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UDC 549 (1)

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF TYPE LOCALITIES Alexander A. Evseev Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, email: [email protected]

An inventory of mineral type localities at which more than three new mineral species were discovered (nearly 200 sites over the world) has been compiled. Their geographical locations have been refined (the coordinates are presented) using the multimedia Microsoft Encarta2001 World Atlas. Examples of the earliest (regarding the year of the publication) and last finds of new minerals are presented for each of the type localities. These data can be used for expansion of museum collections at the expense of additions of type specimens.

The place of discovery, or the type locality preceding a TL name is the number of new (TL), is obligatorily specified in publications on species discovered here; the data borrowed new minerals. However, the geographical loca- from the work by Pekov (2000) are asterisked. tion is commonly the least precise characteris- For each TL, examples of finds of new minerals tic in the descriptions of the finds. The geo- are provided from among the first (the year of graphical location of the finds determines their the publication is specified) and last ones. In scientific and collectional value and, therefore, addition to the type locality proper, the inven- it is of particular importance for large tory includes some districts 10–40 km across, worldclass museums that are interesting in if they incorporate several TL. It is obvious that standards of new minerals with their TL. comparing the objects in the number of new The interest to the type localities has begun species and in the mineral diversity, it is impor- to increase from the 1960s. For example, com- tant to take into account their sizes and sur- prehensive reviews of new minerals were roundings, since finds derived from type local- already present in summaries on mineralogy of ities different in name (or with different geo- Colorado (Eckel, 1961), Japan (Introduction..., graphical locations) can belong to one and the 1970), and other regions. In 1970, Embrey and same ore district, massif, and formation, or can Hey were the first to consider in detail the con- be located very nearly to each other. cept of type specimens (Embrey and Hey, In this respect, it is useful to compile maps of 1970). In the 1990s, the international project regions (or countries), showing the TL location was already being realized on compilation of (see below). However, this problem is difficult the Catalogue of Type Mineral Specimens to solve using ordinary geographical atlases, (CTMS); its parts were the work on Zair pub- maps 1:500000, and referencebooks on miner- lished in 1995 by M. Deliens and H.A. Stalder al deposits, since even many famous mineral and others. A preliminary inventory including type localities (Langban, Lengenbach, Ilima - reliable new mineral species etc. from the ussaq, etc.) are missing from them. The use of United States (arranged by the states) was com- the Encarta2001 World Atlas that contains piled by 1993 by V.T. King (remained unpub- 1.8 mil lions of geographical names facilitates lished). In 1998, Pekov published a summary the work, although the problem is not com- on new minerals from the former Soviet Union, pletely removed. Thus, the atlas does not con- the most comprehensive work among publica- tain some names (for example, Ilmeny = Ilme- tions on this subject. The first referencebook nskiye Mountains); on the other hand, it conta- where an effort was made to specify the TL for ins many names identical to each other, which each mineral species was probably the work by hampers the search. Nickel and Nichols (1991). The number of TL Thus, the name Panasqueira, Portugal, that mentioned in this referencebook exceeds is often encountered in mineralogical litera- 1500. Using the summaries by Nickel and ture, is repeated 7 times in Encarta2001. The Nichols, Pekov, and Mandarino (1997), as well sa me is true for Antisirabe, Madagascar (15 ti - as other works, I have compiled the present mes); Mooihoek, South Africa (6 times); and inventory of type localities where more than SareSang, Afghanistan (7 times, none of them three new mineral species were discovered being coincident with the famous lazurite (data are as of the late 1990s). deposit). The same problems persist with This inventory includes about 200 TL for respect to finds of new minerals, made in the which the geographical coordinates are pre- last few years. The TL of esperanzaite (the year sented with the use of the multimedia Mic- 2000) is La Esperanza, Durango, Mexico; but rosoft Encarta2001 World Atlas. The figures the atlas refers to three populated localities La #13a_evseev_en_0802:#13a_evseev_en_0802.qxd 21.05.2009 20:41 Page 114

