Beyond Beer Sheva: Beer Sheva: Beyond | Volume 21 | No

93 ed ed pects in order to “cyber defensive“cyber fits in security and and security in fits all business could ve trends in Israel’s of upcoming climate rests of both countries. countries. both of rests l political and economic economic and political l fit Australia. Australia’s Australia’s Australia. fit practices could reinforce reinforce could practices , a strengthened Australia- strengthened a , e Forces multidisciplinary multidisciplinary Forces e ructure from the imminent imminent the from ructure he same token, Australia has has Australia token, same he

Rotem Nusem Rotem In addition, Australia is pushing to improve its its improve to pushing is Australia addition, In 2 Moreover, Israel’s start-up nation status has help has status nation start-up Israel’s Moreover, 1 Beyond Beer Sheva: Beer Sheva: Beyond | Volume 21 | No. 1 | April 2018 21 | No. Volume | Assessing Australia-Israel Relations Assessing Australia-Israel For Australia, strengthened ties would produce bene produce would ties strengthened Australia, For

ategic Assessment ategic

Australia-Israel Relations: Why Change the Status Quo? Change the Status Why Relations: Australia-Israel order world rules-based a of goal shared the Beyond inte national the advance would relationship Israel For Israel, enhanced ties would help counter negati additiona an consolidate and standing international these reasons alone, an region. foothold upgraded For in the Asia-Pacific partnership with a longstanding supporter such as Australia should be a foreign policy priority for Israel. example, learning For from technological advances technology. made by Defens Israeli the and industry hi-tech Israeli the national “cyber-ecosystem” (which makes up Israel’s Australianenvelope”), government, industry, and sm infrast critical protecting in skills valuable gain attacks. cyber of threat bene could that ties of network global a promote it building in step first a is example, for Aviv, Tel in Pad Launch Innovation frameworks for cooperation and tangible policy pros t By culture. innovation joint thriving a cultivate agriculture, zone arid in expertise Israeli from benefit to able been already agricultural climate-specific on research joint and their respective strong export industries in light turbulence. change-related Rotem Nusem, a former intern at INSS, Masters Advanced an is and Speaker Deputy Second the Representative’s parliamentaryof House Australian office manager for the security of national student University. National policy Australian at S

5 To this day, day, this To 6 ited Nations endorsed the IONS andwagoning” bly Resolution 181, bly Resolution 181, condemned Israel’s Israel’s condemned d town. Charging at ing action to “prevent “prevent to action ing ptured the water wells wells water the ptured Sheva, later to become become to later Sheva, Since then, Australia uring the 1982 Lebanon Lebanon 1982 the uring 4th and 12th regiments, regiments, 12th and 4th , with significant policy policy significant with , ks to come. to ks e of Australia’s greatest greatest Australia’s of e 7 pture or life threatening threatening life or pture gnificance of the town, ures rather than tangible tangible than rather ures collaborative technology technology collaborative ry charge of war history. war of charge ry tire Australian operation, operation, Australian tire Finally, Australian Finally, efforts 3 4 Throughout the prolonged conflict in southern 8 | BEYOND BEER SHEVA: ASSESSING AUSTRALIAISRAEL RELAT

OTEM NUSEM R Australia was one of the selected members of the Un

status as an international leader in defense exports. One of the five pillars five the of One exports. defense in leader international an as status and innovation greater foster to is Strategy Export Defense Australia’s of and industry, defense domestic the in productivity initiatives could help promote this objective. to contain violent extremism by Islamist forces in region the Asia-Pacific including counter-terrorism, in cooperation enhanced from benefit could intelligence sharing with Israel. Today to Beer Sheva From on was 1917 31, October on Sheva Beer of Battle The caval significant last the and victories I War World the of composed Brigade, Horse Light Australian The Beer of town Turkish-held the on attack an launched the major city of southern Israel. The strategic si en the to critical was supply, water its with along ca enemy risked have would battle the in defeat and dehydration. The Australians surprised the by Turks advancing through the desert, the one unprotected side of the occupie ca brigade the artillery, incoming and guns machine that campaign the in victory stunning a marking whole, a as town the and wee the in Palestine from withdrawal Turkish to led the Battle of Beer Sheva remains one of the most memorable milestones in the history of the Australian-Israeli relationship. recommendation of the UN Special Committee on Palestine to partition the British Mandate into a Jewish state and an Arab state, and it was one of the first member-states to vote for General Assem which formally approved that recommendation. has support that though Israel, for role supportive a played generally has gest diplomatic token of force the taken often more slowly evolved have Israel toward Attitudes action. D government. in changes with only occurring shifts War, the Australian government seemed to adopt a “b escalation avoid to sides both urging stance, neutral a taking by approach tak for States United the and UN the commending and renewed hostilities.” strongly government the 1985, in beginning Lebanon, Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question, which

