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Cucurbits Cucurbits Local names: Pumpkin Sesotho: Lephutse CUCURBITSCUCURBITS Sepedi: Lefodi Setswana: Lephutse IsiNdebele: Umgade isiXhosa: Amathanga Tshivenda: Fhuri isiZulu: Ithanga Swati: Litsanga Xitsonga: Shelotane Local names: Butternut Sesotho: Bathanate Sepedi: Lephutse labatanate Setswana: Batanate IsiNdebele: Ibhathanadi isiXhosa: Obathanathi Tshivenda: Tshifhuri/zwifhuri isiZulu: Ubhathanathi Swati: Libhatanati Xitsonga: Kwembe umpkins, squash, calabash, marrow (Cucurbita sp.), watermelons, cucumbers (Cucumis sp.) and muskmelons are members of the family Cucurbitaceae also called cucurbits. Pumpkins and squash contain Ppotassium and beta-carotene (the precursor of vitamin A), and the seeds are rich in zinc. It is used to make soups, pies and breads, used as feed for animals and even their flowers are edible. Like other members of the family, the flowers of pumpkins and squashes are mostly unisexual and the plants monoecious (male and female flowers are separated but are borne on the same plant). Pumpkins range in size from less than a 0.45g to over 454 kg. Cucurbits that are round and orange are called pumpkins, while those that are other shapes and colors are called squash. Soil Climate The best results are obtained on loamy to All cucurbits are warm-season crops. sandy loam soils. Heavy soils that do not Cucurbit seeds do not germinate in cold drain readily should be avoided to prevent soil, and the seedlings are injured by frost. fruit rot. Soil should be slightly acidic, but Cucurbits grow best at temperatures of good results can be obtained over a wide 23-29ºC (day) and 15-21ºC (night). Growth range of pH (H20) values extending from virtually stops at temperatures below 10ºC 6.0 to 7.5. If the soil is more acidic than pH and the plants may be severely injured and (H20) 5.5 agricultural lime should be applied maturity delayed by temperatures below in accordance with the soil analysis results. 5ºC for several days. The ideal soil depth is 40 cm. Summer Vegetables 030 Production guidelines Cultivars Sowing Time Pumpkin/squash September to November in mild areas and White Boer type/Light grey: Flat White Boer August to October in warm areas. Ford, Star 7001, Star 7022 Queensland Blue, Crown Prince Soil Preparation Hubbard: Green hubbard, Chicago worted Loosen the soil thoroughly by either Patty pans: Patty pan, Sunburst, Sunny ploughing or using a hand hoe, fork or a Delight spade. All clods should be smashed by Ceylon: Rovaal using a rake until you obtain a deep fine Marrows: Caserta (home gardens), Salvador, bed. Old manure, compost or fertilizer Ambassador, Star 8022 should be incorporated thoroughly into the Table squash: Table king, Table queen soil during soil preparation. Cover crops Butternut squashes: Waltham, Atlas (green manure) can be planted and worked Baby gem squash: Star 8001, Rolet into the soil 4-6 weeks before establishing the crop. Watermelons All Sweet (Fusarium and Anthracnose* ) Charleston Grey (Fusarium and Planting Method Anthracnose) Cucurbit seed is planted 3.0 to 4.0 cm deep. Congo (Anthracnose) Place 2 seeds per planting station, apart Crimson Sweet (Fusarium and Anthracnose) from each other. After 2 or 3 weeks, when Evergreen the plants are growing well, the seedlings Empire (Powdery Mildew, Fusarium and are thinned to a single plant. The excess Anthracnose) plants can be moved if far enough from the Jupiter (Powdery Mildew) remaining plants not to be disturbed and Odem (Powdery Mildew, Fusarium and injured. Anthracnose) Sweet Baby (Fusarium) Under ideal conditions the field should be Sweet Princess (Fusarium and Anthracnose) thoroughly irrigated before planting. The Melons seed should make good contact with the Hales Best, Hemed, Honeydew, Honeydew seedbed and be covered with dry soil or soil Green Flesh, Imperial 45, Lyon Jumbo, that is not so wet that it forms a solid layer Saticoy on drying. No irrigation should be applied before emergence as this may cause the Crop Rotation formation of a crust. Should it rain before Keep the area free from weeds by hoeing emergence and a crust does form, it should and shallow cultivation. Rotate cucurbits be kept damp with light overhead irrigation with crops from other plant families e.g. so that the seedlings can grow through. leafy crops or legumes, to prevent spreading of diseases. During hot weather it is advisable to protect the soil surface from drying out by applying Propagation a mulch. After emergence the mulch should Cucurbits are usually direct-seeded when all danger of frost has passed. Two or be removed to prevent the development of preferably three seeds are planted close spindly plants. to each other at the given distances within the rows. More than one seed is Spacing planted to ensure a good stand because Traditionally pumpkins and melons are cucurbit seedlings cannot normally be planted in