina’s What’s missing An aerospaceparadox airlines andlessorswillenterservicein2020. 570 commitments,thevastmajorityfromChinese it perhaps,‘nearlyaNeo’. far, So ithasracked up not quite,toAirbus’orBoeing’s latestofferings. Call This internationalcontentalsomakesforan

@aerosociety Findus on LinkedInFind usonFacebook www.aerosociety.com i f disposability inmind.Russianmetallurgicalscience, with shortservicelivesandweredesigned jet engines.These, thoughrobustandcheap, come engines have,onthewhole,dependedRussian CJ-1000A readyby2025. the AVIC CommercialAircraftEngines(ACAE) aimed tohaveanalternativeChinesepowerplant, locally-built powerplants.The C919,forexample, is is aimingtoswapWestern andRussianenginesfor reliability isawholenewchallenge. That said,China new oneswithbetterperformance,efficiencyand engines maybeonechallenge butdesigning goes back 40yearsormore.Replicatingexisting dependent onmaterialstechnology andR&Dthat that inengines,theheartofanynewaircraft,are toaddressthis,itisimportant toremember (AECC), company, AeroengineCorporationofChina and hasrecentlyformedanewgiantaeroengine more. ‘just aroundthecorner’forpast50yearsor remains unproven.Practical hypersonicshavebeen able toclosethegapfirst–thoughthistechnology whereChinais rather thanhigh-bypassturbofans forms ofpropulsion,such ashypersonic scramjets happen. Interestingly, itmaybeinthemoreexotic analyse andnowpredict,faultsbeforetheyeven are alreadypluggedinto‘BigData’systemsthat These willbemorefuelefficient, ultrareliableand Engines –breakthroughjet/rocket hybridengines. engines, oreven,inthecaseofUK’s Reaction electric architectures, adaptive-cycle militaryjet more efficienthigher-bypassratioengines,hybrid- ever designers aremovingontothinkingabout Spey, F-4Phantoms. which alsopoweredUK licence-built versionofthe1960’s-era Rolls-Royce fighter-bomber’sJH-7’ powerplant,for example, is a engines fromEurope,theUSandRussia.The Xian Chinese aircraft,reliesonforeign-builtormodified Another drawback isthatChina’s militaryaero Though Chinaunderstandswellthisweakness Meanwhile, inEuropeandtheUS,engine

CFM 2017. C919on5May COMAC Left: Firstflightofthe International turbofan.(CFM) relies onthisUS-French CFM airliner. The C919currently Above: Nojetengines,no SPACEFLIGHT THAN FOR BE BIGGER BUSINESS MAY CIVIL AIRLINER ENTRY FOR TO MARKET THE BARRIERS SEPTEMBER 2017 SEPTEMBER 19 AEROSPACE China’s C919 Alert5 been debuted in recent years – each one providing a glimpse of a country fast developing its own powerful and advanced aerospace industry. Some of these may seem like carbon copies of Western designs, such as the Xian Y-20 airlifter – a dead- ringer for the Boeing C-17, or the Predator-alike Chengdu Pterodactyl I UAV. While the J-31 has been singled out as twin-engined copy of the F-35, a look around other fifth generation projects (eg Turkey or South Korea) shows that form for stealth fighters may just follow function. All in all these aircraft, whether they are helicopters, airliners or fighters, represent a massive effort in aeronautical development. This massive military aerospace modernisation, whether in avionics, engines or radars, combined with a large domestic civil market also lays the foundations for an advanced civil aerospace sector. It was, of course, the US’s role Flypast of a Chengdu J-20 the building blocks of precision manufacturing as the ‘arsenal of democracy’ in WW2 with mass during the opening of Airshow China in Zhuhai. needed for aero engine design, has thus lagged the production techniques, advanced aircraft like the West and means that China is some 15-20 years B-29 and probing the sound barrier, that sowed the behind in this field. seeds of its post-war civil aviation dominance. In advanced materials too, China starts It is important to bear in mind that, while from behind. The J-20 stealth fighter may look exciting shapes may grab the attention of Western impressive and, indeed may incorporate elements observers, the somewhat opaque nature of China’s of F-117 stealth technology that was passed on aerospace sector means it may be difficult to to China after the 1999 shootdown over Serbia, assess the true capabilities of some of these as well as stolen secrets. However, the F-117’s LO aircraft. (low observable) materials date from the 1970s, A case in point is the 1960’s Cold War, where with the US producing the B-2, F-22 and F-35 in Western defence analysts, shocked by ever faster the meantime. As an example, contrast the finish of Soviet fighters and a superfighter in development Russia’s stealth fighter, the PAK-FA with a super- called the MiG-25, posited that, at that rate of smooth F-35 in close-up photos. progress the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle would A similar case in point is Russia and integrated be obsolete before it entered service. In hindsight, circuits. In the 1950s the US correctly predicted the ‘Foxbat’ was a startlingly fast interceptor with the advances of computer and IT technology – a powerful yet, if it went beyond Mach 3 particularly in the defence sphere. The result is for any period of time, it would wreck its engines. that, while Russian military hardware was and still The Eagle, meanwhile, today is the World’s No1 is, formidable in its own right, it never has been combat-proven air superiority fighter with a kill ratio able to catch up with the West’s lead in some areas of 104-0. of defence electronics, such as optronics, lasers For Chinese aircraft like the J-20, it is still and network-centric warfare. Witness Ukraine, unknown as to their true potential and this hangs where the most advanced Russian tank used on other factors, such as training of pilots, weapons by separatists, the T-72 M1 was equipped with it carries and integration into AWACS networks. French-built thermal imaging systems. Though the C919 will not have this level of secrecy, Finally, while COMAC has applied power on the other factors will determine its true success, such second C919 prototype, the first C919 has yet to as dispatch rate reliability, fuel efficiency and how make its second flight – over three months ago. well it is supported in service. COMAC’s subscale While some caution is to be expected on a flagship demonstrator of V-tailed airliner – the real future project such as this, COMAC will be hoping that Breaking into the airliner business competitor to Airbus and history does not repeat itself. Its previous airliner, Boeing? the ARJ21, widely seen as a industrial learning Can COMAC take on the ‘Big Two’ in airliners? On

COMAC project, for example first flew in 2008, but entered the civil side too, a first flight of a new airliner is just service only last year. the start of a long road ahead. Oddly, the barriers to market entry for civil airliner business may be A wealth of designs emerging bigger than for spaceflight. Anyone (almost) can launch a rocket with a small satellite (witness Iran, Yet the C919 represents only the latest and most North Korea and erm, the UK in 1971). Yet crafting public aeronautical milestone for China. New UAVs, a successful civil airliner business, even with direct two stealth fighters, transports and helicopters have or indirect state support is much, much harder and

20 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 COMAC takes decades of experience. Just ask Russia, no and systems that have no equivalent in the West stranger to world class aerodynamics, yet Sukhoi’s and represent genuine innovation. It is also Superjet has faced an uphill sales battle – even worthwhile remembering that, some 70 years ago, among Russian airlines. some experts, due to racism and ignorance, wrote India too, with no shortage of talented software off the ability of Japan’s aeronautical industry engineers, an impressive space programme and to produce modern aircraft – until the highly- with English widely spoken, has been unable to manoeuvrable, long-range A6M5 ‘Zero’ appeared translate these into indigenous aerospace success. in the skies. The saga of the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) being For example, the J-20, a large stealth fighter a case study in how not to develop a light fighter. many compare to the F-22 but actually might be closer to a LO F-111 – a long-range strike platform designed expressly for China’s needs in Asia-Pacific. Meanwhile, its JF-17/FC-1 light fighter developed in co-operation with Pakistan has already scored sales success with Nigeria and Myanmar – and will receive an AESA radar in its Block III upgrade. The J-31/FC-31 stealth fighter meanwhile, may end up being a low-cost exportable F-35 to those countries on Washington’s naughty list (Chinese-armed UAVs have already blazed an export trail here). Meanwhile, the Divine Eagle UAV offers up the prospect of a conformal AESA radar antenna as an unmanned AWACS. The DF-21D, an antiship ballistic missile, though doubts remains as its true potential – has caught the attention of the US Navy as a serious threat that must be taken into account. The next threat to Airbus and Designing, developing, testing, manufacturing, Boeing? China and Russia’s joint The latest UAV to be glimpsed on social media is marketing and supporting airliners is extremely C929 widebody aircraft model what seems to be a wing in ground effect (WIG) hard, with pitfalls all along the way. Even companies seen here at Le Bourget in July. maritime patrol design. In airliners, it is perhaps with immense resources can stumble (Airbus significant that, prior to the C919’s first flight, and A380 cables, Boeing with 787 battery fires). COMAC flew a subscale model of what looks like Even with a technologically advanced product, a design featuring a V-tail and blended fuselage/ competition from rivals is fierce and market shifts wings. can leave products high and dry. The rapid growth As Airbus broke into the US-dominated airliner of global megacities, for example, has not led to market in the 1970s with a twin-engine widebody A380 market success. and then introduced new FBW technology, it is While both IAG’s Willie Walsh and Ryanair’s innovation like this that will provide the best chance Michael O’Leary have flirted with COMAC in the of China achieving its goal of becoming a serious past over the C919, no Western airline has yet to aerospace player – and breaking into the civil sign for it. Should that happen, that indeed would airliner business. be a game-changer. Another case in point is Airbus. It took roughly 31 years from the first flight of the Summary A300 in 1972 to 2003 when the pan-European manufacturer overtook arch rival Boeing in sales. The rise of China as the juggernaut of aerospace However, with China’s fast-growing airline power represents a quandary to Western aerospace sector, the C919 may not need huge international players – compete or co-operate? Sometimes it sales to prosper. Notes Professor Keith Hayward will be both at the same time. Though the West still FRAeS: “The key feature here is solid state support has the edge, particularly in aeroengines, avionics, plus large single domestic market.” advanced materials and connectivity/netcentric warfare, the gap is now closing fast. While covert Not just a copier but an innovator espionage and overt industrial partnerships have certainly helped Chinese aircraft designers, the Critics of China’s aerospace will point to the latest designs show they are now exploring their country’s massive industrial spying, reverse own innovation path. For European, US and other engineering and scoff that in the C919, all countries, intensified competition in civil as well as COMAC has done has copied the Airbus A320 military aerospace will help sharpen and push the – a me-too design that is unlikely to worry those boundaries of aviation and aerospace. Arguably, at Toulouse or Seattle. Among the explosion of China may well be the most exciting place to be for aeronautical projects in China there are aircraft aeronautics today.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook.com www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 21 AEROSPACE Urban air mobility

Do AvGeeks dream of electric fleets?

At a Royal Aeronautical Society lecture in London, Airbus revealed more details about its ambitious plans for urban air mobility. TIM ROBINSON asks, are we on the cusp of a revolution in air transport?

n 2025, could your A350-1000 long-haul Ermenko, the company’s new Chief Technology business flight to Heathrow end with you Officer who, having come from DARPA and Google, is stepping off the aircraft, going through passport shaking up the airframer and pushing it to new levels control and, instead of getting stuck in road of innovation. traffic, Underground strikes or overcrowded Cousin’s role in Flight Demonstrators is to quickly Itrains, see you hop inside a comfortable, quiet, and rapidly fly actual hardware, accelerating the electric-powered VTOL aerial taxi which would whisk prototype process, instead of waiting for a technology you in 20 minutes to a helipad on the other side of to mature. “We’re going down a route of trying to London? Science fiction right? drive technology in the Group through demonstrators, What sounds like Blade Runner or even the rather than the classic TRL (technology readiness Jetsons, is only five to seven years away from being level) process,” he said. a practical reality, according to Mark Cousin, SVP It is not just Ermenko that is pushing this digital Head of Flight Demonstrators, Airbus CTO, at a recent transformation – this is being driven from Tom Enders Rotorcraft Group lecture at the Royal Aeronautical down. Cousin said that Enders has recognised that, Society. “We believe that these vehicles will be while ‘disruptive’ innovation in aerospace is inevitable, technically feasible well before 2025,” he said. it is better to do the ‘disrupting’ yourselves than have it done to you. Disrupting the disruptors Aerial taxis ahoy! Cousin, whose last post at Airbus was Technical Director of the Beluga XL, now says he has “probably Nowhere is this technology ‘disruption’ more apparent the coolest job in Airbus,” reporting directly to Paul than in the plerotha of ‘flying car’ concepts that have

22 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 Airbus recently been unveiled or launched. Many of these, of prototypes, safety, redundancy and reliability would course, will hit the hard wall of reality – either through not be compromised. Cousin observed that, if one of technical shortcomings, insufficient funding or a lack the eight Siemens electric motors did fail, passengers of experience in understanding the level of safety and would be unlikely to notice. reliability needed in aviation. It is also worth remembering that the CityAirbus There is now serious thought and effort going into is not intended to be a product but is a technology this. Airbus is not alone and, while a number of ‘flying demonstrator – designed to explore and test the car’ concepts will never leave the drawing board, this motors, batteries, battery cooling and other systems. aerial mobility revolution builds on research already Cousin also stressed that the CityAirbus is not simply conducted. For example, an EU research project a scaled-up UAV. “The bigger you make the vehicle, MyCopter, which ran from 2010 to 2014, examined the more difficult the problem becomes – it becomes the operational, human factors and social issues of dramatically more difficult with size”, he explained. “We personal air transportation. deliberately decided to build a big vehicle, to set the Today, two technologies are making this project technical bar as high as possible”. come closer to reality – autonomous systems and electric power. Airbus is no stranger to , London calling having begun with the CriCri and moved on to the e-Fan before tearing up the idea of an ‘electric During the presentation Cousin also revealed that Cessna’ for more ambitious and revolutionary Airbus had simulated a London ‘aerial taxi network’ of ideas. Indeed, the genesis of the CityAirbus can be 2023. This would use ten pickup locations, with 37 traced back to the idea of converting an existing helipads and 163 vehicles in the network, connecting Airbus Helicopters’ rotorcraft to electric power. such nodes as Heathrow, Gatwick, Battersea Heliport However, the possibilities and advantages offered and London City Airport. Using an aerial taxi would allow by distributed electric motors made it clear that a passengers to connect from Heathrow to London City more radical approach was required. “Distributed in less than 20mins, compared to the hour or more by electric propulsion now starts to make these vehicles car in the inevitable gridlocked London traffic. possible,” said Cousin. Transferring passengers in this way using green, Airbus is so keen to ‘disrupt’ with electric VTOL electric air vehicles would also have a secondary flight, that it is attacking the problem on two fronts, benefit of not adding to local air traffic or pollution. Do AvGeeks dream of electric fleets? with a second project, the smaller Vahana, launched Cousin is confident that this accelerated timescale last year, being developing by its Silicon Valley tech is achievable: “There is no reason why, in five to seven division A3 and set to fly by the end of this year. Said years, we will not have products which are capable of Cousin: “This is a different approach to the same being operated in environments like London.” problem. It is deliberate policy to make sure we really understand what the potential for disruption of our Challenges market is.” During the lecture Cousin outlined some of the The CityAirbus biggest challenges to this vision of urban air mobility. One major obstacle, he noted, was power Above: CityAirbus is a concept for an electric VTOL Cousin, however, was at the RAeS to talk about the consumption and how to balance the high power aerial taxi. CityAirbus project – a larger 4-6 seat multicopter needed for vertical flight with more efficient cruise Below: Future travel as seen VTOL air vehicle that is being run through the modes to optimise efficiency. He added that, with air in the 1982 film Blade Runner. Airbus CTO office and aimed at the air taxi mission. vehicle manufacturers having access to the same

Warner Bros He revealed that Airbus has already been flying battery technology, “the highest performing product an unmanned 1:7 subscale demonstrator of the will be the one that uses the least power.” CityAirbus with a “deliberately very aggressive Another underappreciated challenge, noted roadmap to a product.” Cousin, was, oddly enough, keeping the floor horizontal CityAirbus will be a 4-6 seat, electric-powered in flight. In high-speed racing, quadcopters adopt a fully autonomous VTOL passenger craft. It uses eight nose-low attitude to direct thrust rearwards. This would fixed-blade propellers, as well as landing skids taken need addressing in the air vehicle design. from a H135 helicopter. Battery recharging times might be another The goal is a 120km/h cruise speed with a range challenge – yet one that is being solved thanks to of 60km. A full-size prototype of the 2t vehicle is set the amounts of money being thrown at the problem to fly before the end of next year in unmanned mode, already by smartphone and the car industry. However, while a human test pilot will ‘fly’ or ‘supervise’ the one other way of mitigating this, observed Cousin, CityAirbus in 2019 – only two years away. “There is was if, as in Airbus’ Pop.Up concept, the passenger an interesting debate at the moment with the test pilot capsule was separate from the electric motors and with what we want them to do while onboard – not ducted fans. If, for example, an operator had more very much if honest,” joked Cousin. ‘capsules’ than ‘power units’, then it would be easy to Despite the aggressive timeline to test fly the keep enough charged for quick turnarounds.