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Foreign Foreign Hawke 10 r Friends of IONS Trade Trade Minister 13 zed his “support ael’s presence in , we see moral as blow to the peace ravel invitations to to invitations ravel ted Israel at the UN, UN, the at Israel ted on – to the broader quate Zionism with the security of Israel d a growing challenge challenge growing a d international actors, titude for Australia’s tarians, ofﬁceholders, ofﬁceholders, tarians, n groups aligned with with aligned groups n enator Robert Ray noted noted Ray Robert enator he Palestine Information Information Palestine he tive to the peace process, process, peace the to tive ural cooperation meant to to meant cooperation ural Subsequently, criticism of Israeli of criticism Subsequently, However, the warm rhetoric of the the of rhetoric warm the However, 14 11 | BEYOND BEER SHEVA: ASSESSING AUSTRALIAISRAEL RELAT 9 At the NSW State Labor Conference in 2017, former former 2017, in Conference Labor State NSW the At OTEM NUSEM

15 R 12 At the same time, Australia has consistently suppor consistently has Australia time, same the At Palestinia by 1990 in out carried attacks Terrorist pose has settlements Jewish of issue the time, Over also highlighted his government’s commitment to further coal exports to exports coal further to commitment government’s his highlighted also attacks from within Lebanon and did not endorse Isr South Lebanon. illustrated by the Knesset’s 1987 expression of gra rejection of the General Assembly’s resolution to e racism. That year, Prime Minister Bob Hawke emphasi [for] the principle of self-determination of while the people,” Palestinian adding that “like successive Australian governments well as political imperatives in our commitment to and its right to exist within secure and recognized boundaries.” agricult and industrial increased of sign a Israel, ties. economic bilateral the strengthen Hawke government was undermined later in when 1987 Ariel Sharon’s invitation to visit Australia was retracted due to negative reactions from Liberation Palestine Organization (PLO) sympathizers in Australia. the PLO were described by government senators as a S attitudes. Israeli harden only would that process support its reconsider would government the attacks these following that t by request the approved having after PLO, the for Office in Canberra to change its name the PLO Office. to Australia-Israel relations. Much like many other destruc are settlements the that believes Australia reflected in Prime Minister John Howard’s remarks during his 2000 visit territories. Palestinian the and Israel to policy with respect to settlements and – by extensi the in virulent particularly became conflict Israeli-Palestinian the of issue ranks of the Australian Labor Party (ALP). for In example, 2016, Foreign prevent to Shorten Bill Leader Opposition on called Bishop Julie Minister a damaging motion by the New South Wales (NSW) Labo parliamen bar to intended was motion The Palestine. t sponsored accepting from members rank-and-file and Israel while Benjamin Netanyahu’s settlements, government “continues refuses a Palestinian state (and) brutally mistreats Arab residents of the Bank.” West It It 19 minister minister As Australia IONS 22 s of particular st diasporas in ia. in the traditional ish Council, which which Council, ish Australia’s Jewish Jewish Australia’s vely small Jewish st the Lebanese and and Lebanese the st r community amid ist Diaspora Jewish Rudd also expressed expressed also Rudd in the Jewish World n, though with only at three times the rate rate the times three at e total population. total e significantly sway the the sway significantly n the political process. process. political the n been denied by various various by denied been nconditionally support support nconditionally played a large factor in in factor large a played he party’s approach was was approach party’s he negotiations and mutual mutual and negotiations 20 mophobia is on the rise, n political parties. Jewish Jewish parties. political n Dr Anne Aly, the first female first the Aly, Anne Dr Leading Arab businessmen 24 21 The Lebanese community in Australia has 23 Perhaps predictably, this Zionism translates into into translates Zionism this predictably, Perhaps 18 17 | BEYOND BEER SHEVA: ASSESSING AUSTRALIAISRAEL RELAT

