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Civil Society in a Weak State: the Political Functions of Associational Life in Algeria

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Civil Society in a Weak State: the Political Functions of Associational Life in Algeria Civil Society in a Weak State: The Political Functions of Associational Life in Algeria, 1987- 2005 Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Development Studies Institute London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London. Candidate: Andrea Liverani UMI Number: U615673 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615673 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 TW69ES P i A bstract This study analyses the significance of Algeria’s associative sphere in the context of the state’s attempts to retain legitimacy. Starting from a critique of portrayals of Algerian ‘civil society’ as a force conducive to democratization, and by framing the period under study in a broader historical perspective, the thesis examines the changing relationship of the state to voluntary associations in both the colonial and post-colonial eras. It considers the place of associational life in the political economy of economic reform, investigating the role it played in facilitating the state’s retreat from service provision. Consideration of the notion that civic associations shape people's propensity towards cooperation and collective action, facilitating democratic politics through the injection of trust and social capital, provides the starting point for analyzing their internal dynamics and the incentives driving their functioning. A further examination of the social bases of the associative sphere then leads to questioning its independence from the state, and highlights the role of the associative sector in tempering the fracture between the state and those social groups that most suffered from the collapse of Algeria’s post colonial political framework. A critical examination of the proposition that civil society organisations legitimate and strengthen representative political institutions such as parties and parliament provides the opportunity to show how the associative sphere contributed to preserving the dominance of the executive in the political system despite the introduction of multi-partism. Finally, the study analyses donors’ use of advocacy and service-delivery associations in democracy-promotion programmes, arguing that their focus on the country’s ‘civil society’ contributed to the state’s efforts to preserve its international legitimacy. In this light, rather than a driver of democratic change, the associative sphere appears as one of the elements of conservation used by a weakened state to reacquire legitimacy and reinforce its capacity to secure voluntary acquiescence in its rule. 2 To Alice, fo r the grey areas, and all that ensued. 3 Contents Civil Society in a Weak State: ...............................................................................................................................1 The Political Functions of Associational Life in Algeria, 1987- 2005........................................................1 Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................................................6 Abbreviations............................................................................................................................................................. 7 List of tables and Figures ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Chronology................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Chapter 1. Civil society in weak states ............................................................................................................15 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................15 Algeria’s weak state .................................................................................................................................................16 Civil society in liberalised autocracies .................................................................................................................19 The political functions o f associational life........................................................................................................ 25 Researching Algerian associational life ..............................................................................................................27 Chapter 2. From repression to instrumental use: associational life through colonial and postcolonial times...................................................................................................................................................29 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................29 Cafes, nadis, and sport clubs in the demise of colonial Algeria.....................................................................30 Independence, incorporation and repression......................................................................................................32 From repression to instrumental use....................................................................................................................35 Conclusions...............................................................................................................................................................38 Chapter 3. Outsourcing failure: state insulation and scapegoat politics in Algeria .............39 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................39 Structural disadjustment as insulation failure .....................................................................................................40 Insulation revisited...................................................................................................................................................43 Introducing the scapegoats.....................................................................................................................................45 Diverting discontent................................................................................................................................................ 49 Preserving factional equilibria ...............................................................................................................................57 From state failure to civic failure ..........................................................................................................................61 Conclusions...............................................................................................................................................................63 Chapter 4. Out of trust? Presidents and families versus Algeria’s associative decay ....................... 66 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................66 Social capita] in Algeria ......................................................................................................................................... 67 Associative decay ....................................................................................................................................................70 Out of distrust........................................................................................................................................................... 74 Surviving decay: associative presidentialism .....................................................................................................75 Surviving decay II: associative familism ............................................................................................................81 Conclusions...............................................................................................................................................................86 Chapter 5. Algerian associations from voice to loyalty.............................................................................. 88 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................88 Post-independence loyalty, political exit and civic voice.................................................................................89 The social bases o f associational life ...................................................................................................................92 From state-class to associative class: The rise, fall and exit o f Algeria’s public sector strata ................. 96 The associative sphere as political
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