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SFU Thesis Template Files Pulp Fictional Folk Devils? The Fulton Bill and the Campaign to Censor “Crime and Horror Comics” in Cold War Canada, 1945-1955 by Joseph Tilley B.A. (Hons., History), Simon Fraser University, 2008 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Joseph Tilley 2015 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2015 Approval Name: Joseph Tilley Degree: Master of Arts (History) Title: Pulp Fictional Folk Devils? The Fulton Bill and the Campaign to Censor “Crime and Horror Comics” in Cold War Canada, 1945-1955 Examining Committee: Chair: Roxanne Panchasi Associate Professor Allen Seager Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Lara Campbell Supervisor Professor, Department of Gender, Sexuality, and Women’s Studies John Herd Thompson External Examiner Professor Emeritus Department of History Duke University Date Defended/Approved: December 15, 2015 ii Abstract This thesis examines the history of and the social, political, intellectual, and cross-border influences behind the “Fulton Bill” and the campaign to censor “crime and horror comics” in Canada from roughly 1945 to 1955. Many – though by no means all – Canadians had grown to believe reading comic books was directly linked with a perceived increase in rates of juvenile criminal behaviour. Led primarily by PTA activists and other civic organizations, the campaign was motivated by a desire to protect the nation’s young people from potential corrupting influences that might lead them to delinquency and deviancy and resulted in amendments to the Criminal Code passed by Parliament in 1949. These amendments criminalized so-called “crime comics” and were thanks to a bill introduced and championed by E. Davie Fulton MP. The passage of the “Fulton Bill”, however, did not subsequently produce the kinds of results expected and sought by anti- comics campaigners, including Fulton himself. Keywords: Fulton Bill; crime comics; censorship in Canada; Cold War Canada; Eleanor Gray; Fredric Wertham iii Acknowledgements I am very grateful to many, many wonderful people for all manner of help and support provided during my time in graduate school – beginning, of course, with my senior supervisor, Allen Seager, who oversaw this project with tremendous enthusiasm and interest. I am and always will be in awe of Allen’s encyclopedic brain and the many times a talk with him often left me feeling I could take on any challenge. My second reader and supervisor, Lara Campbell (n my humble opinion, one of SFU’s most dynamic and engaging scholars), always provided enormous kindness and intellectual support to me along the way, and always made time (even at a moment’s notice) to talk through various thoughts and ideas about my project. My external examiner, John Herd Thompson was everything one could hope for in an external examiner – constructively critical with probing and detailed questions (during and after my defence) and demonstrating enthusiasm for its subject matter. And it meant a lot to have my defence chaired by Roxanne Panchasi, the SFU History department’s current graduate program chair, and who is and always will be one of my favourite history professors – along with my other favourites: John Craig, Paul Garfinkel, Andrea Geiger, Mary-Ellen Kelm, Willeen Keough, Janice Matsumura, Katie McCullough, Mark Leier, Emily O’Brien, Hilmar Pabel, Bidisha Ray, Sarah Walshaw, and Aaron Windell. A great many thanks are owed to our department’s superb staff (each and every one of whom has done much good for me that I shall always remember and appreciate): Tessa Wright, Tammy Theis, Liane McIlfoyle, Judi Fraser, Ruth Anderson, and Janine-Marie Conrad. Amongst my graduate student comrades, I am eternally grateful to my colleagues and friends, Rose Golzadeh, Simone Hanebaum, Gisèle Dubeau, Stacey Bishop, Ivan Drury, Lorelei Lester, and Liam O’Flaherty. I owe a particular debt of gratitude to Christopher Dickert, who frequently provided advice and assistance above and beyond the call of duty. Among the many librarians and archivists who were enormously helpful to me I owe thanks to Rosa Bruzzese, who has been a good friend to me throughout my time at SFU, and to Nancy Blake, Sonny Wong, and the rest of the amazing staff at SFU’s iv Interlibrary Loans office. Diane Wardle of the British Columbia Archives was my guide through some of the many difficulties navigating the complex world of archival research. My friends, Jennifer Phillips, Lucas Malinowski, Maureen Mackie, Melissa Sanderson, and Aimee Laurel were each and every one of them of astronomical help and support to me during my archival research trips to Ontario and in so many other greatly-appreciated ways. I owe particular thanks and appreciation to many friends who also provided immensely important and appreciated help and support that I am eternally grateful for: Maxwell Bogen, Mavis DeGirolamo, Alison James, Karen McKittrick- Twaites, Marilee Cherris-Wilding, Stephanie Bangarth, Rajani and Chander Arora, and Lynn Hardy, as well as to Zinnat Ali, Ashleigh Androsoff, Brandon Colby Cook, Karen Cowan, Zachary Cugnet, Gail Edwards, Louise Edwards, Patrick Harper, Camille Jasinski, Lynn McDonald, Nicole Mertin, Alice Muir-Hartley, Fiona Thomson, and Ellen Vaillancourt. And, last but not least – indeed, because one should always save the best for last – to my mother, Elaine, for always being there and encouraging me. v Table of Contents Approval .......................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... vi List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................ viii Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 Just another “moral panic”? ............................................................................................. 5 Chapter 1. “Why should such comics be allowed to circulate and pervert our children?”: The Anti-Comics Activism of Eleanor Gray and the PTAs ................................................................................................. 18 “B.C. Acts on Trashy Literature” .................................................................................... 23 Wertham’s influence ...................................................................................................... 26 The Fulton bill’s parallels with the Charlton bill .............................................................. 35 Chapter 2. “…I know that parents and teachers are literally at their wits’ end to find a solution…”: Parliament’s passage of the Fulton bill ........................................................................................................... 38 New York’s “Feinberg-FitzPatrick Bill” ........................................................................... 44 Fulton introduces Bill 10 ................................................................................................ 46 “An enforceable amendment” ........................................................................................ 54 Chapter 3. “Do you think that’s in good taste?”: A tale of two Senate Committees and Fulton’s attempts to amend his own legislation ............................................................................................... 64 The Special Committee on the Sale and Distribution of Salacious and Indecent Literature .............................................................................................................. 67 Fulton revisits his bill ..................................................................................................... 70 The US Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency ............................................... 82 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 91 Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 93 Unpublished Primary Sources ....................................................................................... 93 Archival Collections .............................................................................................. 93 Published Primary Sources ........................................................................................... 94 Contemporary Books ............................................................................................ 94 Government Publications ...................................................................................... 94 Newspapers and Periodicals ................................................................................ 94 vi Secondary Sources ....................................................................................................... 96 Books and Journal Articles ................................................................................... 96 vii List of Acronyms ACMP Association of Comics Magazine Publishers AGO Attorney-General’s Office AO Archives of
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