OTEM NUSEM These developments echoed the sentiments of former of sentiments the echoed developments These 16 Australia’s foreign policy approach toward Israel i In tandem, the Muslim population in Australia is growing rapidly and rapidly growing is Australia in population Muslim the tandem, In

Minister Bob Carr successfully passed a motion to u to motion a passed successfully Carr Bob Minister a Palestinian state, a ground-breaking development by resolved be to conflict the for calling approach Kevin and Hawke Bob leaders party Former agreement. could movement This motion. this for support their next the in question Palestine the on position policy foreign party’s Labor elections. t that assessed who Party, Labor the of Cohen Barry has that charge This anti-Semitism.” with “rampant community’s Jewish Australian the shape to continues but leaders Labor approach to the Party. Australia, and has been described as “the most Zion world. the in community” Australia with interaction and affiliation political parliamentarians makes up a total of 2.2 percent of total representatives although Parliament, Commonwealth Australian the in th of percent 0.45 about only constitutes community has that society democratic and open Australia’s is i participation and intervention Jewish encouraging These activities are complemented by participation Jew Commonwealth the of foundation the and Congress is involved in advocacy of community concerns. now accounts for 2.6 percent of the total populatio percent 1.3 representation in Parliament. in Australia have adopted an advocacy role for thei growing concerns about violent extremism in Austral battles the threat of terrorism on its shores, Isla discrimination experiencing Sydney in Muslims with of other Australian groups. Affairs Home of Minister and concerns, their to insensitivity experienced again comments discriminatory made has Dutton Peter Australia. in communities Sudanese South expert, counterterrorism a and Parliament of Member Australian-Muslim significance due to the weight carried by the relati population. The Jewish community is one of the olde

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25 Not 28 Netanyahu’s en the Israeli IONS hare our national national our hare lim communities communities lim t terrorism. industries of the on of the importance importance the of on when assessing the ent on Technological Technological on ent two leaders stressed the most significant t extremism was also ong bilateral economic economic bilateral ong ommunity in Australia. in ommunity the protection of crowded crowded of protection the yber security, innovation, innovation, security, yber ry least, underperforming. least, ry cs is high, are the relations relations the are high, is cs s focused on incorporating incorporating on focused s yahu and Australian Prime Prime Australian and yahu nd Australia has a growing growing a has Australia nd rnational actors and a field field a and actors rnational our two countries[’] shared shared countries[’] two our eges, and Australia’s defense defense Australia’s and eges, Indeed, meetings focused heavily on innovation innovation on heavily focused meetings Indeed, 27 ”

. 26 | BEYOND BEER SHEVA: ASSESSING AUSTRALIAISRAEL RELAT

OTEM NUSEM The disparity between the Australian Jewish and Mus and Jewish Australian the between disparity The “s to commitments on based hope, expressed Turnbull the growth of hostility toward the growing Muslim c Muslim growing the toward hostility of growth the in political representation and power is important historythe raises it Still, East. Middle the to approaches policy foreign of politi in representation Jewish if why, of question ve the at or stagnant, Israel and Australia between Visit to State Australia: Diplomatic Rhetoric or Netanyahu’s Genuine Mutual Commitment? The most recent developments in the relations betwe accompanied was visit The 2017. early in Australia to visit unprecedented by announcements of collaboration between Israel and Australia, in the str of era new a mark could that agreements of form Netan Australia, visiting While ties. political and Agreem Bilateral a signed Turnbull Malcolm Minister Innovation and Research and Development, as a framework for science, engineering, and business groups to create jobs and and commercial expand servicesto air on agreement an as well as future, people-to-people links. and security aviation in expertise and experiences advance will that “initiatives as well as places,” c counterterrorism, security, national in interests investment and trade and a fields, these in excels Israel security; cyber and interest in developing its own capabilities. Violen a joint concern discussed in the meetings, and the the importance of strengthened cooperation to comba security, on was collaborations the of focus central the then, surprisingly, inte all to relevant increasingly is that concern a in which Israel has great expertise. Indeed, one of affirmati an was meeting the throughout developments sends neither lacking; is currently which cooperation, defense bilateral of coll staff military other’s the at study to officers countrie Both Turkey. in based is Israel to attaché and Australian governments came with Prime Minister has received death threats throughout her time in Parliament, suggesting Parliament, in time her throughout threats death received has tober tober