rows 2 - 2.5 m apart, with plants transplanted. Seedlings can also be made spaced 0.5 - 0.6 m part in rows. However, in peat pots or seedling trays with larger many growers use a 2 m x 2 m spacing to cavities. Muskmelons and watermelons are allow for cross-cultivation. Butternut rows normally planted in this way to ensure early can be spaced closer 1 - 1.5 m apart. Where marketing. late season application of pesticides is anticipated, leave spray and harvest aisles. Summer Vegetables 031 031 Summer Vegetables Guidelines for the various types of cucurbits are: Pumpkins 2,1 to 2,7 m rows 50 cm between plants Vegetable marrows (within rows) 1,2 to 1,5 m rows 50 cm between plants Squashes (Butternut) 1,2 to 1,8 m rows 50 cm between plants Squashes (Little Gem) 1,2 to 1,8 m rows 30 cm between plants Cucumbers 1,2 to 1,5 m rows 30 cm between plants Watermelons 1,8 to 2,4 m rows 50 cm between plants Muskmelons 1,5 to 2,0 m rows 30 cm between plants Fertilization Muskmelons: 90-100 days All additions of lime, fertilizer or manures Winter muskmelons: 105-125 days should be based on recommendations from Watermelon: 95-120 days a soil test. Pumpkin: 120-150 days If necessary, lime should be applied 4 weeks Yield estimate for pumpkins and melons: 300 before planting and incorporated to a depth kg/m2. of 20 cm. Soil pH(H2O) must be between 5.5 Yield estimate for squash: 200 kg/ m2. and 7.0. If recommendations are not available, then, approximately 1000 kg/ha (100g/m2) of Storage a fertilizer mixture such as 2:3:4 (27) must be After pumpkins/squashes are harvested, applied as a band 40 cm wide and one meter they should be ripened or cured so they will long, and worked into the soil very slightly just keep longer in storage. Curing hardens the before planting. shell, heals superficial wounds, reduces the high water-content of the fruit, and improves Compost/manure may be used to supplement the eating quality. The fruits can be cured by a part of the chemical fertilizer. e.g. 4 handfulls keeping them inside at room temperature for a of manure/m2. week or two. Cucurbits require mild, fairly dry storage conditions. After the curing period, It is very important to apply a top dressing carefully place the fruits in a single layer on because a good leaf growth (canopy) is shelves, leaving a small space between each needed over the pumpkins and squashes fruit. to prevent sunburn of the fruit. Apply a top dressing 3 weeks after transplanting or Melons and watermelons require cool emergence. Use 120-150 kg/ha or 10 g KAN/ temperatures for storage. LAN fertilizer per meter of row, applied 10cm from the stem. A second top dressing can be Pests & Diseases applied 5 weeks later. Water well after fertilizer DISEASES application. Powdery mildew Caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea, the Irrigation disease starts as a white, powdery growth Keep the soil moist throughout the growing on the upper surface of leaves and on stems, season. It is important to irrigate regularly to often killing leaves. This causes reduced yield avoid water stress. Cucurbits require uniform and poor fruit quality. Can be severe in hot, irrigation for optimum growth and yield. dry periods. Reduce irrigations as fruits reach the harvest Control: stage. • Chemical control is essential • Plant tolerant cultivars Pollination • Control weeds Bees are an essential part of the production of all cucurbits. Wild bees and other insects Downy mildew are normally sufficient to pollinate small fields. Caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the disease appears as yellow or brown Harvesting spots on the upper leaf surface, with a grey/ Carefully remove cucurbit fruit from the vines purple fungal growth on the lower leaf surface, when they are mature. Be sure not to damage particularly in wet, humid weather. the fruits when harvesting, because this can Control: lead to a shorter storage life and disease • Chemical control essential problems. • Plant tolerant cultivars Squashes: 60-75 days • Avoid over-irrigation Butternut squash: 90-100 days • Plant in well drained soils Summer Vegetables 032 Production guidelines Production guidelines Fusarium wilt Virus spread - These viruses are transported Caused by Fusarium oxysporum. Plants wilt mainly by infected seed or insect vectors such and die. When the lower stem is cut open, stem as aphids or cucumber beetles. tissues are light brown in colour. The pathogen Control measures can be seed-borne. The disease favours warm Control measures should include controlling soil temperatures. insect vectors. Virus-infected plants should Control: be rouged and removed from the field and • Plant disease-free seed destroyed. For the seed borne viruses, it is • Plant tolerant varieties important to buy disease-free seeds from • Adjust soil pH to 6.5 using nitrate nitrogen certified seed companies.
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