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Noise is another challenge. While Cousin and (ATM) systems (or UAV traffic management – UTM) Airbus are aiming for a flying vehicle much, much to unlock what could be a market worth billions in quieter than a helicopter, anyone familiar with small commercial drones able to fly, navigate and safely quadcopters will know they are not completely share low-level airspace to deliver parcels, monitor silent. Technology advances may help, for example, rail lines, provide TV news and 101 different uses optimised rotors which could cut noise footprints that no-one has thought of yet. With CityAirbus significantly. “We believe we can achieve huge steps aiming for a similar autonomous mode of operation, compared to even the best helicopters we build today CityAirbus model in the Paris will aerial passenger taxis be integrated into a drone – reducing the noise in hover by about 10-12db – Air Lab Zone at the Paris Air UTM? Or will drones be integrated into a ‘flying car’ Show in July 2017. which is enormous,” he said. ATM system? If other companies are successful However, even if an aerial taxi could be made in developing their own ‘flying cars’, then an open silent (or at least imperceptible from the ground), architecture system, not linked to one manufacturer would there also be resistance from local communities would seem ideal but who will decide the common who objected to the ‘visual pollution’ of aerial taxis standards? “Air traffic regulation,” said Cousin, “is what whizzing over their back gardens at low level? These will pace when these vehicles start to happen.” objections will need to be identified and understood. Another factor making Cousin nervous is the The potential market? possibility of a fatal crash turning public opinion against the idea of VTOL urban flight before it can What is the potential market for the CityAirbus or even begin. “I see a new urban air mobility vehicle other VTOL aerial taxis? One big driver is the growth announced almost every day. Some of them scare the of global megacities and the inevitable transport hell out of me,” he admitted. He added: “People are limitations. Noted Cousin: “All dream about getting not thinking about the architecture of the product. The around our cities in a different way.” safety of the product comes from the architecture, it Those with memories of A380 marketing might doesn’t come from the reliability of the components.” argue that an Airbus presentation proposing that In today’s safety-first culture with the threat of megacities will drive new transport trends has a litigation hovering overhead, what will happen after the touch of déjà vu. However, one conservative estimate first fatal aerial taxi crash? (which includes VIP and EMS missions) from Airbus Helicopters puts the market at 30,000 – or two and a Not just the air vehicle half times the number of its helicopters. The company has already conducted small scale studies (Project In his talk, Cousin also stressed that, while he was Voom) for urban aerial taxi business models, using focused on developing a flying demonstrator, “it is existing helicopters which revealed encouraging also about the value-chain.” Airbus is considering the results and high willingness to pay to save time. whole eco-system and where the real value lies for While the price of a production CityAirbus aerial it and its customers – beyond designing and testing taxi would certainly be out of reach for many, the the air vehicles. For example, is it in support and real savings will be in operating costs. The goal, said services? Flight operations? Aerial taxi ATM? Ground Cousin, is to reduce the direct operating costs to infrastructure? Or even developing booking apps Below left: Vahana is another 25% of a twin-engine helicopter. This could then for flights? This trend is not confined to ‘flying cars’ VTOL ‘flying car’ vehicle from allow lower passenger ticket prices, stimulating – Airbus is also expanding its support and services Airbus that will fly by the end demand way beyond the traditional VIP and corporate of this year. offerings in commercial airliners. passenger rotorcraft market. The estimate of 30,000 Below right: Uber also It is also worth remembering that there is a parallel believes there is a market for could eventually prove to be underestimated by an effort underway to develop air traffic management urban aerial taxis. order of magnitude. In fact, said Cousin, when you Airbus Uber

24 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 Airbus

An Airbus imagined future cityscape featuring its own flying cars to be used by the general public. Smaller images right: A chart asking ‘Where is the real value and profit to be made in aerial taxi services?’ and a layout of the CityAirbus demonstrator. take into account “the economics of these types Cinema has a long held married to Silicon Valley-style disruptive innovation, of vehicles and the time saved, the air journey is interest in the concept of and rapid advances in autonomous systems and ‘flying cars’. Examples of sometimes cheaper than a ground journey.” This also these include: electric flight is converging fast. “Urban air mobility feeds into air vehicle design, as it must be suitable for Top: X-34 Landspeeder from is now starting to be potentially feasible or a real high-volume mass production, more akin to the car the 1977 film Star Wars. possibility because of development in technology,” industry than civil airliner manufacturing. Middle: Flying Taxis as seen said Cousin. There are other positive signs. Cousin said that in 1997’s The Fifth Element. Furthermore, as well as developing a new type the reveal of another Airbus VTOL aerial taxi concept Below: Batman’s flying of transportation for aerial taxi firms (Uber Elevate or Pop.Up at the Geneva Motor Show (which had, he Batmobile from The Dark others) Airbus benefits from having somewhat of a Knight Rises. quipped, generated the most headlines for Airbus in Lucasfilm/Disney captive market with the airlines – who (along with IFE the past five years) car manufacturers were eager to and cabins) are always keen to leap on anything that partner with Airbus as a high-end luxury product. will give them a commercial competitive advantage to This Pop.Up passenger capsule for either air or make their products stand out. Offering an airport-to- ground transport might also be adapted for other (almost) door aerial pick-up to premium passengers modes, said Cousin, pointing to Elon Musk’s ultra-high might be one way to achieve this. Bundling ‘aerial speed HyperLoop project. taxis’ in sales deals for airliners might also boost wider Finally, Cousin revealed another intriguing Airbus marketing and provide a fleet of world-wide potential customer for CityAirbus – the airlines. There Columbia early adopters with significant purchasing power and is, he said, already interest from carriers who see lobbying punch to make this a reality. that a fleet of CityAirbus’ vehicles could fit perfectly While no-one should dismiss the technical in providing ‘value added’ for business or first class challenges that Airbus (and other ‘flying car’ pioneers) customers to shuttle to and from the airport, cutting are facing, in autonomy and low-level ATM, the out roadworks. biggest obstacles may be not technical but regulatory, Finally, while one of the challenges highlighted social and, perhaps most often ignored, the ground was passenger acceptance of getting into an Warner Bros infrastructure needed. Success will be dependent unpiloted vehicle (especially for older generations), on getting far-sighted local authorities and engaging one way forward to de-risk the concept might be to early with stakeholders and local communities to trial CityAirbus as emergency EMS vehicles. While address concerns about safety and the environment. coping with unpredictable updrafts from a burning “We are seeing cities that are interested in developing building may presently be beyond AI autonomous this for the future, to make sure they are ready for flight controls, the recent tragedy of Grenfell Tower in urban air mobility when it comes”, said Cousin. London has highlighted the difficulties of urban high- Many technology revolutions (such as rise rescue. This is, of course, not unique to London smartphones) are almost imperceptible at first, until a and, as global megacities continue to grow vertically, critical point has been reached, when the floodgates there could be a potential lifesaving role for VTOL open and, only a short time later it is taken for granted. ‘aerial taxis’, that, with enclosed rotors or ducted fans, Indeed, the explosion in heavier-than-air powered could perhaps navigate urban canyons and land in flight, driven by the First World War, was stunning in places that a helicopter could not. its rapid advances. Yet the seeds of powered flight, as evident by Royal Aeronautical Society’s founding Summary in 1866, go back much further. It was thus only when technology caught up with the human dream of flight In short, the lecture by Cousin was a fascinating that this revolution truly began. glimpse into a future that is closer than we might If we are on the cusp of a third revolution in imagine – some five to seven years away. The aerospace (after powered flight and the jet engine), combination of Airbus’ technical skills, long experience then the next few years could be some of the most in safety-critical systems and, of course, deep pockets, exciting yet. Fasten your seatbelts.

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Can harnessing tech sector innovation and agility help the West regain its military edge? TIM ROBINSON considers whether the UK needs a US-style ‘Third Offset’ strategy. The long expected challenge to recent conflicts – control of the air will now have to be air power supremacy has arrived” fought for, and won, just as aircrew did in WW1, WW2, warned the Royal Air Force Chief Korea, Vietnam and the Falklands. of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Hillier addressing Losing the edge ‘‘“fellow airT force chiefs, RAF personnel, academics, industry and media at this year’s RAF Air Power This represents a major doctrinal shift and a Conference in London in July. Hillier was referring realisation that certain capabilities and skills have to a new strategic era where Western air superiority, been ignored or run-down in the past couple of perhaps assumed to be incontestable by public and decades, while competitors and threats have evolved. politicians in the post-Cold War, has now ended. Those who have read BBC Newsnight Diplomatic The highpoint of this supremacy, of course, was in Editor Mark Urban’s pithy tome ‘The Edge: Is the Iraq in 1991 when the world’s fourth largest army and Military Dominance of the West coming to an end’? will sixth largest air force, and a largely Soviet-designed be familiar with the argument. Defence underfunding air defence system was systematically taken apart since the Cold War, a rise of peer (or near-peer and destroyed by the US and allies using lessons from competitors), a focus on COIN and counter- Vietnam, along with superior training, stealth fighters insurgency land operations and the rise of ‘disruptive’ and new precision weapons. It was a strategic shock technology has left the West’s forces looking old, to Moscow that its doctrine, equipment and training hollowed-out and unready to fight tomorrow’s battles. which it exported to other nations was so far behind As AVM Rocky Rochelle, Chief of Staff Capability, the US. RAF, admitted at the conference: “We’ve lost that Since then, that overwhelming US and allied competitive edge and we need to regain it – fast.” dominance of the skies has been repeated over In parallel, the relentless growth in defence Serbia and Kosovo, Iraq, Afghanistan and Libya – equipment costs have left Western governments giving the impression that US and NATO coalitions unable to replace fighters or frigates on a one-to-one can take air superiority for granted. Yet a new era is basis, shrinking force levels to a highly vulnerable upon us. Instead of the ‘permissive environments’ of critical mass. A reduced number of types at fewer and DARPA

26 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 Time for a British ‘Third Offset’?

RAAF/Saab Sukhoi new cruise missiles – as well as a demonstration of new targeting and ISR capabilities, that in the 2008 Georgia war, it sorely lacked. In addition, the deployment of its Flankers as escorts to ground- over Syria sent a message to the West and its coalition partners that control of the air over friendly forces can no longer be assumed. Regular Russian aerial incursions and probing from the Baltics to Japan, not seen since the Cold War, have reinforced the message that air superiority cannot be taken for granted. Meanwhile, in Asia-Pacific, China is emerging fast as a new military superpower, with modernised forces and new equipment. Its defence industry has developed two stealth fighters (J-20 and J-31), as well as an aircraft carrier. It has also been boosting Above left: The Royal fewer bases may allow for more efficient savings in its readiness with realistic ‘Red Flag’ style training for Australian Air Force’s ‘Plan maintenance and support but it also leaves air forces its pilots – again closing the gap with the West. While Jericho’ is experimenting with augmented reality to create more vulnerable to precision missile strikes, terrorism, some may scoff that Chinese equipment is just inferior ‘holographic’ visualisation. saboteurs or even bad luck (a crashed aircraft copies of Western products (eg the Wing Loong II Above right: Russia has been blocking the runway at a critical time). Reaper-a-like or the Y-20, a C-17-style transporter), modernising its military while Will the next high-end conflict mean that expensive most worrying for the West is the highly innovative the West has focused on high-end fighters, such as Eurofighter, Rafale, F-35 capabilities, such as the DF-21F ‘Carrier Killer’ missile, counter-insurgency. or F-22, will now be equivalent to the Dreadnought of QUESS quantum cryptography satellite, wing-in- Below: DARPA’s ‘Gremlins’ WW1? Fearsome in firepower yet so few in number ground effect (WIG) UAV and an AWACS drone that concept might be thought of as a ‘Third Offset’-influenced and so costly that even when a conclusive battle was have no equivalents in the West. In replacing large concept. offered (Jutland) both RN and German navies were numbers of obsolete 1950’s era aircraft, China has reluctant to force a decisive action? had the advantage of being able to leap ahead and create an advanced modern air force. Threats and competition Finally – the sudden rise of ISIS, ongoing insurgencies and conflict in the Middle East, such as While some RAF speakers at the Air Power Yemen and elsewhere, has seen a new breed of non- conference were reluctant to put a name on the future state threats appear that, in the future, might be allied threats – just referring to ‘the competition’ – there are to peer or near-peer threats. Indeed, as one speaker no prizes for guessing that a revitalised Russia, an pointed out at the conference, it may be difficult to increasingly confident China and North Korea, as well separate state from non-state actors – Russia’s ‘hybrid as ISIS, are uppermost in many minds. war’ in East Ukraine being a prime example. While the While the US and coalition partners have been fear of these groups gaining access to WMD remains diverted with COIN Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya over a potent one, recent years have seen these groups the past decade and a half – elsewhere others have exploit cheap, ubiquitous consumer technology to help been making up for lost ground. achieve their goals, such as consumer drones and After the penniless 1990s, Russia has invested cyberattacks. If the goal of terrorists is to cause terror heavily in military modernisation, with upgrades of and grab headlines – this has now been amplified by existing highly capable platforms (such as the Su-35) social media, where ‘fake news’ InfoOps and memes and new combat aircraft (such as its PAK-FA, now can help shape the narrative and influence decision- Su-57 stealth fighter) closing the gap in technology makers. between it and Western equipment. It has also, in some aspects, raced ahead of the West in battlefield What is the ‘Third Offset’? EW (demonstrated in East Ukraine) and combining multiple UAVs with rocket artillery to provide highly How the West and its partner air forces keep ahead of lethal directed fire. Its operations in Syria, meanwhile, these threats and indeed ‘regain the edge’ was thus a saw the deployment of S-400 SAMs, attack major theme of the conference over the two days. helicopters, Su-33 naval fighters, Su-34 strike aircraft The solution, at least in the US and now spreading along with Bear and Backfire launching to the UK, is to embrace tech industry-style innovation

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 27 DEFENCE Research and innovation Lockheed Martin

and disruption and to find, exploit and weaponise the the military but still want to help secure their country innovators, such as Uber and AirBnB, that combine and protect people – and swap ideas and innovation. How can the UK new technology (eg GPS-enabled smartphones and In the US, for example, a non-profit organisation fully exploit the big data) with a consumer need (taxi) to create a ‘Hacking 4 Defense’ seeks to enable engineers, whole new business model (on-demand ride-sharing scientists, policy experts and students to come ‘fifth generation’ services). together to help solve national security issues. The warfighting The US Third Offset follows on from the first USAF’s concept for its next air superiority fighter – capabilities of the (nuclear deterrence to make up for smaller forces Penetrating Counter Air (PCA) also seems to have Lockheed Martin in the 1950s) and the second (quality over quantity touches of Third Offset – in the way that the US 1970s to 1980s) that eventually helped bankrupt its aims to quickly develop and field it, perhaps with F-35? Cold War rival, the Soviet Union. some existing equipment (ie engines), but married Indeed, it was very early in the Cold War, that the to game-changing technologies, such as a laser US correctly identified that it would be the computer weapon – breaking the usual cycle of long, drawn out revolution that would power many of the advances in acquisition programmes. military technology, such as radars, sensors, weapons, Meanwhile, the RAF this year launched a new stealth and others – enabling the US (and Western US-style innovation office called the Rapid Capability allies) to power ahead of the Soviet Union and Office, tasked to ‘explore expedite and exploit’, Eastern bloc. according to ACM Hillier. This new RCO might be best Today, according to speakers from Microsoft at thought of as a way to rush innovation and technology the conference, we are now living in the 4th Industrial UOR-style into the front line, without the traditional Revolution (4IR). This is being powered by big data, glacier-like procurement process. The first project cloud computing and artificial intelligence (AI) – the underway, Leonardo’s BriteCloud digital decoys, aims majority being developed by commercial or consumer to quickly equip the RAF with world-class defensive entities. The leading edge of high-technology (with capability able to fool the latest and future adversary a few notable exceptions) now (unlike 30+ years missile seekers. ago) lies firmly in the commercial, not defence sector. An effort to cultivate innovation is underway Today, any self-respecting teenager would consider with the UK branch of the Defence Entrepreneurs a two-year-old mobile phone an antique, yet the Forum – a grassroots network of ‘disruptive thinkers’ West’s most modern jet fighter, the F-35, first flew to create a market place of ideas from non-traditional a full 17 years ago. With technology and innovation entrepreneurs. There is a growing movement of young accelerating at an exponential rate – how does the ‘digital natives’, both in and out of uniform who are Western defence community exploit this to stay already sowing the seeds of a coming transformation ahead? within the RAF and other services. Another example of a ‘Third Offset’ integration What does a Third Offset look like? of new technology comes from Australia, where the RAAF’s Project Jericho will incorporate Microsoft’s With every company from Airbus to easyJet HoloLens to create a ‘holographic augmented attempting to reinvent itself as a ‘tech’ firm and reality‘ mission planning and briefing system – leverage the possibilities of a digital 4IR, what does allowing commanders to see, science-fiction style, the Third Offset capabilities or outputs look like? a battlespace in 3D floating in front of their eyes WE’VE Perhaps the best examples so far of Third Offset- and collaborate with others equipped with the same LOST THAT style innovation in the US are tests of air-launched headsets. swarming drones, the USAF’s ‘Loyal Wingmen’ These examples hold clues to what an COMPETITIVE UCAV projects, as well as organisational and cultural information-age, combat-cloud enabled, air force, EDGE AND changes to leverage talent and skills from outside encompassing air, space and cyber might look like WE NEED TO the traditional military/defence industrial complex. in the very near future. An agile, flexible force that is Indeed, Third Offset may not involve hardware (or information-driven. As AVM Rochelle mused: “How REGAIN IT – even software) but just working with highly innovative (do we) get information from a satellite into the FAST young people who might have no interest in joining cockpit of an Ajax (AFV).”