31 an interesting interesting an IONS 33 it to Australia, osition members s to have been no ared “‘clearly aredand “‘clearly wo-state solution, etanyahu labeling , Turnbull reiterated defend our common tioned in every media media every in tioned h visits, and the Battle Battle the and visits, h ansion are a roadblock roadblock a are ansion etween them, such as Turnbull’s visit marked marked visit Turnbull’s srael and Australia was was Australia and srael rnbull. Amidst domestic domestic Amidst rnbull. tion following a meeting meeting a following tion e before the diplomatic 32 alludes to the lack of new new of lack the to alludes greements with Australia Australia with greements Nevertheless, Netanyahu Netanyahu Nevertheless, ntiating their commitment commitment their ntiating In addition, in a meeting l since 2000, since l 30 29 The friendly remarks made during 34 | BEYOND BEER SHEVA: ASSESSING AUSTRALIAISRAEL RELAT year anniversary of the Battle of Beer Sheva in Oc in Sheva Beer of Battle the of anniversary year th

OTEM NUSEM To mark the 100 the mark To The visit, to be sure, did not go During without a scrutiny. joint press

cyber capabilities into military operations, substa operations, military into capabilities cyber to a bilateral cyber dialogue. conference to mark the beginning of Netanyahu’s vis Turnbull was questioned about his commitment to a t solu one-state a to openness expressed having after with President Trump earlier that year. In response Australia’s position on a two-state solution. with Netanyahu, Opposition Leader Bill Shorten decl exp their and settlements where that unambiguously’ process.” peace the to damaging that’s peace, to a his that stating by visit fruitful his summarized [Australia reflect and “our Israel’s] commitment to pluralism.” the rule of law, values of freedom, democracy, a delegation2017, of Australian government and opp Tu Malcolm Minister Prime including Israel, visited schedule planned his of half nearly missed Turnbull turbulence, political in Israel, causing his coalition colleagues to argu embarrassing.” “not was delay the that community Israe to visit Minister’s Prime Australian first the legacy military Australian by underpinned was that one but development visit, brief his During relations. bilateral advance to desire the than rather I between relationship the that reiterated Turnbull strong on a governmental and personal level, with N Turnbull a “true friend of Israel.” both visits represent a familiar recourse to diplomatic jargon rather than refer officials Australian and Israeli Both action. measurable and tangible repeatedly to the limited cooperation initiatives b men Aviv, Tel in Pad Landing Innovation Australia’s bot during Turnbull by delivered speech and release attempt an in to cling parties both that moment historical a Sheva, Beer of despite Australia, and Israel between relationship the Thus links. forge to the momentous visit of Netanyahu to Australia, seem important an is This allies. power soft other with ties Israel’s than deeper it as relationship, lukewarm the analyzing in fact and significant bilateral endeavors.

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36 IONS bilateral focus. e proactive public s are more closely d. It was noted that nalysts delving into mate and the volatility volatility the and mate tion behind it. Israel’s to Australia met with from the relationship. the from itions, while heightened heightened while itions, made over the past year. year. past the over made tionship with Australia, ew, an attitude attributed attributed attitude an ew, Party’s (LNP) traditionally traditionally (LNP) Party’s ng. To the extent that these these that extent the To ng. e could be enhanced through through enhanced be could e Others, viewed however, the visit 35 Shared interests should act as further motivation motivation further as act should interests Shared 38 | BEYOND BEER SHEVA: ASSESSING AUSTRALIAISRAEL RELAT OTEM NUSEM