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Esperanza in this state. The TL of onite (1998), 9 – Barberton district \(25°48`S, 31°03`E), famous Tunaberg, is absent from the atlas, but Transvaal, South Africa \\1921trevorite there exists another point under the same (Bon Accord 282 JU);…1978nichromite name here. The TL of damiaoite (1997) is «the (Bon Accord 282 JU) village of Damiao, 270 km apart from Beijing»; 4 – Bastnas \Riddarhyttan (59°49`N, 15°33`E), the atlas refers to 6 villages under this name in Vastmanland, Sweden \\1841bastna- this region of China, but none of them is situat- site(Ce);…1921tornebohmite(Ce) (toe ed at the distance specified above. Another rnebo h mite(Ce)) problem is related to an existence of different 4 – Baveno \(45°55`N, 8°30`E), Piemonte, Italy versions (including distorted ones) of Russian \\* 1901bavenite; 1998scandio babin gto ni te transcriptions for geographical names of for- 12 – Bayan Obo = Bayin Obo \(41°46`N, eign localities (for example, for the Italian 109°58`E), Inner Mongolia, China names Leviglinani, Cetino, and Cerchiara). \\1959bafertisite;…1987baiyneboite(Ce) Incidentally, the name Cercharia is contained 10 – Bellerberg q. \SE of Ettringen, 2 km N of in Encarta2001, but the locality it specifies is Mayen (50°19`N, 7°13`E), Laacher See not the place where caoxite and mozartite were Area, Eifel, Germany \\1874ettringite; discovered. …1983eif e lite; 1999schaferite The correctness of the names and locations 4 – Bergen \(50°28`N, 12°16`E), 7 km W of is an individual issue (Evseev, 2000). Renamed Falkenstein, Saxony, Germany TL, different TL under the same name, different \\1877Uranocircite ;…1984Bergenite spelling versions of the names, and dissimilar 4 – Big Chief m. \[~5 km SE of] Keystone approaches to the location – all these compli- (43°53`N, 103°25`W), Pennington Co., So - cations make serious problems for many muse- uth Dakota, USA \\1974perlof- ums, collections, and publications. Signi fica - fite;…1984sinka nkasite nce of these problems can be estimated on the 8 – Big Creek and Rush Creek area \~8 km NE example of the inventory of 200 principal TL of Trimmer (36°54`N, 119°17 `W), Fresno which comprise only a share of a percent of the Co., , USA \\1965fresnoite; total number of mineral localities. …2001 kampfite 4 – Big Fish River \(68°28`N, 136°30`W), Yukon, Canada \\1977maricite;… 1981wic ksi te Principal mineral type localities 9 – Big Fish River and Rapid Creek (see below) (area) \Yukon, Canada \\1976bari ci te; Abbreviations: …1986rapidcreekite (Dst.) district, area; 30 – Binntal = Binnental = Val di Binn \E of (Co.) county; Binn (46°22`N, 8°10`E), Valais (= Wallis), (m.) mine; Switzerland (finds in area 6 х 6 km, includ- (Mf.) massif; ing Cherbadung (= Pizzo Cervandone, (Q.) quarry; Italy)) \\1845dufrenoysite;…1994fetiasite (N) north, northern latitude; (Gorb); 1998graeserite(Monte Leone thrust) (S) south, southern latitude; 5 – Bisbee \(31°26`N, 109°55`W) (area), Co - (W) west, western longitude; chise Co., , USA \\1891paramela- (E) east, eastern longitude. conite;…1983henryite 22 – Black Hills \ (area 160 х 88 km); pegma- 9 – Alsar \5 km NE from Rozden (41°11`N, 21° tites of area of Custer (43°46`N, 103°36`W) 57`E), F.Y.R.O. Macedonia \\1894loran- and Keystone (43°53`N, 103°25`W); Pen- dite;…1989bernardite; 1994dorallcharite nin gton\ Custer Co., South Dakota, USA 5 – Baia Sprie \ (47°39`N, 23°40`E), Romania \\1891griphite;…1989para robertsite \\1853felsobanyaite (fel- 7 – Bon Accord \15 km NE from Barberton sobanyite);…1929klebelsbergite (25°48`S, 31°03`E) Distr., Transvaal, South 5 – Baita Bihorului \[=Baita: 46°29`N, 22°34`E], Africa \\1921trevorite;…1978nichromite Romania \\1861szaibelyite; …1985 5 – Bou Azzer \(30°31`N, 6°54`W), Morocco padera ite; 1994makovickyite \\1956smolianinovite;…1987wendwilso ni te 5 – Bambolla m. \Moctezuma (29°48`N, 9 – Branchville \ about 6 km E of Redding 109°41`W), Sonora, Mexico \\1972bam- (41°18`N, 73°23`W, Fairfield Co., Connec ti - bollaite;…1989cervelleite c ut, USA \\1878eosphorite;…1880eucryp ti te 7 – Bambollita (=La Oriental) m. \Mocte - 12 – Broken Hill \(31°58`S, 141°28`E), New zuma (29°48`N, 109°41`W), Sonora, Mexi- South Wales, Australia \\1892marshi te; co \\1973 ;…1979 …1992 segnitite; Sutherland F.L., 2000 #13a_evseev_en_0802:#13a_evseev_en_0802.qxd 21.05.2009 20:41 Page 115

Geographical Location of Mineral Type Localities 115 Basic type localities of Kola Peninsula, Russia