28 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 BAE Systems Will the RAF be able to exploit game-changing hypersonic innovation from the UK’s ? improbable

high-resolution satellite and aerial imagery, download opensource AI programmes – effectively becoming their own ISR capability. Cost of technology is falling rapidly and the barriers to entry are dropping. For peer or near-peer competitors, this disruptive age is allowing them to quickly close the gap. Witness armed drones – since the early 2000s the preserve of the US, Israel and then the UK but now operated Challenges Above: Improbable – a UK by countries such as Pakistan and Nigeria, thanks to tech company showed off cheap UAVs sold without export restrictions by China. Yet the Third Offset of harnessing the hackers, its advanced city modelling Today Iraq and Syria has seen the rise of perhaps simulation at the RAF Air entrepreneurs and innovators of Silicon Valley (or Power Conference – which the world’s first drone vs drone conflict, with both Shoreditch) perhaps can only go so far. could help planners know coalition forces and ISIS operating small kamikaze First – there is the immense cultural and legacy where ‘weak points’ are in the UAVs and converted consumer drones dropping challenge. Armed forces, by definition, are large urban terrain. grenades to deliver kinetic effect on the enemy. command structures with a rigid top-down hierarchy. Below: ISIS weaponised Governments and militaries now are, perhaps too Web start-ups may be a group of friends from college consumer drones equipped to late, in scrambling to react to the rogue drone threat drop 40mm grenades.

with no clear roles (or hipster job descriptions: ‘Joy Iraqi National Police with counter-UAS solutions. Yet these seem, in the facilitator’). How does the military change itself main, to be predicated that future rogue drones will to be more flexible ad interface with these social conveniently appear one by one. The next step, most entrepreneurs? What exactly is the rank of 17-year- likely, will see weaponised consumer drones married old ‘Hacker’ in a military command structure? Corporal to commercial ‘swarming’ software (perhaps similar to due to age, Major or even a General perhaps if those that control light display or ‘dancing’ drones) to measured by the amount of ‘strategic effect’ they create a lethal, low-cost attack vector. Are air forces might be able to inflict on a foe? ready to counter a Spetznaz or terror group that parks There are also deep vested interests – in the an articulated truck full of 200 drones armed with form of services, units (squadrons, regiments), as well explosives near a F-35 airbase and awaits a go signal? as the powerful lobbying in the form of the legacy Third, of course, is that an information age defence industry. New entrants that threaten this Iraqi National Police air force – embracing cyber, Whole Force, VLO, order face an uphill battle if their solution could appear hypersonics, rapid space access requires something to threaten sacred cows or big defence programmes in short supply – money for defence. With the UK’s with multiple stakeholders. defence budget already squeezed by big platforms Another potential cultural clash is between the (CVF, F-35, P-8 etc), what money is left for critical but ‘fail to succeed’ Silicon Valley-style innovation outlook game-changing technology (eg broadband nodes to and the risk-adverse conservative military, industrial allow F-35 massive data collection to be shared more and political approach. We are not talking physical risk widely) to enable an information-age air force? here but the aversion to perceived ‘wasted money’, axed projects and political embarrassment that seems Summary to drive many MoD decisions. The UK MoD top-down media control today means that any serving officer Can the RAF regain its air power edge after, with a radical thought or controversial opinion on, for as one speaker put it: ‘wandering around in the example, procurement risks putting themselves in wilderness’ and competition and threats evolving? the (metaphorical) firing line. In embracing this new It is an appropriate time to be re-discovering its innovation and tech culture, will MoD, ministers and core mission to ‘control the air’ from which all other senior officers be brave enough to admit ‘we sunk missions flow, given the service’s 100th Anniversary money in a risky project that promised a breakthrough in 2018. As another speaker observed, the RAF but it doesn’t work’ to the mainstream media? was originally created by innovators who wanted to break away to create something new. Who does the 4IR really benefit? Topically, this summer also saw a blockbuster movie released, Dunkirk, that shows modern Another challenge is that the disruptive, emerging audiences the sheer terror of air attack on fielded tech, such as cyber, drones and AI, favours not forces some 70 plus years ago – and what happens legacy military organisations but those trying to when air superiority has to be earned in blood. There catch up, non-state actors and even individuals. are no guarantees that a UK ‘Third Offset’ can deliver Today an individual can purchase a cheap UAV with this to the RAF and other services – but at least the a HD camera that, in many ways, is ahead of what scale and urgency of the problem has now been the military fields. The same individual can access identified. It cannot come too soon.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook.com www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 29 SPACEFLIGHT India’s space programme India on track to the stars and beyond ISRO

The increasing success of India’s space programme is beginning to make the rest of the world sit up and take notice. NEELAM MATHEWS considers its achievements to date and lofty ambitions.

rom the launch of the first sounding At time of going to print, ISRO has undertaken rocket, the US-made ‘Nick Apache’ 91 spacecraft missions, 63 launch missions, (its nose cone delivered on a bicycle in nine student satellites, two re-entry missions and 1963) to now the world’s sixth largest launched 209 foreign satellites. ISRO launched 20 space power; the Indian Space luru S satellites in 2015 and 32 in 2016. A eeli n K FResearch Organization (ISRO) has come ira The going has been tough. ISRO n K a long way. Moreover, there is no finale u was faced with trade sanctions in the m as work continues. With the successful a 1990s by the US, following India’s r

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with two solid strap-ons, a core liquid ) that the deal could encompass transfer booster, and a cryogenic upper stage, is of dual-use technology, for civil and military capable of launching four tonne satellites into use. Though causing a delay in the space geostationary orbit. programme, ISRO embarked on an indigenisation

30 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 mode. “Our focus is on indigenous development of PSLV – home grown and reliable space technologies, which were not easily available, helped us come this far. We have been consistently Having focused for years on the small satellite pursuing to achieve these technologies,” said Kiran launch market from under 100kg to 500kg, the Polar Kumar, Chairman of ISRO to a local newspaper. Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) class has proved to Last year Indian and Russian space agencies ISRO HAS ALSO be the workhorse of ISRO; also helping it cut the cost signed a MoU to set up ground stations in each DEMONSTRATED of launches and gain small revenues from foreign other’s countries in order to get the best out of NEW satellite launches. The cost of a PSLV is around their satellite navigation constellations GLONASS $15m, as compared to $57m for a Falcon-9 of the and NavIC. Formerly known as the Indian Regional TECHNOLOGIES US and $100m for an Ariane-5 of Europe, a space Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS), the IN THE LAUNCH official said on condition of anonymity. applications of NavIC include navigation of the VEHICLE The PSLV can take up to 1,750kg of payload entire geography of India and disaster management. PROGRAMME. to Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbits of 600km The IRNSS-1H, set to be launched this August, THE REUSABLE altitude. ISRO exhibited its home-built technological is a back-up navigation satellite for one of the competence in the 38th consecutive successful seven existing satellites, the IRNSS-1A, whose LAUNCH VEHICLE- mission made by its (PSLV-C37) that launched the three imported atomic clocks failed in January. The TECHNOLOGY 714kg Cartosat-2 Series Satellite, along with 103 Ministry of Science & Technology is now helping DEMONSTRATOR co-passenger satellites and one of its own weighing ISRO for synchronisation to Indian Standard Time, AND SCRAMJET 1,378kg, in February 2017 from the Satish Dhawan enabling timing information to a fraction of a nano- ENGINE Space Centre (SHAR), Sriharikota in South India. second. “This will go a long way in keeping the “The phenomenal success of the Mars Orbiter timings of the Space Missions, as well as detection TECHNOLOGY Mission, which has completed 1,000 days in orbit, and of cyber-crime,” said Jitendra Singh Junior Minister DEMONSTRATOR is India’s first venture into the interplanetary space, of Science and Technology. MADE launched aboard PSLV C25, has proved it to be one SUCCESSFUL of the most reliable and versatile launch vehicles,” A civil focus MAIDEN TEST said an ISRO official. “Persistence pays,” said Kiran Kumar, recently. While relations with the US are now moving on FLIGHTS the path of partnership, ISRO calls itself a civil- Private sector and space only space agency. When AEROSPACE queried a former ISRO official on dual-use satellites, he said: ISRO sources components from around 500 “What military satellites? We are responsible to domestic and has many global partners and suppliers the parliament that mandates us to be in the civil on a regular basis, which has been a key to its sector.” ISRO’s vision is to harness space technology success on indigenisation. for national development and application of space While India has made significant strides in science and technology, he added. satellite launch vehicles for low Earth orbit (LEO), it Opposite page: Panoramic India’s first dedicated military satellite, GSAT-7, view of the GSLV Mk III being is yet to make a similar impact for vehicles for geo ‘Rukmini’ was launched by Arianespace from French moved to the second launch stationary orbits (GEO) creating a big opportunity for Guiana to enable the Navy keep an eye on the pad. new private players. Currently, around 80% of the 2,000nm Indian Ocean region. Below: From transporting direct cost of manufacturing a PSLV is borne by the Reduced dependency on foreign countries may India’s first launched rocket, industry. Of this, 16% is for supply of raw materials, ‘Nick Apache’ by bike to the have stalled the space programme and made India Mars Orbiter Mission; India’s 12% processed materials, 7% propellants and 12% dependent on French Ariane to launch its heavier space programme has come a for chemicals and electronic components. Some satellites but this is slowly changing. “The latest long, long way. 17% of fabrication is done by small firms and 19% successful launch is a definite positive step,” said Amit Dugar, Senior Consultant, Ernst & Young: “A ISRO ISRO more comprehensive policy with an enhanced private sector involvement, along with a higher budget allocation could be the next step towards a more prosperous indigenous space industry,” he added. India space sector budget stands at $1.3bn for 2017-18 (a CAGR of ~16% over the past three years) with more than 60% used for satellite and launch vehicles technology – currently India’s strongest area of operations. space technology, (which primarily constitutes launch vehicle technology, satellite technology, launch support, tracking network, and range facilities), is the largest component of India’s space budget. The capital outlay on space research forms close to ~45% of the total budget.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 31 design, for India and global customers. A consortium led by Bengaluru-based has been Alpha Design Technologies, contracted for assembly, integration contracted for assembly, build and launch services of satellites build and launch and testing of two large navigation

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N spare satellites (back-ups for the present seven) to spare satellites (back-ups be delivered mid-2018 are cost around $60m each. built at ISROs are being They facilities in Bengaluru. segment in each had expertise consortium The required for building an integrated satellite, a reason M Annadurai, Director why Alpha was chosen, ISRO Satellite Center was quoted as saying. “Very with ISROoften, experience has led us to develop military-related products,” said an OEM. Alpha has uses for the product, including an entire solution for auses for the product, including an entire solution project. Naik said that, being a naval vessels tracking startup, approval of ISRO long way in creating goes a colonialawareness in a business often dominated by mindsets.

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a P Bengaluru (formerly Bangalore)- by large companies. They include Tata Advanced include Tata by large companies. They makes composite parts for bothMaterials, which L&T and Godrej & Boyce that satellites and rockets, andhave manufactured components for the probe Explosives. Mars mission and Premier for the rocket Global suppliers include Mitsubishi Electric lithium-ion batteries manufactures which satellite series. for the INSAT based Saankhya Labs sells and complete modules chipsets, communication solutions and, as only semiconductor company, India’s has supplied receivers and transmitters to ISRO. Pruthvi, Its ‘system-on-a-chip’ functions as a software defined radio which allows the same hardware for use in various types of wireless communication including satellite communication. It has developed, in partnership with ISRO, an indigenous satellite phone system, Samrat, that works on S-band, unique to India, said Parag . He added that trends Naik, CEO, to AEROSPACE for satellites are moving towards communication, Earth-observing systems and navigation. A satellite has already been used receiver powered by the chip and the company has found other GSAT-6 for ISRO’s

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SPACEFLIGHT space programme India’s

cation building in remote sensing and geo-informatics and their applications through edu Indian Institute of Remote Sensing – Capacity level. and training programmes at postgraduate Laboratory for Electro Optic Systems. ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network – Tracking support for all the satellite and launch vehicle missions of ISRO. Network – Tracking support for all the satellite and launch vehicle Tracking and Command ISRO Telemetry, Master Control Facility – monitors and controls all the geostationary / geosynchronous satellites of ISRO – INSAT, GSAT, Kalpana and Kalpana GSAT, all the geostationary / geosynchronous satellites of ISRO – INSAT, Master Control Facility – monitors and controls all through the testing, and on-orbit operations for orbit raising of satellites, in-orbit payload IRNSS series of satellites. MCF is responsible life of these satellites. Development and Educational Communication Unit – Satellite communication based societal applications in the country. and Educational Communication Unit – Development ISRO Intertial Systems Unit – Design and development of inertial systems for launch vehicles and spacecraft programmes of ISRO. of inertial systems for launch vehicles ISRO Intertial Systems Unit – Design and development ISRO Propulsion Complex – Assembly, integration and testing of earth storable propellant engines, cryogenic engines and stages for integration and testing of earth storable propellant engines, cryogenic engines and Assembly, ISRO Propulsion Complex – as testing of its sub systems; production and and spacecraft thrusters, as well high altitude testing of upper stage engines launch vehicles; cryogenic rocket programme. supply of cryogenic propellants for the Indian nsing andsensing satellite data acquisition and processing, data dissemination, aerial remote se National Remote Sensing Center – Remote decision support for disaster management. Space Applications Center – Development of space borne and air borne instruments / payloads and their applications. and their borne and air borne instruments / payloads of space Applications Center – Development Space ISRO Satellite Center – Building satellites and developing associated satellite technologies. developing ISRO Satellite Center – Building satellites and Satish Dhawan Space Center – Spaceport of India is responsible for providing launch base infrastructure for the Indian Space Programme. is responsible for providing launch base Space Center – Spaceport of India Satish Dhawan and launch operations, range integration motors, launch vehicle propellant processing, static testing of solid Has facilities for solid command network and mission control centre. operations comprising telemetry, tracking and Liquid Propulsion Systems Center – Centre for design, development and realisation of liquid propulsion stages for ISRO’s launch vehicles. stages for ISRO’s launch vehicles. and realisation of liquid propulsion Center – Centre for design, development Liquid Propulsion Systems of conditions and other key components vacuum devices for transducers, propellant management valves, of fluid control Development are also under the purview of this centre. liquid propulsion systems Vikram Sarabhai Space Center – Design and development of launch vehicle technology. of launch vehicle Design and development Sarabhai Space Center – Vikram North Eastern Space Applications Center – Provides developmental support to the North Eastern region using space science and support to the North Eastern Applications Center – Provides developmental North Eastern Space technology. National Atmospheric Research Laboratory – Indigenous technology development for atmospheric probing and weather and climate atmospheric probing and weather for technology development Research Laboratory – Indigenous Atmospheric National modeling. Physical Research Laboratory – Conducts basic research in experimental and theoretical physics, astronomy and astrophysics, Earth, and theoretical physics, astronomy – Conducts basic research in experimental Physical Research Laboratory sciences. planetary and atmospheric Antrix – Commercial arm of ISRO that markets the products and services emanating from the Indian Space Programme. from the Indian and services emanating that markets the products arm of ISRO Antrix – Commercial                  AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● The organisation structure of India’s space industry space major research with the structureThe organisation is inclusive of India’s laboratories formingand institutions of India space agency – the of ISRO the core 32 33

SEPTEMBER 2017 Philip Davis FRAeS RAeS Space Group Chairman “There is an increasing usage of Indian boosters“There future Earth Observation programme is India’s RAeS Space Group Comment Group RAeS Space space programme and depth of India’s The breadth article. India’s emphasis captured in this is well applications of space been on practical has always wide area surveillance technology, such as for material. There hasand to broadcast educational on purely in the West been less emphasis than the recent Indian roboticscientific projects, so and Mars mentioned markmissions to the Moon in policy. India’s collaborationan important change as India has in thewith NASA is also significant, joining in powers than most space past been slower such as for theinternational space partnerships, An important satellite data. exchange of weather activities not mentionedfeature of India’s space here is the lack of a human spaceflight programme. ago begun ten years Such a programme was and said by many to be a reaction to China’s in recent years successful programme. However, from such an expensive India has backed away giving only and essentially prestige initiative, in theunconvincing statements about first flights mid-2020s. foreign participation to fly on it is expected for this foreign participation to fly on it is mission. vehicles by the US and with the Indo-US and launch relationship evolving and India becoming a defence more collaborations in the partner’, ‘major defence between the two countries future can be expected ISROin the space industry as well,” predicts Dugar. teams have made significant progress in and NASA joint microwave remote sensing satellite for Earth observation with the ‘NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic project has transitioned from The Aperture Radar)’. ‘formulation’ to ‘implementation’ stage. A joint airborne campaign to collect scientific data over diverse eco- instruments and system was carried out using NASA aircraft. Necessary documents have beenISRO’s of Earth observation signed to enable exchange Resourcesat-2 data and data collected by India’s satellite data. According to an MoD US LANDSAT-8 of a recent India- official, this comes in the backdrop China dispute over a territory in the Northeast. looking at the continuity of the thematic series of satellites – Resourcesat, Cartosat, Oceansat, RISAT, ocean meteorological series for land, water, INSAT in the applications. A Geo Imaging Satellite (GISAT) to enable near real geostationary orbit is expected this is what it the end of the day, time imaging. At it must India has achieved, is all about: “Whatever be sustained and more capability increased with satellites,” said the official. Lunokhod rovers but this was put aside, making the Lunokhod mission a fully Indian one. As with Chandrayaan-1,

ISRO Opposite page: Payload is being fairing with GSAT-19 integrated with the GSLV-MK III D1. Chandrayaan-2 India’s Above: probe will blast off for the Moon in 2018. 100km. The 100km. The f i @aerosociety Find us on LinkedIn Find us on Facebook.com www.aerosociety.com The Orbiter with scientific payloads will orbit Orbiter The Developmental efforts are concentrating on second mission to Chandrayaan-2, India’s Lander is separated from the Orbiter in this orbit. Lander will soft land on the around the Moon. The Moon at a specified site and deploy the Rover. payloads onboard scientific The the Indian-built to perform Lander and Rover are expected Orbiter, mineralogical and elemental studies of the lunar surface. Earlier the lander was to be provided by based on Soviet Association, Lavochkin Russia’s focused on a semi-cryogenic engine “that is morefocused on a semi-cryogenic engine “that is enhance payload and “efforts to further eco-friendly,” Mk III said an official. will continue,” of the GSLV details of overall stage configuration Preliminary and stage engineering of semi-cryo stage with out.200t propellant loading have been worked for undertaking “Development of critical technologies human spaceflight has also made progress,” said recent annual report. ISRO’s the Moon, is an advanced version of the previous by mid- Chandrayaan-1 mission to be launched Lander and Rover 2018. It consists of an Orbiter, as a configuration and is planned to be launched into the Earth parking orbit (EPO)composite stack of II. Orbiter carries The 170 x 18,500km by GSLV-Mk up to the Moon untill the Lunar the combined stack is then combined stack The orbit insertion (LOI). inserted into a lunar orbit of 100km × The future The past 18 months have witnessed major strides The communication satelliteby ISRO, including India’s Mk Guiana. GSLV from French launched GSAT-18 II became the third consecutively successful launch carrying the indigenous Cryogenic Upper of GSLV Stage. built retrofit imagers for the Indian Army’s Russian built retrofit imagers for the Indian Army’s tanks and undertaken military projects in opto- electronics, electronic warfare equipment, missile detection systems and missile seekers. “Going launch forward satellite and communications requirement would also be imperative from a military perspective, warfare dynamics,” said Dugar. given the changing AEROSPACE Future careers 20 years of the RAeS Careers Service Joby Aviation