37 At the same time, Australia’s current political cli political current Australia’s time, same the At Several points of mutual interest that could form the basis of a deeper a of basis the form could that interest mutual of points Several This first visit by a sitting Israeli Prime Minister region, Asia-Pacific the on focus heavy Australia’s to Due reviews. mixed the visit was overlooked to some extent, with few a the opportunities and challenges posed by a renewed the as such tanks think strategy and affairs foreign Australian Significant however, did, Institute Lowy the and Institute Policy Strategic Australian Analyses relations. Australia-Israel of state the of analyses critical feature “there’s that argument the included relationship the of significance the of really no country in the Middle East whose interest aligned with Australia’s than Israel.” as a display of token withdiplomacy, little convic relative neglect of Australia did not go unmentione worldvi Israel’s of periphery the on sits Australia wants it what know doesn’t Israel that sense the to to failing states both with ways, many in underachieves relationship The recognize the extent to which they can contribute to the other’s national interests and relying more on rhetoric than substance. suggested, was It visit. the of analysis the in highlighted were relationship self-relianc of doctrine Israel’s that example, for coal military in experience Australia’s to exposure the in counterterrorism to approach the bolster could sharing intelligence Asia-Pacific. progress derail could Israel to approaches party of unconditional the on stance firm a adopt might government ALP future A National Liberal the with Palestine, of recognition wani of risk at also Israel of support fervent more successful to than diplomacy Israeli failed to more attributed be can risks Palestinian advocacy, they can be attenuated by mor Australia. in diplomacy for Israel to focus heavily on reconciling its rela lest neglect end up costing Israel a key ally. Ahead Looking Given the undeniable benefits that both Australia and Israel seek to gain content more inject to need a is there relationship, bilateral strong a from A Critical Analysis of Australia-Israel Relations of Australia-Israel A Critical Analysis IONS

rather than rushing rushing than rather ts support in return. lestinian conflict. This expand the scope of ties, ties, of scope the expand implications of damaging damaging of implications in the UN. As Australia’s Australia’s As UN. the in Defense Export Strategy – Defense Export Strategy ives, the potential benefits benefits potential the ives, depends on several critical critical several on depends d effort to elevate Australia’s Australia’s elevate to effort d , February 21, 2017, https://www.aspi. 2017, 21, February , https://bit.ly/2pF81xg.

ASPI , November 2, 2017, https://www.sbs.com.au/news/ , November 2, 2017, | BEYOND BEER SHEVA: ASSESSING AUSTRALIAISRAEL RELAT , March 19, 2015, https://www.scientiﬁcamerican.com/ 2015, , March 19, SBS News OTEM NUSEM

(Canberra: AGS Department of Defense Publishing, 2018), p. 2. Department of Defense Publishing, 2018), (Canberra: AGS Senator Gareth Evans, “Australian Parliament Questions without Notice: Parliament Gareth Evans, “Australian Senator 1994, Hansard, June 7, Lebanon,” Commonwealth of Australia Parliamentary Debates, House of House of Debates, Australia of Parliamentary Commonwealth Australia, of Parliament Hansard (Canberra: Official Representatives 361. p. 1987), 19, February org.au/opinion/benjamin-netanyahus-visit-chance-australia-forge-stronger- ties-israel. Michael Raska, “Confronting Cybersecurity Challenges: Israel’s Evolving S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Cyber Defense Strategy,” https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ January 2015, PR150108_-Israel_Evolving_Cyber_Strategy_WEB.pdf. Australian on Beersheba,” Memorial Collections, “Attack Australian War Memorial, https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E138/. War Brittany Patterson, “Australia’s Farmers Challenged by Climate Change,” Challenged by Climate Change,” Farmers “Australia’s Brittany Patterson, Scientific American and Affairs, Defense and Security Section, “Australia Marty Harris, Foreign the Middle East Conflict: A History Government Statements (1947- of Key p. 1. 2012, Library, Canberra: Parliamentary 2007),” article/australia-s-farmers-challenged-by-climate-change/. Senator Dame Margaret Guilfoyle, “Australian Parliament Questions Parliament Senator Margaret Guilfoyle, “Australian Dame https://bit.ly/2I2EZzj. 1982, March 9, Hansard, without Lebanon,” Notice: Australian Government Department of Defense, Fact Sheet Fact Anthony Bergin, “Benjamin Netanyahu’s Visit is a Chance for Australia toa Chance for AustraliaAnthony Netanyahu’s Bergin, “Benjamin Visit is Israel,” Stronger Ties with Forge australia-s-forgotten-victory-what-happened-at-the-battle-of-beersheba. Kelsey Munro, “Australia’s Forgotten Victory: Forgotten What Happened at the Battle Munro, “Australia’s Kelsey of Beersheba?”

