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Root, Lower-Stem & Wood Boring Insects.Pptx Root, Lower-Stem, and Wood Boring Insects ÷ Lecture outline/goals: ÷ Root and lower stem insects o General features o Root-feeding weevils • Root-feeding weevil management o Lower-stem bark beetles • Lower-stem bark beetle management ÷ Wood boring insects o General features o Coleoptera: BupresCdae (Flat-headed borers) o Coleoptera: Cerambycidae (Round-headed borers) o Hymenoptera: Siricidae (Horntails) • Wood borer management o Coleoptera: Curculionidae: (Ambrosia beetles) • Ambrosia beetle management 1 Root and lower-stem insects: general features ÷ Slow development Cme (oLen >1 year per generaon) ÷ Oligophagous (several different host species) ÷ Orientaon to host odors (esp. stress related) ÷ Clustered distribuCons (low dispersal capacity) ÷ Low fecundity ÷ Close symbioCc relaonships with fungi (esp. bark beetles) ÷ Root-feeding insects: o Commonly associated with managed stands (esp. plantaons/ regenerang clearcuts), therefore increasing importance in forestry ÷ Lower-stem insects: o Commonly associated with mature stands 2 Root and lower-stem insects: general morphology ÷ Primarily Coleoptera; Curculionidae (weevils and bark beetles) Femur Beak (weevils) Apical club Antenna ÷ Basic morphology of Curculionidae Frons o Elongated frons (beak) Tooth Tibia o Clubbed antennae Median groove o Expanded Cbiae Femur o Grub-like larvae (i.e. legless) Scutellum Beak Antennae Elytra Scales 3 Root-feeding weevils 4 e.g. Warren root collar weevil (Hylobius warreni) ÷ Most damaging root-feeding insect in BC forests* ÷ Hosts: o Lodgepole pine o Interior (i.e. hybrid) spruce ÷ DistribuCon: o Throughout range of hosts ÷ Injury paerns: o Trees >2cm at the root collar o Red foliage (beginning with older needles), stunted terminals, leaning trees o Small trees (5 - 20 years-old) frequently suffer growth loss and mortality, mature trees largely unaffected o Tree mortality (plantaons) can exceed 30% of stems o ID requires careful examinaon of root collar of affected trees *note: recent damage increase due to increased planCng of 5 lodgepole pine e.g. Warren’s root collar weevil (Hylobius warreni) ÷ Biology/ecology ÷ Eggs: o Deposited in the li^er adjacent to host-tree, or in small holes chewed in the bark at the root collar ÷ Larvae: o Creamy white, legless, up to 20 mm long (final instar) o Tunnel into phloem and cambium of root collar, most injurious stage o Create tube-like shelters formed of resin mixed with soil ÷ Pupae: o Pupaon occurs within resin/soil shelters ÷ Adults: o Stout bodies, dull black with grey/white scales, 10 – 15 mm long o Flightless, disperse by walking (avg. = 13m/yr) o Host selecCon mechanism/preferences unknown ÷ Life cycle: o 2 years egg to adult 6 10mm Root-feeding weevil sampling and management ÷ Sampling ÷ Management o Direct: pigall traps, o Direct: few opCons (chemical emergence traps insecCcides on private land only) o Indirect: census symptomac o Indirect: silvicultural trees • Species composiCon/planCng schedules • Harvest scheduling o Indirect: resistance breeding 7 Lower-stem bark beetles 8 e.g. Red turpenCne beetle (Dendroctonus valens) ÷ Hosts: o Mature lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine ÷ DistribuCon: o Throughout range of host ÷ Injury paerns*: o Not normally a tree-killing bark beetle o Infests stressed trees, esp. residual trees with mechanical damage following forestry operaons o Also associated with fire damage o Common in drier sites o Occasionally kills individual stressed trees over several years/generaons o Large pitch tubes low on bole *note: introduced from Oregon to China where it has killed enormous numbers of nave pine trees (phytopathogenicity of symbioCc fungi) 9 Red turpenCne beetle (Dendroctonus valens) ÷ Biology/ecology ÷ Eggs: o Laid in an elongate mass (up to 100) along one side of the gallery created by the female beneath the bark ÷ Larvae: o larvae feed gregariously away from the egg gallery between the bark and the wood ÷ Pupae: o Pupaon occurs in the uneaten part of the inner bark or in cocoon-like structures composed of frass in the brood chamber ÷ Adults: o Largest bark beetle; reddish-brown, ≈8 mm long o Emerge and disperse in early spring, establish galleries (verCcal, beetles bore downward) in lower stem of standing trees, stumps o Host volales and aggregaon pheromones employed in host selecCon o Transmit several ophiostomatoid fungi ÷ Life cycle: o 1-2 years for one generaon 10 5mm Lower-stem bark beetles: sampling and management ÷ Sampling ÷ Management o Direct: trapping with host volales o No documented economic loss, no (e.g. α-pinene) and ethanol – specific tacCcs indicators of host stress o Accumulang evidence for facilitaon of economically important bark beetle erupCons may require future management o Silvicultural control • Stand hygiene (remove damage/ stressed host material) o Indirect: census symptomac trees 11 Wood borers 12 Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org Wood borers: general features 1 General biology ÷ Develop in phloem and sapwood ÷ Associated with stressed and dead trees ÷ Slow development Cmes 10mm Host loca6on ÷ Volales associated with wood deterioraon (e.g. ethanol), anaerobic metabolism ÷ Smoke, heat (common immediately following forest fires) ÷ No long distance pheromones (except ambrosia beetles) Ecological roles ÷ Nutrient recycling ÷ CompeCtors with bark beetles Wood borers: general features 2 Economic impacts (damage): ÷ Kill or weaken live trees (stressed) o Large populaon increases following widespread abioCc disturbance such as fire or windthrow ÷ Damage wood products ÷ Stored logs, log homes etc. ÷ PotenCal as invasive species Coleoptera: BupresCdae ÷ Flat-headed borers, metallic borers, jewel beetles o Brightly coloured, iridescent adults, 3 to 100 mm long, but most approx. 20 mm o CharacterisCc “flat-bo^omed” (D-shaped) emergence hole 15 e.g. Golden bupresCd (Bupress aurulenta) ÷ Hosts: o Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine ÷ DistribuCon: o Throughout range of hosts ÷ Injury/damage paerns: o Larval mining causes mechanical injury and defects o Damage consists of mines and exit holes in the sapwood causing degrade ÷ Biology: o Adults may lay eggs in cracks near injuries, cut edges of lumber etc. The larvae hatch, then mine under the bark or through the wood o Typically the life cycle lasts 2 to 4 years. Under condiCons of stress, the cycle may be prolonged to well over 40 years 16 Coleoptera: Cerambycidae ÷ Round-headed borers, long-horned beetles o Typically (but not always) long antennae, oLen longer than body o CharacterisCc round emergence holes o General life cycle: 17 e.g. Sawyer beetles (Monochamus spp.) ÷ Hosts: o Pines, spruces, true firs and Douglas fir ÷ DistribuCon: o Throughout range of hosts ÷ Injury/damage paerns: o Larval mining causes mechanical injury and defects o Damage consists of mines and exit holes in the sapwood o Feeding by adults on foliage prior to oviposion transmits pinewood nematode* ÷ Biology: o Adult lays eggs in niches chewed in bark o Larvae feed on cambial surface, then mine sapwood 18 *Pinewood nematode / pine wilt disease ÷ Monochamus as a vector: o Pinewood nematodes find their way into the spiracles of the beetles as they pupate o During maturaon feeding on young branches by adult beetles nematodes enter the wounds in the tree and infest the sapwood and bark Cssues o Nematodes proliferate and block sapwood – causing branches to gradually die (i.e. pine wilt disease) o Weakened, dying trees are suitable hosts for sawyer beetle colonizaon o Pinewood nematode does not cause wilt disease in North America, but may do so in Europe and Asia o Concern over potenCal introducCons via North American wood products has periodically caused significant economic loss through import restricCons o Kiln drying will kill the nematodes 19 Hymenoptera: Siricidae ÷ Horntails, woodwasps o Large, colorful, sCngless wasps whose larvae bore into wood o Characterized (from other Hymenoptera) by having a broad waist and an ovipositor modified to insert eggs into wood 20 Blue horntail (Sirex cyaneus) ÷ Hosts: o Subalpine fir, Spruces, Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir ÷ DistribuCon: o Throughout range of hosts ÷ Injury/damage paerns: o Larval mines degrade lumber cut from infested trees o Damage results when lumber from burns or windthrows is marketed in large amounts. ÷ Biology: o A^racted to weakened/damaged trees o Carry symbioCc fungi that digests cellulose (inoculated during oviposiCon) o Inject toxic mucous to help weaken tree o Typical life cycle lasts 2 years 21 Management of nave BupresCdae, Cerambycidae & Siricidae ÷ Wood borers seldom kill healthy trees, therefore management focuses on either maintaining stand health such as… o Harvest scheduling (shorter rotaons to limit host material) o ProtecCon from damage – e.g. mechanical, livestock o Spacing, ferClizaon ÷ or stand hygiene such as… o Removal of potenCal brood material (e.g. post-fire salvage) o Limit logging debris ÷ At the mill site, damage can be minimized by… o Timely processing (esp. high-value products) o Maintenance of minimal inventories o Prompt debarking o Kiln drying of products Ambrosia beetles: general biology ÷ Coleoptera: Curculionidae: ScolyCnae ÷ Biology very similar to bark beetles o Adults overwinter in duff layer (Trypodendron) or in logs (Gnathotrichus) o Disperse during spring and summer o Select host tree/log (in response to host volales and ethanol) • “First” wood borers to arrive o Produce aggregaon pheromones o Tunnel into sapwood o Introduce and culCvate fungi o Larvae feed on fungi ÷ Trypodendron lineatum (Abies,
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