Workers at the dawn of new aerospace ROSALIND AZOUZI looks 20 years ahead to consider what essential skills may be required by a future aerospace workforce.

n 1997 the Royal Aeronautical Society millennials – born in the late 80s-early 2000s who launched its dedicated Careers Centre, have not known a world without the Internet, are in providing a one-stop-shop for impartial constant communication through social media and careers advice and guidance dedicated have access to high-level technology. to aerospace and aviation. Since then, the However, the incorporation of tech into our daily ISociety’s activities have grown to include a full lifestyles is not restricted to millennials. Businesses range of outreach programmes for schools, including across all sectors are being urged to place customers Cool Aeronautics, the Schools Build-a-Plane at the centre of everything. Individuals have high Challenge, the development of online and print expectations that new technology will make things resources for all ages, the launch of the Centennial better and faster and have little patience when this Scholarship Fund in 2003 and a free careers doesn’t happen. guidance service. Aerospace, often seen as a sector which is With 2017 marking 20 years of this dedicated slower to respond to change, has in fact also seen resource, how will things change over the next two significant changes and often drives the technologies decades? Much has been made of the preferences we all take for granted, while air travel has been of the now well-documented generation of transformed by the rise of low-cost airlines and online Spirit AeroSystems

34 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 booking systems, with UK airline travel doubling in of technological development in other sectors, IT the past 20 years. development is having a profound effect on many The buzz around digitalisation raises some aspects of the aerospace and aviation sector. interesting questions. Will aerospace companies For manufacturers, digitalisation may have a move away from the aerospace label in future years very different meaning than to other sectors. The or rather adopt digital methods to their current design THE RECENT recent ATI Digital Transformation paper highlights and production techniques and business models? ATI DIGITAL four key areas which could be transformed within Conversely, could technology companies transform TRANSFORM– aerospace through digitalisation, namely, ‘supply themselves into aerospace manufacturers with ATION PAPER chain integration; servitisation opportunities; enabling Internet giants, such as Amazon developing drone HIGHLIGHTS disruption through new products, delivery and technology, Google revisiting wearable technology commercial capabilities’. The ATI paper also highlights and PayPal and Amazon founders developing new FOUR KEY the need for aerospace to face up to the changes space launchers? AREAS WHICH which digitalisation could bring about, such as an Changes in Government have led to changes COULD BE Uber-style challenge to traditional working methods in education policy which also has an impact on the TRANSFORMED of the sector. In fact, it highlights the development

Levis/Google WITHIN work which Uber has been financing to bring aerial taxis to market (another example of a technology AEROSPACE company with no traditional manufacturing base THROUGH moving into engineering design). DIGITALISATION, Using the ATI project portfolio as a sample, NAMELY, the ATI estimates that ‘around 35 of 160 projects ‘SUPPLY CHAIN have a digital element’ with ‘increased efficiency, INTEGRATION; as opposed to growth … clearly the main focus of these projects.’ The paper highlights key successes SERVITISATION in which aerospace manufacturers have already used OPPORTUNITIES; new technology to make improvements, such as ENABLING Rolls-Royce, which has been able to pull together and DISRUPTION analyse vast data sets from different departments,

THROUGH NEW Sky Futures skills pipeline. During the first decade after the launch PRODUCTS, of the Careers Centre, the policy emphasis in the UK DELIVERY AND was getting 50% of young people into university. In COMMERCIAL 2017 the emphasis has moved to apprenticeships, CAPABILITIES putting employers in the driving seat for defining the qualifications and occupational standards for their Above left: Google and sector. Levis’ have come together for What is clear is that, in this information age, there ‘Project Jacquard’ with the aim of producing advanced are some clear trends both outside and within the wearable technology. sector, potentially providing opportunities for new Right: A Sky Futures drone is market entrants and entrepreneurs and new business used to inspect storm damage models for traditional aerospace companies with the to an offshore oil rig. customer at the heart of innovative thinking. The next Above opposite: By combining step will be to evaluate what skills implications these innovations in battery technology, electric motors have and how training providers, young people and and control systems, Joby the existing workforce will adapt to changing needs. Aviation aims to revolutionise The Aerospace Technology Institute (ATI) has transportation with the S2, such as design, manufacture and through-life an electric 200mph vertical been examining these themes in detail. It published take-off and landing (VTOL) services using Big Data analytical methods. an INSIGHT paper in 2017 on Digital Transformation aircraft. Joby is one of several Digital trends, such as creating ‘digital twins’ and recently ran a First Thursday event on companies that Uber are to provide virtual models of real-world products, ‘Servitisation’, a new business model proposition for considering linking with to the ‘Internet-of-Things’ (IoT) where products are provide its proposed air taxis. manufacturers inspired by the success of Rolls- inter-connected and can ‘talk’ to each other, align Below opposite: A robot Royce and its TotalCare programme, benefitting from performs non destructive well to aerospace which has led the way in fields new IT solutions. inspection on a Boeing 787 such as flight simulation and real-time engine health composite forward fuselage at monitoring solutions. In fact, aerospace may be Spirit AeroSystems’ Wichita already more ‘digital’ than it’s given credit for and can Digitalisation plant. now take these processes further with the increasing While some argue that the phrases ‘digitalisation’, processing power enabled through cloud-based ‘digital transformation’ and so on are simply ways computing and integrated microchips. However, for technology companies to badge a whole series the ATI warns that making digital solutions work

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 35 AEROSPACE Future careers BAE Systems technologies, such as interactive tablets or virtual/ augmented reality headsets within aerospace may create a more dynamic workplace and improve staff morale, as well as support flexible and remote working patterns to attract and retain talented staff, supporting inclusion and diversity strategies, particularly for those with family and caring commitments. This may also address research which indicates millennials also place work-life-balance as equal importance to, or even more important, than remuneration packages. Furthermore, one of the key issues among early career design engineers using RAeS Careers services has been a feeling of disconnection from the product and a ‘call centre environment’ in today’s design offices featuring rows and rows of PCs, far from a live aircraft environment. Ensuring aerospace remains attractive to new for aerospace requires creating a ‘digital mindset’ talent is important. Recent media reports have within companies and their staff. In particular, the highlighted the appeal that technology companies Augmented reality ATI highlights technology companies that use ‘open such as Google have transmitted to STEM graduates systems as small source’ software, whereby developers openly share by publicising creative, collaborative workspaces, as a contact lens programming, that has been transferred to innovative free catering and flexibility with working patterns, could revolutionise processes at Tesla, owned by PayPal founder Elon often taking STEM graduates’ interest away from complex emergency Musk, in developing its driverless car technology. traditional employers, even the lucrative financial The ATI asks if aerospace, known for its reluctance service sector which has traditionally been blamed response and to share, can embrace this approach to enable step for draining engineering talent. At the other end of military battlefield changes in new technology for benefit to the sector the pipeline, education need to equip young people operations in as a whole, leading to a culture of ‘digital trust’? with the skills to adopt and use digital technology in a the future, by Cloud-based computing also offers aerospace way which adds value to reflect the skills which new drastically improving manufacturers the opportunity to create more flexible technology needs. This is not only the technical skills the situational and collaborative design work spaces. The ATI paper but the mindset and workplace expectations of new awareness, argues that: ‘Connecting workstations to products entrants to ensure that work is a two-way process decision-making and and processes can have a profound effect on quality, and not a glorified virtual reality playground. enhance operator capability and create a flexible, Nonetheless, cybersecurity is key for sensitive asset management dynamic work area.’ sectors like aerospace and air transport, creating of operators. Taking this argument one step further, greater another skills requirement. The ATI paper also connectivity – particularly to the live end product and highlights the rise of a new member of the senior other areas of the supply chain – and new workplace leadership team, the Chief Digital Officer – usually from a non-aerospace background, who leads

Dassault and monitors digital transformation within the organisation, data protection legislation conformity and cybersecurity.

Disrupting business models

It’s not only in the engineering sector where digital can create disruption and new business models. At the consumer end, companies like Stratajet have developed new business solutions through algorithm-based technology which have the potential to open up markets to new customers. In the case of Stratajet, identifying available seats on corporate jets at prices similar to business and first class airline rates, opening up the bizav market to a new client base and potentially disrupting airline business travel in the coming years. Moreover, speaking at the 2016 EBACE conference, Stratajet founder and CEO Jonny Nicol emphasised the very different business culture and leadership style he has implemented

36 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 oked Martin Lockheed Electroffight NATS

New aerospace technologies requiring a new breed of aerospace professional. From left to right: Lockheed Martin’s future Hybrid , The Electroflight aircraft uses two lightweight electric motors to power two contra rotating propellers, Air traffic controllers demonstrate the digital tower control room at London City Airport which will open in 2019.

to reflect the changing priorities of the millenial optimisation (SEO) tools used by Google, Bing etc. generation keen to work in this type of ‘start-up’ where the search engine ‘bot’, or programme, is environment. ‘reading’ and ‘analysing’ the data inputted by the Market disruption can be very appealing to applicant. Already the implication of SEO technology young people. At the RAeS Ballantyne 2017, is having an impact on how website content writers aerospace graduate Shefali Sharma highlighted MARKET are having to write content, so it not only appeals the motivation that working for a small start-up DISRUPTION to the target audience but also achieves the search company like Oxford Space Systems gives her and CAN BE VERY engine ‘bot’ approval, thus getting high rankings in the growing number of ‘new space’ start-ups in search results. However, this is not always the same the UK taking advantage of the lower barriers to APPEALING TO as making best use of language or phraseology. entry provided by smaller-scale space technology YOUNG PEOPLE With online recruitment forms, there is a danger which entrepreneurs can take advantage of. As that this technology may supercede human analysis Sharma pointed out, market disruptors can and require applicants to complete forms in a style Shef ali S ha quickly grow into market leaders, with a rm which they would not normally use. It may be the a, O different approach, greater ease with new x only logical approach for employers who receive f o r d thousands of applications each year but, given that technology, and appeal to new talent, S

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m some of this entrepreneurial culture s best adapted to using the online systems, rather than where possible into their own . applicants who are right for the job. businesses. If, as proponents of digital technology suggest, customer satisfaction and experience is to drive Talk to the ‘bot’ (but is the business and AI has a long way to go before it can human listening?) ‘feel’ or learn from experience, tomorrow’s engineers and business managers will need, in addition to Interestingly, when it comes to careers and skills, traditional knowledge and role-related competencies, larger aerospace employers, like many other key skills associated with customer focus including sectors, have embraced digital technology in one empathy, communication, negotiation and ability area – online recruitment tools. Online application to empower their teams, as well as new technical forms are not new and, as most graduates and skills in areas such as robotics, Big Data, Internet of university careers advisors would agree, while they Things, VR, drones and wearables. may provide employers with a more effective way to Of course, there are exciting developments in deal with high volume applications, they can present other areas, including all-electric and hybrid aircraft many barriers to applicants. Online systems offer systems, intelligent airport security systems and ‘new employers many advantages – from being able space’. Aerospace and aviation, as a whole, remains to stop demand at the source, such as checking the driver of change and is taking significant steps in nationality and blocking applicants with minimum inclusion and diversity, while maintaining its culture degree or even pre-degree level educational of innovation, safety and security. requirements. Even when applicants are able to By continuing to apply innovative solutions and continue their online applications, the forms can cross-sectoral learning to develop new aircraft and take many hours to complete and appear sometimes aerospace products and with digital technologies to offer instant rejection. While many recruiters likely to create new opportunities across the whole have long argued that computer-based scanning sector, those thinking of entering the industry today techniques are not used, it may be that some at can look forward to an exciting and rewarding career least are using similar technology to search engine over the next 20 years.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook.com www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 37 AIR TRANSPORT Flight training Boeing

Training for tomorrow today Airliner OEMs are now rolling out new learning philosophies tailored to train the next generation of ‘digital natives’ to be pilots and technicians. DAVID LEARMOUNT reports.

he task that airline crews carry out each measurably competent pilot – but a pilot operating in time they fly is the same as it always has a very different type of cockpit from those of 30 years been but the tools they use to perform ago. it and the environment in which they Boeing’s new look at training methodology conduct the flight is very different than coincides with the rise of an unprecedented demand Tit was even 30 years ago when the early digital for skilled personnel to operate and maintain the flightdecks became established in service. world’s growing fleet. The just-released 2017 Boeing Pilots have had to learn new skills and knowledge Pilot and Technician Outlook forecasts that, between to be able to master the highly complex digital tools now and 2036, the aviation industry will see 41,030 they use to manage fourth-generation aircraft. new aircraft enter the fleet and the industry will Meanwhile, training has struggled to adjust to need to supply more than two million new skilled Above: A Boeing 787 full-flight the constantly changing demands of new, smart aviation personnel: 637,000 commercial airline pilots, simulator. technology without losing sight of the fact that 648,000 maintenance technicians and 839,000 cabin Below: A Boeing 737 MAX. aviators still need traditional aeronautical knowledge crew. Boeing and skills. People are changing too. Boeing says that the Fuelling interest in aviation careers learning style and skills of today’s younger pilots are different than they used to be. Acknowledging this Generating sufficient interest in aviation careers to fact, Boeing Flight Services’ type rating training for the meet this demand, according to the manufacturer, ‘will 737 MAX now involves a different way of presenting require innovative solutions focused on educational information, accommodating new learning techniques, outreach and career pipeline programs to inspire the and involves a radically changed instructional next generation of pilots, technicians, and cabin crew’. approach. Today’s instructor is an expert facilitator Boeing concedes that new technologies, training rather than a traditional teacher and examiner, devices and training methods will be needed to although the intended output is exactly the same – a accommodate ‘a wide range of learning styles’. It adds:

38 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 All Boeing

‘The growing diversity of aviation personnel will also The idea derives from the way in which people, From left to right: Flat panel require instructors to have cross-cultural and cross- for many years now, have learned to operate training, Flat panel training in a simulated cockpit, 737 generational skills to engage tomorrow’s workforce.’ personal electronic devices, from laptop computers to MAX sim interior, Maintenance smartphones. Nobody reads a manual any more, they training. Active learning switch the device on, seek the functions they want to perform, and then perform them. This begins as an Preparing to meet this demand, the Boeing Flight experimental process but very quickly the users gain Services (BFS) training centre at Crawley, near familiarity and greater dexterity as they operate the London Gatwick airport has a newly-installed 737 functions for which they purchased the device. To use MAX 8 full flight simulator (FFS) to add to the a more traditional expression, this is learning ‘on the 737NG, 777 and 787 devices already established job’. there. Boeing has used its preparatory period for the A smartphone, however, is not a safety-critical arrival of the MAX to review its training philosophies. device. So, when the device a set of professional It had begun just such a review for the arrival of the students are learning to operate is a public transport 747-8, the company says but BFS has fine-tuned it aircraft, on-the-job-training (OTJ) from the start is for the new 737 series. The result has been a radical not an option. Hence, the new kind of use to which change towards a scenario-based training technique simulation is put. It gives the student pilots a chance Boeing calls ‘active learning’. to try things out, make mistakes and learn from them. The manufacturer explains: ‘Our scenario-based At both big manufacturers’ training centres, pilots approach for active learning was proven almost three converting to their newest types now go straight into years ago on our 747-8 EASA conversion (type simulators and, acting as crews, get them ‘airborne’, rating) course which previously did not exist. We and work through scenarios to discover how to took lessons learned from the 747-8 courseware manage the aircraft and its systems. Learning drills, development and refined them for expanded use on checklists and standard operating procedures comes the 737 MAX Type rating courses.’ later. BFS continues: ‘The active learning approach For familiarity and knowledge consolidation, flat for the 737 MAX filled a specific need with our panel trainers provide the full cockpit layout and customers. Our training needs analysis showed switches that respond to touch. These enable crews that operators were bringing in younger and to experiment with procedures and systems and to less-experienced first officers whose first jet will improve their systems management dexterity alone be a 737 MAX. Our active and blended learning or in groups without tying up a costly FFS. The BFS approach is very well-suited for this demography. team use a number of key phrases that convey the The expression ‘active learning’ can be understood nature of the active learning process: group learning; ‘ACTIVE better by contrasting it with the concept of ‘passive team learning; systems learning by ‘contextual learning’, which might describe the traditional exposure’. Right from the start, Boeing insists, crew LEARNING’ CAN classroom approach. It effectively means students resource management is part of the process. BE UNDERSTOOD get into a simulator and start flicking switches right When instructors are present they act as BETTER BY away. facilitators, watching the crew discovering how CONTRASTING Airbus went through a similar review of training systems work and how to manage them, prompting IT WITH THE philosophy in preparation for the late 2014 entry them, providing ideas for further discovery and finally into service of its A350 XWB and, like Boeing, aiding with the self-debrief. After a total of about 48hr CONCEPT recognised that people’s learning techniques were on flat panels, the crew goes into the FFS for line- OF ‘PASSIVE changing and so was the piloting task. Airbus’ Head oriented flight training which enables them to exercise LEARNING’, of Training Strategy, Capt David Owens, says that the their knowledge in a disciplined, realistic crew WHICH MIGHT two big manufacturers share training ideas closely, environment where they can familiarise themselves DESCRIBE THE co-operating, as they have long been doing, with the with their carrier’s standard operating procedures and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in fine-tune their aircraft management skills as a crew. TRADITIONAL developing the concept and practice of competency- Meanwhile, training for maintenance technicians CLASSROOM based training, although they have developed their has been transformed also. Much of it takes place APPROACH. IT own in-house training programmes for their new in classrooms but every student has a large display EFFECTIVELY types, the basic ideas are similar. that provides 3D-like virtual reality views of every MEANS Boeing calls its new training technique ‘active part in an aircraft, either as a part on its own or in its learning’ or ‘facilitated learning’, and contrasts it real location, backed up with technical instructions STUDENTS with the traditional delivery of knowledge through in text. A student can approach the virtual aircraft on GET INTO A classroom lectures before practising what they have the pan, open a hatch, enter it, look around inside it, SIMULATOR AND learned in flight simulation training devices (FSTD). and manipulate a line replaceable unit. The instructor, START FLICKING Airbus calls it ‘learning by discovery’ or ‘learning by standing up front in the traditional way, can deliver SWITCHES RIGHT experiment’. Both involve exposure of the students scenarios, and facilitate discovery and procedures at straight away to activity in an advanced simulator. the click of a mouse. AWAY