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5 – Buca della Vena m. \Stazzema (43°59`N, 9 – Death Valley \(area ~130 х 15 km), Inyo 10°18`E), Tuscany, Italy \\1979apuani te; Co., California, USA \\1883colemanite …1997dessauite; 1999scainiite (Furnace Creek, 512 km NW of Ryan 4 – Bultfontein m. \Kimberley (28°43`N, (36°19`N, 116°40`W);…1970wardsmithite 24°45`W) area (SE), South Africa (Ha r d scrable Claim, Furnace Creek) \\1932bul tfonteinite;… 1989hawthorneite 7 – Elba Island \(central part:~ 42°47`N, 4 – Candoglia \Val di Toce, ~2 km NE of Orna- 10°15`E), Italy \\1811ilvaite (Rio Mari- vasso (45°58`N, 8°24`E), Piemonte, Italy na);… 1957bonattite \\1905paracelsian;…1984titantaramellite 9 – Ettringer – Bellerberg, 2 km N of Mayen 11 – Cap Garonne \Le Pradet (43°06`N, (50°19`N, 7°13`E), Laacher See area, Eifel, 6°01`E), Var, France \\1910cuproadami te; Ge rmany \\1964mayenite;…1997ternesi te …1997pushcharovskite 6 – Falun \(60°36`N, 15°38`E), Kopparberg, 4? – Carleton m. \Chester (43°16 `N, 72°36`W), Swe den \\1828botryo- Windsor Co., Vermont, USA gen;…1980nordstromite \\1977jimtho mpsonite;…1977chesterite 9 – Foot Mineral Company m. \2 km SW of 5 – Carlin m. (Au) \~15 km NW of Carlin Kings Mountain (35°14`N, 81°20`W), Cle - (40°43`N, 116°06`W), Eureka Co., Nevada, veland Co., North Carolina, USA USA \\1974frankdicksonite;… 1979elli si te \\1967swi tze rite;…1990lithiomarsturite 4 – Cerny Dul \(50°37`N, 15°42`E), Krkonose, 8 – Francon q. \St. Michel Distr. (~46°31`N, Czech Republic 73°35`W), Montreal Island, Quebec, Ca- \\1958koutekite;…1979kuti naite nada \\1968weloganite;…1990voggite 5 – Cetine di Cotorniano \Rosia (43°15`N, 45* – Franklin \(41°07`N, 74°35`W), Sussex 11°12`E), ~10 km SW of Siena, Tuscany, Co., New Jersey, USA \\1819franklinite; Ita ly \\1968onora- …1992franklinphilite toite;…1999clinocervantite 65* – Franklin (area) \(41°07`N, 74°35`W), 4 – Christmas m. (Cu) \(33°03`N, 110°44`W), 7 Sussex Co., New Jersey, USA \\1814zinc - km NE of Hayden, Gila Co., Arizona, USA ite; 1819franklinite;…1994samfowlerite \\1976junitoite;…1980apachite 10 – Franklin Furnace, Franklin (41°07`N, 12 – Chuquicamata \(22°18`S, 68°55`W), 15 km 74°35`W), Sussex Co., New Jersey, USA N of Calama, Antofagasta, Chile \\1830willemite;…1928larsenite \\1908natrochalcite;…1986obradovicite 43 – Franklin m., Franklin (41°07`N, 74°35`W), 14 – Clara m. \8 km NW of Wittichen (48°19`N, Sussex Co., New Jersey, USA \\1814zinci - 8°20`E), Schwarzwald (=Black Forest), te; … 1994samfowlerite Germany \\1966bariumpharmacosideri - 4 – Fredriksvarn = Stavern (59°00`N, 10°02`E), te; …1984cualstibite; 1993arsenogorceixite Vestfold, Norway \\1826pyrochlore; 6 – Clay Canyon \~2 km W of Fairfield 1852meli phanite (40°16`N, 112°06`W), Utah Co., Utah, USA 12 – Freiberg and area \ (50°54`N, 13°20`E), \\1896wardite;…1940montgomeryite Erzgebirge, Saxony, Germany \\1829po - 7 – Clear Creek claim \(36°23`N, 120°46`W), lybasite (Neuer Morgenstern 10 km SW of Idria, San Benito Co., Cal ifo - m.);…1963arsenpolybasite (Neuer rnia, USA Morgenstern m.) \\1990edgarbaileyite;…1997ha nawa lti te 7 – Fuka m., = Bicchu = Bitchu (34°46`N, 6 – Cobalt (area) \(47°23`N, 79°40`W) (area), 133°26`E), Okayama Pref., Japan Ontario, Canada \\1924ferrisymplesite \\1973bicchulite;…1992clinotobermorite (Hu d son Bay m.);…1972larosite (Foster m.) 7 – Furnace Creek, Furnace Creek Wash 4 – Colquechaca (area) \(18°39`S, 66°01`W) (~36°23`N, 116°44`W), 512 km NW of Ryan (area), Potosi, Bolivia \\1926penrose- (36°19`N, 116°40`W), Death Valley, Inyo ite;…1978mandarinoite (both pacajake) Co., California, USA \\1883colemanite; 7 – Copiapo (mining disrict) \(27°21`S, 70°20 `W) …1965mcallisterite = (area), Atacama, Chile \\1833copiapi- 5 – Gabe Gottes vein \ Ste.MarieauxMines te; …1933amarillite (48°14`N, 7°10`E), Alsace, France 4 – Coyote Peak \SW of Orick (41°17`N, \\1964rauenthalite;…1982phaunouxite) 124°03`W), Humboldt Co., California, USA 4 – Gambatesa m., Reppia (44°22`N, 9°26`E), \\1980erdite;…1983coyoteite Val Graveglia, Liguria, Italy \\1979sane - 8 – Crestmore q., \8 km NW of Riverside roi te;…1992reppiaite; 1994vanadoma- (33°59`N, 117°22`W), Riverside Co., Ca - layaite lifo rnia, USA \\1917river- 5 – Good Hope m., Vulcan (38°20`N, sideite;…1966jennite 107°00`W), Gunnison Co., Colorado, USA #13a_evseev_en_0802:#13a_evseev_en_0802.qxd 21.05.2009 20:41 Page 117

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\\1903rickardite;…1986cameronite Hautes Alpes, France \\1970pierroti te; 4 – Grand Central m., Tombstone (31°43`N, …1981chabourneite 110°04`W), 30 km NNE of Bisbee, Cochise 5 – Jo Dandy m. \~10 km SE of Paradox Co., Arizona, USA \\1979girdite;…1979 (38°22`N, 108°57`W), Paradox Valley, Mo- winstanleyite n trose Co., Colorado, USA \\1914meta- 4 – Grand Reef m., Aravaipa (32°57`N, hewettite;…1970metadelrioite 110°21`W) district, near Klondyke (32°50` N , 7 – Johanngeorgenstadt \(50°25`N, 12°44`E), 110°19`W), Graham Co., Arizona, USA Erzgebirge, Saxony, Germany \\1855em - \\1989 aravaipaite;…1989grandreefite p lectite; …2000paganoite 8 – Green River Formation \ (finds in area 4 – Kamoto East m. \[~5 km] S of Musonoi (wide of this