Productive Vegetables
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MWVWfM i ,^1 .Jm W, II -w W l li I . — RODUCTIVE VEGETABLE GROWING' OHN W1LLL\M LLOYD M^.A. (3- S33Z) ^tate QJoUegc of 3^grtculture %X (dncttell UnlueraitB atljata, IJ. 1- ffitbratti _ Cornell University Library SB 321.L79 C2 Productive vegetable growing, 3 1924 002 931 883 OIL Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002931883 " The first farmer was the first man, and all historic nobility rests on possession and use of land." —Emerson. LIPPINCOTT'S FARM MANUALS EDITED BY KARY C. DAVIS, Ph.D. (Cornell) PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE, SCHOOL OF COUNTRY LIFE GEORGE PBABODY COLLEGE FOR TEACHERS, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE PRODUCTIVE VEGETABLE GROWING By JOHN W. LLOYD, M.S.A. (Cornell University) PROFESSOR OF OLERICULTURE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIPPINCOTT'S FARM MANUALS Edited by K. C. DAVIS. Ph.D. SECOND EDITION REVISED PRODUCTIVE SWINE HUSBANDRY By GEORGE E. DAY, B.S.A. THIRD EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED PRODUCTIVE POULTRY HUSBANDRY By harry R. lewis, B.S. second edition revised PRODUCTIVE HORSE HUSBANDRY By carl W. gay, B.S.A. PRODUCTIVE ORCHARDING By FRED C. SEARS, M.S. THIRD EDITION REVISED PRODUCTIVE VEGETABLE GROWING By JOHN W. LLOYD, M.S.A. SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED PRODUCTIVE FEEDING OF FARM ANIMALS By F. W. WOLL, Ph.D. second edition COMMON DISEASES OF FARM ANIMALS By R. a. CRAIG, D.V.M. SECOND EDITION PRODUCTIVE FARM CROPS By E. G. MONTGOMERY, M.A. SECOND EDITION REVISED PRODUCTIVE BEE KEEPING By FRANK C. PELLETT PRODUCTIVE DAIRYING By R. M. WASHBURN INJURIOUS INSECTS AND USEFUL BIRDS By F. L. WASHBURN, M.A. PRODUCTIVE SHEEP HUSBANDRY By WALTER C. COFFEY LippiNGOTT's Farm Manuals EDITED BY K. C. DAVIS, Ph.D. (Cornell) PRODUCTIVE VEGETABLE GROWING BY JOHN W. LLOYD, M.S.A. PROFESSOR OF OLERICULTURE IN TtlE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 194 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT "If vain our toil, We ought to blame the culture, not the soil." Pope—Essay on Man THIRD EDITION, REVISED PHILADELPHIA & LONDON J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 8 S5 52-1 L ri COPYRIGHT, I914 BV J. a. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY COPYRIGHT, I9IS BY J. D. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 191 BY J. a. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY Electroiyped and Printed by J. B. Lippincott Company The Washington Square Press, Philadelphia, U. S. A. PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION The War has given a special impetus to vegetable production, and particularly to the planting of home gardens. The substitu- tion of vegetables for some of the more concentrated foods in the diet of civilians will release for the use of the American army and the Allies large quantities of cereals and meats. So far as these vegetables are the products of home gardens, they will reduce the amount of transportation necessary to supply food to the American people, and thus assist in relieving the railroads in this time of congested traffic. There was never a time when home gardens were more impor- tant; yet in the present effort to increase vegetable production, there is likely to be large waste of energy and seeds by those pre- viously unfamiliar with vegetable gardening, unless they have proper guidance. The special literature being published to meet this emergency is good in many respects, but much of it is frag- mentary and leaves the reader without a firm grasp of fundamental principles of gardening. It is hoped that the present edition of Productive Vegetable Growing will supply this need, and be of material assistance to planters of "war gardens." John W. Lloyd. Urbana, Illinois, January, 1918. PREFACE Books on vegetable production have been written from the viewpoint of the East, West, North and South. The present volume is written from the viewpoint of conditions as they exist in the great central prairie region, known agriculturally as the corn belt. But the principles here laid down are applicable in all sections. The cultural requirements of the various crops have been analyzed in the light of many years' experience with vege- tables, and an attempt has been made to present the underlying principles of vegetable production in a clear and logical manner, and place vegetable gardening on a rational basis. It is impossible for man to control the climate of a given locality. It is possible, however, for him to adapt his gardening operations to the con- ditions as he finds them. Knowing the temperature requirements of a given crop and the length of season demanded for its develop- ment, he can adjust the time of planting and method of handling to meet as fully as possible the needs of the particular crop. But in spite of all that can be done even by