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 39 AIR TRANSPORT Flight training

Boeing says the practical, highly visual training RPDM when an undesirable event occurs: “Detect, counts as time working on the actual aircraft because recognise, recall, react.” This is the optimum decision- it is so realistic. So realistic, in fact, that a student making process for pilots because time is usually technician can make mistakes and learn from them limited. The ‘recall’ component relates to experience, almost tangibly. ‘We want them to fail in the classroom knowledge and situation awareness. Although a so they don’t fail in the aircraft,’ says BFS. resilient personality can be one of the determinants of success, a pilot’s confidence with systems Creating a resilient pilot management and the recognition of a failed state can be helped by the use of a discover/experiment An objective for the training industry for some time learning system, Owens believes. Asked if he can now has been to discover how to train pilots to make detect the results of Airbus’ new training approach them ‘resilient’. That is, to find out what enables pilots after nearly three years of A350 operation, Owens to make good decisions under pressure in complex – says it has “exceeded his wildest expectations.” and possibly unforeseeable – situations, rather than While it is easy to applaud the advances in type freezing or making bad decisions. Airbus’ Owens rating training technique adopted by Boeing and says the process of ‘learning by exploring’ is more Airbus, noticeable by its absence is any reference to Airbus introduced likely to embed resilience in students than traditional manual flying practice for pilots. Perhaps this is not the ‘learning learning methods, because they feel more familiar surprising in flightdecks that have such capable and by discovery’ and confident with systems having ‘experimented’ reliable automated systems but the fact is somebody with them. Another advantage of the new approach, has to fly the aircraft when the autopilot is tripped out concept on its he says, is that the process of ‘discovery’ is a highly because sensors fail or the air data computer cannot A350 XWB individual experience, even when carried out as part compute. Loss of control in flight (LOC-I), usually at conversion course of a crew. All trainees are individuals, Owens insists, night or in instrument meteorological conditions in with their own learning pace, their own strengths and an aircraft that was completely controllable, has still (see ‘ACEs high’, weaknesses and, whereas the traditional system did caused more passenger fatalities in the past two AEROSPACE, not cater for individual needs, the new approach does decades than any other single factor. January 2015). because of its greater flexibility. In the past few months the European Aviation This process could advance much faster, observes Safety Agency (EASA) has acted to address the Owens, but regulators have a built-in reluctance to LOC-I issue by announcing it is going to make upset update the rules on training requirements, shackling recovery training for crews mandatory within two carriers to historic training routines. years. Meanwhile, Airbus has consistently maintained Having analysed complex airborne events in – and still does according to Owens – that it would which the crews performed particularly well despite be better to train crews to prevent upsets than to the odds, Airbus’ conclusion was that, under pressure, train them specifically for recovery from unusual or these crews have employed a mental process it extreme attitudes. Truisms like that sound so obvious Exterior view of a 787 now calls ‘recognition-primed decision-making’ they can end up being ignored as irrelevant. It is a fact simulator. (RPDM). Owens described the cognitive components that in many of the recent fatal LOC-I accidents, it that enable RPDM: “It depends on accurate was the pilot’s reaction to the mishap or malfunction recognition, strong situational awareness, that caused the fatal upset, not the mishap or and true experience.” What he calls “true malfunction itself. That fact, as well as the failure to experience”, he insists, does not mean recover from the upset, rather hints at an absence of hours in a pilot’s log book. manual instrument flying disciplines and skill but in a Owens says that knowledge modern pilot who is discouraged from ever tripping obtained through a study of the automatics out and flying manually – even during the experiences of others can recurrent training – this is arguably predictable. contribute to this process. He gives Admirable though Boeing’s ‘active learning’ and the example of the DHL A300F Airbus’ ‘learning by discovery’ both are, they are not crew after take-off from Baghdad the whole training story. They are almost entirely about who lost all hydraulics in a missile enabling modern pilots to manage the complexities of strike but made a successful modern flightdecks and, as such, they are brilliant for landing using only engine thrust type rating and conversion training. to control the aircraft. The A300’s The other essential training components at the commander had read about the recurrent training level are competency-based training United Airlines McDonnell Douglas DC-10 crew and assessment and airline-by-airline evidence-based at Sioux City, Iowa, who controlled and landed training. All pilot training today, from ab initio through their aircraft using thrust from Nos 1 and 3 to recurrent line training, can benefit from the insights engines only, following the catastrophic developed recently by the two big manufacturers loss of No 2 and all hydraulics. about modern learning techniques and a more Owens describes the process enlightened instructor interaction with the trainee and output of a pilot primed for pilots.

Boeing 40 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 Afterburner www.aerosociety.com

Diary 14 September Flight Test Group Lecture Simon Davies, Experimental Test Pilot,

Airlander reflected in the lake during its fourth flight, 13 June 2017. Hybrid Air Vehicles.

42 Message from RAeS 44 Book Reviews 50 New Corporate Partners - President Hawker P1127, Kestrel and Harrier, Five new companies join the Society’s Corporate Mosquito and The Rise of the Bomber. Partner Scheme. “The Society has been proactive to date raising expert concerns about the negative impacts and 52 Diary highlighting some positive global opportunities 47 Library Additions presented by Brexit that should be explored, as well Find out when and where around the world the as offering some practical solutions to preserving Books submitted to the National Aerospace Library. latest aeronautical and aerospace lectures and UK influence within and access to Europe.” events are happening. 48 Henson & Stringfellow - Chief Executive Dinner and Lecture 54 Obituaries “The Society and AEROSPACE magazine were Guest speakers for the night, Colin Russell and Obituaries for Air Cdre Jayne Millington FRAeS and both mentioned during the most recent debate in Ron Howard HonFRAeS. the House of Lords on the Government’s Space Bob Simmons, of Baines Simmons, gave a lecture, Industry Bill.” entitled ‘Safety from push to pull’.

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 41 Afterburner Message from RAeS OUR PRESIDENT

ACM Sir Stephen Dalton Strategically, Britain’s departure from the European of the Society so that we can consider as broad Union and its future relationship with the EU is, and a range of issues and potential ways forward will remain, the major focus of the UK Government as possible; please forward any such ideas and and the officials in Brussels for years to come. potential solutions to me or any member of the However, the urgency for identifying and then Council or HQ Staff in time to contribute to the solving many of the critical associated aerospace discussions on 4 September. issues cannot and will not wait for those discussions Meanwhile, in the general aviation world, the and the subsequent decisions to unfold and deliver. increasing focus would seem to be on producing As a professional Society which aims to provide electrically-powered aircraft. Together with the unbiased and independent informed advice, we growing numbers of designs for personal/family sized must continue to work intensely to help guide the ‘flying cars’, the recent announcement that new cars officials to address the time critical concerns and will have to be electrically powered by 2040, must regulations which cannot be resolved by inter-UK/ inevitably focus attention on the practicabilities and EU negotiations alone, because they are global and opportunities for powering smaller, lighter aircraft STRATEGICALLY, they require discussions with a much broader range by electrical power as well. Yet again, over the last of countries and organisations. month we have seen more and more attention being BRITAIN’S The Society has been proactive to date raising paid to the regulatory environment of operating DEPARTURE expert concerns about the negative impacts and remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) in UK and FROM THE highlighting some positive global opportunities international airspace. There are now also plans being EUROPEAN presented by Brexit that should be explored, as well brought forward to regulate drone use in the UK as offering some practical solutions to preserving through a registration scheme and users sitting safety UNION AND UK influence within and access to Europe. Over tests. But is there the legislative framework in place to ITS FUTURE the next month, the Society’s Council is aiming to cope with the potentially increasing demand for more RELATIONSHIP identify these global issues and to assess how best operating ‘airstrips’ and where – cities, countryside, to harness the expertise within the membership coastal waters etc – and what ought those ‘strips’ WITH THE EU, and to exploit the Society’s unique position in the consist of and what safety regimes are going to be IS AND WILL sector in order to add maximum value to policy and needed to ‘control’ this significant increase in demand REMAIN, THE decision-making now that official Brexit negotiations for operating airspace? While, the potential is good MAJOR FOCUS have commenced, by highlighting their importance news for many manufacturers, service providers and and any potential solutions to them. Such is the others, we need to try and help the regulators think OF THE UK importance of this time-sensitive work, that it has through the complex and interwoven requirements GOVERNMENT been agreed that we will delay discussions on the ahead of the demand arriving and not afterwards, as AND THE other Council themes and focus all our efforts on in the case of RPAS. Again, this is a subject that our OFFICIALS IN what we can and should do to address the critical Society should continue to help to lead on, providing Brexit questions as both sides start to lay out their sound, independent and knowledgeable advice to BRUSSELS FOR negotiating cards. The Council Members would governments, regulators, operating authorities and YEARS TO COME welcome any constructive ideas from members industry alike.

NATIONAL AEROSPACE LIBRARY The Hub, Fowler Avenue, Farnborough Business Park, Farnborough, Hampshire GU14 7JP Aviation Book Fair Thursday, 28 September 2017 10.30am – 4.30pm Read about 150 years and more of Aviation/Aerospace History 100s of donated aviation books and 1,000s of magazines for sale Free Admission All proceeds to conserve historic aviation material in the Library’s archives

T +44 (0)1252 701038/701060 E [email protected]

42 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 OUR CHIEF EXECUTIVE

Simon C Luxmoore  For members visiting No.4 Hamilton Place the Bill reaches the House of Commons. over the next few weeks you will see some  I am delighted to announce that Boeing and of the work being done to enhance the the Royal Aeronautical Society recently won external appearance of the building with some two Gold awards at the Corporate Engagement refurbishment of the window frames as well Awards 2017 for Schools Build-a-Plane as redecoration in the Marshall of Cambridge (SBAP) Challenge in nominated categories: room. Some of this work will require scaffolding Best Educational Programme and Most to be erected, so I ask for your patience and Innovative Collaboration. These awards are understanding during this time when entering designed to recognise successful and innovative and exiting the venue. corporate partnerships and sponsorships and  I am pleased to confirm that we have negotiated the judges were from a range of backgrounds to freeze our rates at the National Aerospace and organisations. We thank Boeing UK for Library in Farnborough until the next break their continued support which has made this clause in our lease which will be in 2022. This programme possible. SBAP is truly a team effort is positive news and will allow the Librarians and these awards would not have been possible and all our dedicated volunteers to continue without the dedication and support of the delivering the vision for the library and providing teachers, pupils, volunteers and parents who have enhanced benefits to members through the been involved and the help provided by the LAA. digitisation of key assets.  As Autumn returns, we have had a great  Towards the end of the month we’ll be hosting response from exhibitors for Careers in our annual international flight crew training Aerospace LIVE 2017. This is one of the conference which, again, will bring together Society’s biggest annual events, attracting professionals from across the global industry to around 700-800 visitors each year who are discuss practical solutions for some of the key all highly motivated to work in aerospace issues, including how we maintain pilot recruiting and aviation and come from a wide range of and training standards in the face of growing backgrounds. If you are recruiting this Autumn, demand. don’t miss this opportunity to meet some of the  The Society and AEROSPACE magazine were brightest at our event which will take place once I AM PLEASED both mentioned during the most recent debate again at our beautiful headquarters building TO CONFIRM in the House of Lords on the Government’s in Mayfair. With a range of exhibitor packages THAT WE HAVE Space Industry Bill. The citations were as a to suit all budgets, contact the Careers team NEGOTIATED consequence of a Society briefing provided for full details. This Autumn will also see the to relevant Peers ahead of the Lords Second launch of a brand-new Careers in Aerospace TO FREEZE Reading stage of the legislative process. In website, another fantastic partnership that the OUR RATES AT October, the Bill passes through the Committee Society has with ADS Group, and a new issue THE NATIONAL Stage, which involves more detailed examination of the popular RAeS careers publication Career AEROSPACE of separate parts of the Bill and the staff are in Flightpath with all copies of previous issues the process of arranging briefings with parties’ ‘selling out’ – exciting times as we celebrate LIBRARY IN Lords Bill teams in advance. The Society aims to 20 years of dedicated careers activities at the FARNBOROUGH provide the same level of support to MPs when RAeS this year.

ANNUAL HAMBURG BRANCH GERHARD SEDLMAYR LECTURE

The fourth annual Gerhard Sedlmayr Lecture was held in the ZAL Center of Applied Aeronautical Research in Hamburg on Thursday, 29 June. The lecturer was Dr Nicklas Dahlstrom, Human Factors Manager at Emirates Airline. His lecture was entitled ‘Advancing Safety with Human Factors – Celebrations of Successes and Criticism of Shortcomings’. Despite competition with a key football match on the same evening, there was a good audience who were treated to an exceptional lecture which they will not forget for a long time. Nicklas totally involved and teased his audience who responded with ever-increasing enthusiasm. Everyone went away with an increased awareness of the impact on human factors of many aspects of everyday life and not only in airline operations.

Left: Dr Nicklas Dahlstrom being presented with a bottle at the end of the lecture by Andreas Sedlmayr and trying to guess what was in the bottle. He didn’t succeed – it was an A320!

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 43 Afterburner Book Reviews HAWKER P.1127, KESTREL AND HARRIER

By T Buttler Harrier (Pen & Sword Aviation. 2009) gives far more Above: The first Hawker detail but this is an easier read and reference. P1127, XP831, during hovering tests. The History Press, The Mill, Brimscombe Port, Sitting here today I can scarcely believe that RAeS (NAL). Stroud, Gloucestershire GL5 2QG, UK. 2017. after all that effort and superb engineering we gave 152pp. Illustrated. £20. ISBN 978-0-7509-6530-9. away the whole fleet of the latest Harriers to the US for a pittance. , John Dale, Ralph I have seen quite a few books on the Harrier Hooper, John Fozard et al would be appalled. but none of them have concentrated just on the development days as this one does. It covers in Graham Williams detail the gestation of the aircraft from concept through prototype to trial squadron, the Kestrel and Below: Jack Crosthwait, MacDac Project Manager Harrier; Sqn Ldr Graham Williams, Senior Pilot finally to the operational aircraft – the Harrier GR1. on A Sqn at Boscombe Down; Air Cdre Eric Burchmore, Harrier Project Manager MoD); John Dale, I found it to be a fascinating tale, one of dedicated Chief Pegasus Development Engineer Rolls-Royce and Dr John Fozard, Aviation Chief Designer, on the occasion of a first visit by a Harrier to St Louis, 30 July 1970. The Canadian application and imagination by some very talented markings on Harrier XV741 were from the aircraft’s Cold Weather Trial at Cold Lake, Canada. engineers in Engines and Hawker Courtesy of Graham Williams. Siddeley Aircraft. What did strike me was the part played by European – in particular French and German – industrial interests and politicians with everyone trying to grab a piece of the pie, causing delays to the programme. It would seem that we never learn, as a similar process delayed the development of the Eurofighter. The strength of the P1127 design was its relative simplicity and how easy it was to fly, despite its unique capabilities. The only questionable statement I noticed was the reference to the ferry wing tips as an ‘elegant solution’ (the picture on p 129 of XV744 with an AAR probe also includes the ferry tips, I believe). As far as I know, they were only ever used once and never in operational service, as they were regarded as not worth the trouble. Books of this type can be quite difficult to read but I had no such trouble with this one. I found it absorbing, interesting, logical and well researched. Andrew Dow’s book Pegasus – the Heart of the

44 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 DE HAVILLAND MOSQUITO

The Original Multirole Combat Aircraft By P Birtles The landmark Fonthill Media Limited, Millview House, Toadsmoor de Havilland Road, Stroud GL5 2TB, UK. 2015. 272pp. Mosquito was Illustrated. £30. ISBN 978-1-78155-494-4. one of the great

In 1998 Philip Birtles produced Mosquito: The British aircraft Illustrated History (Sutton Publishing). This new volume is an update and revision of that title with some additional portions of text, amended original text and a re-arranged and well-designed layout. The coverage starts with the background to the de Havilland company, it moves on to the aircraft’s design and development, before large sections look into the unarmed bomber, the photo-reconnaissance and fighter developments and special variants. Further chapters present descriptions for production and manufacture, service career and exports while appendices provide specifications, powerplants, production numbers, squadron lists and preserved airframes. The changes bring a lot of new pictures, some from the late Peter Green who assembled a massive picture archive of British aircraft with many rare items. As one might expect, many especially relevant pictures do appear in both volumes but, where possible, the author here has chosen new views to illustrate specific marks and units. A good number were new to this reviewer. The production standards are high on good quality paper with well reproduced images. Page size is slightly smaller than the original but the text is well written. Indeed, the narrative flows well and there are new items of information – for example, this reviewer was not aware that the fighter-bomber Mosquito was originally known as the Intruder. The book does not list sources but the original did and included the National Archives, so one can assume a pretty thorough research job which is reflected by the immense detail within the text. The landmark de Havilland Mosquito was one of the great British aircraft and anyone wishing to acquire a full account of the type, with all elements covered to a reasonable level, should find this volume ideal, even with the £30 price tag. Those who have the original may need to take a look at the book before deciding to buy. It is a bit pricy but it is recommended.