area is up to 170 km): 1) Duc - (10°40`N, 25°25`E), Shaba,Congo (DRC) hesne Co. and Uintah Co., Utah, USA 2) \\1986kamotoite(Y);…1990astrocyanite(Се) Swe etwater Co., Wyoming, USA 7 – Kangerdluarsuk \~15 km N of Julianehab \\1954eitelite (Duchesne Co., (60°43`N, 45°52`W), Ilimaussaq, Greenland Utah);…1978abelsonite (Ui n tah Co., Utah) (SW) \\1819eudialyte;…1967tundrite(Nd) 4 – Guanajuato \ (21°01`N, 101°16`W), mining 6 – Kank \(49°58`N, 15°17`E), 3 km NE of district (area 200 sq. km), Guanajuato (sta - Kutna Hora, Czech Republic \\1901kut- te), Mexico \\1873guanajuatite (Santa nohorite;…1999parascorodite Ca ta rina m.);…; [1963antimonpearceite] 7 – Kasolo \ (11°03`S, 26°32`E), 5 km SW of 15 – Hagendorf \(49°38`N, 12°27`E), 3 km NW Shinkolobwe, Shaba, Congo (DRC) of Waidhaus, Oberpfalz, Bavaria, Germany \\1921 curite;…1923schoepite \\1920phosphophyllite;…1988lehnerite 4 – Keweenaw peninsula \ (80—100 х 20–25 km), 11 – Harstigen = Harstigsgrufvan \ [~3 km NE NE of Houghton (47°06`N, 88°32`W), Lake of] Persberg (59°45`N, 14°14 `E), Varmland, Superior, Michigan, USA \\1925pumpel- Sweden \\1865monimolite;…1891svabite lyite (Mg); 1963anthonyite and ca lu - 5 – Hatrurim \ W of Dead Sea (NW point: metite (Centennial m. , Calumet: 47°14`N, 31°46`N, 35°30`E), Israel \\1928bayerite; 88°27`W); 1979macfallite (Copper Harbor) …1985ye`elimite 4 – Keystone m. \Magnolia Distr. , 9 km SW of 4 – Hillside m. \ (34°25`N, 112°54`W), Bagdad, Boulder (40°01`N, 105°16`W), Boulder Co., Yavapai Co., Arizona, USA \\1951ander- Colorado, USA \\1877col- sonite;…1976zinczippeite oradoite;…1988key stoneite 4 – Himmelsfurst m. \8 km SSW of Freiberg 14 – Kobokobo \(3°05`N, 28°08`E), Shaba, Congo (50°54`N, 13°20`E), Erzgebirge, Saxony, (DRC) \\1958lusungite;…1987alt hu pite Ger many \\1840xantho- 7 – Kombat \ (19°42`N, 17°42`E), ~50 km S of conite;…1909jordisite Tsumeb, Namibia \\1986kombatite;…1990 25* – Ilimaussaq \(central part ~60°55`N, damaraite 45°52`W), ~25 km NNE of Julianehab 5 – Kuusamo \ (65°57`N, 29°10`E), Finland (60°43`N, 45°52`W), Greenland (SW) \\1964wilkmanite;…1964trustedtite \\1819 eudia- 68* – Langban \ (59°51`N, 14°15`E), 15 km lyte(Kangerdluarsuk);…1989nacareniobsit NNE of Filipstad, Varmland, Sweden e(Ce) \\1830hedyphane;…1998philolithite 4 – Iquique \(20°13`S, 70°09`W) and area, Tara - 101 – Langban \(59°51`N, 14°15`E) area pa ca, Chile \\1850ulexite;…1986iqu iq u ei te (Harstigen, Nordmarken, Jakobsberg and 4 – Itabira \(19°37`S, 43°13`W), Minas Gerais, others), Varmland, Sweden \\1808pyros- Brazil \\1955arsenopalladinite;…1977pa - malite;…1998philolithite l ladseite 23* – Langesundfjord \~5–10 km SE of Brevik 18* – Ivigtut \(61°12`N, 48°10`W), Greenland (59°04`N, 9°41`E), Norway (S) \\1829thor- (SW) \\1799cryolite;…1997jorgensenite ite (Lovo (=Laven) Isl.);…1890hambergite 8 – Izalco volcano \ (13°49`N, 89°38`W), El (He lge raen) Salvador \\1979stoiberite;…1988howar - 6 – Larderello \(43°14`N, 10°52`E), Tuscany, devansite Italy \\1854larderellite;…1970santite 24* – Jachymov \(50°21`N, 12°55`E), Czech Re - 16* – Lavrion = Laurium \(37°42`N, 24°03`E), public \\1727uraninite;…1996jachymovite Greece \\1881ser- 6 – Jakobsberg \S of Nordmark (59°49`N, pierite;…1998niedermayrite; 2000zinc- 14°06`E), Varmland, Sweden \\1869jacob- woodwardite site;…1993lindqvistite 7 – Leadhills \(55°24`N, 3°45`W), Scotland, 4 – Jas Roux m. \(~44°49`N, 6°18`E), 12 km Great Britain \\1832cale- SSW of Mont Pelvoux (44°55`N, 6°21`E), donite;…1987mat t heddleite #13a_evseev_en_0802:#13a_evseev_en_0802.qxd 21.05.2009 20:41 Page 118

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25* – Lengenbach \(~46°21`N, 8°21`E), Binntal, \\1957francevillite;…1971bariandite Valais, Switzerland \\1845dufrenoysite; 7 – Musonoi m. \(10°42`S, 25°23`E), W of …1997jentschite Kolwezi (10°41`S, 25°39`E), Shaba, Co - 5 – Little Green Monster m. \Clay Canyon ngo (DRC) \\1965guillemi- (40°16`N, 112°07`W), 2 km W of Fairfield, nite;…1971 Utah Co., Utah, USA \\1930englishite; 10 – Musonoi m. – Kolwezi m. (area) \ …1940montgomeryite (10°42`S, 25°23`E) (~10°44`S, 25°27`E), W of 5 – Llallagua \(18°25`S, 66°38`W), Potosi, Kolwezi (10°41`S, 25°39`E), Shaba Congo Bolivia \\1922vauxite (Siglo XX m.); (DRC) \\1965 (Musonoi m.); …1982jeanbandyite …1990astrocyanite(Се) (KamotoEast pit) 7 – Loven (= Laven =Lovo) Isl. \ ~5 km E of La- 15 – Narssarssuk = Narsarsuk = Narsarsuaq, ngesund (59°00`N, 9°44`E), Langesundfj ord, ma ssif \~15 km SSE of Narsarsuaq Norway (S) \\1829thorite;…1885lavenite (61°09`N, 45°25`W) or 10 km NE of Igaliko 8 – Madoc \ (44°30`N, 77°28`W), 45 km NE of = Igaliku (60°59`N, 45°26`W), Greenland Hastings, Ontario, Canada \\1967veenite; (SW) \\1893neptu- …1967madocite nite;…1897lorenzenite;…1953rontgenite( 4 – Magadi (Lake Magadi) \W of Magadi Се) (1°53`S, 36°18`E), Kenya \\1909uhligite; 8 – Nordmarken = Nordmark \ (59°49`N, …1970makatite 14°06`E), Varmland, Sweden \\1808pyros- 8 – Mammoth – St. Anthony m. \(32°43`N, malite (Bjelkes Grufvan); 1835safflorite; 110°37`W), Tiger, Pinal Co., Arizona, USA …1917katoptrite \\1950wherryite;…1989pinalite >100 Nordmark area \(Brattfors (20 km S of 6 – Menzenschwand \ (47°49`N, 8°04`E), Nordmark), Harstigen, Jakobsberg, Lang - Schwarzwald, Germany \\1976joliotite; ban (8 km ENE of Nordmark), Moss and …1985uranotungstite other, Varmland, Sweden \\1808pyros- 4 – Merume River \[compare – Merume malite (Bjelkes Grufvan);…1998philolithite Mou ntains, Mazaruni River and Potaro (Lang ban) River (sources: 5°16`N, 59°50`W), Guyana 5 – Ojuela m. \Mapimi (25°50`N, 103°50`W), \\1967 guyanaite;…1976mcconnellite Durango, Mexico \\1956paradamite; 8 – Minasragra \ ~35 km SW of Cerro de Pasco …1983 lo tharmeyerite (Mapimi) (10°41`N, 76°15`W), Pasco, Peru 4 – Pacajake \Colquechaca (18°39`S, 66°01`W), \\1906pat ro nite;…1994fernandinite bolivia \\1926penroseite; …1978 mandari- 23 – Moctezuma (area) \(29°48`N, 109°41`W), noite Sonora, Mexico \\ 1960paratellurite; 4 – Pala District \ (Stewart m. and others), Pala …1989 cervelleite (33°21`N, 117°04`W), San Diego Co., Cali- 7 – Moctezuma m. \[22 km] S of Moctezuma fornia, USA \\1912sicklerite (Vanderberg (29°48`N, 109°41`W), Sonora, Mexico \\ m.); 1912stewartite (Stewart 1961;…1979burckhardtite m.)…1978jahnsite(MnMnMn) (Stewart 4 – Molinello \9 km NE of Lavagna (44°21`N, m.) 9°27`E), Val Graveglia, Liguria, Italy 8 – Pala District – Mesa Grande District – \\1980tiragalloite;…1990strontiopiemontite Ramona District \(33°21`N, 117°04`W) 41 – Mont Saint Hilaire (area) \near Mont (33°10`N, 116°46`W) (33°02`N, 116°52`W) Saint Hilaire (45°31`N, 73°09`W) (area), ( ~ 40 x 20 km), San Diego Co. , Ca li fornia, 32 km ENE of Montreal, Quebec, Canada USA \\1912sicklerite (Vanderberg m.); \\1967 lemoynite;…1999khomyakovite; 1915stibiocolumbite (Himalaya m.); 2001natrolemoynite …1991boromuscovite1М (Lit tle Three m.) 17 – Monte Somma \Vesuvius (40°49`N, 14°25`E), 10 – Palermo #1 m. (pegmatite) \1.6 km SW of near Naples, Campania, Italy \\1795vesu- North Groton (43°45`N, 71°52`W), Graf ton vianite; 1800nepheline;…1990 montesom- Co., New Hampshire, USA \\1940whitlock- maite ite;…1977schoonerite; 1984sin kankasite 5 – Moschellandsberg \1km E of Obermoschel 4 – Panasqueira \ (40°09`N, 7°45`W), 23 km W (49°43`N, 7°46`E), RheinlandPfalz, Germa - of Fundao, Portugal \\1966berndtite4H; ny \\1972schachnerite;…1992belendorffite …1979panasqueiraite 4 – Moss m. \near Nordmark (59°49`N, 9 – Paradox Valley \ (~40 x 15 km ), SE of Pa- 14°06`E), Sweden \\1884allac- ra dox (38°22`N, 108°57`W), Montrose Co., tite;…1884syn adelphite Colorado, USA \\1914metahewettite (Jo Da- 9 – Mounana \(1°26 `S, 13°09`E), (U) deposit, n dy Claim);…1962hendersonite (J. J. mi ne) 55 km NW of Franceville, Gabon 4 – Pitigliano \ (42°37`N, 11°39`E), Grosseto, #13a_evseev_en_0802:#13a_evseev_en_0802.qxd 21.05.2009 20:41 Page 119

Geographical Location of Mineral Type Localities 119 Basic type localities of NE United States and adjacent area Canada

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Tuscany, Italy \\1977tuscan- 5 – Stassfurt \ (51°51`N, 11°35`E), Sachsen (= ite;…1991pitiglianoite Sa xony)Anhalt, Germany \\1856carnal- >10 – Poudrette q. \Mont Saint Hilaire lite; …1884pinnoite (45°31`N, 73°09`W), Quebec, Canada 8 – Ste.MarieauxMines \ (48°14`N, 7°10`E), \\1989 griceite;…2001micheelsenite Alsace, France \\1941dervillite;…1984vil - 5 – Pribram \ (49°41`N, 14°00`E), Czech Rep ub - ly aellenite lic \\1820cronstedtite;…1990znucalite 22* – Sterling Hill \ Ogdensburg (41°05`N, (Lill mine) 74°35`W), Sussex Co., New Jersey, USA 6 – Rapid Creek \(point A: 68°33`N, 136°47`W; \\1823tephroite;…1987parabrandtite point B: 68°31`N, 136°57`W), Yukon, Ca - 19 – Sterling m., Sterling Hill, Ogdensburg nada \\1976baricite;…1986rapidcreekite (41°05`N, 74°35`W), Sussex Co., New Je - 5 – Richelsdorf \ (~50°58`N, 10°00`E), Hessen, rsey, USA \\1823tephroite;…1987wen- Germany \\1819picropharmacolite; …1985 dwilsonite simomkolleite 5 – Stillwater Complex \ ~40 km across 8 – Sacaramb = Sacarimb = Nagyag (former) NW (~45°30`N, 110°15`W), Montana, USA \ (44°57`N, 23°03`E), Romania \\ 1835syl- \\1974 rhodium;…1979telluropalladinite vanite;…1929fuloppite 7 – Sudbury \ (46°29`N, 81°00`W), area 60 х 30 4 – San Piero in Campo \ (42°54`N, 10°12`E), Elba, km, Ontario, Canada \\1889sperrylite Ita ly \\1846pollucite;…1993urano po lyc ra se (Vermillion 7 – Sapucaia \6 km SE of Sapucaia do Norte m.);…1980tellurohauchecornite (Strat - (18°50`S, 41°31`W), Minas Gerais, Brazil hcona m.) \\1949frondelite;…1958roscherite 5 – Tachgagalt = Tachguagalt \ (30°47`N, 6 – Scawt Hill \ near Larne (54°51`N, 5°50`W), 6°51`W), near Quarzazate, Morocco \\1963 Antrim Co., Northern Ireland, Great