9 10 5 into the relations. The future of that relationship that of future The relations. the into factors. First, Australian political parties must take heed to act rationally in their foreign policy approaches to the Israel-Pa statements, evidence-based calculated, making means the assessing without events current to respond to concerte a make must Israel part, its For rhetoric. and allies power middle several of one from status support rhetorical with itself content than rather focus shifts more and more toward the Asia-Paciﬁc region, Israel can no longer keep Australia on its periphery and expect i initiat tangible in more invest parties both Unless of closer cooperation will slip away with the passage time. Notes 1 6 2 7 8 3 4

ABC The IONS , January 3, 2018, , January2018, 3, , October 25, 2004, , November 23, 2016, , November 23, 2016, The Age The Guardian The The Guardian The July 31, 2017, https://ab.co/2GfryPM. 2017, July 31, , August 31, 2016, https://bit.ly/2ISqv5Y; David https://bit.ly/2ISqv5Y; 2016, 31, August , , October 25, 2014, https://bit.ly/2pAlZkU. https://bit.ly/2pAlZkU. , October 25, 2014, https://bit.ly/2pJT8dH.

Public Affairs, October 15, 2006, http://jcpa.org/ Public Affairs, October 15, ABC News, | BEYOND BEER SHEVA: ASSESSING AUSTRALIAISRAEL RELAT The Guardian , February 2, 2012, https://theconversation.com/australia-israel- 2, 2012, , February OTEM NUSEM

The Jewish Population of Australia: Key Finding from the 2011 Census Finding from the 2011 of Australia: Key The Jewish Population May 2, 2000, May 2,

, November 30, 2015, https://ab.co/2k4bfGu. , November 30, 2015, Nick Evershed, Ri Liu, and Anna Livsey, “Are you Reflected in New Reflected you the “Are Ri and Anna Liu, Livsey, Nick Evershed, David Slucki, “Australia, Israel and the Politics of the Diaspora,” of the Diaspora,” Israel and the Politics David Slucki, “Australia, Conversation and-the-politics-of-diaspora-4911. http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/24/1098556291677.html. Barry Cohen, “The Anti-Semitic Labor Party,” Barry Cohen, “The Anti-Semitic Labor Party,” Stephen Dziedzic, “Palestine-Israel: Why does New South Wales ALP Care does New South Wales Why Stephen Dziedzic, “Palestine-Israel: this Dispute?” about Parliament?” Parliament?” Senator Robert Ray, “Australian Parliament Questions without Notice: Parliament “Australian Senator Robert Ray, Commonwealth of Australia Parliamentary Debates, House ofHouseDebates, Australia Parliamentary of Commonwealth Australia, of Hansard, Representatives Parliament Official Canberra: p. 367. 1987, 19, February Commonwealth of Australia Parliamentary Debates, House ofHouseDebates, Australia Parliamentary of Commonwealth Australia, of Hansard, Representatives Parliament Official Canberra: p. 364. 1987, 19, February Tony Walker, “Arab-Australian Business Leaders Call for Balance,” Business Leaders Call for Balance,” “Arab-Australian Walker, Tony Review Australian Financial article/the-jewish-community-of-australia-and-its-challenges/. Evershed, Liu, and https://bit.ly/2G3GUqF; ABS, June 28, 2017, Summary,” you Reflected in the New Parliament.” “Are Livsey, Katharine Murphy, “Peter Dutton’s Comments on Lebanese Migrants “Peter Murphy, Katharine ‘Outrageous,’ Says Fraser Minister,” Justine Kearney and Mohamed Taha, “Sydney Muslims Experience and Mohamed Taha, Justine Kearney Discrimination at Three Times the Rate of Other Australians: Study,” News https://bit.ly/2I4QA0J; Paul Karp, “Peter Dutton Says Victorians Scared to “Peter Karp, Paul https://bit.ly/2I4QA0J; Gang Violence,’” ‘African Because of OutGo Jeremy Jones AM, “The Jewish Community of Australia and Its Challenges,” Jeremy Jones AM, “The Jewish Community of Australia and Its Challenges,” forJerusalem Center Christian Kerr and Tess Akerman, “Julie Bishop Calls for Bill Akerman, Shorten to Tess and Christian Kerr Board JewishDeputies,of South Wales New Stop Israel Visits,” on ALP Ban https://bit.ly/2uj84o6. January 28, 2016, (Melbourne: Monash University Press, 2014), p. 7. Press, 2014), (Melbourne: Monash University “Jerusalem, Israel, 2 May 2000: John transcript of2 May Israel, Prime Minister ‘The“Jerusalem, Hon Australia of King David Hotel,’” Parliament Conference at Howard MP Press website, Israel: Palestine Liberation Organization Terrorist Organization,” Hansard, Organization,” OrganizationLiberation Terrorist Palestine Israel: https://bit.ly/2I4fU6V. 1990, June 1, Graham, https://bit.ly/2DFVVJi.