Tony Buttler AMRAeS

Right: The de Havilland Mosquito in all its splendour. RAeS (NAL). Inset: Airworthy Mosquito FB26, KA114. wallycacsabre.

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 45 Afterburner Book Reviews THE RISE OF THE BOMBER

RAF – Army Planning 1919 to Munich 1938 By G Baughen

Fonthill Media Limited, Millview House, Toadsmoor Road, Stroud GL5 2TB, UK. 2016. 304pp. Main picture: HP50 Heyford I, K3500, of No99 Squadron. The Heyford was the last Illustrated. £25. ISBN 978-1-78155-493-7. biplane heavy bomber in RAF service. RAeS (NAL). Above: Armstrong Whitworth AW38 Whitley I, K7191. Following the outbreak of war in September In his book, Greg Baughen undertakes a detailed 1939, the Whitley participated in the first RAF bombing raid upon German territory.RAeS (NAL). examination of the RAF’s struggle for existence as an independent service during the interwar years, together with the attempts to identify its tactical – particularly the hapless Ellington – who, and strategic roles. While the subject has been despite changed circumstances, continued to considered before, in a closely reasoned account, support Trenchard’s doctrine in favour of bombers well supported by archival material, Baughen rather than fighters to defend Britain. In spite of develops his narrative with confidence and skill. acknowledging the valuable work of politicians For much of the first six chapters it is rightly like Lord Swinton and Thomas Inskip, the book That said, dominated by the towering figure of Hugh concludes that, after Munich, the RAF still needed Trenchard, the putative father of the RAF. The author time to “change the sort of air force it was building Baughen’s shows how ruthlessly Trenchard used every possible and the type of war it was planning to wage” for carefully worked argument (again and again) in a successful defence “Britain was still heading for catastrophe.” arguments and of his small, cash-strapped and lightly regarded Baughen’s problem with such unrelieved gloom service threatened by naval and military predators. is that his readers know full well that, along with general fairness Baughen reveals how, in the course of the struggle, important last minute policy changes, the RAF’s in reaching Trenchard opted to build up his RAF’s infrastructure spirit evoked by Trenchard did enable it to prevail unpalatable at the expense of the aircraft he well knew would both in 1940 and during its later prolonged and conclusions become obsolete and less able to carry out his costly bomber offensive. grand designs. These, of course, depended on the That said, Baughen’s carefully worked make his book central premise that his light/medium bombers arguments and general fairness in reaching a genuine could deter an aggressor and, in the event of unpalatable conclusions make his book a genuine contribution deterrence failing, would be able to defeat a would contribution to this seminal period in RAF history. to this seminal be enemy. Following Trenchard’s retirement Baughen is Peter Reese period in RAF sweepingly critical of his hand-picked successors AMRAeS history

46 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 Library Additions BOOKS

AIR LAW Publishing Group USA, 400 The Boeing KC-135 of a 32-year career flying the Illustrated. £20. ISBN 978-1- First Avenue North, Suite 400, Stratotanker: More Than , McDonnell 910690-33-8. Airport Competition Minneapolis, MN 55401, USA. a Tanker. R S Hopkins. Douglas F-4 Phantom, Incorporating the first- Regulation in Europe. 2016. 208pp. Illustrated. £23. Crecy Publishing, 1a Ringway SEPECAT Jaguar and Panavia hand recollections of many S Varsamos. Kluwer Law ISBN 978-0-7603-5027-0. Trading Estate, Shawdowmoss Tornado among other aircraft pilots and navigators involved, International, PO Box 316, Road, Manchester M22 5LH, types including the English a revealing insight into the 2400 AH Alphen aan den Rijn, UK. 2017. 384pp. Illustrated. Electric Lightning, Hawker service operations around The Netherlands. 2016. xv + £27.95. ISBN 978-1-91080- Siddeley Harrier, Grumman the world of the English 257pp. $200. 901-3. F-14 Tomcat and General Electric bomber (and its USAF Dynamics F-16 in these B-57/B-57A variants) and The Law of Unmanned PILOTING informal memoirs which also its operations in the 1956 Aircraft Systems: an include recollections from Air Suez crisis, RAF Germany and Introduction to the Current How to Land a Plane. Marshal J R Walker about the 1957 Christmas Island and Future Regulation M Vanhoenacker. Quercus, flying the Jaguar. Operation Grapple nuclear under National, Regional Carmelite House, 50 Victoria weapon trials, concluding with and International Law. Embankment, London EC4Y the aircraft’s final RAF flight Edited by B I Scott. Kluwer 0DZ, UK. 2017. 64pp. in its PR9 variant with 39 Law International, PO Box 316, Illustrated. £9.99. ISBN 978- Squadron in July 2006. 2400 AH Alphen aan den Rijn, 1-78648-715-5. The Netherlands. 2016. xlv + A basic illustrated guide The JG 26 War Diary: 389pp. $166. The Projects of Skunk to the processes involved Volume One 1939-1942; Works: 75 Years of (including the instruments, Volume Two 1943-1945. FLIGHT TESTING Lockheed Martin’s controls and flight operations) D Caldwell. Grub Street, Advanced Development in landing an aircraft. London, UK. 1996-1998. German Secret Flight Programs. S Pace. Voyageur 346pp; 576pp. Illustrated. Test Centres to 1945: Press, Quarto Publishing PROPULSION ISBN 1-898697-52-3; Johannisthal, Lipetsk, Group USA, 400 First Avenue 1-898697-86-8. Rechlin, Travemunde, North, Suite 400, Minneapolis, Aircraft Propulsion and A very detailed day- Tarnewitz, Peenemunde- MN 55401, USA. 2016. Gas Turbine Engines – by-day account of the West. H Beauvais et al. 256pp. Illustrated. $40. ISBN Second edition. A F El-Sayed. leading Luftwaffe fighter Midland Publishing, Hinckley. 978-0-7603-5032-4. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis wing 2002. 248pp. Illustrated. ISBN Group, 6000 Broken Sound which operated throughout 1-85780-127-X. Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca WW2, including the German Beginning with the secret Raton, FL, 33487-2742, USA. V Force Boys: All New perspective of the Battle of flight testing undertaken in 2017. Distributed by Taylor & Reminiscences by Air and Britain, concluding appendices co-operation with the Red Francis Group, 2 Park Square, Ground Crews Operating recording the unit’s organisation, Army at Lipetsk in Russia, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 the Valiant, Vulcan and commanders, bases, victory various authors contribute 4RN, UK. 1447pp. Illustrated. Victor in the Cold War and claims and casualties. to this very detailed history £130. [20% discount available Beyond. T Blackman and A (including listings of research/ to RAeS members via www. Wright. Grub Street, 4 Rainham SPACE test units, personnel, aircraft/ crcpress.com using AKQ07 Close, London SW11 6SS, UK. engines tested and their promotion code]. ISBN 978-1- 2017. 230pp. Illustrated. £20. Recent Successful markings) of the establishment 4665-9516-3. ISBN 978-1-910690-38-3. Satellite Systems: Visions and operations of official Various pilots, navigators of the Future. Edited by D K flight test centres in Germany SERVICE AVIATION and ground crew reflect on Sachdev. American Institute of through to the end of WW2. their experiences of operating Aeronautics and Astronautics, Russian Aviation Colours the Handley Page Victor, Reston, VA. 2017. Distributed Luftwaffe Test Pilot: Flying Pioneers, Showmen and 1909-1922 Vol 3 Red Stars. Vulcan and Valiant, the by Transatlantic Publishers Captured Allied Aircraft of the RFC: Early Aviation in M Khairulin. Published by hydrogen bomb tests over the Group, 97 Greenham Road, World War 2. H-W Lerche. Ireland 1909-1914. Stratus, Poland, on behalf of area of Christmas Island, the London N10 1LN, UK. 501pp. Jane’s Publishing Company G Warner. Colourpoint Books, Mushroom Model Publications, Victor’s role as a tanker aircraft Illustrated. £87. [20% discount Limited, London. 1980. 190pp. Colourpoint Creative Ltd, 3 Close, and the RAF’s nuclear weapon available to RAeS members Illustrated. ISBN 0-7106- Colourpoint House, Jubilee Petersfield, Hants GU32 3AX, programmes are among the on request; E mark.chaloner@ 0031-3. Business Park, 21 Jubilee UK (www.mmpbooks.biz). subjects discussed. tpgltd.co.uk T +44 (0)20 8815 The author’s recollections Road, Newtownards BT23 2017. 167pp. Illustrated. £45. 5994]. ISBN 978-162410- of his career as a German test 4YH, UK. 2016. 160pp. ISBN 978-83-65281-64-7. Phantom Boys Volume 2: 404-6. pilot based at Rechlin during Illustrated. £16. ISBN 978-1- Illustrated throughout More Thrilling Tales from WW2 and his experiences 78073-106-3. with numerous contemporary UK and US Operators of Space Race: the Untold of flying the Boeing B-17 Illustrated throughout photographs and colour the McDonnell Douglas Story of Two Rivals and Flying Fortress, Junkers by numerous contemporary diagrams, a detailed history of F-4. R Pike. Grub Street, their Struggle for the Ju290, Martin B-26 Marauder, photographs, an informative the wide variety of markings 4 Rainham Close, London Moon. D Cadbury. Fourth Consolidated B-24 Liberator, history of the pioneering years and camouflage of units of SW11 6SS, UK. 2017. 184pp. Estate, London, UK. 2005. Spitfire, Bell of powered flight in Ireland the Russian Socialist Federal Illustrated. £20. ISBN 978-1- 388pp. Illustrated. ISBN 0-00- P-39 Airacobra, Republic P-47 and the leading pilots involved Soviet Republic (RSFSR) air 910690-39-0. 720995-9. Thunderbolt, North American (including James Valentine, force which were used on a A compilation of informal The history of the US P-51 Mustang, Lavochkin Henri Salmet, Armstrong wide variety of aircraft types recollections from USAF and and Soviet ‘space race’ which La-5, Yakovlev Yak-3, Hawker Drexel, John Cyril Porte, H J (Nieuport, Bristol, Sopwith, RAF personnel of operating culminated in the Apollo Moon Tempest and Dornier Do335, D Astley, Cecil Grace, James SPAD among others). the F-4 Phantom (including landings, focusing on the included among the 125 Radley and Lilian Bland among during the Vietnam War and major contributions to space different aircraft types he flew, many others). Fast Jets and Other over the Falklands), illustrated exploration made by Wernher are vividly recalled in these Beasts: Personal Insights throughout with contemporary von Braun and Sergei Korolev. revealing memoirs. British Secret Projects 1: from the Cockpit of the photographs. Jet Fighters since 1950 Hunter, Phantom, Jaguar, For further information HISTORICAL – Second edition. T Buttler. Tornado and Many More. I Canberra Boys: contact the National Crecy Publishing, 1a Ringway Hall. Grub Street, 4 Rainham Fascinating Accounts Aerospace Library. Milestones of Flight: the Trading Estate, Shawdowmoss Close, London SW11 6SS, UK. from the Operators of an T +44 (0)1252 701038 Epic of Aviation with the Road, Manchester M22 5LH, 2017. 208pp. Illustrated. £20. English Electric Classic. or 701060 National Air and Space UK. 2017. 342pp. Illustrated. ISBN 978-1-910690-42-0. A Brookes. Grub Street, 4 Museum. F R van der Linden £27.95. ISBN 978-1-91080- A former RAF fighter Rainham Close, London E hublibrary@aerosoci- et al. Zenith Press, Quarto 905-1. pilot recalls his experiences SW11 6SS, UK. 2017. 211pp. ety.com

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 47 Afterburner Society News YEOVIL BRANCH 62nd Henson & Stringfellow Dinner and Lecture

On Tuesday, 27 June, the RAeS Yeovil Branch celebrated its 62nd Henson & Stringfellow Dinner and Lecture in the Museum (FAAM) at RNAS Yeovilton. The event was attended by over 175 guests, each of whom came from a spectrum of different career backgrounds and experiences but all united in their engagement in aerospace. It was particularly encouraging to see a significant number of young people attending the night, representing an impressive 20% of the total attendees present. The majority of the event took place in the shadow of the iconic Concorde 002. Following dinner, the Branch President and MD of Leonardo Helicopters Yeovil site, John Ponsonby, gave the opening speech of the night in which he proudly outlined the activities of the Yeovil Branch and Leonardo Helicopters. He reminded the audience that the Yeovil Branch celebrated its 90th anniversary in 2016 and how, having been originally called the Society, it was Clockwise from above: formed by the Company as a “way of encouraging Guests enjoying reception drinks among the impressive engineering competence across an ever growing assembly of aircraft at the workforce” by providing lectures on all matters FAAM. aeronautical, a key purpose that continues to this Guest Speakers Colin Russell day. John made special mention of how last year, to and Bob Simmons outline celebrate both the 90th anniversary of the Branch the possible future of Safety Leadership. and the Society’s 150th anniversary, members of From left: Jeremy Graham, the Yeovil Branch committee along with trainees Yeovil Branch Joint Chairman; from Leonardo Helicopters and Airbus, organised a Rear Admiral Simon Henley, STEM event under the banner of Cool Aeronautics RAeS President-Elect; Colin Russell, Baines & Simmons; aimed at primary school children. The event, Bob Simmons, Baines & coincidentally also held at the FAAM, was attended Simmons; John Ponsonby, by 151 children from nine local schools and was Yeovil Branch President and “characterised by the Society staff as the best one Dr Alisdair Wood, Yeovil yet.” Branch Joint spChairman. RAeS Yeovil Branch President The guest speakers for the night were Colin John Ponsonby welcomes Russell and Bob Simmons of Baines Simmons, the guests. internationally renowned company specialising in aviation safety performance improvement. Their lecture, entitled ‘Safety from push to pull’, discussed the emerging issue that reliance on lessons learnt concept of ‘safety leadership’ was described as the from incidents and accidents, combined with the foundation for an organisation pulling safety through development of ever increasingly comprehensive rather than reliance on safety being assured by the regulation, no longer provides an adequate airworthiness authorities pushing regulation into an approach to safety assurance. This approach has organisation. undoubtedly driven significant improvements to The concept of safety leadership can be safe operations to the extent where accidents summarised as the process of interaction between in particular are increasingly rare and regulation leaders and followers, through which leaders serves to assure safety, but can constrain further can exert their influence on followers to achieve improvement. The whole industry must now adopt a organisational safety goals. However, it will be revised approach where safety leadership becomes necessary to clearly define what ‘leadership’ more than regulatory compliance alone: the means and how it is applied. Too often, the

48 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 terms ‘leadership’ and ‘management’ are used interchangeably but there is a critical differences between these roles and the vital functions of each in building strong safety performance. Specifically, managers exist as part of the organisation’s structural hierarchy and exert formal influence over their subordinates, while leadership is a voluntary activity by which an individual exerts influence over co-workers by setting an example of appropriate behaviour to elicit shared goals and effect positive change in the organisation. Certainly one individual can be both a manager and a leader but this only occurs through conscious effort to effectively perform both roles. It was a testament to the skill of the speakers that they managed to take, at first glance, a dry subject and present it in such a thought-provoking manner, leaving all of the assembled guests with a new outlook on how safety can be implemented within their respective organisations. Prior to the lecture, the RAeS President-Elect, The subject of encouraging and promoting Rear Admiral Simon Henley, gave an impassioned young people was a popular message echoed speech, in which he outlined each of the guest throughout the night by the various speakers. John speakers’ backgrounds and thanked them for Ponsonby noted how the Yeovil Branch “enjoys a volunteering their time to present to the assembled THE WHOLE youthful committee, including five young engineers” guests, before putting emphasis on the vital role INDUSTRY MUST and that the Strategic Partnering Agreement all in our industry play in ensuring safety across signed with the UK MoD last year represented ‘joint all levels of supply and operation. The final vote of NOW ADOPT investment’ to “[attracting] the right apprentices and thanks for the night was given by Air Vice-Marshal A REVISED graduates in engineering, business and support; and Graham Russell, Director of Helicopters at Defence APPROACH [thus] invest in future generations.” Simon Henley, Equipment & Support, who echoed Simon Henley’s while discussing the future strategy of the RAeS, words in thanking the speakers for their lecture, WHERE SAFETY made a point of stressing that one of the key aims and presented the speakers with a small token of LEADERSHIP of the Society for the next couple of years was appreciation in the form of two signed copies of the the encouragement of young people into taking popular The Art of Flight: A Celebration of a Century BECOMES leading roles within the organisation as “the future of Aeronautical Achievement, which features a MORE THAN continuance of the RAeS is in their hands.” Even the collection of paintings and sketches of every type REGULATORY guest speakers made reference to how on-going of aircraft built over the past 100 years at the Yeovil Safety Leadership will need the support of young site. COMPLIANCE aerospace professionals if it is ever to ‘take-off’ as a ALONE culture within organisations. The event was a grand success, made even more impressive by the variety of historical aircraft which surrounded the guests during the whole proceedings. Truly, it was a fitting environment for such a prestigious occasion. Thanks are due to the guest speakers, the museum and catering staff, the audio visual team, the Leonardo Helicopters external affairs team, and the organising committee from the Branch for such a sterling evening. The Henson & Stringfellow Dinner and Lecture is the Yeovil Branch’s annual black tie named lecture, and is the highlight of the branch calendar. Tickets are available to all members of the RAeS, and details on how to purchase one are released via the Yeovil Branch mailing list, or through the main RAeS website. To join the RAeS Yeovil Branch mailing list and be informed of all future events, please email the committee at: raesyeovil.mbx@.com

Daniel Young

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 49 Afterburner Corporate Partners NEW PARTNERS

The Royal Aeronautical Society would like to THE AIM OF THE welcome the following Corporate Partners. CORPORATE PARTNER GSE TOOL SUPPORT LTD SCHEME IS TO Unit G4, Arena Business Centre, Holyrood Close, NP SIMULATIONS UK LTD BRING TOGETHER Poole, Dorset BH17 7FJ, UK 129 Upper Richmond Road, Putney, London T +44 (0)207 1181787 SW15 2TX, UK ORGANISATIONS E [email protected] T +44 (0)20 3727 2073 TO PROMOTE W www.gsetoolsupport.com E [email protected] BEST PRACTICE Contact W www.npsimulations.com Simon Moyle, European Sales Manager WITHIN THE Contact GSE Tool Support is a leading maintenance, Nick Taylor, Director INTERNATIONAL service and repair provider covering ground support From a modern and accessible central London AEROSPACE equipment, engine stands, lifting devices and location, NP Simulations UK provides a unique SECTOR tooling. With years of experience in the industry, we experience for individuals to take command of understand how essential it is to keep equipment the world’s most popular jet airliner in a state working efficiently and compliant within Health and of the art, high fidelity, FAA approved Boeing Safety Regulations. 737-800 flight simulator, through its Flight With a number of centres across the UK, Experience London operation. lts training division, including London, Cardiff and Poole, we can provide Groundschool London, provides an engaging timely, local support to cover both your scheduled combination of technology and teaching and reactive needs. Our expert engineers are techniques to inspire, prepare and create the skilled to deal with statutory inspections all the way next generation of young pilots and aviation through to complete repairs. Fully mobile, the team professionals, providing practical and theory is available to travel to any customer base across based preparatory courses for all ages and Europe and beyond. standards from 15 years upwards.