Bri- marokite;…1969henrytermierite tain \\1929scawtite;…1973ferrobustamite 4 – Tanco pegmatite m. \ (50°26`N, 95°27`W), 38* – Schneeberg \(50°36`N, 12°38`E), Erz- Bernic Lake, Manitoba, Canada gebirge, Saxony, Germany \\1786meta- \\1978cer nyite;…1992titanowodginite torbernite;…1998brendelite 8 – Taylor pit, Madoc \ (44°30`N, 77°28`W), 4 – Scotia Talc m. \ Bon Accord (~25°41`S, Hastings Co., Ontario, Canada \\1967ve - 31°10`E), 15 km NE of Barberton (25°48`S, enite;…1967twinnite 31°03`E), Transvaal, South Africa 9 – Temple Mountain (area) \ (38°41`N, \\1968ni mite;…1974bonaccordite 110°40`W), Emery Co., Utah, USA \\1914uv - 11 – Searles Lake \ (15 х 12 km), near Trona a ni te (Temple Rock);…2001ortominasra gri t e (35°45`N, 117°22`W), San Bernardino Co., 8 – Terlingua (area) \(29°19`N, 103°36`W), California, USA \\1878tincalconite; Brewster Co., Texas, USA \\1900terlin - 1885hanksite;… 1963galeite gua ite;…1974pinchite; 1981Coman chei te 4 – Shaheru (Mt. Shaheru) volcano \(~1°29`S, (Ma rip osa m.) 29°14`E), ~5 km N of Nyiragongo, 4 – Tincalayu \(25°07`S, 67°04`W), Salta, Arge- NordKivu, Congo (DRC) \\1957combe - ntina \\1957ezcurrite;…1974aristarainite ite; …1959delhayelite 10 – Tintic District \mining district (~ 10 х 36 – Shinkolobwe \ (11°02`S, 26°34`E), Shaba, 5 km) from Tintic Junction (39°55`N, Congo (DRC) 112°09`W), Juab Co. Dividend (39°57`N, \\1921curite;…1985gysinite(Nd); 112°03`W), Utah Co. , Utah, USA \\ 1986protasite 1916arse nobismite (Mammoth 9 – Sierra Gorda \ (22°53`S, 69°18`W) area m.);…1997utahite and juabite (Centennial (Caracoles [= Placilla de Caracoles: Eureka m.) 23°02`S, 69°00`W ] and others), Anto fa ga sta, 12 – Tip Top m. \8.5 km SW of Custer (43°46`N, Chile \\1888amarantite;…1999cha ngo i te 103°36`W), Custer Co., Black Hills, South 5 – Sjo m. = Sjo Grufvan \SE of Grythyttan Dakota, USA \\1974robertsite;…1992pa- (59°42`N, 14°32`E), Orebro, Sweden \\1888 ra fransoletite arseniopleite;…1986orebroite 11 – Tombstone area \(31°43`N, 110°04`W), 4 – Skipton Caves \ (37°41`S, 143°22`E), 45 km Cochise Co., Arizona, USA \\1885em- SW of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia monsite;…1980schieffelinite ( Joe m.) \\1878hannayite;…1887dittmarite 4 – Trogtal q. \ 1 km N of Lautenthal (51°52`N, 5 – Sophia m. \ (~48°20`N, 8°20`E ), 300 m 10°17`E), Harz, Germany \\1955trogtalite; WSW of Kloster Wittichen (Weiss,1990 ), …1957freboldite Schwarzwald, Germany \\1958metakah - 57* – Tsumeb \(19°14`S, 17°42`E), Namibia le ri te;…1998chadwickite \\1912tsumebite; #13a_evseev_en_0802:#13a_evseev_en_0802.qxd 21.05.2009 20:41 Page 121

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1920duftite;…1999wilhelmkleinite; Mid dle Siberia (S), Russia \\1980kuzne - 1999sidpietersite tsovite; …1989grechishchevite 7 – United Verde m. \near Jerome (34°45`N, 7 – Balasauskandyk (~44°32`N, 67°25`E), ~15 km 112°07`W), Yavapai Co., Arizona, USA NW of Aksumbe (44°27`N, 67°32`E), Kara - \\1885gerhardtite;…1959yavapaiite tau Range (NW), Kazakhstan \\1959alva- 4 – Utoe Isl. \(58°58 `N, 18°19`E), 30–40 km nite; …1989kazakhstanite SSE of Stockholm, Sweden \\1800petal- 7 – Berezovskoye deposit, Berezovskiy ite; [1800spodumene]…1978magnesioho - (56°54`N, 60°47`E), 14 km NE of Yekate rin - lmquistite burg, Middle Ural, Russia \\1766crocoi te; 5 – Vestana = Vestane = Westana m. \ (56°10`N, …1988cassedanneite 14°29`E), 1.5 km W of Nasum, Skane, 4 – Burpala massif, ~30 km NE from month Sweden \\1868augelite;…1868trol lei te Levaya Mama River ( ~56°14`N, 110°46`E), 60* – Vesuvius = Vesuvio \ (40°49`N, 14°25`E), Lake Baikal Region (N), Russia near Naples, Italy \\1791leucite; \\1964burpalite;…1969plumbobetafite 1795vesuvianite;…1988panunzite; 9 – VasinMyl`k, Voron`м tundry (~68°18`N, 1990montesommaite (Monte Somma) 35°32`E), Kola Peninsula, Russia 4 – Viitaniemi \ [63°08`N, 28°30`E], Finland \\1981alumotan- \\1954vayrynenite;…1983manganotapiolite tite;…1992manganosegelerite 5 – Vulcano Island \ (Island ~8 km across; vol- 4 – Vishnevye gory (mountains), near Vi sh - cano: 38°23`N, 14°58`E), Aeolian (= Eolie nevogorsk (56°00`N, 60°40`E), South Ural, = Lipari) Islands, N of Sicily, Italy Russia \\1931vish- \\1882hieratite;…2000mozgovaite nevite;…1993fluorrichterite (=fluororich- 6 – Weisser Hirsch m. \ Neustadtel, Sch ne - terite) eberg (50°36`N, 12°38`E), Erzgebirge, Sax - 11 – Voron`м tundry (~68°18`N, 35°32`E), ony, Germany \\1871walpurgite; ~13 km ENE of the mouth of the Uima 1871tro gerite River (68°15`N, 35°16`E), Kola Peninsula, (troegerite);…1983asselbornite Russia \\1957lithiophosphate (Okhmyl`k 8 – Wessels m. \(~27°04`S, 22°46`E), NW of Mount.); …1992 ma nganosegelerite Kuruman, Northern Cape, South Africa 9 – Vuonnemiok (Vuonnemiyok) river = \\1983sturmanite;…1996wesselsite (sources : ~67°39`N, 33°50`E), к NE of Kir - >3 – Wheal Gorland \~1 km N of St. Day ovsk (67°36`N, 33°40`E), Khibiny, Kola Pe- (50°14`N, 5°10`W), Cornwall, England, Gre - ni nsula, Russia \\1929fersmanite (the th - at Britain \\1787olivenite; 1823clinoclase ird Northern tributary);…1983Kos tylevite 7 – Wittichen \ (48°19`N, 8°20`E), Schwarzwald, 10 – Vuoriyarvi massif (~66°47`N, 30°10`E), Germany \\1800pharmacolite; …1853 wit- Karelia (NW), Murmansk Oblast’, Russia tichenite; 1989camgasite (Joh ann m.) \\1961carbocernaite;…1999tumchaite 24 – Wittichen (area) \ (48°19`N, 8°20`E) 13 – DaraiPioz = DaraPioz massif (~39°28`N, (Clara m., Sophia m. and others), Schwa - 70°42`E), ~20 km E from month of Zerav- rzwald, Germany \\1800pharmacolite; shan River, Alaiskii Range, Tadzhikistan …1998chadwickite (Sophia m.) \\1963ca lcybeborosilite(Y); 1967tien- 4 – Wo lfsberg \(51°32`N, 11°05`E), 8 km SW of shanite;…2000 kapitsaite(Y) Harzgerode, Harz, Germany 4 – Zod deposit, near Zod (40°12`N, 45°51`E), Ar - \\1826zinkenite (zincken- menia \\1965volynskite; …1987chekho vi chi te ite);…1969dadsonite 14 – Ilmeny Mtns(~40x5 km), NNE of Miass 4 – Xitieshan deposit \ (37°20`N, 95°32`E) , (55°00`N, 60°05`E), South Ural, Russia Qinghai Prov., China \\1983xitieshanite; \\1826ilmenite;…1986makarochkinite; …1990lishizhenite 1993fluorrichterite (=fluororichterite) 4 – Aginskoye deposit, near Aginskiy 4 – Inagli massif (~58°44`N, 124°56`E), ~30 km (55°28`N, 158°00`E), Kamchatka, Russia NW of Aldan, Yakutia, Russia \\1960bati- \\1978bilibinskite;…1980balyakinite si te; …1984inaglyite 24 – Alluaiv Mount, (~67°51`N, 34°32`E), ~27 km 5 – Inder deposit, ~15 km E of Inderborskiy SW of Lovozero (68°01`N, 35°00`E), Lov oze - (48°33`N, 51°44`E), Kazakhstan \\1937in- ro massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia de rite;…1966volkovskite \\1979sidorenkite;…2000litvinskite 4 – Kadyrel`skoye deposit, ~23 km N of Shago - («Shkatulka» vein); 2000manganonaujak- nar (51°32`N, 92°48`E), Tuva, Middle asite Siberia (S), Russia \\1984lavrentievite; 4 – Arzak, deposit (Hg), [~20—25 km] NW of …1989gre chi shchevite TerligKhaya (51°49`N, 93°28`E), Tuva, 10 – Karatau Range (NW), Range (NW), Aksu - #13a_evseev_en_0802:#13a_evseev_en_0802.qxd 21.05.2009 20:41 Page 122

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mbe (44°27`N, 67°32`E) area, Kazakhstan Russia \\1963moncheite;…1964imgreite; (S) \\1954kurumsakite (Kurumsak) ; 1982sopcheite …1989kazakhstanite (Balasauskandyk) 8 – Murun massif, Murun Mount (~58°22`N, 31 – Karnasurt Mount, (~67°53`N, 34°38`E), 118°53`E), ~50 km W of Torgo (58°28`N, ~20 km SW of Lovozero (68°01`N, 35°00`E), 119°49`E), Aldan (NW), Yakutia\ Irkutsk Lovozero massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia Ob last, Russia \\1965tinaksite; 1978cha - \\1954beryllite; 1955nenadkevichite; ro ite;…1992frankamenite; 1995odintsovi te …2000malinkoite; 2000organovaiteMn 7 – Novofrolovskoye deposit, near Krasno - 4 – Kirovskii mine, Kukisvumchorr, ~5 km N of tur`insk (59°47`N, 60°30`E), North Ural, Kirovsk (67°36`N, 33°40`E), Khibiny, Kola Russia \\1955calciborite;…1968vimsite Peninsula, Russia \\1990tuliokite; 5 – Noril`skI deposit, near Noril`sk (69°19`N, …1997isolueshite 88°11`E), Middle Siberia, Russia 12 – Koashva Mount , ~13 km E of Kirovsk \\1962vysotskite;…1969godlevskite (67°36`N, 33°40`E), Khibiny, Kola Penin - 30 – Noril`sk district (including Talnakh), near sula, Russia \\1974koashvite;…1999lem - Noril`sk (69°19`N, 88°11`E), Middle Sibe ria, mle inite; 2000lisitsynite Russia \\1947stannopalladinite ( Ug o l`nyi 13* – Kovdor (67°32`N, 30°30`E), Kola Peni- Ruchei mine);…1992vyalsovite (Kom - nsula, Russia \\1980kovdorski te; …2000 somol`skii mine) [bak chisaraitsevite]; 2000gladiusite; 13 – Oktyabr`skoye deposit, Talnakh (69°29`N, 2000henrymeyerite 88°26`E), Noril`sk district, Middle Siberia, 8 – Kopeisk (55°07`N, 61°39`E), 15 km E of Russia \\1966zvyagintsevite;…1983cabriite Chelyabinsk, South Ural, Russia 4 – Pereval q. , near Slyudyanka (51°38`N, \\1985srebrodol- 103°42`E), Lake Baikal Region (SW), Russia skite;…1990dmisteinbergite; 1991tinnun- \\1985kalini- culite nite;…1995magnesiocoulsonite 3 – Kochbulak deposit, [~10 km] E of Angren 6 – Ploskaya Mount (~67°38`N, 36°42`E), ~35 (41°01`N, 70°09`E), Uzbekistan \\1979ku - km NNW of Krasnoshchel`ye, Keivy, Kola ramite; 1981chatkalite; 1982mohite Peninsula, Russia 8 – Kukisvumchorr Mount, ~58 km N of Kirovsk \\1983vyuntspakhkite(Y); 1983keivi- (67°36`N, 33°40`E), Khibiny, Kola Penin- ite(Y);…1997fluorthalenite(Y) sula, Russia \\1959magnesium astrophyl- >8 – Rasvumchorr Mount, NE of Kirovsk lite; …1997ancylite(La)(Marchenko Peak) (67°36`N, 33°40`E), Khibiny, Kola Penin - 4 – Kuranakh deposit, near Kuranakh (58°45`N, sula, Russia \\1954shcherbakovite ; 125°29`E), Aldan, Yakutia, Russia … 1970– rasvumite ;… 1993megacyclite \\1975kuranakhite;…1990kuksite (Delbe 7 – Slyudyanka (51°38`N, 