19 18 17 16 13 12 11 21 21 Census Data Australian Bureau of Statistics, “Religion in Australia: 2016 22 24 23 20 15 14 , , March, ABC -prime- ASPI https://bit.

The Interpreter The IONS October 29, 2017, https:// October 29, 2017,

, https://www.timesoﬁsrael.com/

, November 23, 2016, http://www.abc. , November 23, 2016, ABC News ABC News , February 24,2017, February , | BEYOND BEER SHEVA: ASSESSING AUSTRALIAISRAEL RELAT https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/israel-has-

OTEM NUSEM https://www.aspi.org.au/opinion/synergies-stake-better-ties-israel. https://www.aspi.org.au/opinion/synergies-stake-better-ties-israel. Times Israel of

October 31, 2017, https://ab.co/2E0HUFX. 2017, October 31, media/joint-press-statement-his-excellency-benjamin-netanyahu “Transcript: Joint Press Statement with His Excellency Benjamin Netanyahu, Benjamin Excellency His with Statement Press Joint “Transcript: of Prime Minister of Australia Website ofPrime MinisterState Israel,” of the https://www.pm.gov.au/ 2017, 31, October MP, Turnbull Malcolm the Hon meeting-pm-australia-labor-head-pushes-palestinian-state/. meeting-pm-australia-labor-head-pushes-palestinian-state/. neglected-australia-too-long. Bergin, “Benjamin Netanyahu’s Visit is a Chance for Australia to Forge Australia Chancefor Forge to Bergin, Visit is Netanyahu’s a “Benjamin StrongerTies with Israel.” Stoltz, “Israel has Neglected Australia for too Long.” “Transcript – Joint Press Conference with His Excellency Benjamin with His Excellency Press Conference – Joint “Transcript Prime ofMinister Website Israel,” State of Prime Minister ofNetanyahu the 22,2017, February MP, Australia the Hon of Malcolm Turnbull ly/2G9jImN. Pushes Palestinian Labor Head Australia Staff, “Meeting PM, and TOI AP State,” William Stoltz, “Israel has Neglected Australia for too Long,” Australia for too Neglected Long,” “Israel has Stoltz, William visit-chance-australia-forge-stronger-ties-israel. visit-chance-australia-forge-stronger-ties-israel. February 21, 2017, 21, February Henry Receive Death Threats after Belot, “Labor MP Anne Aly and Family Dutton Comments,” Peter 3, 2017, “Media Release: Prime Minister Netanyahu’s Visit to Australia,” “Media Australia,” toPrime Minister Netanyahu’s Visit Release: MP, Hon Malcolm Turnbull of Prime Minister of Australia the Website https://www.pm.gov.au/media/prime-minister- 20,2017, February netanyahu%E2%80%99s-visit-australia. “Media Release: Visit to Israel and the Palestinian Territories Media Territories “Media Israel and the Palestinian to Visit Release: Hon Malcolm Turnbull Australia ofPrime Minister of the Website Release,” https://www.pm.gov.au/media/visit-israel-and- 2017, 2, November MP, palestinian-territories. Anthony Bergin, “Synergies at Stake in Better Ties with Israel,” Better Ties Anthony Stake inat with Israel,” Bergin, “Synergies net.au/news/2016-11-23/anne-aly-and-family-receive-death-threats/8050496. News, Visit is a Chance Bergin, “Benjamin Netanyahu’s for Australia Anthony Institute, Australian Strategic Policy with Israel,” Stronger Ties Forge to https://www.aspi.org.au/opinion/benjamin-netanyahus- 2017, 21, February ab.co/2E0uvhe. Ibid. Strong Lauds and Sophie McNeill, “Malcolm Turnbull Philip Williams Relationship with Israel after Meeting Benjamin Netanyahu,” minister-state-israel. Israel Trip Defends PM Malcolm Turnbull’s Sophie McNeill, “Dan Tehan Delay Amid Citizenship Fallout,”

31 37 38 29 30 36 25 26 27 28 35 33 34 32