RAeS Corporate Partner Scheme CLOSE BROTHERS AVIATION AND The RAeS is the ONLY professional body MARINE dedicated to the entire aerospace community. Wimbledon Bridge House, 1 Hartfield Road, It retains a sense of history and tradition, London SW19 3RU, UK while maintaining its energy and relevance and T +44 (0)20 8390 9444 ability to contribute to today’s environment and is E [email protected] ideally placed to face the challenges of the future. W www.closeaviationandmarine.co.uk By joining the Society’s Corporate Partner Contact Scheme, your organisation aligns itself to the Andrew Blundell, Director Charter of the Royal Aeronautical Society and We have over 40 years’ experience creating demonstrates a commitment to professional bespoke finance packages to help our customers development of engineering and technical staff meet their aviation funding needs. within the aerospace community. Drawing on our experience and expertise, we work in partnership with our customers to AIM ensure that we offer flexible lending terms to The aim of the Corporate Partner Scheme is to enable the purchase of a new aircraft or to raise bring together organisations to promote best finance using existing aircraft as security. We practice within the international aerospace sector. spend time getting to know each customer before With over 200 members worldwide, the scheme proposing an appropriate and affordable solution provides a respected and recognised independent that suits their requirements, including deposit Contact: forum of discussion and information exchange requirements, currency of loan and interest/ Simon Levy on issues facing the aerospace sector, as well as capital repayments. Head of Business Development providing unique networking opportunities with We can finance aircraft registered in the UK, E [email protected] influential figures in the industry, government and USA, Ireland, Isle of Man and the Cayman Islands. T +44 (0)20 7670 4346 public sector. M +44 (0)7775 701153

50 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 EVENTS

Please note: Attendance at Corporate Partner Briefings is strictly exclusive to staff of RAeS Corporate Partners.

Monday 11 September 2017 / London Brexit – sleepwalking to disaster Corporate Partner Briefing by Chris Chalk, Global Aviation Practice Leader, HONDA AIRCRAFT COMPANY Mott Macdonald and Vice Chairman, British Aviation Group 6430 Ballinger Road, Greensboro, NC 27410, USA T +1 336 662 0246 Monday 2 October 2017 / London E [email protected] Punching above our weight – the role of and the regional airline industry W www.hondajet.com in a rapidly evolving European airline market Contact Corporate Partner Briefing by Christine Ourmières-Widener FRAeS, Chief Kristy Kennedy, Public Relations Co-ordinator, Executive Officer, Flybe Corporate Communications and Marketing Wednesday 8 November 2017 / London Honda Aircraft Company is a wholly owned Partnering with UK MoD to deliver weapon capability now and into the future subsidiary of American Honda Motor Co, Inc. Corporate Partner Briefing by Keith Garden BA FRAeS, Portfolio Programme Founded in 2006, Honda Aircraft is responsible Director & Deputy MD UK and Rear Admiral Simon Charlier CBE FRAeS, for the design, manufacturing, sales, service and Senior Defence & Political Adviser UK, MBDA Missile Systems support of the HondaJet. The company’s world headquarters is located in Greensboro, North Thursday 23 November 2017 / London Carolina, the birthplace of aviation. The HondaJet Corporate Partner Briefing by John Slattery FRAeS, President & Chief is the fastest, highest-flying, quietest, and most Executive Officer, Embraer Commercial Aviation fuel-efficient jet in its class. The HondaJet incorporates many technological innovations www.aerosociety.com/events in aviation design that dramatically improves For further information, please contact Gail Ward performance and fuel efficiency by reducing E [email protected] or T +44 (0)1491 629912 aerodynamic drag. The OTWEM design also reduces cabin sound, minimises ground-detected noise, and allows for the roomiest cabin in its class, the largest baggage capacity, and a fully BRITISH BUSINESS AND GENERAL AVIATION ASSOCIATION serviceable private aft lavatory. The HondaJet (BBGA) LTD is Honda’s first commercial aircraft and lives Office 1, Brook Farm Barns, Dorton, Aylesbury, Bucks HP18 9NQ, UK up to the company’s reputation for superior T +44 (0)1844 238020 performance, efficiency, quality and value. E [email protected] W www.bbga.aero Contact Marc Bailey, CEO TAG AVIATION UK LTD Farnborough Airport, Hampshire GU14 6XA, UK Who are we and what do we do: T +44 (0)1252 379026  We are the UK’s influential voice of Business and General Aviation. E [email protected]  BBGA represents the interest of member companies at a regional level W www.tagaviation.com when we need to progress issues with bodies like airports, local communities Contact or divisions of government agencies. Diane Fishlock, Human Resources Manager  At National level BBGA is part of the key part of the body established with CAA and DfT. The General and Business Strategic Forum give effective World leaders in aircraft management, we boast access to the CEO of our CAA and the Aviation Minister. The forum is a small the highest levels of safety and security, our group of only three associations which include AOPA, GAA and the BBGA, own unique CAM Principle for the ultimate in which provides complete coverage of the sector without any overlap. operational efficiency, and flexible solutions to  The BBGA has access to all the government offices and is the first point match your individual business travel requirements of contact for consultations on our sector. and lifestyle. At TAG Aviation, we understand that  At a European level the association has access to EASA and the each owner is different, which is why we develop Commission through the vehicle which is ECOGAS (European Council of specific turn-key solutions to meet your individual General Aviation Support). This allows us to work with the top five member requirements. By trusting TAG Aviation to manage state associations and together we have 700 members to refer to when your aircraft, you will benefit from the advantages making our inputs to the European regulator. and the processes of a mature organisation while  We have access to the international forum of IBAC (International Business maintaining a local and tailored focus on the Aviation Council). As a founder of this group it allows all the international operation of your aircraft. associations across the globe to work together.

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 51 Afterburner Diary

EVENTS www.aerosociety/events LECTURES www.aerosociety/events

4 September Critical Care in the Air: Integrating and Regulating Air Ambulances Aerospace Medicine Group Conference

5 September Increasing Efficiency & Reducing Cost within the Aircraft Maintenance Process using New Technology and Innovative Solutions Airworthiness & Maintenance Group Conference

6 September The Future Aerospace Workplace Young Person’s Conference

7 September The Evolution of General Aviation and Light Aircraft – From Moth to eGo Two Lockheed SR-71s. Dr Ronald Smith, Aeronautical Engineer and Author Historical Group Lecture The Lockheed SR-71 will be discussed by Richard 14 September Graham at Cambridge on Flight Test Group Lecture 14 September. Simon Davies, Experimental Test Pilot, Hybrid Air Vehicles Lockheed Martin. Flight Test Group Lecture

21 September High Level Automation vs Autonomy ADELAIDE 19 October — Regaining the Lecture Theatre ‘1’, Cambridge UAS Group Seminar University of South Australia, World Water Speed Record for University Engineering Building MM 1-05, Mawson Britain. Nigel MacKnight. Department, Trumpington 26-27 September Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Street, Cambridge. Maintaining Pilot Recruitment and Training Standards Lakes, SA 5095. 5.30pm. BOSCOMBE DOWN 12 October — Tiltrotor – A Growing Challenge as Demand Outstrips Supply 24 October — State rescue Lecture Theatre, MoD technologies. Dr Andrea International Flight Crew Training Conference 2017 helicopter pilot. Kevin Berry, Boscombe Down. 5.15pm. Angelo, Leonardo. Pilot, MAC State Rescue Visitors please register at 2 November — Gravitational 28 September Helicopter Service. least four days in advance waves – Pathfinder and LISA. 28 November — Adelaide (name and car registration by Christian Trenkel, Airbus Harold Caplan Lecture Airport airside tour. required) E secretary@ Defense & Space. Joint lecture Ambassador Lorne S Clark, Executive Partner and Head of the BoscombeDownRAeS.org with IMechE and IET. European Office of Nexxt Steps International Consulting BAY OF PLENTY 12 September — Aerial 23 November — Advanced Air Law Group Named Lecture Classic Flyers, 9 Jean Batten archaeology. Martin Kellett. fast-jet helmets – STRIKER Drive, Mt Maunganui, New 10 October — 30th Sir Henry II. Kevin Hill, BAE Systems, Zealand. 6pm. Tizard Lecture: Britain and the Rochester. 1 September — Jean Batten Jet Age: 1945 to 1965. James Lecture. The NZ contribution Holland. CANBERRA

Textron Aviation Textron to the Air War – WW1. Brian 7 November — Competition Military Lecture Theatre, ADFA. Lockstone, aviation historian gliding. Brian Birlison. 6pm. and author. 21 November — F-35 ski 12 September — Civil ADF’s jump testing. Gordon Stewart. Joint Helicopter School. Cdr BEDFORD Bruce Willington. ARA Social Club, Manton BROUGH 10 October — Joint briefing Lane, Bedford. 7pm. Marylyn Cottingham Parks Golf Club. by CASA and ADF on Wood, T +44 (0)1933 7.30pm. Ben Groves, T +44 regulating unmanned aircraft. 353517. (0)1482 663938. 14 November — Branch AGM. 13 September — Special 13 September — The Future Ops Liberators – 223 of Hawk. Chris Clarkson, CARDIFF 29 September Squadron 100 Group and the Engineering Director, Military Venue TBC. 7pm. electronic warfare. Dr Steve Air & Information, BAE E [email protected] SETOps 2017 Bond. Systems. 20 September — Flying Conference 11 October — Mathematical 11 October — 63rd Sir as a bush pilot in Australia’s modelling the search George Cayley Lecture. From Northern Territories. Paul 5 October for MH370. Dr Nira C VSTOL to ASTOVL and stealth. Catanatch. Technologies Against Late Detected Earth Impacting Bodies Chamberlain. Michael Mansell. 7pm. John R Pearce, Corresponding Member of RAeS WS&T 8 November — Lights, 8 November — Branch AGM CHESTER Committee camera, data – optical followed by The filmmaker pilot Room 017, Beswick Building, Weapon Systems & Technology Group Lecture measurement techniques for – how drone technology has University of Chester, Parkgate the modern wind tunnel. Neil opened our eyes. Jonathan Road. 7.30pm. Keith Housely, 11 October Stokes, Aircraft Research Ltd. Richards, cameraman, director T +44 (0)151 348 4480. Handley Page Lecture and editor. 13 September — King of all Dr Bill Brooks, Technical Director, P&M Aviation BIRMINGHAM, balloons. The pioneers of flight Named Lecture WOLVERHAMPTON AND CAMBRIDGE in Britain, including Chester. COSFORD Lecture Theatre ‘0’, Cambridge Mark Davies, Oxford local 12 October National Cold War Museum, University Engineering historian and biographer. Aircraft Noise – Can we Build Community Tolerance? RAF Museum Cosford, Department, Trumpington 11 October — XX177 Conference Shifnal, Shropshire. 7pm. Street, Cambridge. 7.30pm. Hibernations in the machine. Chris Hughes, T +44 (0)1902 Jin-Hyun Yu, T +44 (0)1223 Alan O’Connor, former MoD 16-17All lectures October start at 18.00hrs unless otherwise stated. 844523. 373129. Type Airworthiness Authority CFDConference and MDO proceedings – State of the are Art available and the at Future 21 September — Bush flying 14 September — SR-71, (TAA) for the Hawk T1. Aerodynamicswww.aerosociety.com/news/proceedings Group Conference in Australia’s Northern Territory. technology of Mach 3+. Col 8 November — Beluga XL Paul Catanatch. Richard Graham, USAF (Ret’d). – oversize transport for the

52 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 21st century. Mark Cousin, former Head of Directorate and Beluga Chief Engineer and currently Head of Group Demonstrators, Airbus CTO, Airbus.

COVENTRY Lecture Theatre ECG26, Engineering & Computing Building, University, Coventry. 7.30pm. Janet Owen, T +44 (0)2476 464079. 27 September — The aerodynamics, mechanics and risks of wingsuit BASE jumping, The Icarus Project. Dr Angelo GrubiŠic�, Lecturer in Astronautics, University of Southampton. 18 October — John Boyd Dunlop Lecture. F-35 manufacture and delivery – the The Shuttleworth Collection’s original Bristol F2B Fighter. Paul current situation. Jonathan Shakespeare will describe flying the aircraft of the Shuttleworth Evans, Operations Manager Collection in the Penrose Lecture at Yeovil on 13 September. F-35 Assembly, BAE Systems. 9 November — Annual Dinner and Talk. Capt Communications, Hybrid engine. Sophie Harker, BAE photographs. Dave Ward, ex- Dinner. Future direction of Bryan Pill, Mission Aviation Air Vehicles Ltd. Systems Warton. Deanwater BAE Systems, BAE Systems commercial aviation, including Fellowship. Citrus Hotel, Hotel, Woodford. Heritage Group. the developing trends in London Road, Ryton on HAMBURG 4 October — UAS – 11 October — BAE Systems low-cost carrier operations Dunsmore, Coventry. Hochschule für Angewandte technologies past, present and future or similar. Dave Short, and the inter-relationship with Wissenschaften Hamburg, future. Dr Rashid Ali. Salford Engineering Director, Combat full-service operators. Jayne CRANFIELD Hörsaal 01.12 Berliner Tor 5 University, Newton Building, Air, BAE Systems. Hrdlicka, CEO, Jetstar Group. Vincent Auditorium, Building (Neubau), 20099 Hamburg. Room 233. 6.15pm. 8 November — Synergistic 52a, Cranfield University. 6pm. 6pm. 22 November — Flying for Air Breathing Rocket Engine WASHINGTON DC Craig Lawson, E C.P.lawson@ 12 October — Hybrid Air science. Prof Guy Gratton. (SABRE). Sophie Harker, BAE Embassy of New Zealand, cranfield.ac.uk Vehicles – the Airlander Manchester Metropolitan Systems Warton. 37 Observatory Cir NW, 17 October — Reaction project. Chris Daniels, University (MMU). 6.30pm. Washington, DC. 6pm. Engines hypersonic propulsion. Head of Partnerships and PRESTWICK 5 October — Commercial Rob Davies. Communications Hybrid Air MEDWAY The Aviator Suite, 1st Floor, unmanned systems. Panel Vehicles. Joint lecture with Staff Restaurant, BAE Terminal Building, Prestwick Discussion. FARNBOROUGH DGLR, VDI and HAW. Systems, Marconi Way, Airport. 7.30pm. John Wragg, 9 November — Counter-UAS BAE Systems Park Centre, Rochester. 7pm. Robin Heaps, T +44 (0)1655 750270. (military) panel discussion. Farnborough Aerospace HEATHROW T +44 (0)1634 377973. 11 September — After British Embassy, 3100 Centre. 7.30pm. Dr Mike Theatre, 18 October — Airfix modelling. TSR-2, the birth of Tornado. Gp Massachusetts Avenue NW, Philpot, Waterside, Harmondsworth. 15 November — John Capt Jock Heron. Washington, DC. T +44 (0)1252 614618. 6.15pm. For security passes Shepherd Lecture. BAE 9 October — Post WW2 12 September — The e-Go please contact Dr Ana Pedraz, Systems Hawk. aircraft development. Richard WELLINGTON aircraft project. Keith Dennison, E [email protected] Gardner. 28 September — RNZAF e-Go Aircraft. or T +44 (0)7936 392799. MELBOURNE 13 November — Taranis Iroquois. Paul Harrison. 17 October — F-35: the 14 September — I believe I Flight Deck Bar and Grill, 37 flight testing. Jon Wiggall. Joint 26 October — The Skyhawk challenges of one-a-day can fly. Samuel Penny, Human First Avenue, Moorabbin, Vic lecture with IMechE. in RNZAF service post-Kahu manufacture. Jon Evans, Powered Flying Club. 3194. 7pm. update. Steve Moore. BAE Systems, Military Air 12 October — Future space 11 October — Hargrave SOUTHEND (Samlesbury). strategy. Mark Swan, CAA Lecture. Starlets and The Royal Naval Association, YEOVIL 14 November — Green Director and Group Director of Australian aerospace. John 79 East Street, Southend-on- Dallas Conference Room 1A, Lecture. The MoD Aircrew Airspace Policy. Corby, designer of the Starlet Sea. 8pm. Sean Corr, T +44 Leonardo Helicopters, Yeovil. Systems research programme. 9 November — Personal light aircraft. (0)20 7929 3400. 6.30pm. David Mccallum, Prof Chris Goff, DSTL and experiences of the T2 and T5 12 September — Sir E david.mccallum@ Sarah Day, QinetiQ. openings. Andy Garner, LHR OXFORD Freddie Laker Lecture. Jota leonardocompany.com T2 Operations & Programme Magdalen Centre, Oxford Aviation and my 40 years of 13 September — 21st GLOUCESTER AND Director. Science Park, Oxford. 7pm. aviation at Southend Airport. Penrose Lecture. Flying CHELTENHAM Nigel Randall, E oaktree. Mike Sessions, Commercial Shuttleworth Collection , LOUGHBOROUGH [email protected] Manager, Jota Aviation, aircraft. Paul Shakespeare. Restaurant Conference Room, Room U020, Brockington 19 September — Out with Southend Airport. 19 October — RAF Halton off Down Hatherley Lane. Building, Loughborough a bang. Simon Eden, Principal 10 October — An museum. Derek Larkin. 7.30pm. Gary Murden, T +44 University. 7.30pm. Colin Moss, Reliability & Maintainability independent RAF, inspiration 16 November — The AW101 (0)1452 715165 T +44 (0)1509 239962. Engineer, Martin-Baker Aircraft. or aberration? Greg Baughen, for Norway. Steve Vellacott. 19 September — Sir George 10 October — MQ-9 21 November — IAF Vintage Author and Historian. Dowty and his legacy. Mathew Reaper UAV operations. Paul Flight. Mike Edwards, Chief 14 November — The air war YEOVILTON Sexton, Safran Clark, UAS Flight Operations Adviser to Indian Air Force and over Korea 1950-1953. Sqn The Nuffield Sports Centre, Systems. Manager, QinetiQ. Royal Jordanian Air Force. Ldr Mike Pugh-Davies (Retd). RNAS Yeovilton. 6.30pm. 17 October — F-35B 7 November — Bloodhound Lt Marc Stone RN, T +44 Lightning II Rolls-Royce Lift Land Speed Record. Daniel PRESTON SYDNEY (0)1935 456241. System, Gareth D Jones, Head Jubb. Personnel and Conference The Powerhouse Museum, 26 September — Eric of Engineering, Rolls-Royce Centre, BAE Systems, Warton. 500 Harris Street, Ultimo, ‘Winkle’ Brown Lecture. Bird in Defence UK. MANCHESTER 7.30pm. Alan Matthews, NSW 2007. 6pm. a biplane. Tracey Curtis-Taylor. 21 November — 7pm. Bryan Cowin, T +44 T +44 (0)1995 61470. 18 October — 59th Sir Fleet Air Arm Museum. Airlander, Chris Daniels, (0)161 799 8979. 20 September — Warton/ Charles Kingsford Smith 28 November — Bush flying Head of Partnerships and 13 September — Sabre Preston/Samlesbury history in Lecture and Annual Branch operations. Bryan Pill.