103°42`E) and area, oreb ody) Lake Baikal Region (SW), Russia 6 – Kurumsak, ~20 km SW of Aksumbe \\1985kalininite (Pereval (44°27`N, 67°32`E), Karatau Range (NW), q.);…1991bystrite (MaloBystrinskoye Kazakhstan lazurite deposit); …1997chromphyllite \\1954kurumsakite;…1989ka zakhstanite (Kaber`s Pit) 4 – Kyzylsai (=KyzylSai) ore field, [~30 km] 5* – Solov`yeva Mount (~57°41`N, 59°39`E), SW of Chiganak (45°06`N, 73°58`E), Kaza- ~35 km SW of Nizhnii Tagil, Middle Ural, khstan \\1962mourite; 1965sedo vite; Russia \\1909tantalcarbide («native tan- …1975 sodium boltwoodite boltwoodite talum»);…1997jedwabite >5 – LepkheNel`m Mount (~67°48`N, 34°48`E), 4 – Solongo deposit ,~20 km N Gunda ~25 km SW of Lovozero (68°01`N, 35°00`E), (52°47`N, 111°43`E), Transbaikalia, Burya - Lovozero massif, Kola Peninsula, Rus sia tia, Russia \\1965kurchatovite;…1977fe - \\1956kupletskite;…[2001tsepiniteNa] dorovskite 71* – Lovozero massif (central part: ~67°48`N, 15 – Talnakhskoye deposit, Talnakh (69°29`N, 34°43`E ), SW of Lovozero (68°01`N, 88°26`E), Noril`sk district, Middle Siberia, 35°00`E), Kola Peninsula, Russia Russia \\1968talnakhite;…1992vyalsovite \\1894lamprophyllite;…2000[litvinskite] (Komsomol`skii mine) 11 – Mayak mine, Talnakh deposit, Talnakh 24 – Tolbachik volcano (~55°49`N, 160°22`E), (69°29`N, 88°26`E), Noril`sk district, Mid - ~30 km S of Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano, dle Siberia (N), Russia \\1969godlevskite; Kamchatka, Russia \\1983tolbachite; …1982taimyrite …2001 [bradachekite] 4 – Monchegorskoye deposit, near Mon che - 4 – Trudovoye deposit, near Inyl`chek (= gorsk (67°54`N, 32°49`E), Kola Peninsula, Enyl`chek) (42°01`N, 79°04`E), Kir g(h)i - #13a_evseev_en_0802:#13a_evseev_en_0802.qxd 21.05.2009 20:41 Page 123

Geographical Location of Mineral Type Localities 123 Basic type localities of Arizona, United States

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sia (=Kyrgyzstan) \\1981natan- rica. Johannesburg, 1995. 290 p. ite;…1992vistepite; 1993khris- Dana`s New Mineralogy. The System of Mi - tovite(Ce) neralogy of J.D. Dana and E.S. Dana. Eigth 6 – Khardaikan deposit, Khaidarkan (39°56`N, Edition. Ed. R. V. Gaines et al. New York, 71°20`E), Kirg(h)isia (=Kyrgyzstan) \\1972 1997. 1819 p. galkhaite; 1977velikite;…1984chursinite Eckel E.B. Minerals of Colorado: A 100Year 136* – KhibinyLovozero complex (~80х40 Re cord. //U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1114. km), between Kirovsk (67°36`N, 33°40`E) 1961. 399 p. and Lovozero (68°01`N, 35°00`E), Kola Embrey P.G. and Hey M.H. «Type» specimens Peninsula, Russia \\1894Lamprophyllite in mineralogy. // Mineralogical Record, ; … 2001tsepinite (Na) 1970. Vol. 1. #3. P. 102–104. 70* – Khibiny massif (central part: 67°43`N, Evseev A.A. Geograficheskie nazvaniya v min- 33°44`E), Kirovsk (67°36`N, 33°40`E) area, eralogii. Kratkii ukazatel’ (Geographical Kola Peninsula, Russia \\1923man- names in mineralogy. Brief guide). Moscow, ganneptunite (Malyi Mannepahk Mount); 2000. Pt. 1. 269 p. Pt. 2. 282 p. (Rus+Engl). 1925loparite(Ce) (Malyi Mannepahk Mo - Evseev A.A. The world’s top ten mineral locali- unt);…2000lisitsynite (Koashva Mount) ties. //Sredi Mineralov (Al’manakh) (Among 6 – KhovuAksy deposit, near KhovuAksy Minerals: Almanac). Moscow, 2001. P. 36– (51°07`N, 93°40`E), Tuva, Middle Siberia (S), 39. (Rus). Russia \\1953vladimirite; 1953shubniko - Introduction to Japanese Minerals. Edited by vite;…1981lazarenkoite Editorial Committee for «Introduction to 6 – Chelkar (47°49`N, 59°37`E), 100 km SE from Japanese Minerals». Tokyo: Geological Sur - Ural`sk, Kazakhstan \\1960strontioborite; vey of Japan. 1970. 208 p. 1962halurgite;…1968chelkarite Mandarino J.A. New minerals. 1990–1994. Tu- 13 – Yubileinaya pegmatite lode, Karnasurt c son, 1997. 222 p. Mount (~67°53`N, 34°38`E), Lovozero mas- Nickel E.H. and Nichols M.C. Mineral refer- sif, Kola Peninsula, Russia \\1972ilma- ence Manual. – New York, 1991. 250 p. jokite; 1973zorite; 1973lovdarite; Pekov I.V. Minerals First Discovered on the 1973raite;…1998seidite(Ce) Territory of the former Soviet Union. Mos - >12 – Yukspor Mount, ~8 km NW of Kirovsk cow: Ocean Pictures Ltd, 1998. 369 p. (67°36`N, 33°40`E), Khibiny, Kola Penin- Pekov I.V. New minerals: Where are they dis- sula, Russia \\1925yuksporite;…1992pa - covered? //Soros Educational Journal. 2000. ra natisite (Material`naya Adit) V. 7. No. 5. P. 65–74. (Rus). Sutherland F.L. Mineral species first described from Australia and their type specimens. References //Australian Journal of Mineralogy. 2000, V. 6. No. 2. P. 104–128. Bernard J.H. Mineraly Ceske Republiky. Stru- Weiss S. Mineralfundstellen Atlas Deutsch - cny prehled. Praha: Academia, 2000. 188 p. landWest (Atlas der Mineralfundstellen in Cairncross B., Dixon R. Minerals of South Af - DeutschlandWest). Munchen, 1990. 320 p.