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Mort En Sursis : Processus Décisionnels Dans L’Attribution De La Prérogative Royale Pour Les Condamnés Québécois (1895-1959)

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Mort En Sursis : Processus Décisionnels Dans L’Attribution De La Prérogative Royale Pour Les Condamnés Québécois (1895-1959) Mort en sursis : processus décisionnels dans l’attribution de la Prérogative Royale pour les condamnés québécois (1895-1959) Par Alexandre Pelletier-Audet Département de criminologie Faculté des Sciences sociales Thèse présentée à la Faculté des Études Supérieures et Postdoctorales pour l’obtention du grade de Maîtrise ès Arts Université d’Ottawa Août 2012 © Alexandre Pelletier-Audet, Ottawa, Canada, 2012 ii « He was perfectly sure that he was not what he called an innerer Schweinehund, a dirty bastard in the depths of his heart; and as for his conscience, he remembered perfectly well that he would have had a bad conscience only if he had not done what he had been ordered to do – to ship millions of men, women and children to their death with great zeal and the most meticulous care » HANNAH ARENDT, Eichmann in Jerusalem À ROBERT B. ET ROBERT B. iii Résumé À travers l’étude de trente-deux condamnations à mort prononcées au Québec entre 1895 et 1959, l’auteur retrace le processus qui menait aux délibérations quant à l’octroi de la Prérogative Royale de clémence par le Cabinet fédéral. En se basant sur les dossiers compilés par le ministère fédéral de la Justice et conservés dans le Fonds des condamnés à mort des Archives nationales du Canada, il a été possible de dégager la participation de nombreux acteurs dans l’exercice de la peine capitale et de la clémence. Parmi eux, trois acteurs – le jury, le juge de première instance et les bureaucrates du Ministère de la Justice chargés de la constitution des dossiers – étaient conviés à offrir une recommandation à la clémence, qui était généralement respectée par l’exécutif. L’analyse des discours émis par ces acteurs (relatifs au crime, à l’accusé et au châtiment), l’auteur a permis à l’auteur d’émettre quatre hypothèses sur la gestion de la Prérogative Royale de clémence : premièrement, la présence constante de ces trois acteurs et la considération vouée à leur opinion faisait d’eux des acteurs à l’intérieur d’un jeu de la Prérogative érigée en système d’action. Deuxièmement, les acteurs devaient produire une représentation consensuelle du crime et de l’accusé afin d’établir une sentence appropriée : lorsqu’il y avait dissension entre les différents acteurs, le Cabinet choisissait habituellement la commutation de la sentence. Troisièmement, cette commutation était présentée comme un geste positif – une irruption de l’exécutif dans la procédure judiciaire qui était accordé par humanisme ou paternalisme aux condamnés « méritants ». Finalement, en dépit de l’arbitraire et du caractère extra-légal de la fonction de prérogative, le gouvernement cherchait à respecter les principes du Common Law en se référant aux précédents mis en place par les bureaucrates du ministère de la Justice. iv Table des matières Résumé ............................................................................................................................................ iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... viii Chapitre 1 – La peine capitale et la clémence exécutive.......................................................................1 1.1 – La Prérogative Royale en Grande-Bretagne ..................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 – La Prérogative Royale à l’époque du Code sanglant ................................................................. 1 1.1.2 – Le Home Office et la gestion de la clémence ............................................................................ 3 1.1.3 – La Commission royale de 1949-1953 ......................................................................................... 7 1.2 – La Prérogative Royale au Canada ................................................................................................... 10 1.2.1 – La pratique de la peine capitale au Canada ............................................................................ 10 1.2.2 – Le transfert de la Prérogative à l’exécutif [1848-96] .............................................................. 11 1.2.3 – Le Bureau des pardons ............................................................................................................ 15 1.3 – Études sur l’application de la Prérogative Royale de clémence .................................................... 18 1.3.1 – Comités d’enquête fédéraux ................................................................................................... 18 1.3.2 – Études sociologiques postérieures à l’abolition...................................................................... 21 v 1.3.2.1 – Sexe du condamné ........................................................................................................... 22 1.3.2.2 – Race et origine ethnique .................................................................................................. 25 1.3.2.3 – Aliénation mentale et responsabilité diminuée ............................................................... 27 Chapitre 2 – Le système capital ........................................................................................................ 31 2.1. La Prérogative Royale dans la camera obscura ............................................................................... 31 2.2. Paradigme de recherche ................................................................................................................. 33 2.2.1. Rupture épistémologique ......................................................................................................... 33 2.2.2. L’individualisme méthodologique ............................................................................................. 34 2.3. L’analyse stratégique du système capital ........................................................................................ 36 2.3.1. La notion de système en sociologie .......................................................................................... 36 2.3.2. La bureaucratie comme acteur ................................................................................................. 38 2.3.3. Pouvoir et action collective ....................................................................................................... 39 2.3.4. Le jeu, les règles et la stratégie ................................................................................................. 41 Chapitre 3 – La recherche et le corpus .............................................................................................. 45 3.1. Méthodologie ................................................................................................................................... 45 3.1.1. La méthode de l’analyse stratégique ........................................................................................ 45 vi 3.1.2. L’approche archivistique ........................................................................................................... 47 3.1.3. L’analyse discursive ................................................................................................................... 48 3.2. Protocole de recherche .................................................................................................................... 51 3.2.1. Le Fonds des condamnés à mort .............................................................................................. 51 3.2.2. Périodisation et localisation ...................................................................................................... 53 3.2.3. Échantillonage ........................................................................................................................... 54 3.2.4. Outils de recherche ................................................................................................................... 58 Chapitre 4 – Le jeu de la Prérogative Royale ..................................................................................... 60 4.1. Structure .......................................................................................................................................... 60 4.1.1. Délimitation du système capital ............................................................................................... 61 4.1.2. Les acteurs du jeu de la Prérogative Royale ............................................................................. 64 4.1.2.1. Le juge de première instance ............................................................................................. 64 4.1.2.2. La revue bureaucratique .................................................................................................... 68 4.1.2.3. Le Cabinet fédéral .............................................................................................................. 69 4.2. Stratégie ........................................................................................................................................... 71 4.2.1. Schèmes interprétatifs .............................................................................................................. 73 4.2.1.1. L’âge .................................................................................................................................. 73 vii 4.2.1.2. Les femmes et la justice capitale ...................................................................................... 75 4.2.1.3. L’ivresse et la provocation ...............................................................................................
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