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2017 53 Obituaries AIR CDRE JAYNE MILLINGTON

FRAeS took command of the Operations Wing on the 1962-2017 Harrier Base at RAF Wittering and for five months she stood in as the station commander. For a female Air Commodore Jayne Millington who has died aged and a non-pilot this was a formidable test that she 55 was a trail-blazer for women in the Royal Air passed with flying colours. From 2006 to 2009 Force and a member of the RAeS Council. Up until she commanded the Air Surveillance and Control shortly before her death she was System Force at RAF Boulmer with responsibility National Military Representative at SHAPE in for protecting the whole of UK airspace against Belgium. A fighter controller by profession, while increased Russian activity and terrorist threats, and Deputy UK Air Defence Commander she planned also for deployed operations in Afghanistan. Away from work she enjoyed travel, art history A fuller obituary for and commanded the air defence and air counter and music. She was a skilled squash player and an Jayne may be found on terrorism operations for the 2012 London Olympics. accomplished horsewoman. She also held a private the Society’s She later used the plans to provide security for the pilot’s licence. A keen winter sports enthusiast, it website at: https://www. G8 Summit, the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow was rumoured that she had gone down the Cresta aerosociety.com/news/ and the NATO Summit in Wales. In 1997 she held Run. Jayne Millington faced her final illness with obituary-air-cdre-jayne- the key post of run controller in Richard Noble’s millington-fraes/ team that successfully established a new world characteristic courage and optimism, remaining at land-speed record of 763mph (Mach 1.02) with the her post until near the end. THRUST Supersonic Car. Air Commodore Jayne Millington, born 11 Jayne Millington was born in 1962 in Chester. January 1962, died of cancer on 20 May 2017. She gained a degree in physics from Oxford and was commissioned into the RAF in 1986. After a Air Cdre Bill Tyack series of professional appointments, in 2001 she CBE FRAeS

RONALD WALTER HOWARD

CBE BE FREng HonFRAeS the first safety critical fly-by-wire systems for the 1929-2017 Tornado and Typhoon. In 1986 he was awarded the British Gold Medal for Aeronautics. The Australian Division of the Royal Aeronautical Ron’s success extended well beyond the design Society is saddened to advise of the passing of Ron office. He was first appointed to the Board of Howard, in Adelaide South Australia on 23 June. Elliotts in 1965 and became Managing Director of Ron is survived by his widow Enid and daughters GEC Avionics (the successor to Elliotts) in 1987 Julie and Janet. and Chairman in 1989. Ron received his CBE from After graduating from Adelaide University, Ron the Queen ‘For Services to The Avionics Industry’ in worked at the Australian Department of Defence 1991. In 1993 he became an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society. A fuller obituary for Ron in Salisbury, South Australia on the RTV-1 guided Ron returned to Australia in 1993 to retirement may be found on the missile. Ron was subsequently seconded to the UK and maintained an active interest and involvement Society’s website at: to work with the Admiralty Gunnery Establishment. in engineering and aeronautics. Ron was appointed www.aerosociety.com He would build a world-leading career in the UK for the next 40 years. to a senior position in the Defence and Systems Ron joined the Aviation Division of Elliott Institute at University of South Australia where automation at Borehamwood in October 1954. Ron he mentored post graduate students in systems was quickly considered an expert in analogue flight engineering. He frequently travelled overseas to control systems. One of his first projects was to present lectures and keynote speeches and also develop stability and control programs for pitch, roll wrote a number of published papers. and yaw axes for what was to become the Mach 2 Ron maintained an active role within the Society, English Electric Lightning. serving on the committee of the Adelaide Branch. In 1957 the Elliott Company diversified its Ron’s contribution to aerospace development activity to work on the newly developing and during the halcyon days was absolutely the work of important safe active controls field, and Ron led legends and provided the heavy lifting that supports the team which developed the VC10 autopilot and the present development of digital flight control auto-landing systems, which, in turn, paved the way systems across modern military and commercial to develop the control systems for the TSR2. The aircraft. experience with the VC10 and TSR2 led Ron to work in support of the automatic landing systems Gp Capt James Blagg FRAeS for the Concorde. This pioneering work led to Chairman, Adelaide Branch

54 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 ADVERTORIAL

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The show’s Aero Engineering zone, which is over 90% full, has already attracted some of aerospace’s biggest names including Advanced Propulsion Centre, Airbus and GE Aviation, who will be looking to meet and do business with other industry players. Now in its ninth year, the Aero Engineering Show has record breaking visitor numbers, bringing together over 700 firms, as well as thousands of engineers, procurement managers and senior decision makers from large and small companies – all looking to source, specify and invest in the most up-to-date products and explore the latest industry innovations. Visitors will see cutting-edge technology and materials, everything that is needed in today’s aerospace industry, including: specialist industry tier parts, components & sub-systems; jigs & tooling suppliers; electronics contract manufacturers; ... and many more. Alison Willis, industrial divisional director at Easyfairs, said: “The aerospace industry is growing at a fantastic rate, and the Aero Engineering zone is the place to be to see the latest technological developments. These are revolutionising the industry! Come along and see for yourself the fantastic industry we have.” Howard Maher, Group Sales Manager, Wallwork Heat Treatment, added: “Ask anyone who’s anyone in the engineering industry, and they will say Advanced Engineering is a key destination for finding the newest and most exciting in engineering. That’s why we simply have to be here every year to show what we have to offer the industry.” Organised by Easyfairs, the Aero Engineering Show, which is one of five zones of Advanced Engineering 2017, takes place on the 1-2 November at the NEC Birmingham. It is the UK’s only event 100% dedicated to aero R&D, design, test, inspection, production, procurement and assembly, connecting the entire UK advanced engineering supply chain, from large and small companies, through to top tier industry players in a two-day free to attend exhibition and high-level conference. Advanced Engineering 2017 are pleased to also announce a competition to all exhibitors with prizes for those who bring the most visitors to the 2017 show through registering using their trackable link. The two exhibitors who bring the most visitors will win a free 6sqm stand in the 2018 show and a free full-page advert in the 2018 show guide. The Show includes four other co-located zones under one roof: Composites Engineering, Automotive Engineering, Performance Metals Engineering – and new for 2017, Connected Manufacturing which focuses on Industry 4.0. For more information on Advanced Engineering 2017, to book an exhibition stand or to register to secure your free ticket for the show, visit: www.advancedengineeringuk.com.

ADVERTORIAL Afterburner Elections

FELLOWS Craig Dewar ASSOCIATES Jehan Eliyas SOCIETY OFFICERS Tony Davies Andrew Gardner Jeremy Hussey Louise Donaghey Andrew Gerrard Yusuf Kareem President: ACM Sir Stephen Dalton Adrian Eves Mark Hayward President-Elect: Rear Admiral Simon Henley Herbert Feller Nuwan Kamaragoda E-ASSOCIATES Benjamin Goodheart David Lang BOARD CHAIRMEN Douglas Greenwell Richard London Harish Bojjawar Paul Harrison Michael Lowry Matthew Carr Learned Society Chairman: Suzanne Kearns Martin Lucas Robert Duffy Air Cdre Peter Round Timothy Lawrence Kenny Ma Abdel-Rahman Elhariry Membership Services Chairman: David Lewis Tetsuya Matsuoka Dale Evans Philip Spiers Andrew Morley Samuel McGrail Gedi Gedi Professional Standards Chairman: Keith Nurney John Morgan Zarashpe Kapadia Prof Jonathan Cooper Adrian Parrish Tobias Mortimore-Price Weqas Khalid Haroon Raja Ross Munnery Lisette Kong DIVISION PRESIDENTS Hamish Ross Matthew Neve Alvin Poh Trudie Savage Joana Vaz Viegas Australia: Andrew Neely Kevin Tumilty Philip Vickers AFFILIATES New Zealand: John MaciIree Baba Yerra Russell Williams Pakistan: AM Salim Arshad Malik Khawar South African: Dr Glen Snedden MEMBERS ASSOCIATE Stuart Munnich MEMBERS Max Tams Dean Armstrong Daniel Clark Matthew Burleigh STUDENT AFFILIATES WITH REGRET Ross Clark Shivam Chauhan Shaun Codling Dulani Daminda Sean Morrow The RAeS announces with regret the deaths of the Simon Crosse Kuruppu Busisiwe Nkonki following members: Karthik Depuru-Mohan Ian Porteous Nicola Stockford Peter Clarence Ayee CBE DL CEng FRAeS 75 Colin Cragg MRAeS 53 Date for your diary James Edward Dartnall IEng AMRAeS 71 6 September 2017 — The Future Aerospace Workplace. Brian Sparks CEng MRAeS 88 This Young Person’s conference will look at various technologies of the future Joan Williams Affiliate 76 workplace that will change the way we work. The event is based on a series of lectures on a common theme, with diverse contributions from across the industry. The Sidney William Henry Wood CEng FRAeS 97 conference will inspire delegates with a series of interactive lectures and hands on Prof Leslie Roger Wootton FREng FRAeS 73 sessions enable delegates to try out technologies where applicable, delivered by a RAeS Final design layout.qxd 05/07/2012 09:19 Page 1 wide range of experienced speakers from across the aerospace industry.

National Aerospace Library, Farnborough in partnership with Saturday 9 September 10.30‐16.00 Talk & Tours at 11.00, 12.00, 14.00 & 15.00

Since its formation in 1866, the library of the Royal Aeronautical Society has become one of the world's major collections that traces the evolution of man's attempts to conquer flight. Fantastic images from the National Aerospace Library Collection of the Royal Aeronautical Find out more about the gems from the library’s collection, learn how Society are now available to purchase as our volunteers conserve our material for future generations and have a reproduction prints and giftware items. chance to explore the material on our shelves. View the complete collection at:

For more information about the NAL and how to reach us, visit www.prints-online.com www.aerosociety.com/nal

56 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 Join us as a Corporate Partner

RAeS Corporate Partners are organisations, both large and small, across civil and defence, from the breadth of the aerospace, aviation and space sectors. We provide a high-level commitment to professional recognition, continuous professional development, networking and knowledge sharing.

4 Exclusive Corporate Partner briefings 4 Access to our global network of Branches 4 Free access to AEROSPACE and The Aeronautical Journal 4 Discounted conference rates 4 Free accreditation costs 4 Discounted individual member joining fees 4 Free meeting room and discounted room hire at RAeS HQ 4 Use of the RAeS Corporate Partner logo

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Membership Ad_Military.indd 1 15/08/2017 16:31:25 The Last Word COMMENTARY FROM Professor Keith Hayward FRAeS

UK maritime air power back in business... nearly

ust over 50 years ago, in a classic piece of decommissioning of the last of these ships in 2014. inter-service rivalry, with Treasury connivance After only a brief gap: the 1997 decision to build the RAF out-manoeuvred the navy to show what will be the largest ships ever procured for the that bombers were better placed to deliver Royal Navy was a strategic concept reborn. In Paul long-range strike than carrier-based aircraft Kennedy’s estimation, along with other new ships J – the result, no new carriers and a principled in the offing, in terms of sheer fire power the Royal resignation by a Labour defence minister. The RAF Navy is set to become the world’s third most powerful confidently looked forward to deploying its spanking after the US and China. new fleet of F-111s ‘East of Suez’, as well as in a NATO role. Nagging doubts Oh dear, what hubris, a year later in 1967 the F-111s went into the bin as well and the ‘East of There are, of course, some nagging concerns: at the Suez’ role similarly consigned to British Imperial top level, whether even in an alliance we can afford history. The RAF at least got its Tornados – eventually this kind of long-range force costing over £6bn, – and the Navy had its last carrier task force hurrah in with increasingly expensive dollars to be found for regaining the Falklands in 1982. the aircraft. The UK may not be able to deploy both There must have been a little bit of the best carriers simultaneously except in extremis on cost THE FLEET AIR revenge being eaten cold this June as the Queen grounds or because there will be simply too few Elizabeth neatly pulled out of its berth and sailed into ARM HAS ALL sailors (or aircraft) to man two vessels. There may open water. I know these days there is a combined TOO OFTEN also be issues about adequate force protection, and services force of F-35Bs teed up to fly off the ship the opportunity costs of tying up a large proportion HAD TO MAKE and its later companion the Prince of Wales, but I of the remaining fleet on task force duty. Deployment DO WITH suspect some older sailors will still raise a pink gin or in a multinational task force should alleviate some two to a tradition reborn. SOME PRETTY of these worries. Even post Brexit, an Anglo-French INADEQUATE approach (with other Europeans) would fill some of State-of-the-art kit at last EQUIPMENT, the deficiencies. An extension of the initial US Marine ALTHOUGH For once a state-of-the-art carrier weapons system. deployment on the Queen Elizabeth might also help – STOPPING THE The Fleet Air Arm has all too often had to make do a sort of lend-lease? with some pretty inadequate equipment, although The protracted length of procurement may imply BISMARCK stopping the Bismarck and sinking a large chunk a hint of obsolescence in some cyber and electronic AND SINKING A of the Italian Fleet proved that courage could make areas, although there has been a deliberate effort LARGE CHUNK up for a lot of technical deficiencies. Into the Cold to design in opportunities for regular upgrading. The OF THE ITALIAN War era, it seems again that the FAA was not always original plan, again on cost grounds, to base a future well served by its aircraft, even if the carriers were on one aircraft type might produce the odd frisson FLEET PROVED modernised. The advent of the F-4 Phantom (albeit at or two; with ‘cats and traps’ the F-35C would have THAT COURAGE an eye watering extra cost because of Anglicisation brought a lot more capability and the F-18 (or the COULD MAKE on industrial grounds) and later the Harrier AV-8B Rafale) as a fall back. UP FOR A LOT (thank you US Marines) brought a semblance of Carping aside, with the arrival of a new carrier world-class capability. Then the Invincible-class force, a blue water strike capacity will again be an OF TECHNICAL helicopter carriers, which did a sterling job despite available option for future UK Governments. This may DEFICIENCIES their limitations and a complete hiatus with the or not be a full return to East of Suez but it gets close.

58 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2017 Flight Crew Training Conference UAS Conference

MAINTAINING PILOT RECRUITMENT UAS GROUP EVENTS 2017 AND TRAINING STANDARDS

A GROWING CHALLENGE AS DEMAND OUTSTRIPS SUPPLY

LONDON / 26 - 27 SEPTEMBER 2017 LONDON / SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2017

As an industry can we High Level Automation vs realistically be expected Autonomy to meet continue to supply 21 September 2017 competent and skilled This UAS group seminar will pilots to meet the global look at autonomy, lessons demand? Do we risk quality that can be learned from of training and standards other autonomous vehicles in the face on such demand and the ethical / legal for numbers? Can we get aspects of autonomy. increased numbers through programmes, maintain the Realising Market Potential quality standards but also Annual UAS Conference delivered tailored learning? 18 - 19 October 2017

www.aerosociety.com/IFCT2017 www.aerosociety.com/events

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