the well-informed gardener, vegetables demanding radically different climatic conditions may not thrive equally well in the same garden. A reasonable degree of success with a large number of different vegetables can be attained by a careful grower in almost any locality, but the com- mercial production of special crops should rarely be undertaken except in localities where the cHmatic and other conditions are especially favorable for the particular crop in question. A thorough understanding of the temperature requirements of the different crops is considered of such vital importance to productive vegetable growing that this feature is made the basis of the classification of vegetables used in the present volume, and is given special prominence in the cultural directions for the various crops. The aim throughout the book has been to emphasize principles rather than mere details of practice. The order of presentation has been carefully planned, and in using the book as a text, the various topics should be taken up in the order presented. The Suggestions for Laboratory Work, in Chapter XXXIII, how- ever, should be read by the instructor before beginning the course. VI PREFACE In discussing the handling of the individual crops, it is assumed that the earlier chapters of the book have already been mastered, and details of numerous operations are not repeated. While this book is intended primarily as a text for use in schools and colleges, it is the hope of the author that it may also prove helpful to the ever-increasing number of persons who desire to supply their tables with vegetables from their own gardens, and to persons who contemplate the commercial production 'of vege- tables as a business. The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station for the use of many negatives in preparing the illustrations, and for permission to use certain material from the publications of this Station. He is also especially grateful to Mr. C. E. Durst for taking the photo- graphs to make the following illustrations: Frontispiece, Figs, 4, 8, 17, 24, 26, 27, 28, 32, 45, 53, 60, 65, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89, 102, 125, 127, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 184 and 191. Thanks are also due to W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Phila- delphia, Pa., for Figs. 9, 10, 56, 93 and 185; to the Bateman Mfg. Co., Grenloch, N. J., for Figs. 29, 39, 40, 44, 50, 107, 116, 117, 118, 122 and 164; to the Madison Plow Co., Madison, Wis., for Fig. 31; to Dr. S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist, Urbana, 111., for Figs. 46, 47, 48, 129 and 130; to the John A. Salzer Seed Co., La Crosse, Wis., for Fig. 55; to the Henry Field Seed Co., Shenan- doah, Iowa, for Figs. 67 and 120; to R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Boston, Mass., for Fig. 124; to Wm. Siebold, Peoria, 111., for Fig. 179; to J. J. Gardner, for Figs. 186 and 188; to C. B. Sayre, for Figs. 97 and 189; to the Orange Judd Co., New York, for Fig. 49; to L. L. May & Co., St. Paul, Minn., for Figs. 62 and 119; to P. K. Blinn, Rocky Ford, Colo., for Fig. 19a; to Walter S. Schell, Harrisburg, Pa., for Fig. 138; and to Holmes-Letherman Seed Co., Canton 0., for Fig. 143. John W. Llotd. Urbana, Illinois, July, 1914. — CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. Types op Vegetable Growing 1 Market gardening—Truck growing or truck farming Growing vegetables for the cannery—Home vegetable gardening. II. Soil and Location 9 III. Factors Influencing the Quality op Vegetables 12 IV. The Seed Supply 16 The vitality of seeds. V. The Plant Food Supply 25 Animal manures—Compost—Green manures—Commer- cial fertilizers—Time and method of application—Quan- tities of manure and fertilizer to use. VI. The Moisture Supply 35 Sources of water supply—Irrigation—Conservation of moisture. VII. The Temperature Factor 43 Cool season crops—Warm season crops. VIII. Transplanting 48 Methods of transplanting. IX. The Use or Glass in Vegetable Growing 58 Construction of manure hotbeds—Construction of fire hotbeds—Construction of coldframes—Care of plants under glass. X. The Preparation op Soil por Planting 70 XI. The Planting op Seeds 74 Depth of planting—Distance of planting—Thickness of seeding—Methods of sowing seeds. XII. Controlling Insects and Diseases That Attack Vege- table Crops 83 Spraying—Formulas for spray mixtures—General prin- ciples of spraying. XIII. Classification op Vegetables 96 XIV. Cool Season Crops That Quickly Reach Edible Maturity 98 Spring Salads: Leaf lettuce—Garden cress—Com salad. Spring Greens: Spinach—Mustard. Short season root crops: Radishes—Turnips—Kohlrabi Rutabagas. Peas. XV. Transplanted Crops That Mature Before the Heat op Summer 114 Head lettuce—Cos lettuce—Early cabbage—Early cauli- flower. vii —. vni CONTENTS XVI. Late Cabbage and Similar Crops 124 Late cabbage — Late cauliflower — Broccoli — Brussels sprouts.